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discovery</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: new word discovery"> <meta name="keywords" content="new word discovery"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="new word discovery"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1392</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: new word discovery</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1392</span> Network Word Discovery Framework Based on Sentence Semantic Vector Similarity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ganfeng%20Yu">Ganfeng Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuefeng%20Ma"> Yuefeng Ma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shanliang%20Yang"> Shanliang Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The word discovery is a key problem in text information retrieval technology. Methods in new word discovery tend to be closely related to words because they generally obtain new word results by analyzing words. With the popularity of social networks, individual netizens and online self-media have generated various network texts for the convenience of online life, including network words that are far from standard Chinese expression. How detect network words is one of the important goals in the field of text information retrieval today. In this paper, we integrate the word embedding model and clustering methods to propose a network word discovery framework based on sentence semantic similarity (S³-NWD) to detect network words effectively from the corpus. This framework constructs sentence semantic vectors through a distributed representation model, uses the similarity of sentence semantic vectors to determine the semantic relationship between sentences, and finally realizes network word discovery by the meaning of semantic replacement between sentences. The experiment verifies that the framework not only completes the rapid discovery of network words but also realizes the standard word meaning of the discovery of network words, which reflects the effectiveness of our work. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20information%20retrieval" title="text information retrieval">text information retrieval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing" title=" natural language processing"> natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20word%20discovery" title=" new word discovery"> new word discovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20extraction" title=" information extraction"> information extraction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153917/network-word-discovery-framework-based-on-sentence-semantic-vector-similarity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153917.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">95</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1391</span> Performance Analysis with the Combination of Visualization and Classification Technique for Medical Chatbot</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shajida%20M.">Shajida M.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sakthiyadharshini%20N.%20P."> Sakthiyadharshini N. P.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamalesh%20S."> Kamalesh S.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aswitha%20B."> Aswitha B.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Natural Language Processing (NLP) continues to play a strategic part in complaint discovery and medicine discovery during the current epidemic. This abstract provides an overview of performance analysis with a combination of visualization and classification techniques of NLP for a medical chatbot. Sentiment analysis is an important aspect of NLP that is used to determine the emotional tone behind a piece of text. This technique has been applied to various domains, including medical chatbots. In this, we have compared the combination of the decision tree with heatmap and Naïve Bayes with Word Cloud. The performance of the chatbot was evaluated using accuracy, and the results indicate that the combination of visualization and classification techniques significantly improves the chatbot's performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentimental%20analysis" title="sentimental analysis">sentimental analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NLP" title=" NLP"> NLP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20chatbot" title=" medical chatbot"> medical chatbot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20tree" title=" decision tree"> decision tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heatmap" title=" heatmap"> heatmap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=na%C3%AFve%20bayes" title=" naïve bayes"> naïve bayes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20cloud" title=" word cloud"> word cloud</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165924/performance-analysis-with-the-combination-of-visualization-and-classification-technique-for-medical-chatbot" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165924.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1390</span> Semantics of the Word “Nas” in the Verse 24 of Surah Al-Baqarah Based on Izutsus’ Semantic Field Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyedeh%20Khadijeh.%20Mirbazel">Seyedeh Khadijeh. Mirbazel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoumeh%20Arjmandi"> Masoumeh Arjmandi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Semantics is a linguistic approach and a scientific stream, and like all scientific streams, it is dynamic. The study of meaning is carried out in the broad semantic collections of words that form the discourse. In other words, meaning is not something that can be found in a word; rather, the formation of meaning is a process that takes place in a discourse as a whole. One of the contemporary semantic theories is Izutsu's Semantic Field Theory. According to this theory, the discovery of meaning depends on the function of words and takes place within the context of language. The purpose of this research is to identify the meaning of the word "Nas" in the discourse of verse 24 of Surah Al-Baqarah, which introduces "Nas" as the firewood of hell, but the translators have translated it as "people". The present research has investigated the semantic structure of the word "Nas" using the aforementioned theory through the descriptive-analytical method. In the process of investigation, by matching the semantic fields of the Quranic word "Nas", this research came to the conclusion that "Nas" implies those persons who have forgotten God and His covenant in believing in His Oneness. For this reason, God called them "Nas (the forgetful)" - the imperfect participle of the noun /næsiwoɔn/ in single trinity of Arabic language, which means “to forget”. Therefore, the intended meaning of "Nas" in the verses that have the word "Nas" is not equivalent to "People" which is a general noun. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nas" title="Nas">Nas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=people" title=" people"> people</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantics" title=" semantics"> semantics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20field%20theory." title=" semantic field theory."> semantic field theory.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174261/semantics-of-the-word-nas-in-the-verse-24-of-surah-al-baqarah-based-on-izutsus-semantic-field-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174261.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1389</span> The Implementation of Word Study Wall in an Online English Word Memorization Class</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yidan%20Shao">Yidan Shao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the advancement of the economy, technology promotes online teaching, and learning has become one of the common features in the educational field. Meanwhile, the dramatic expansion of the online environment provides opportunities for more learners, including second language learners. A greater command of vocabulary improves students’ learning capacity, and word acquisition and development play a critical role in learning. Furthermore, the Word Wall is an effective tool to improve students’ knowledge of words, which works for a wide range of age groups. Therefore, this study is going to use the Word Wall as an intervention to examine whether it can bring some memorization changes in an online English language class for a second language learner based on the word morphology method. The participant will take ten courses in the experiment as it plans. The findings show that the Word Wall activity plays a slight role in improving word memorizing, but it does affect instant memorization. If longer periods and more comprehensive designs of research can be applied, it is expected to have more value. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second%20language%20acquisition" title="second language acquisition">second language acquisition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20morphology" title=" word morphology"> word morphology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20memorization" title=" word memorization"> word memorization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20Word%20Wall" title=" the Word Wall"> the Word Wall</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157829/the-implementation-of-word-study-wall-in-an-online-english-word-memorization-class" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157829.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">119</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1388</span> Word of Mouth and Its Impact on Marketing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatima%20Naz">Fatima Naz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayesha%20Tariq"> Ayesha Tariq </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In view of growing of the internet users for e-commerce and taking into account, the emergent impact of word of mouth phenomenon this research has different aims. The aims of this study were built following dissimilar discussion with teachers and colleagues enlightening that word of mouth information for online purchasing do not have the same effect for everybody. Then they were born following dissimilar researchers together with what was already done in previous researches and what was completed. As a result different aims were drawn; the initial aim of this research is to study the attention of the customers in the word of mouth to power their online purchasing activities. The next aim is to analyze the people influenced by the interest of word of mouth. The following aim is to examine the marketing behavior bearing in mind the internet progress and word of mouth, their consideration for word of mouth marketing. In the form of research questions the aims of the study are: 1) How community utilizes and multiplies word of mouth information about online purchasing experience? 2) How communities perceive the word of mouth marketing? 3) How marketers take the word of mouth phenomenon and how they handle it? <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=belief" title="belief">belief</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power" title=" power"> power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inspiration" title=" inspiration"> inspiration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-expression" title=" self-expression"> self-expression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=positive%20attitude%20to%20online%20marketing" title=" positive attitude to online marketing"> positive attitude to online marketing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forwarding%20of%20contents" title=" forwarding of contents"> forwarding of contents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=purchasing%20decision" title=" purchasing decision"> purchasing decision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standard%20marketing" title=" standard marketing"> standard marketing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3172/word-of-mouth-and-its-impact-on-marketing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3172.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">422</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1387</span> A Word-to-Vector Formulation for Word Representation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandra%20Rizkallah">Sandra Rizkallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20F.%20Atiya"> Amir F. Atiya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work presents a novel word to vector representation that is based on embedding the words into a sphere, whereby the dot product of the corresponding vectors represents the similarity between any two words. Embedding the vectors into a sphere enabled us to take into consideration the antonymity between words, not only the synonymity, because of the suitability to handle the polarity nature of words. For example, a word and its antonym can be represented as a vector and its negative. Moreover, we have managed to extract an adequate vocabulary. The obtained results show that the proposed approach can capture the essence of the language, and can be generalized to estimate a correct similarity of any new pair of words. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing" title="natural language processing">natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20to%20vector" title=" word to vector"> word to vector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20similarity" title=" text similarity"> text similarity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20mining" title=" text mining"> text mining</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81808/a-word-to-vector-formulation-for-word-representation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">275</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1386</span> TransDrift: Modeling Word-Embedding Drift Using Transformer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nishtha%20Madaan">Nishtha Madaan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prateek%20Chaudhury"> Prateek Chaudhury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nishant%20Kumar"> Nishant Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Srikanta%20Bedathur"> Srikanta Bedathur</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In modern NLP applications, word embeddings are a crucial backbone that can be readily shared across a number of tasks. However, as the text distributions change and word semantics evolve over time, the downstream applications using the embeddings can suffer if the word representations do not conform to the data drift. Thus, maintaining word embeddings to be consistent with the underlying data distribution is a key problem. In this work, we tackle this problem and propose TransDrift, a transformer-based prediction model for word embeddings. Leveraging the flexibility of the transformer, our model accurately learns the dynamics of the embedding drift and predicts future embedding. In experiments, we compare with existing methods and show that our model makes significantly more accurate predictions of the word embedding than the baselines. Crucially, by applying the predicted embeddings as a backbone for downstream classification tasks, we show that our embeddings lead to superior performance compared to the previous methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NLP%20applications" title="NLP applications">NLP applications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transformers" title=" transformers"> transformers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Word2vec" title=" Word2vec"> Word2vec</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drift" title=" drift"> drift</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20embeddings" title=" word embeddings"> word embeddings</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165423/transdrift-modeling-word-embedding-drift-using-transformer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165423.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1385</span> Knowledge Discovery from Production Databases for Hierarchical Process Control</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pavol%20Tanuska">Pavol Tanuska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pavel%20Vazan"> Pavel Vazan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michal%20Kebisek"> Michal Kebisek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dominika%20Jurovata"> Dominika Jurovata</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper gives the results of the project that was oriented on the usage of knowledge discoveries from production systems for needs of the hierarchical process control. One of the main project goals was the proposal of knowledge discovery model for process control. Specifics data mining methods and techniques was used for defined problems of the process control. The gained knowledge was used on the real production system, thus, the proposed solution has been verified. The paper documents how it is possible to apply new discovery knowledge to be used in the real hierarchical process control. There are specified the opportunities for application of the proposed knowledge discovery model for hierarchical process control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hierarchical%20process%20control" title="hierarchical process control">hierarchical process control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20discovery%20from%20databases" title=" knowledge discovery from databases"> knowledge discovery from databases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20network" title=" neural network"> neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=process%20control" title=" process control"> process control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2816/knowledge-discovery-from-production-databases-for-hierarchical-process-control" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2816.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">481</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1384</span> Math Word Problems: Context and Achievement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irena%20Smetackova">Irena Smetackova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The important part of school mathematics are word problems which represent the connection between school knowledge and life reality. To find the reasons why students consider word problems to be difficult, it is necessary to take into consideration the motivational settings, besides mathematical knowledge and reading skills. Our goal is to identify whether the familiar or unfamiliar context of math word problem influences solving success rate and if so, whether the reasons are motivational or cognitive. For this purpose, we conducted three steps study in group of fifty pupils 9-10 years old. In the first step, we asked pupils to create ‘the best’ word problems for entered numerical formula. The set of 19 word problems with different contexts were selected. In the second step, pupils were asked to evaluate (without solving) how they like each item and how easy it is for them. The 6 word problems with low preference and low estimated success rate were selected and combined with other 6 problems with high preference and success rate. In the third step, the same pupils were asked to solve the word problems. The analysis showed that pupils attitudes and solving toward word problems varied by the context. The strong gender patterns both in preferred contexts and in estimated success rates were identified however the real success rate did not differ so strongly. The success gap between word problems with and without preferred contexts were stronger than the gap between problems with and without real experience with the context. The hypothesis that motivational factors are more important than cognitive factors was confirmed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematics" title="mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=context%20of%20reality" title=" context of reality"> context of reality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivation" title=" motivation"> motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognition" title=" cognition"> cognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20problems" title=" word problems"> word problems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84849/math-word-problems-context-and-achievement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84849.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1383</span> CERD: Cost Effective Route Discovery in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anuradha%20Banerjee">Anuradha Banerjee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A mobile ad hoc network is an infrastructure less network, where nodes are free to move independently in any direction. The nodes have limited battery power; hence, we require energy efficient route discovery technique to enhance their lifetime and network performance. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient route discovery technique CERD that greatly reduces the number of route requests flooded into the network and also gives priority to the route request packets sent from the routers that has communicated with the destination very recently, in single or multi-hop paths. This does not only enhance the lifetime of nodes but also decreases the delay in tracking the destination. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ad%20hoc%20network" title="ad hoc network">ad hoc network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title=" energy efficiency"> energy efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flooding" title=" flooding"> flooding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=node%20lifetime" title=" node lifetime"> node lifetime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=route%20discovery" title=" route discovery"> route discovery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20336/cerd-cost-effective-route-discovery-in-mobile-ad-hoc-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20336.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">347</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1382</span> A Supervised Approach for Word Sense Disambiguation Based on Arabic Diacritics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alaa%20Alrakaf">Alaa Alrakaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sk.%20Md.%20Mizanur%20Rahman"> Sk. Md. Mizanur Rahman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since the last two decades’ Arabic natural language processing (ANLP) has become increasingly much more important. One of the key issues related to ANLP is ambiguity. In Arabic language different pronunciation of one word may have a different meaning. Furthermore, ambiguity also has an impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of Machine Translation (MT). The issue of ambiguity has limited the usefulness and accuracy of the translation from Arabic to English. The lack of Arabic resources makes ambiguity problem more complicated. Additionally, the orthographic level of representation cannot specify the exact meaning of the word. This paper looked at the diacritics of Arabic language and used them to disambiguate a word. The proposed approach of word sense disambiguation used Diacritizer application to Diacritize Arabic text then found the most accurate sense of an ambiguous word using Naïve Bayes Classifier. Our Experimental study proves that using Arabic Diacritics with Naïve Bayes Classifier enhances the accuracy of choosing the appropriate sense by 23% and also decreases the ambiguity in machine translation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20natural%20language%20processing" title="Arabic natural language processing">Arabic natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20translation" title=" machine translation"> machine translation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naive%20bayes%20classifier" title=" Naive bayes classifier"> Naive bayes classifier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20sense%20disambiguation" title=" word sense disambiguation"> word sense disambiguation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51286/a-supervised-approach-for-word-sense-disambiguation-based-on-arabic-diacritics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51286.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1381</span> Expressivity of Word-Formation in English and Russian Advertising Lexicon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Voronina%20Ekaterina%20Borisovna">Voronina Ekaterina Borisovna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The problem of expressivity of advertising lexicon is studied in the article. The comparison of English and Russian advertising lexicons is done. The objects of the analysis were English and Russian advertising texts, both printed advertising texts and texts extracted from the commercials. Some conclusions concerning the expressivity of advertising lexicon were made. Expressivity can be included in the semantic structure of words or created by word-formation means. Expressivity caused by morphological derivatives includes such facilities as derivational affixes, models and types of word formation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advertising%20lexicon" title="advertising lexicon">advertising lexicon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expressivity" title=" expressivity"> expressivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word-formation%20means" title=" word-formation means"> word-formation means</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linguistics" title=" linguistics"> linguistics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6181/expressivity-of-word-formation-in-english-and-russian-advertising-lexicon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6181.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1380</span> Building Semantic-Relatedness Thai Word Ontology for Semantic Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gridaphat%20Sriharee">Gridaphat Sriharee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Building semantic-relatedness Thai word ontology can be implemented by considering word forms and word meaning. This research proposed the methodology for building the ontology, which can be used for semantic analysis. There are four categories of words: similar form and the same meaning, similar form and similar meaning, different form and opposite/same meaning, and different form and similar meaning, which will be used as initial words for building the proposed ontology. Extension of the ontology can be augmented by considering the messages that give the meaning of the word from the dictionaries. Exploiting WordNet to construct the proposed ontology was investigated and discussed. The proposed ontology was evaluated for its quality. With the proposed methodology, it is promising that the constructed ontology is a well-defined ontology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thai" title="Thai">Thai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NLP" title=" NLP"> NLP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantics" title=" semantics"> semantics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ontology" title=" ontology"> ontology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157354/building-semantic-relatedness-thai-word-ontology-for-semantic-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157354.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1379</span> Accounting as Addressed in the Qur’aan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahriar%20M.%20Saadullah">Shahriar M. Saadullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul-Quddoos%20Abdul-Basith"> Abdul-Quddoos Abdul-Basith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaki%20K.%20Abushawish"> Zaki K. Abushawish</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a part of academic research in Islamic Accounting it is important to know how the word Accounting is discussed in the Qur’aan. This paper identifies and analyzes the word Accounting in the Qur’aan, which is significant to know and understand. The paper uses a methodology of identifying the root word of Accounting Hasaba (حسب) in the Qur’aan with the help of Islam 360 software and analyzes the use of the relevant words derived from the root word. Then the paper attempts to connect the findings to the contemporary Accounting issues. The paper finds that the root word of Accounting Hasaba (حسب) appears in the Qur’aan 109 times but it is only used in the sense Account, Accountable, or Accounting 45 times. These words appear in 44 different verses in the Qur’aan, appearing twice in one of the verses. The paper divides these verses into 8 different themes namely, Day of Accounting, without any Accounting, Accounting of Time, Self-Accounting, Swift in Accounting, Accounting is only with God, Awareness and the Good Accounting, and Heedlessness and the Bad Accounting. The way the words Account, Accounting, and Accountable is discussed in the Qur’aan links to the contemporary accounting issues including Ethics, Agency Theory, and Internal Control. The links discovered in the paper clearly shows the timeless nature of the message of the Qur’aan. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accounting" title="accounting">accounting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contemporary%20accounting%20issues" title=" contemporary accounting issues"> contemporary accounting issues</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qur%27aan" title=" Qur'aan"> Qur'aan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=root%20word%20of%20accounting%20hasaba" title=" root word of accounting hasaba"> root word of accounting hasaba</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99304/accounting-as-addressed-in-the-quraan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99304.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">419</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1378</span> Intuitional Insight in Islamic Mysticism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Bakhtyar">Maryam Bakhtyar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pegah%20Akrami"> Pegah Akrami</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Intuitional insight or mystical cognition is a different insight from common, concrete and intellectual insights. This kind of insight is not achieved by visionary contemplation but by the recitation of God, self-purification, and mystical life. In this insight, there is no distance or medium between the subject of cognition and its object, and they have a sort of unification, unison, and incorporation. As a result, knowledgeable consider this insight as direct, immediate, and personal. The goal of this insight is God, cosmos’ creatures, and the general inner and hidden aspect of the world that is nothing except God’s manifestations in the view of mystics. AS our common cognitions have diversity and stages, intuitional insight also has diversity and levels. As our senses are divided into concrete and rational, mystical discovery is divided into superficial discovery and spiritual one. Based on Islamic mystics, the preferable way to know God and believe in him is intuitional insight. There are two important criteria for evaluating mystical intuition, especially for beginner mystics of intellect and revelation. Indeed, the conclusion and a brief evaluation of Islamic mystics’ viewpoint is the main subject of this paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intuition" title="intuition">intuition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discovery" title=" discovery"> discovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mystical%20insight" title=" mystical insight"> mystical insight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20knowledge" title=" personal knowledge"> personal knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superficial%20discovery" title=" superficial discovery"> superficial discovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spiritual%20discovery" title=" spiritual discovery"> spiritual discovery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155560/intuitional-insight-in-islamic-mysticism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155560.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1377</span> Pudhaiyal: A Maze-Based Treasure Hunt Game for Tamil Words</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aarthy%20Anandan">Aarthy Anandan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anitha%20Narasimhan"> Anitha Narasimhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madhan%20Karky"> Madhan Karky</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Word-based games are popular in helping people to improve their vocabulary skills. Games like ‘word search’ and crosswords provide a smart way of increasing vocabulary skills. Word search games are fun to play, but also educational which actually helps to learn a language. Finding the words from word search puzzle helps the player to remember words in an easier way, and it also helps to learn the spellings of words. In this paper, we present a tile distribution algorithm for a Maze-Based Treasure Hunt Game 'Pudhaiyal’ for Tamil words, which describes how words can be distributed horizontally, vertically or diagonally in a 10 x 10 grid. Along with the tile distribution algorithm, we also present an algorithm for the scoring model of the game. The proposed game has been tested with 20,000 Tamil words. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pudhaiyal" title="Pudhaiyal">Pudhaiyal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamil%20word%20game" title=" Tamil word game"> Tamil word game</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20search" title=" word search"> word search</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scoring" title=" scoring"> scoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maze" title=" maze"> maze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithm" title=" algorithm"> algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81334/pudhaiyal-a-maze-based-treasure-hunt-game-for-tamil-words" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81334.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">440</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1376</span> Signal Strength Based Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chothmal">Chothmal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we present a route discovery process which uses the signal strength on a link as a parameter of its inclusion in the route discovery method. The proposed signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) based multipath reactive routing protocol is named as SINR-MP protocol. The proposed SINR-MP routing protocols has two following two features: a) SINR-MP protocol selects routes based on the SINR of the links during the route discovery process therefore it select the routes which has long lifetime and low frame error rate for data transmission, and b) SINR-MP protocols route discovery process is multipath which discovers more than one SINR based route between a given source destination pair. The multiple routes selected by our SINR-MP protocol are node-disjoint in nature which increases their robustness against link failures, as failure of one route will not affect the other route. The secondary route is very useful in situations where the primary route is broken because we can now use the secondary route without causing a new route discovery process. Due to this, the network overhead caused by a route discovery process is avoided. This increases the network performance greatly. The proposed SINR-MP routing protocol is implemented in the trail version of network simulator called Qualnet. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ad%20hoc%20networks" title="ad hoc networks">ad hoc networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20of%20service" title=" quality of service"> quality of service</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=video%20streaming" title=" video streaming"> video streaming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.264%2FSVC" title=" H.264/SVC"> H.264/SVC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20routes" title=" multiple routes"> multiple routes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=video%20traces" title=" video traces"> video traces</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46573/signal-strength-based-multipath-routing-for-mobile-ad-hoc-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">249</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1375</span> The Role of Reading Self-Efficacy and Perception of Difficulty in English Reading among Chinese ESL Learners</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevin%20Chan">Kevin Chan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevin%20K.%20H.%20Chung"> Kevin K. H. Chung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patcy%20P.%20S.%20Yeung"> Patcy P. S. Yeung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20L.%20Ip"> H. L. Ip</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bill%20T.%20C.%20Chung"> Bill T. C. Chung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karen%20M.%20K.%20Chung"> Karen M. K. Chung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: Recent evidence shows that reading self-efficacy and students perceived difficulty in reading are significantly associated with word reading and reading fluency. However, little is known about these relationships among students learning to read English as a second language, particularly in Chinese students. This study examined the contributions of reading self-efficacy, perception of difficulty in reading, and cognitive-linguistic skills to performance on English word reading and reading fluency in Chinese students. Method: A sample of 122 second-and third-grade students in Hong Kong, China, participated in this study. Students completed the measures of reading self-efficacy and perception of difficulty in reading. They were assessed on their English cognitive-linguistic and reading skills: rapid automatized naming, nonword reading, phonological awareness, word reading, and one-minute word reading. Results: Results of path analysis indicated that when students’ grades were controlled, reading self-efficacy was a significant correlate of word reading and reading fluency, whereas perception of difficulty in reading negatively predicted word reading. Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of taking students’ reading self-efficacy and perception of difficulty in reading and their cognitive-linguistic skills into consideration when designing reading intervention and instructions for students learning English as a second language. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-efficacy" title="self-efficacy">self-efficacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perception%20of%20difficulty%20in%20reading" title=" perception of difficulty in reading"> perception of difficulty in reading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=english%20as%20a%20second%20language" title=" english as a second language"> english as a second language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20reading" title=" word reading"> word reading</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144471/the-role-of-reading-self-efficacy-and-perception-of-difficulty-in-english-reading-among-chinese-esl-learners" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144471.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1374</span> Speech Recognition Performance by Adults: A Proposal for a Battery for Marathi</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20B.%20Rathna%20Kumar">S. B. Rathna Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pranjali%20A%20Ujwane"> Pranjali A Ujwane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panchanan%20Mohanty"> Panchanan Mohanty</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study aimed to develop a battery for assessing speech recognition performance by adults in Marathi. A total of four word lists were developed by considering word frequency, word familiarity, words in common use, and phonemic balance. Each word list consists of 25 words (15 monosyllabic words in CVC structure and 10 monosyllabic words in CVCV structure). Equivalence analysis and performance-intensity function testing was carried using the four word lists on a total of 150 native speakers of Marathi belonging to different regions of Maharashtra (Vidarbha, Marathwada, Khandesh and Northern Maharashtra, Pune, and Konkan). The subjects were further equally divided into five groups based on above mentioned regions. It was found that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the speech recognition performance between groups for each word list and between word lists for each group. Hence, the four word lists developed were equally difficult for all the groups and can be used interchangeably. The performance-intensity (PI) function curve showed semi-linear function, and the groups’ mean slope of the linear portions of the curve indicated an average linear slope of 4.64%, 4.73%, 4.68%, and 4.85% increase in word recognition score per dB for list 1, list 2, list 3 and list 4 respectively. Although, there is no data available on speech recognition tests for adults in Marathi, most of the findings of the study are in line with the findings of research reports on other languages. The four word lists, thus developed, were found to have sufficient reliability and validity in assessing speech recognition performance by adults in Marathi. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speech%20recognition%20performance" title="speech recognition performance">speech recognition performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phonemic%20balance" title=" phonemic balance"> phonemic balance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence%20analysis" title=" equivalence analysis"> equivalence analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance-intensity%20function%20testing" title=" performance-intensity function testing"> performance-intensity function testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability" title=" reliability"> reliability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=validity" title=" validity"> validity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41329/speech-recognition-performance-by-adults-a-proposal-for-a-battery-for-marathi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41329.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">356</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1373</span> Sentence Structure for Free Word Order Languages in Context with Anaphora Resolution: A Case Study of Hindi </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pardeep%20Singh">Pardeep Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamlesh%20Dutta"> Kamlesh Dutta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many languages have fixed sentence structure and others are free word order. The accuracy of anaphora resolution of syntax based algorithm depends on structure of the sentence. So, it is important to analyze the structure of any language before implementing these algorithms. In this study, we analyzed the sentence structure exploiting the case marker in Hindi as well as some special tag for subject and object. We also investigated the word order for Hindi. Word order typology refers to the study of the order of the syntactic constituents of a language. We analyzed 165 news items of Ranchi Express from EMILEE corpus of plain text. It consisted of 1745 sentences. Eight file of dialogue based from the same corpus has been analyzed which will have 1521 sentences. The percentages of subject object verb structure (SOV) and object subject verb (OSV) are 66.90 and 33.10, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaphora%20resolution" title="anaphora resolution">anaphora resolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20word%20order%20languages" title=" free word order languages"> free word order languages</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SOV" title=" SOV"> SOV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OSV" title=" OSV"> OSV</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9937/sentence-structure-for-free-word-order-languages-in-context-with-anaphora-resolution-a-case-study-of-hindi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9937.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">472</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1372</span> Effects of Word Formation Dissimilarities on Youruba Learners of English</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pelumi%20Olowofoyeku">Pelumi Olowofoyeku</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> English as a language has great reach and influence; it is taught all over the world. For instance, in Nigeria, English language is been taught and learned as a second language; therefore second learners of English in Nigeria have certain problems they contend with. Because of the dissimilarities in word formation patterns of English and Yoruba languages, Yoruba learners of English mostly found in the south west of Nigeria, and some parts of Kwara, Kogi, and Edo states of Nigeria have problems with word formation patterns in English. The objectives of this paper therefore, are: to identify the levels of word formation dissimilarities in English and Yoruba languages and to examine the effects of these dissimilarities on the Yoruba learners of English. The data for this paper were graded words purposely selected and presented to selected students of Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Oto-Ijanikin, Lagos, who are Yoruba learners of English. These respondents were randomly selected to form words which are purposively selected to test the effects of word formation dissimilarities between Yoruba (the respondent’s first language) and English language on the respondents. The dissimilarities are examined using contrastive analysis tools. This paper reveals that there are differences in the word formation patterns of Yoruba and English languages. The writer believes that there is need for language teachers to undertake comparative studies of the two languages involved for methodological reasons. The author then suggests that teachers should identify the problem areas and systematically teach their students. The paper concludes that although English and Yoruba word formation patterns differ very significantly in many respects, there exist language universals in all languages which language educators should take advantage of in teaching. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20formation%20patterns" title="word formation patterns">word formation patterns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graded%20words" title=" graded words"> graded words</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ESL" title=" ESL"> ESL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoruba%20learners" title=" Yoruba learners"> Yoruba learners</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34953/effects-of-word-formation-dissimilarities-on-youruba-learners-of-english" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34953.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">499</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1371</span> Transcription Skills and Written Composition in Chinese</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pui-sze%20Yeung">Pui-sze Yeung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Connie%20Suk-han%20Ho"> Connie Suk-han Ho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Wai-ock%20Chan"> David Wai-ock Chan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevin%20Kien-hoa%20Chung"> Kevin Kien-hoa Chung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Recent findings have shown that transcription skills play a unique and significant role in Chinese word reading and spelling (i.e. word dictation), and written composition development. The interrelationships among component skills of transcription, word reading, word spelling, and written composition in Chinese have rarely been examined in the literature. Is the contribution of component skills of transcription to Chinese written composition mediated by word level skills (i.e., word reading and spelling)? Methods: The participants in the study were 249 Chinese children in Grade 1, Grade 3, and Grade 5 in Hong Kong. They were administered measures of general reasoning ability, orthographic knowledge, stroke sequence knowledge, word spelling, handwriting fluency, word reading, and Chinese narrative writing. Orthographic knowledge- orthographic knowledge was assessed by a task modeled after the lexical decision subtest of the Hong Kong Test of Specific Learning Difficulties in Reading and Writing (HKT-SpLD). Stroke sequence knowledge: The participants’ performance in producing legitimate stroke sequences was measured by a stroke sequence knowledge task. Handwriting fluency- Handwriting fluency was assessed by a task modeled after the Chinese Handwriting Speed Test. Word spelling: The stimuli of the word spelling task consist of fourteen two-character Chinese words. Word reading: The stimuli of the word reading task consist of 120 two-character Chinese words. Written composition: A narrative writing task was used to assess the participants’ text writing skills. Results: Analysis of covariance results showed that there were significant between-grade differences in the performance of word reading, word spelling, handwriting fluency, and written composition. Preliminary hierarchical multiple regression analysis results showed that orthographic knowledge, word spelling, and handwriting fluency were unique predictors of Chinese written composition even after controlling for age, IQ, and word reading. The interaction effects between grade and each of these three skills (orthographic knowledge, word spelling, and handwriting fluency) were not significant. Path analysis results showed that orthographic knowledge contributed to written composition both directly and indirectly through word spelling, while handwriting fluency contributed to written composition directly and indirectly through both word reading and spelling. Stroke sequence knowledge only contributed to written composition indirectly through word spelling. Conclusions: Preliminary hierarchical regression results were consistent with previous findings about the significant role of transcription skills in Chinese word reading, spelling and written composition development. The fact that orthographic knowledge contributed both directly and indirectly to written composition through word reading and spelling may reflect the impact of the script-sound-meaning convergence of Chinese characters on the composing process. The significant contribution of word spelling and handwriting fluency to Chinese written composition across elementary grades highlighted the difficulty in attaining automaticity of transcription skills in Chinese, which limits the working memory resources available for other composing processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orthographic%20knowledge" title="orthographic knowledge">orthographic knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transcription%20skills" title=" transcription skills"> transcription skills</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20reading" title=" word reading"> word reading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=writing" title=" writing"> writing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32659/transcription-skills-and-written-composition-in-chinese" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32659.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1370</span> The Greek Root Word ‘Kos’ and the Trade of Ancient Greek with Tamil Nadu, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Pugazhendhi">D. Pugazhendhi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ancient Greeks were forerunners in many fields than other societies. So, the Greeks were well connected with all the countries which were well developed during that time through trade route. In this connection, trading of goods from the ancient Greece to Tamil Nadu which is presently in India, though they are geographically far away, played an important role. In that way, the word and the goods related with <em>kos</em> and <em>kare</em> got exchanged between these two societies. So, it is necessary to compare the phonology and the morphological occurrences of these words that are found common both in the ancient Greek and Tamil literatures of the contemporary period. The results show that there were many words derived from the root <em>kos</em> with the basic meaning of ‘arrange’ in the ancient Greek language, but this is not the case in the usage of the word <em>kare</em>. In the ancient Tamil literature, the word <em>‘kos’</em> does not have any root and also had rare occurrences. But it was just the opposite in the case of the word <em>‘kare’</em>. One of all the meanings of the word, which was derived from the root <em>‘kos’</em> in ancient Greek literature, is related with costly ornaments. This meaning seems to have close resemblance with the usage of word<em> ‘kos’</em> in ancient Tamil literature. Also, the meaning of the word <em>‘kare’</em> in ancient Tamil literature is related with spices whereas, in the ancient Greek literature, its meaning is related to that of the cooking of meat using spices. Hence, the similarity seen in the meanings of these words <em>‘kos’</em> and <em>‘kare’</em> in both these languages provides lead for further study. More than that, the ancient literary resources which are available in both these languages ensure the export and import of gold and spices from the ancient Greek land to Tamil land. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arrange" title="arrange">arrange</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kare" title=" kare"> kare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kos" title=" Kos"> Kos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ornament" title=" ornament"> ornament</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamil" title=" Tamil"> Tamil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117046/the-greek-root-word-kos-and-the-trade-of-ancient-greek-with-tamil-nadu-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117046.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1369</span> A Comparative Study on the Positive and Negative of Electronic Word-of-Mouth on the SERVQUAL Scale-Take A Certain Armed Forces General Hospital in Taiwan As An Example</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Po-Chun%20Lee">Po-Chun Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li-Lin%20Liang"> Li-Lin Liang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ching-Yuan%20Huang"> Ching-Yuan Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: Research on electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM)& online review has been widely used in service industry management research in recent years. The SERVQUAL scale is the most commonly used method to measure service quality. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to combine electronic word of mouth & online review with the SERVQUAL scale. To explore the comparative study of positive and negative electronic word-of-mouth reviews of a certain armed force general hospital in Taiwan. Data sources: This research obtained online word-of-mouth comment data on google maps from a military hospital in Taiwan in the past ten years through Internet data mining technology. Research methods: This study uses the semantic content analysis method to classify word-of-mouth reviews according to the revised PZB SERVQUAL scale. Then carry out statistical analysis. Results of data synthesis: The results of this study disclosed that the negative reviews of this military hospital in Taiwan have been increasing year by year. Under the COVID-19 epidemic, positive word-of-mouth has a downward trend. Among the five determiners of SERVQUAL of PZB, positive word-of-mouth reviews performed best in “Assurance,” with a positive review rate of 58.89%, Followed by 43.33% of “Responsiveness.” In negative word-of-mouth reviews, “Assurance” performed the worst, with a positive rate of 70.99%, followed by responsive 29.01%. Conclusions: The important conclusions of this study disclosed that the total number of electronic word-of-mouth reviews of the military hospital has revealed positive growth in recent years, and the positive word-of-mouth growth has revealed negative growth after the epidemic of COVID-19, while the negative word-of-mouth has grown substantially. Regardless of the positive and negative comments, what patients care most about is “Assurance” of the professional attitude and skills of the medical staff, which needs to be strengthened most urgently. In addition, good “Reliability” will help build positive word-of-mouth. However, poor “Responsiveness” can easily lead to the spread of negative word-of-mouth. This study suggests that the hospital should focus on these few service-oriented quality management and audits. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20of%20medical%20service" title="quality of medical service">quality of medical service</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electronic%20word-of-mouth" title=" electronic word-of-mouth"> electronic word-of-mouth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=armed%20forces%20general%20hospital" title=" armed forces general hospital"> armed forces general hospital</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143587/a-comparative-study-on-the-positive-and-negative-of-electronic-word-of-mouth-on-the-servqual-scale-take-a-certain-armed-forces-general-hospital-in-taiwan-as-an-example" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143587.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1368</span> The Storm in Us All: An Etymological Study of Tempest</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20N.%20Prihoda">David N. Prihoda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper charts the history of the English word Tempest from its origins in Proto-Indo European to its modern usage as a term for storms, both literal and metaphorical. It does so by way of considering the word’s morphology, semiotics, and phonetics. It references numerous language studies and dictionaries to chronicle the word’s many steps along that path, from demarcation of measurement to assessment of time, all the way to an observation about the weather or the human psyche. The conclusive findings show that tempest has undergone numerous changes throughout its history, and these changes interestingly parallel its connotations as a symbol for both chaotic weather and the chaos of the human spirit <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tempest" title="Tempest">Tempest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=etymology" title=" etymology"> etymology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20origins" title=" language origins"> language origins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English" title=" English"> English</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158273/the-storm-in-us-all-an-etymological-study-of-tempest" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158273.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1367</span> Contextual SenSe Model: Word Sense Disambiguation using Sense and Sense Value of Context Surrounding the Target</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vishal%20Raj">Vishal Raj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noorhan%20Abbas"> Noorhan Abbas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ambiguity in NLP (Natural language processing) refers to the ability of a word, phrase, sentence, or text to have multiple meanings. This results in various kinds of ambiguities such as lexical, syntactic, semantic, anaphoric and referential am-biguities. This study is focused mainly on solving the issue of Lexical ambiguity. Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is an NLP technique that aims to resolve lexical ambiguity by determining the correct meaning of a word within a given context. Most WSD solutions rely on words for training and testing, but we have used lemma and Part of Speech (POS) tokens of words for training and testing. Lemma adds generality and POS adds properties of word into token. We have designed a novel method to create an affinity matrix to calculate the affinity be-tween any pair of lemma_POS (a token where lemma and POS of word are joined by underscore) of given training set. Additionally, we have devised an al-gorithm to create the sense clusters of tokens using affinity matrix under hierar-chy of POS of lemma. Furthermore, three different mechanisms to predict the sense of target word using the affinity/similarity value are devised. Each contex-tual token contributes to the sense of target word with some value and whichever sense gets higher value becomes the sense of target word. So, contextual tokens play a key role in creating sense clusters and predicting the sense of target word, hence, the model is named Contextual SenSe Model (CSM). CSM exhibits a noteworthy simplicity and explication lucidity in contrast to contemporary deep learning models characterized by intricacy, time-intensive processes, and chal-lenging explication. CSM is trained on SemCor training data and evaluated on SemEval test dataset. The results indicate that despite the naivety of the method, it achieves promising results when compared to the Most Frequent Sense (MFS) model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20sense%20disambiguation%20%28wsd%29" title="word sense disambiguation (wsd)">word sense disambiguation (wsd)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contextual%20sense%20model%20%28csm%29" title=" contextual sense model (csm)"> contextual sense model (csm)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=most%20frequent%20sense%20%28mfs%29" title=" most frequent sense (mfs)"> most frequent sense (mfs)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=part%20of%20speech%20%28pos%29" title=" part of speech (pos)"> part of speech (pos)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing%20%28nlp%29" title=" natural language processing (nlp)"> natural language processing (nlp)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oov%20%28out%20of%20vocabulary%29" title=" oov (out of vocabulary)"> oov (out of vocabulary)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lemma_pos%20%28a%20token%20where%20lemma%20and%20pos%20of%20word%20are%20joined%20by%20underscore%29" title=" lemma_pos (a token where lemma and pos of word are joined by underscore)"> lemma_pos (a token where lemma and pos of word are joined by underscore)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20retrieval%20%28ir%29" title=" information retrieval (ir)"> information retrieval (ir)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20translation%20%28mt%29" title=" machine translation (mt)"> machine translation (mt)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174306/contextual-sense-model-word-sense-disambiguation-using-sense-and-sense-value-of-context-surrounding-the-target" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174306.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">107</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1366</span> Computable Difference Matrix for Synonyms in the Holy Quran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Ali%20Al%20Shaari">Mohamed Ali Al Shaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20M.%20El%20Fitori"> Khalid M. El Fitori</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the field of Quran Studies known as Ghareeb A Quran (the study of the meanings of strange words and structures in Holy Quran), it is difficult to distinguish some pragmatic meanings from conceptual meanings. One who wants to study this subject may need to look for a common usage between any two words or more; to understand general meaning, and sometimes may need to look for common differences between them, even if there are synonyms (word sisters). Some of the distinguished scholars of Arabic linguistics believe that there are no synonym words, they believe in varieties of meaning and multi-context usage. Based on this viewpoint, our method was designed to look for synonyms of a word, then the differences that distinct the word and their synonyms. There are many available books that use such a method e.g. synonyms books, dictionaries, glossaries, and some books on the interpretations of strange vocabulary of the Holy Quran, but it is difficult to look up words in these written works. For that reason, we proposed a logical entity, which we called Differences Matrix (DM). DM groups the synonyms words to extract the relations between them and to know the general meaning, which defines the skeleton of all word synonyms; this meaning is expressed by a word of its sisters. In Differences Matrix, we used the sisters(words) as titles for rows and columns, and in the obtained cells we tried to define the row title (word) by using column title (her sister), so the relations between sisters appear, the expected result is well defined groups of sisters for each word. We represented the obtained results formally, and used the defined groups as a base for building the ontology of the Holy Quran synonyms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synonyms" title=" synonyms"> synonyms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differences%20matrix" title=" differences matrix"> differences matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ontology" title=" ontology"> ontology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8032/computable-difference-matrix-for-synonyms-in-the-holy-quran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8032.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">419</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1365</span> Lightweight Cryptographically Generated Address for IPv6 Neighbor Discovery </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amjed%20Sid%20Ahmed">Amjed Sid Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosilah%20Hassan"> Rosilah Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nor%20Effendy%20Othman"> Nor Effendy Othman </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Limited functioning of the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) has necessitated the development of the Internetworking Protocol next generation (IPng) to curb the challenges. Indeed, the IPng is also referred to as the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) and includes the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP). The latter performs the role of Address Auto-configuration, Router Discovery (RD), and Neighbor Discovery (ND). Furthermore, the role of the NDP entails redirecting the service, detecting the duplicate address, and detecting the unreachable services. Despite the fact that there is an NDP’s assumption regarding the existence of trust the links’ nodes, several crucial attacks may affect the Protocol. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) therefore has recommended implementation of Secure Neighbor Discovery Protocol (SEND) to tackle safety issues in NDP. The SEND protocol is mainly used for validation of address rights, malicious response inhibiting techniques and finally router certification procedures. For routine running of these tasks, SEND utilizes on the following options, Cryptographically Generated Address (CGA), RSA Signature, Nonce and Timestamp option. CGA is produced at extra high costs making it the most notable disadvantage of SEND. In this paper a clear description of the constituents of CGA, its operation and also recommendations for improvements in its generation are given. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CGA" title="CGA">CGA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IPv6" title=" IPv6"> IPv6</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NDP" title=" NDP"> NDP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEND" title=" SEND"> SEND</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31309/lightweight-cryptographically-generated-address-for-ipv6-neighbor-discovery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31309.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">385</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1364</span> An Investigation of the Effects of Word Length on Amblyopic Eye Movement during Reading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yahya%20Maeni">Yahya Maeni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is well established that amblyopic patients have a reduced reading performance and oculomotor deficits. Word length has a significant impact on reading performance and eye movement behaviour during reading. As there no previous attempts to assess whether amblyopic eyes would be affected by word length while reading. This study aims to assess the effect of word length on amblyopic eye movement behaviour during reading including fixation duration, number of fixation and gaze duration. 21 adults with amblyopia and 21 age-matched controls participated in the study (age ± SD) (23.80 ± 4.66) for amblyopes and (24.20 ± 3.58) for Controls. Eye movement was recorded during reading binocularly using Eyelink 1000. Study was designed as 2 x 2 (amblyopia vs. control) x 2 lengths (4 letters, and 8 letters). Compared to controls, the amblyopic participants report significant longer duration of fixation, higher number of fixation and longer gaze duration for short words with far higher significant difference for long words. It could be concluded that eye movement in amblyopia during reading might be accounted for by the length of a word within a text and this could possible explanation of reduced reading performance among amblyopes. By understanding the effect of word length on amblyopia will shed light on reading deficits in amblyopia and help to determine the reading needs of amplyopes in educational and clinical settings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amblyopia" title="amblyopia">amblyopia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eye%20movement" title=" eye movement"> eye movement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reading" title=" reading"> reading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixation" title=" fixation"> fixation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124031/an-investigation-of-the-effects-of-word-length-on-amblyopic-eye-movement-during-reading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1363</span> BiLex-Kids: A Bilingual Word Database for Children 5-13 Years Old</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aris%20R.%20Terzopoulos">Aris R. Terzopoulos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Georgia%20Z.%20Niolaki"> Georgia Z. Niolaki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lynne%20G.%20Duncan"> Lynne G. Duncan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mark%20A.%20J.%20Wilson"> Mark A. J. Wilson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antonios%20Kyparissiadis"> Antonios Kyparissiadis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jackie%20Masterson"> Jackie Masterson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As word databases for bilingual children are not available, researchers, educators and textbook writers must rely on monolingual databases. The aim of this study is thus to develop a bilingual word database, BiLex-kids, an online open access developmental word database for 5-13 year old bilingual children who learn Greek as a second language and have English as their dominant one. BiLex-kids is compiled from 120 Greek textbooks used in Greek-English bilingual education in the UK, USA and Australia, and provides word translations in the two languages, pronunciations in Greek, and psycholinguistic variables (e.g. Zipf, Frequency per million, Dispersion, Contextual Diversity, Neighbourhood size). After clearing the textbooks of non-relevant items (e.g. punctuation), algorithms were applied to extract the psycholinguistic indices for all words. As well as one total lexicon, the database produces values for all ages (one lexicon for each age) and for three age bands (one lexicon per age band: 5-8, 9-11, 12-13 years). BiLex-kids provides researchers with accurate figures for a wide range of psycholinguistic variables, making it a useful and reliable research tool for selecting stimuli to examine lexical processing among bilingual children. In addition, it offers children the opportunity to study word spelling, learn translations and listen to pronunciations in their second language. It further benefits educators in selecting age-appropriate words for teaching reading and spelling, while special educational needs teachers will have a resource to control the content of word lists when designing interventions for bilinguals with literacy difficulties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilingual%20children" title="bilingual children">bilingual children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psycholinguistics" title=" psycholinguistics"> psycholinguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vocabulary%20development" title=" vocabulary development"> vocabulary development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20databases" title=" word databases"> word databases</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70529/bilex-kids-a-bilingual-word-database-for-children-5-13-years-old" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70529.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">311</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20word%20discovery&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20word%20discovery&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20word%20discovery&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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