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id="toc-Separated_production_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_heat_pumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_heat_pumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Traditional heat pumps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_heat_pumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_temperature_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_temperature_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Low temperature conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_temperature_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_pump_with_double_cold_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAHP_-_PVT_Panels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/SAHP_-_PVT_Panels.jpg/500px-SAHP_-_PVT_Panels.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/SAHP_-_PVT_Panels.jpg/750px-SAHP_-_PVT_Panels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/SAHP_-_PVT_Panels.jpg/1000px-SAHP_-_PVT_Panels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar panels of a SAHP in an experimental installation at Department of Energy at <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Milan" title="Polytechnic University of Milan">Polytechnic of Milan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>solar-assisted heat pump</b> (<b>SAHP</b>) is a machine that combines a <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pump</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector" title="Solar thermal collector">thermal solar panels</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">PV solar panels</a> in a single integrated system.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically these two technologies are used separately (or only placing them in parallel) to produce <a href="/wiki/Water_heating" title="Water heating">hot water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this system the solar thermal panel performs the function of the low temperature heat source and the heat produced is used to feed the heat pump's evaporator.<sup id="cite_ref-ref2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of this system is to get high <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_performance" title="Coefficient of performance">COP</a> and then produce energy in a more <a href="/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency" title="Energy conversion efficiency">efficient</a> and less expensive way. </p><p>It is possible to use any type of solar thermal panel (sheet and tubes, roll-bond, heat pipe, thermal plates) or <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_thermal_hybrid_solar_collector" title="Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector">hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mono-crystalline_silicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mono-crystalline silicon">mono</a>/<a href="/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon" title="Polycrystalline silicon">polycrystalline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell" title="Thin-film solar cell">thin film</a>) in combination with the heat pump. The use of a hybrid panel is preferable because it allows covering a part of the electricity demand of the heat pump and reduce the power consumption and consequently the <a href="/wiki/Variable_cost" title="Variable cost">variable costs</a> of the system. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optimization">Optimization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar-assisted_heat_pump&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Optimization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The operating conditions' optimization of this system is the main problem, because there are two opposing trends of the performance of the two sub-systems: by way of example, decreasing the evaporation temperature of the <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">working fluid</a> increases the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">thermal efficiency</a> of the solar panel but decreases the performance of the heat pump, and consequently the COP.<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The target for the optimization is normally the minimization of the electrical consumption of the heat pump, or <a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">primary energy</a> required by an <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">auxiliary boiler</a> which supplies the load not covered by <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable source</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Configurations">Configurations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar-assisted_heat_pump&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Configurations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two possible configurations of this system, which are distinguished by the presence or not of an intermediate fluid that transports the heat from the panel to the heat pump. Machines called indirect- expansion mainly use <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> as a heat transfer fluid, mixed with an antifreeze fluid (usually <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">glycol</a>) to avoid <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> formation phenomena during winter period. The machines called direct-expansion place the refrigerant fluid directly inside the hydraulic circuit of the thermal panel, where the <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transition</a> takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This second configuration, even though it is more complex from a technical point of view, has several advantages:<sup id="cite_ref-ref4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>a better transfer of the heat produced by the thermal panel to the working fluid which involves a greater thermal efficiency of the evaporator, linked to the absence of an intermediate fluid;</li> <li>presence of an evaporating fluid allows a uniform temperature distribution in the thermal panel with a consequent increase in the thermal efficiency (in normal operating conditions of the solar panel, the local thermal efficiency decreases from inlet to outlet of the fluid because the fluid temperature increases);</li> <li>using hybrid solar panel, in addition to the advantage described in the previous point, the <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics#Efficiency" title="Photovoltaics">electrical efficiency</a> of the panel increases (for similar considerations).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison">Comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar-assisted_heat_pump&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally speaking the use of this integrated system is an efficient way to employ the heat produced by the thermal panels in winter period, something that normally wouldn't be exploited because its temperature is too low.<sup id="cite_ref-ref2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separated_production_systems">Separated production systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar-assisted_heat_pump&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Separated production systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In comparison with only heat pump utilization, it is possible to reduce the amount of electrical energy consumed by the machine during the weather evolution from winter season to the spring, and then finally only use thermal solar panels to produce all the heat demand required (only in case of indirect-expansion machine), thus saving on variable costs.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In comparison with a system with only thermal panels, it is possible to provide a greater part of the required winter heating using a non-fossil energy source.<sup id="cite_ref-ref6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_heat_pumps">Traditional heat pumps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar-assisted_heat_pump&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Traditional heat pumps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal heat pump">geothermal heat pumps</a>, the main advantage is that the installation of a piping field in the soil is not required, which results in a lower cost of investment (drilling accounts for about 50% of the cost of a geothermal heat pump system) and in more flexibility of machine installation, even in areas in which there is limited available space. Furthermore, there are no risks related to possible thermal soil impoverishment.<sup id="cite_ref-ref7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly to <a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pumps" class="mw-redirect" title="Air source heat pumps">air source heat pumps</a>, solar-assisted heat pump performance is affected by atmospheric conditions, although this effect is less significant. Solar-assisted heat pump performance is generally affected by varying <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">solar radiation</a> intensity rather than <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_temperature" title="Atmospheric temperature">air temperature</a> oscillation. This produces a greater SCOP (Seasonal COP). Additionally, evaporation temperature of the working fluid is higher than in air source heat pumps, so in general the coefficient of performance is significantly higher.<sup id="cite_ref-ref4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Low_temperature_conditions">Low temperature conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar-assisted_heat_pump&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Low temperature conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, a heat pump can evaporate at temperatures below the ambient temperature. In a solar-assisted heat pump this generates a temperature distribution of the thermal panels below that temperature. In this condition thermal losses of the panels towards the environment become additional available energy to the heat pump.<sup id="cite_ref-ref8_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref9_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case it is possible that the thermal efficiency of solar panels is more than 100%. </p><p>Another free-contribution in these conditions of low temperature is related to the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a> of water vapor on the surface of the panels, which provides additional heat to the heat transfer fluid (normally it is a small part of the total heat collected by solar panels), that is equal to the <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a> of condensation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heat_pump_with_double_cold_sources">Heat pump with double cold sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar-assisted_heat_pump&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heat pump with double cold sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The simple configuration of solar-assisted heat pump as only solar panels as heat source for the evaporator. It can also exist a configuration with an additional heat source.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal is to have further advantages in energy saving but, on the other hand, the management and optimization of the system become more complex. </p><p>The geothermal-solar configuration allows reducing the size of the piping field (and reduce the investment) and to have a regeneration of the ground during summer through the heat collected from the thermal panels. </p><p>The air-solar structure allows an acceptable heat input also during cloudy days, maintaining the compactness of the system and the easiness to install it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar-assisted_heat_pump&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in regular air conditioners, one of the issues is to keep the evaporation temperature high, especially when the sunlight has low power and the ambient airflow is low. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar-assisted_heat_pump&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSezenGungor2023" class="citation journal cs1">Sezen, Kutbay; Gungor, Afsin (2023-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038092X22008714">"Comparison of solar assisted heat pump systems for heating residences: A review"</a>. <i>Solar Energy</i>. <b>249</b>: 424–445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solener.2022.11.051">10.1016/j.solener.2022.11.051</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-092X">0038-092X</a>. <q>Photovoltaic-thermal direct expansion solar assisted heat pump (PV/T-DX-SAHP) system enables to benefit the waste heat for evaporation of refrigerant in PV/T collector-evaporator, while providing better cooling for PV cells (Yao et al., 2020).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solar+Energy&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+solar+assisted+heat+pump+systems+for+heating+residences%3A+A+review&rft.volume=249&rft.pages=424-445&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.solener.2022.11.051&rft.issn=0038-092X&rft.aulast=Sezen&rft.aufirst=Kutbay&rft.au=Gungor%2C+Afsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0038092X22008714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar-assisted+heat+pump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228222214/http://www.bine.info/en/publications/themeninfos/publikation/elektrisch-angetriebene-waermepumpen/waermepumpen-plus-solar/">"Solar-assisted heat pumps"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bine.info/en/publications/themeninfos/publikation/elektrisch-angetriebene-waermepumpen/waermepumpen-plus-solar/">the original</a> on 28 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solar-assisted+heat+pumps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bine.info%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fthemeninfos%2Fpublikation%2Felektrisch-angetriebene-waermepumpen%2Fwaermepumpen-plus-solar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar-assisted+heat+pump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107065814/http://climatizzazioneconfontirinnovabili.enea.it/index.php/pompe-di-calore-elioassistite">"Pompe di calore elio-assistite"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climatizzazioneconfontirinnovabili.enea.it/index.php/pompe-di-calore-elioassistite">the original</a> on 7 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pompe+di+calore+elio-assistite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatizzazioneconfontirinnovabili.enea.it%2Findex.php%2Fpompe-di-calore-elioassistite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar-assisted+heat+pump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicola_FalliniStefano_Luigi_Floreano2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nicola Fallini; Stefano Luigi Floreano (31 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politesi.polimi.it/bitstream/10589/15682/1/SISTEMI%20A%20POMPA%20DI%20CALORE%20ELIOASSISTITA%20MODELLO%20DI%20SIMULAZIONE%20IN%20AMBIENTE%20TRNSYS%20E%20CONFRONTO%20ENERGETICO%20DI%20CONFIGURAZIONI%20IMPIANTISTICHE-%20FLOREANO%20STEFANO%20LUIGI%2cFALLINI%20NICOLA.pdf">"Sistemi a pompa di calore elioassistita: modello di simulazione in ambiente TRNSYS e confronto energetico di configurazioni impiantistiche"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sistemi+a+pompa+di+calore+elioassistita%3A+modello+di+simulazione+in+ambiente+TRNSYS+e+confronto+energetico+di+configurazioni+impiantistiche&rft.date=2011-03-31&rft.au=Nicola+Fallini&rft.au=Stefano+Luigi+Floreano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politesi.polimi.it%2Fbitstream%2F10589%2F15682%2F1%2FSISTEMI%2520A%2520POMPA%2520DI%2520CALORE%2520ELIOASSISTITA%2520MODELLO%2520DI%2520SIMULAZIONE%2520IN%2520AMBIENTE%2520TRNSYS%2520E%2520CONFRONTO%2520ENERGETICO%2520DI%2520CONFIGURAZIONI%2520IMPIANTISTICHE-%2520FLOREANO%2520STEFANO%2520LUIGI%252cFALLINI%2520NICOLA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar-assisted+heat+pump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJieHanfengTin-taiGang2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jie, Jia; Hanfeng, Hea; Tin-tai, Chowb; Gang, Peia; Wei, Hea; Keliang, Liua (2009). "Distributed dynamic modeling and experimental study of PV evaporator in a PV/T solar-assisted heat pump". <i>International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer</i>. <b>52</b> (5–6): 1365–1373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijheatmasstransfer.2008.08.017">10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2008.08.017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Heat+and+Mass+Transfer&rft.atitle=Distributed+dynamic+modeling+and+experimental+study+of+PV+evaporator+in+a+PV%2FT+solar-assisted+heat+pump&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=1365-1373&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijheatmasstransfer.2008.08.017&rft.aulast=Jie&rft.aufirst=Jia&rft.au=Hanfeng%2C+Hea&rft.au=Tin-tai%2C+Chowb&rft.au=Gang%2C+Peia&rft.au=Wei%2C+Hea&rft.au=Keliang%2C+Liua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar-assisted+heat+pump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref5_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJieGangTin-taiKeliang2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jie, Jia; Gang, Peia; Tin-tai, Chowb; Keliang, Liua; Hanfeng, Hea; Jianping, Lua; Chongwei, Hana (2007). "Experimental study of photovoltaic solar assisted heat pump system". <i>Solar Energy</i>. <b>82</b> (1): 43–52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SoEn...82...43J">2008SoEn...82...43J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solener.2007.04.006">10.1016/j.solener.2007.04.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solar+Energy&rft.atitle=Experimental+study+of+photovoltaic+solar+assisted+heat+pump+system&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-52&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.solener.2007.04.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SoEn...82...43J&rft.aulast=Jie&rft.aufirst=Jia&rft.au=Gang%2C+Peia&rft.au=Tin-tai%2C+Chowb&rft.au=Keliang%2C+Liua&rft.au=Hanfeng%2C+Hea&rft.au=Jianping%2C+Lua&rft.au=Chongwei%2C+Hana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar-assisted+heat+pump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref6_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuangWang2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kuang, Y.H.; Wang, R.Z. (2006). "Performance of a multi-functional direct-expansion solar assisted heat pump system". <i>Solar Energy</i>. <b>80</b> (7): 795–803. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SoEn...80..795K">2006SoEn...80..795K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solener.2005.06.003">10.1016/j.solener.2005.06.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solar+Energy&rft.atitle=Performance+of+a+multi-functional+direct-expansion+solar+assisted+heat+pump+system&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=795-803&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.solener.2005.06.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006SoEn...80..795K&rft.aulast=Kuang&rft.aufirst=Y.H.&rft.au=Wang%2C+R.Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar-assisted+heat+pump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref7_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarotti2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carotti, Attilio (2014). WOLTERS KLUWER ITALIA (ed.). <i>Edifici a elevate prestazioni energetiche e acustiche. Energy management</i> (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edifici+a+elevate+prestazioni+energetiche+e+acustiche.+Energy+management&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Carotti&rft.aufirst=Attilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar-assisted+heat+pump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref8-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref8_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangChyng2001" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, B.J.; Chyng, J.P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/86580/1/68.pdf">"Performance characteristics of integral type solar-assisted heat pump"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Solar Energy</i>. <b>71</b> (6): 403–414. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SoEn...71..403H">2001SoEn...71..403H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0038-092X%2801%2900076-7">10.1016/S0038-092X(01)00076-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solar+Energy&rft.atitle=Performance+characteristics+of+integral+type+solar-assisted+heat+pump&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=403-414&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0038-092X%2801%2900076-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001SoEn...71..403H&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=B.J.&rft.au=Chyng%2C+J.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2Fbitstream%2F246246%2F86580%2F1%2F68.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar-assisted+heat+pump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref9-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref9_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615042916/http://www.solaretermodinamico.info/thermboil.php">"Thermboil - Pannelli termodinamici"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solaretermodinamico.info/thermboil.php">the original</a> on 15 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thermboil+-+Pannelli+termodinamici&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solaretermodinamico.info%2Fthermboil.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar-assisted+heat+pump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar-assisted_heat_pump&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228222214/http://www.bine.info/en/publications/themeninfos/publikation/elektrisch-angetriebene-waermepumpen/waermepumpen-plus-solar/">"Solar-assisted heat pumps"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bine.info/en/publications/themeninfos/publikation/elektrisch-angetriebene-waermepumpen/waermepumpen-plus-solar/">the original</a> on 28 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solar-assisted+heat+pumps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bine.info%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fthemeninfos%2Fpublikation%2Felektrisch-angetriebene-waermepumpen%2Fwaermepumpen-plus-solar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar-assisted+heat+pump" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107065814/http://climatizzazioneconfontirinnovabili.enea.it/index.php/pompe-di-calore-elioassistite">"Pompe di calore elio-assistite"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climatizzazioneconfontirinnovabili.enea.it/index.php/pompe-di-calore-elioassistite">the original</a> on 7 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pompe+di+calore+elio-assistite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatizzazioneconfontirinnovabili.enea.it%2Findex.php%2Fpompe-di-calore-elioassistite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar-assisted+heat+pump" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611074443/http://www.gse.it/it/EnergiaFacile/guide/Caldoefreddo/Pompedicalore/Pages/default.aspx">"Pompe di calore"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gse.it/it/EnergiaFacile/guide/Caldoefreddo/Pompedicalore/Pages/default.aspx">the original</a> on 11 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy">Template:Solar energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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