CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"be757ebc50",applicationID:"1737010280"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.283.2.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},217:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>m,gD:()=>v,xN:()=>h});r(860).K7.genericEvents;const n="experimental.marks",i="experimental.measures",o="experimental.resources",a=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var s=r(614),c=r(944),u=r(384),l=r(122);const d="[data-nr-mask]",f=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(i)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(o)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:s.wk,inactiveMs:s.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){a(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(d):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=d:(0,c.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){a(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,c.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,c.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},g={},p="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function m(e){if(!e)throw new Error(p);if(!g[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return g[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);g[e]=(0,l.a)(t,f());const r=(0,u.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=g[e])}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);var r=m(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>d});var n=r(122),i=r(384),o=r(154),a=r(324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},l={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(l[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(l[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=l[e])}},324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.283.2",i="PROD",o="CDN"},154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>l,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>d,x3:()=>u});var n=r(836),i=r(606),o=r(860),a=r(646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};l(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function d(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(l(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(990),o=r(371),a=r(646),s=r(607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},l={},d=!1;try{d=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=m(e),l=c.length,d=0;d<l;d++)c[d].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:h,listeners:m,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:d?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:d};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=m(e).concat(t)}function m(e){return n[e]||[]}function h(t){return l[t]=l[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),l=(0,n.Zm)();l.ee||(l.ee=u)},646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(566).bz)()},566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(836),i=r(154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>l,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>d});var n=r(154),i=r(863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function l(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(836),i=r(607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];l(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return l(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,l,d;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],l="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],l],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],l,c);try{return d=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],l,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,d],l,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function l(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A$:()=>o,ET:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o={OFF:0,ERROR:1,WARN:2,INFO:3,DEBUG:4,TRACE:5},a="log";n.K7.logging},773:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{z_:()=>o,XG:()=>s,TZ:()=>n,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a});r(154),r(566),r(384);const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(836),i=r(687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>K});var n=r(860),i=r(555),o=r(371),a=r(908),s=r(836),c=r(687),u=r(289),l=r(154),d=r(944),f=r(773),g=r(384),p=r(344);const m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(863),b=r(614),y=r(993);var w=r(646),R=r(434);const A=new Map;function E(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,d.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,R.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[R.Jt]||t[r];return A.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>A.get(c))),i}function _(){const e=(0,g.pV)();m.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,d.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function N(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const m={};var w=s.ee.get(e),R=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var A="api-",_=A+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function k(){}m.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,v.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},m.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),E(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},h.forEach((e=>{m[e]=j(A,e,!0,"api")})),m.addPageAction=j(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.recordCustomEvent=j(A,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},m.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,d.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,d.R)(39,typeof e)},m.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,d.R)(41,typeof e)},m.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,d.R)(42,typeof e)},m.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,d.R)(23,e)}},m[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m.interaction=function(e){return(new k).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const T=k.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(R.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw R.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{R.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function I(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,d.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{T[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),m.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),m.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},l.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>I()),!0):I(),m}var k=r(217),T=r(122);const j={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},I={};var O=r(284);const S=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function K(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:d={},exposed:f=!0}=t;d.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,k.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");I[e]=(0,T.a)(t,j);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=I[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},l.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const m=(0,k.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),h=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];P||(m.proxy.assets&&(S(m.proxy.assets),h.push(m.proxy.assets)),m.proxy.beacon&&h.push(m.proxy.beacon),_(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===m.soft_navigations.enabled&&m.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),d.denyList=[...m.ajax.deny_list||[],...m.ajax.block_internal?h:[]],d.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,d),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=N(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),P=!0}},374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.283.2.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.283.2.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),l=0;l<u.length;l++){var d=u[l];if(d.getAttribute("src")==r||d.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=d;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-2Y8GMAOGF658KnXzOZ/v+DlLch8TBFvV0tTNnOy9wrpvtDa1t5CdZMyX+LubTymBlzPp6NUjllBghMCZqXBPmg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={374:0,840:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.283.2.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.283.2.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(374);var e=i(944),t=i(344),r=i(566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(217);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var l=i(603);var d=i(687),f=i(234),g=i(289),p=i(154),m=i(384);const h=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function v(e){return!!(0,m.dV)().o.MO&&h(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(h(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return v(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(630);class R extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var A=i(908),E=i(843),_=i(878),x=i(782),N=i(863);class k extends y{static featureName=x.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,x.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,A.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,_.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,A.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var T=i(773);class j extends y{static featureName=T.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,T.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,m.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(R),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,l.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,m.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[R,k,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="description" content="" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://news.rice.edu/news/2025/rice-bcm-research-achieves-gene-editing-breakthrough-could-improve-treatment-liver" /> <link rel="image_src" href="/sites/g/files/bxs2656/files/2025-02/00baobart.jpg" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Rice News | News and Media Relations | Rice University" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://news.rice.edu/news/2025/rice-bcm-research-achieves-gene-editing-breakthrough-could-improve-treatment-liver" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Rice-BCM research achieves gene-editing breakthrough that could improve treatment for liver disease, other disorders" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The Rice lab of bioengineer Gang Bao and collaborators at Baylor College of Medicine have developed a new gene-editing strategy that dramatically boosts the effectiveness of gene therapies in the liver, a breakthrough that could lead to new treatments for about 700 genetic disorders in this vital organ as well as in other organs and tissues." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://news.rice.edu/sites/g/files/bxs2656/files/2025-02/00baobart.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://news.rice.edu/sites/g/files/bxs2656/files/2025-02/00baobart.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The Rice lab of bioengineer Gang Bao and collaborators at Baylor College of Medicine have developed a new gene-editing strategy that dramatically boosts the effectiveness of gene therapies in the liver, a breakthrough that could lead to new treatments for about 700 genetic disorders in this vital organ as well as in other organs and tissues." /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Rice-BCM research achieves gene-editing breakthrough that could improve treatment for liver disease, other disorders" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://news.rice.edu/news/2025/rice-bcm-research-achieves-gene-editing-breakthrough-could-improve-treatment-liver" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://news.rice.edu/sites/g/files/bxs2656/files/2025-02/00baobart.jpg" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="-5Kk0NsKqzujxs9iKveOdtUPqjKDx0X-lWe7daELsHg" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/sites/g/files/bxs2656/files/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <script>window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};a2a_config.callbacks=[];a2a_config.overlays=[];a2a_config.templates={};</script> <title>Rice-BCM research achieves gene-editing breakthrough that could improve treatment for liver disease, other disorders | Rice News | News and Media Relations | Rice University</title> <link rel="preload" href="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets/fonts/TrajanPro/TrajanPro-Regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets/fonts/Copernicus/Copernicus Book/Book.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets/fonts/Mallory/Mallory Book/Book.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets/fonts/Copernicus/Copernicus Bold/Bold.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets/fonts/Mallory/Mallory Bold/Bold.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/g/files/bxs2656/files/css/css_CXavprF0LfiEDrCYrJIvRAB5q_vZjcT7HRpxdZmzfnI.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://kit.fontawesome.com/c22e70c3df.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@accessible360/accessible-slick@1.0.1/slick/slick.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@accessible360/accessible-slick@1.0.1/slick/accessible-slick-theme.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fancyapps/fancybox@3.5.7/dist/jquery.fancybox.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/plyr@3.7.2/dist/plyr.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets2/css/app.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets2/css/extra.css" /> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/30861","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"addtoany\/addtoany.front,adm_rice\/global,ckeditor_accordion\/accordion.frontend,filter\/caption,google_tag\/gtag,google_tag\/gtag.ajax,google_tag\/gtm,system\/base,tooltip_taxonomy\/simple_tooltip","theme":"adm_rice","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"gtm":{"tagId":null,"settings":{"data_layer":"dataLayer","include_classes":false,"allowlist_classes":"google\nnonGooglePixels\nnonGoogleScripts\nnonGoogleIframes","blocklist_classes":"customScripts\ncustomPixels","include_environment":false,"environment_id":"","environment_token":""},"tagIds":["GTM-P6D235Z"]},"gtag":{"tagId":"","consentMode":false,"otherIds":[],"events":[],"additionalConfigInfo":[]},"ckeditorAccordion":{"accordionStyle":{"collapseAll":1,"keepRowsOpen":null,"animateAccordionOpenAndClose":1,"openTabsWithHash":1}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"1aaea4916cffee91a67302cbd00ee2bd108462a2f8f907a11e84129968757850"}}</script> <script src="/sites/g/files/bxs2656/files/js/js_kiUjOD5PvSs2Yc4e9xT0LLZHP95Bswyb9s45iIpt4rU.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@accessible360/accessible-slick@1.0.1/slick/slick.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/focus-visible@5.2.0/dist/focus-visible.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fancyapps/fancybox@3.5.7/dist/jquery.fancybox.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/selectric@1.13.0/public/jquery.selectric.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/plyr@3.7.2/dist/plyr.polyfilled.min.js"></script> <script src="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets2/js/app.js" async></script> <script src="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets2/js/calendar.js"></script> <script src="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets2/js/events.js"></script> <script src="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets2/js/facts.js"></script> <script src="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets2/js/featured-articles.js"></script> <script src="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets2/js/menus.js"></script> <script src="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets2/js/news.js"></script> <script src="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets2/js/profile-news.js"></script> <script src="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets2/js/profiles.js"></script> <script src="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets2/js/related-articles.js"></script> <script src="https://staticws.b-cdn.net/assets2/js/extras.js" defer></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtm.js?srp19f"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtag.js?srp19f"></script> </head> <body class="path-node page-node-type-article"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden skip-to-content"> Skip to main content </a> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-P6D235Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <header class="header"> <div class="header__content content-mobile"> <div id="block-headercustomcss"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Body</div> <div><style type="text/css"> /* Sticky Header */ .header { position: -webkit-relative; position: relative; } /* Video */ .video {aspect-ratio: 16 / 9; width: 100%;} /* Padding */ .pv-5 {padding-top: 2%; padding-bottom: 2%;} /* Titles (Headers) */ .page-body__content h1 {font-size: 2.75rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; font-family: CopernicusMedium,serif; color: #00205B;} .page-body__content h2 {font-size: 2.5rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; font-family: CopernicusMedium,serif; color: #0A509E;} .page-body__content h3 {font-size: 2.25rem; margin-bottom: .75rem; font-family: CopernicusMedium,serif; color: #00205B;} .page-body__content h4 {font-size: 2rem; margin-bottom: .75rem; font-family: CopernicusMedium,serif; color: #0A509E;} .page-body__content h5 {font-size: 1.75rem; margin-bottom: .5rem; font-family: CopernicusMedium,serif; color: #00205B;} .page-body__content h6 {font-size: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: .5rem; font-family: CopernicusMedium,serif; color: #0A509E;} .article__body h1 {font-size: 2.75rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; font-family: CopernicusMedium,serif; color: #00205B;} .article__body h2 {font-size: 2.5rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; font-family: CopernicusMedium,serif; color: #0A509E;} .article__body h3 {font-size: 2.25rem; margin-bottom: .75rem; font-family: CopernicusMedium,serif; color: #00205B;} .article__body h4 {font-size: 2rem; margin-bottom: .75rem; font-family: CopernicusMedium,serif; color: #0A509E;} .article__body h5 {font-size: 1.75rem; margin-bottom: .5rem; font-family: CopernicusMedium,serif; color: #00205B;} .article__body h6 {font-size: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: .5rem; font-family: CopernicusMedium,serif; color: #0A509E;} /* Page Body */ .page-body__content p {font-size: 1.125rem; padding-bottom: 1.5rem;} .page-body__content figure.align-left {margin: 6px 30px 30px 0;} .page-body__content figure.align-right {margin: 6px 0 30px 30px;} .page-body__content figure figcaption {padding: 10px 20px; background: #f3f3f3; color: #000;} .page-body__content figure figcaption a {color: #00205B;} .page-body__content blockquote p {font-size: 1.5rem;} .page-body__content blockquote {margin-bottom: 30px;} .page-body__content p a {color: #3455DB; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 2px #00205B dotted;} .page-body__content p a:hover {font-size: 1.125rem; color: #697E2F; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 2px #697E2F solid;} .page-body__content ol a {text-transform: none;} .page-body__content ol a::after {display: none;} .article__main-image {text-align: center; padding: 2em; display: none;} .article__main-image {display: none;} .article--story .article__body p {font-family: 'MalloryBook';} .article--story .article__body ol, .article--story .article__body ul {font-family: 'MalloryBook';} .teaser-summary p a {color: #3455DB; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 2px #00205B dotted; line-height: normal !important;} .teaser-summary p a:hover {color: #697E2F; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 2px #697E2F solid;} .article .article__body p a {color: #3455DB; line-height: normal !important; text-decoration-style: dotted; text-decoration-color: #00205B; text-decoration-thickness: .1em; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-underline-offset: 1.5px; display: inline;} .article .article__body p a:hover {color: #697E2F; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #697E2F; text-decoration-thickness: .1em; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-underline-offset: 1.5px;} .article--story h1.article__title {font-size: 2.5rem; line-height: 3rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;} .article--story .article__body {margin-top: 30px;} article.align-left {margin: 0 30px 20px 0;} article.align-right {margin: 0 0 20px 30px} article.align-center {margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; display: table;} .article .article__body figure.align-left {margin: 0 30px 20px 0;} .article .article__body figure.align-right {margin: 0 0 20px 30px} .article .article__share a.icon-share {display: none;} .article .article__share-buttons {display: none;} .article .article__breadcrumbs span {color: #44474F;} .article .article__breadcrumbs span:not(:first-of-type) {color: #005B50;} .article .article__share a.icon-print::before {font-size: 1em;} .article .date {color: #44474F;} .article__body ol a { color: #034ea1; font-size: 1.25rem; text-decoration: underline dotted #034ea1 0.1em; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-underline-offset: 1.5px; display: inline;} .article__body ol a:hover { color: #697E2F; text-decoration: underline solid #697E2F 0.1em; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-underline-offset: 1.5px; } .article__body ul a { color: #034ea1; font-size: 1.25rem; text-decoration: underline dotted #034ea1 0.1em; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-underline-offset: 1.5px; display: inline;} .article__body ul a:hover { color: #697E2F; text-decoration: underline solid #697E2F 0.1em; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-underline-offset: 1.5px; } .icon-print::before {color: #44474F;} div.body--two-columns h3 {font-size: 2rem !important; margin-bottom: 0 !important;} /* Cards */ .card-overlay__content a { display: inline-block; position: relative; z-index: 2; padding: 9.5em; margin: -9.5em; } @media only screen and (max-width: 64em){ .article--story .article__title {font-size: 1.75rem !important;} .article--story h4.article__title {font-size: 1.25rem !important;} .article--story h1.article__title { font-size: 2.35rem !important; font-family: CopernicusBold,serif; line-height: 2.75rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; } .article--story .article__title.h2, .article--story h2.article__title { font-style: italic; color: #034ea1; font-size: 1.5rem; font-size: 1.25rem !important; font-family: CopernicusMedium,serif; line-height: 1.33333; } } /*.article .article__body p a {color: #3455DB; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 2px #00205B dotted; line-height: normal !important;} .article .article__body p a:hover {color: #697E2F; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 2px #697E2F solid;}*/ /* Captions */ .article .article__body figure figcaption, .article .article__summary figure figcaption {background: #E0E2E6; padding: 15px 20px;} figure figcaption {color: #44474F; line-height: 1.5;} /* Alignment */ .page-body__content .align-right {padding: 0 0 1rem 1rem;} /* Hero */ .hero__image {min-height: 250px;} /* Lists */ .page-body__content ul li {font-size: 20px;} /* Helpful Links */ div.title .menu--list {padding: 0 20px 0px 20px;} div.title .menu--list .menu__item {font-size: 1.5rem;} div.title--tall {padding: 30px 5% 40px;} /* Accordion */ .ckeditor-accordion-container > dl dd { padding: 25px 25px 0px; } .ckeditor-accordion-container > dl dt > a:hover { background-color: #44474F; } .ckeditor-accordion-container > dl dt > a { padding: 20px 15px 20px 50px; background-color: #0A509E; border-bottom: 1px solid #303B61; font-size: 1.15em; } /* Table */ table.blueTable { font-family: "MalloryBook",sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff; width: 100%; text-align: left; border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 2em; } table.blueTable td, table.blueTable th { padding: 1em; } table.blueTable tbody td { font-size: 1.15rem; } table.blueTable tr:nth-child(even) { background: #f3f3f3; } table.blueTable thead { background: #0A509E; } table.blueTable thead th { font-size: 1.15rem; font-weight: bold; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: left; } table.blueTable tfoot td { font-size: 1.15rem; } table.blueTable tfoot .links { text-align: right; } table.blueTable tfoot .links a{ display: inline-block; background: #1C6EA4; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 2px 8px; border-radius: 5px; } .article__main-image { display: none; } .button__text { font-size: 1.25em; font-weight: 600; } .alert { padding: .75em; } form.webform-submission-form label { margin-right: 1em; } form.webform-submission-form { padding-top: 0; } .webform-confirmation__message { padding: 4em 2em; font-size: 1.5em; } .h1, h1 { line-height: 1.5; } .h3, h3 { margin-bottom: 1rem; } .resize500 img { max-width:500px; } .resize300 img { max-width:300px; } #block-views-block-news-rice-block-1, #block-views-block-news-releases-view-block-1, #block-views-block-featured-stories-rice-block-1 { background: #001e6b; padding: 2em 0; } .js-articles-slick, .js-current-news, .js-rice-news, .js-view-current-news, .featured-container { max-width: 1960px; margin: 0 auto; } @media (max-width: 64em){ .article--story h4.article__title { font-size: 1.5rem; } .resize500 img { width:auto; } .resize300 img { width:auto; }} /* --- Views: Exposed Form --- */ .views-exposed-form { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; /*flex: 0 0 30%; */ /*width: 30%;*/ padding: 1em 2em; margin: 1% 1%; align-items: center; justify-content: center; border: 2px dotted #054EA1; } .js-form-item { padding: .2em .5em; flex: 0 0 50%; } .js-form-item label { margin: auto; font-family: CopernicusBold,sans-serif; font-size: 1.1rem; color: #00205b; } .form-select, .selectric-form-select, .form-text { width: 100%; margin: 0 0 .5em 0; border: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #bbb; } .form-text { min-height: 2.5em; } .selectric { border: none; padding: 2px; } .form-actions { display: flex; } .js-form-submit { width:100%; padding:.5rem 1.5rem; text-transform: uppercase; margin:0 .2em; color: #fff; background: #054ea1; cursor:pointer; border: 1px solid #054ea1; } .footer__logo .image-responsive{width: 50%;} @media (max-width: 64em) { .view-group { margin: 0 1em; } } @media (max-width: 48em) { .views-exposed-form { display: block; } .form-select, .selectric-form-select, .form-text { margin: 0; } .js-form-submit { width: 50%; left: 25%; } } </style> <script> var elements = document.getElementsByClassName('ckeditor-accordion-toggler'); for (var i = 0; i < elements.length; i++) { elements[i].href = 'ckeditor-accordion-container'; } </script><script> var $ = jQuery; $(window).on('load', function() { $('a.menu__item.fr').hide(); }); $(window).scroll(function() { if (window.screen.width >= 768) { if (window.screen.width < 1180) { if ($(this).scrollTop() < 600 ) { $('a.menu__item.fr').hide(); } else { $('a.menu__item.fr').show(); } } else { if ($(this).scrollTop() < 900 ) { $('a.menu__item.fr').hide(); } else { $('a.menu__item.fr').show(); } } } else { $('a.menu__item.fr').show(); } }); </script><script> var $=jQuery; $(window).on('load', function() { function editNewsFeedTitle() { $('#block-views-block-news-rice-article-card-current-news-grid-3 .pagination__link').html('Latest <strong>News</strong>'); appendArrow(); } function appendArrow() { $('#block-views-block-news-rice-article-card-current-news-grid-3 .pagination__link').append('<span>→</span>'); } editNewsFeedTitle(); }); </script><script> var closeButtons = $('button.close'); closeButtons.on('click', function() { $(this).parent().hide(); }); </script><script> window.onload = (event) => { var shareButtons = document.querySelector('.article__share-buttons'); var shareIcon = document.querySelector('a.icon-share'); shareIcon.onclick = (event) => { shareButtons.classList.toggle('active'); }; }; </script><script async="async" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/ws-rice/drupal@latest/assets/js/app.min.js">/**/</script></div> </div> </div> <div class="fl logo-container"> <figure class="lockup"> <a class="inline-block" href="https://www.rice.edu" title="Rice University Shield"><img class="lockup__image" src="/sites/g/files/bxs2656/files/2019-08/Shield.png" alt="Shield"></a> <div class="lockup__text"> <a class="lockup__parent" href="https://www.rice.edu" >Rice University</a> <a class="lockup__child1" href="/" >News and Media Relations</a> <a class="lockup__child2" href="https://pa.rice.edu" >Office of Public Affairs</a> </div> </figure> </div> <div class="fr menu-box"> <nav class="menu menu--header"> <button id="share-button" class="menu__share-btn menu__item button button--round button--small share-fade" title="Social Menu" > <i class="button__icon button__icon--center icon icon-social"></i> </button> <div class="menu__share"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/edu/school?id=19472" class="button__icon-row icon icon-linkdin" tabindex="-1" title="Linked In"></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/riceuniversity" class="button__icon-row icon icon-fb" tabindex="-1" title="Facebook"></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/riceuniversity" class="button__icon-row icon icon-yt" tabindex="-1" title="YouTube"></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/RiceUNews" class="button__icon-row icon icon-twitter" tabindex="-1" title="Twitter"></a> <a href="https://instagram.com/riceuniversity" class="button__icon-row icon icon-instagram" tabindex="-1" title="Instagram"></a> </div> <button id="search-button" class="menu__search-btn menu__item button button--round button--round button--small share-fade" title="Search"> <i class="button__icon button__icon--center icon icon-search"></i> </button>  <button id="menu-button" class="hide@m menu__item button button--inline menu-button menu-end" title="Menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Open Menu" aria-controls="site-nav"> <span class="button__text">Menu</span><i class="icon icon-menu" aria-hidden="true"></i> </button> <div class="inline@m hide menu--mobile-icon tar"> <button id="menu-button-mobile" class="menu__item button menu-button" title="Mobile Menu"> <i class="icon icon-menu"></i> </button> <button id="close-button-mobile" class="menu__item hideim button close-button menu__close-button-mobile" title="Close"> <i class="icon icon-close"></i> </button> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="menu__search"> <div class="search hidden-sm"> <form action="https://search.rice.edu" name="gs" method="get"> <label class="hidden" for="p">Search Form</label> <input class="search-box" name="q" type="text" id="p" title="search engine" aria-label="Search Terms" size="20" maxlength="255" placeholder="Search..." tabindex="-1"> <button title="Search" class="search-button" type="submit" name="tab" value="Search" tabindex="-1"></button> <button id="search-close" class="search-close-button" type="button" tabindex="-1"></button> </form> </div> </div> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-mainnav-menu" id="block-mainnav"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-mainnav-menu">Main Nav</h2> <div class="menu--nav"> <script> (function() { var cx = '014332935913219502104:djq0abwo2eq'; var gcse = document.createElement('script'); gcse.type = 'text/javascript'; gcse.async = true; gcse.src = 'https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=' + cx; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(gcse, s); })(); </script> <gcse:searchresults-only></gcse:searchresults-only> <div class="menu--items" aria-hidden="false"> <button class="menu__back hide@m">< back</button> <ul region="header" class="menu--main"> <li class="menu menu__sub-toggle"> <button onclick="location.href='/news'" tabindex="-1">Current News</button> </li> <li class="menu menu__sub-toggle"> <button onclick="location.href='/featured-stories'" tabindex="-1">Featured Stories</button> </li> <li class="menu menu__sub-toggle"> <button onclick="location.href='/news-releases'" tabindex="-1">News Releases</button> </li> <li class="menu menu__sub-toggle"> <button onclick="location.href='/expert-alerts'" tabindex="-1">Expert Alerts</button> </li> <li class="menu menu__sub-toggle"> <button onclick="location.href='/dateline-rice'" tabindex="-1">Dateline Rice</button> </li> <li class="menu menu__sub-toggle"> <button onclick="location.href='/national-media-relations'" tabindex="-1">National Media Relations</button> </li> <li class="menu menu__sub-toggle"> <button onclick="location.href='https://news2.rice.edu'" tabindex="-1">News Pre-2020</button> </li> <li class="menu menu__sub-toggle"> <button onclick="location.href='/contact-us'" tabindex="-1">Contact Us</button> </li> </ul> </div> <button id="close-button" class="hide@m menu__item hideim button button--inline close-button menu__close-button" title="Close"> <span class="button__text">Close</span><i class="icon icon-close"></i> </button> </div> </nav> <div class="menu--image" style="background-image: linear-gradient( rgba(0,0,0,.6), rgba(0,0,0,.6) ), url('/sites/g/files/bxs2656/files/styles/banner_extra_large_1600xauto/public/2019-06/o-week-2019-menu-hero.jpg.jpeg?itok=GiOVdfBc');" id="block-menubackground"> </div> </div> </header> <main id="main-content" role="main"> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div><div id="block-adm-rice-content"> <div data-history-node-id="30861" role="article" about="/news/2025/rice-bcm-research-achieves-gene-editing-breakthrough-could-improve-treatment-liver" class="container"> <nav class="breadcrumbs"> <a href="/">RICE NEWS</a> <span class="separator">></span> <a href="/news">Current News</a> <span class="separator">></span> <a href="/news/2025">2025</a> </nav> <div class="pv-5 mh-5 mh@m-rs"> <div class=" article article--story grid-mw--1080"> <div class="grid-2 grid@s grid-hg grid-hg-collapse grid-hg-collapse@m-rs pressbox js-profiles-press-contacts" data-feed-url="https://profiles.rice.edu/api/press" data-net-id="["cs216","sc220"]">  </div> <div class="article__info"> <h6 class="title small"> <span class="js-profiles-header" data-feed-url="https://profiles.rice.edu/api/press" data-net-id="sc220">  </span> <span class="date"> Feb. 13, 2025</span> </h6> <div class="article__breadcrumbs"> <span>POSTED IN:</span> <a href="/">RICE NEWS</a> <span class="separator">></span> <a href="/news">Current News</a> <span class="separator">></span> <a href="/news/2025">2025</a> </div> <div class="article__share"> <a onclick="window.print();" class="icon icon-print"></a> </div> </div> <h1 class="article__title">Rice-BCM research achieves gene-editing breakthrough that could improve treatment for liver disease, other disorders</h1> <div class="article__header"> </div> <h2 class="article__title"></h2> <div class="article__main-image col-5 col@m-4 col@s-4"> <img class="image-responsive" src="/sites/g/files/bxs2656/files/2025-02/00baobart.jpg" alt="tissue scan"> <div></div> </div> <div class="article__body"> <div><p>The Rice University lab of bioengineer Gang Bao and collaborators at Baylor College of Medicine (BCM) have developed a new gene-editing strategy that dramatically boosts the effectiveness of gene therapies in the liver, a breakthrough that could lead to new treatments for about 700 genetic disorders in this vital organ as well as in other organs and tissues.</p> <figure role="group" class="align-right"><img alt="Gang Bao" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="9764351c-a3e8-46aa-9f74-9a158c3c0ba7" src="/sites/g/files/bxs2656/files/inline-images/00Baoportrait%20540.jpeg" width="540" height="373" loading="lazy" /><figcaption>Gang Bao is Rice University's A.J. Foyt Family Professor of Bioengineering, professor of chemistry, materials science and nanoengineering and mechanical engineering, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas Scholar and a senior author on a paper published in Science Translational Medicine. (Photo by Gustavo Raskosky/Rice University)</figcaption></figure><p>Gene-editing therapies are already being used to treat some rare genetic diseases, but aside from the often prohibitive costs of these therapies, the underlying mechanisms they rely on involve breaking or inactivating defective genes rather than fixing disease-causing mutations. The new method called Repair Drive makes it possible to not only repair liver cells, known as hepatocytes, at much higher rates than previously possible with conventional approaches but also equips the repaired cells with a selective advantage that allows them to outcompete incorrectly edited and unedited cells.</p> <p><a href="https://www.bcm.edu/news/repair-drive-precision-gene-therapy-for-liver-disorders#:~:text=Repair%20Drive%20uses%20gene%20editing,correctly%20repaired%20cells%20to%20divide.">The findings</a>, published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.adk3920"> Science Translational Medicine</a>, show that Repair Drive increases the amount of correctly repaired cells from roughly 1% to more than 25% of the liver mouse models, enabling them to further divide and thus regenerate the liver.<br /><br /> “The liver has this inherent regenerative capacity that a lot of other tissues don’t; however, one of the biggest hurdles is editing a sufficient number of cells,” said William Lagor, professor of integrative physiology at BCM and a senior author on the paper. “For example, homology directed repair is the preferred pathway for fixing genes, but it is only active in the roughly 1% of liver cells that are actively dividing. This limitation has made it nearly impossible to correct genetic mutations in a significant portion of the liver. Our approach is to take that small percentage of precisely repaired cells and give them a reason to divide so that they can replace the unhealthy liver cells.”</p> <p>The new technique used small interfering RNA (siRNA) to temporarily inhibit an essential gene, known as FAH, that is required for the survival of hepatocytes. Next, the researchers delivered a modified version of FAH along with a therapeutic gene into a subset of cells. Because this new version of FAH was immune to the siRNA, only the gene-edited cells survived and multiplied.<br /><br /> “This is like giving gene-edited cells a head start in a race,” said Bao, Rice’s A.J. Foyt Family Professor of Bioengineering, professor of chemistry, materials science and nanoengineering and mechanical engineering, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas Scholar and a senior author on the paper. “We had to develop new methods to detect and quantify not just off-target editing but also the wide variety of gene edits at the intended target site. Many people are unaware of the complexities of performing targeted gene insertion. There are a lot of unintended edits that can occur including large deletions, large insertions and chromosomal aberrations.”<br /><br /> Bao said he is deeply committed to collaborative work with partners in the Texas Medical Center and helps lead several key initiatives, including the Baylor/Rice Genome Editing Testing Center, which was established in 2023 with support from the National Institutes of Health’s <a href="https://orip.nih.gov/"> Office of Research Infrastructure Programs</a> to provide research services to investigators across the country working on the development of new gene-editing therapies.<br /></p> <figure role="group" class="align-center"><img alt="graphic" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="3770587c-d70f-4838-88f1-e932c66df9ec" src="/sites/g/files/bxs2656/files/inline-images/00Lagor.jpg" width="1069" height="777" loading="lazy" /><figcaption>In their recent paper in Science Translational Medicine, De Giorgi et al. demonstrate a new technology that increases the efficiency of precise gene editing in the liver. Repair Drive uses transient inhibition of an essential gene to force gene-repaired hepatocytes to divide and regenerate the liver. This exciting new approach opens new doors for the correction of severe monogenic liver disorders. (Graphic courtesy of Baylor College of Medicine)</figcaption></figure><p>The Bao lab has been at the forefront of gene-editing research, focusing on improving the precision, efficiency and safety of gene-editing techniques. Bao and his team have contributed significantly to the field of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene-editing techniques, especially in the context of sickle-cell disease, a genetic disorder caused by a single-point mutation in the beta-globin gene. In this latest project involving the liver, Bao’s lab carried out the next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics analysis to ensure the precision of the gene edits performed with the new Repair Drive platform.<br /><br /> “We’re not just focusing on one disease but instead offering a solution that could be applied to a broad range of conditions caused by genetic mutations in the liver,” Lagor said, while also emphasizing “the incredible interdisciplinary team that contributed to this work.”</p> <p>Bao praised Marco De Giorgi, assistant professor in the Lagor lab at BCM and the first author of the paper, for his “persistence and vision to overcome difficult biological and technical challenges.”<br /><br /> “He worked very closely with associate research professor <a href="https://profiles.rice.edu/faculty/julie-park"> So-Hyun (Julie) Park</a> in <a href="https://bao-lab.org/">my group</a> at Rice, who developed new sequencing methods that were critical to the success of the project,” Bao said.<br /><br /> Other researchers who contributed to the findings include Adam Castoreno, Mingming Cao, Ayrea Hurley, Lavanya Saxena, Marcel A. Chuecos, Christopher J. Walkey, Alexandria M. Doerfler, Mia N. Furgurson, M. Cecilia Ljungberg, Kalyani R. Patel, Sarah Hyde, Tyler Chickering, Stephanie Lefebvre, Kelly Wassarman, Patrick Miller, June Qin, Mark K. Schlegel, Ivan Zlatev, Rich Gang Li, Jong Kim, James F. Martin, Karl-Dimiter Bissig and Vasant Jadhav. Researchers are affiliated with BCM, Rice, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Texas Children’s Hospital, Texas Heart Institute and Duke University.<br /><br /> The study was supported by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (U42OD026645, DK124477, HL132840, UG3 HL151545, R01HL152314, DK115461), the American Heart Association (19POST34430092), the Texas Digestive Diseases Morphology Core (P30DK56338) and the Integrated Microscopy Core (DK56338 and CA125123) with assistance from BCM’s Gene Vector Core.</p> <p>The Repair Drive technology described in this paper is the subject of pending U.S. and international patent applications. Inquiries related to licensing or partnership on Repair Drive technology can be directed to Terese Rakow at <a href="mailto:bcmventures@bcm.edu">bcmventures@bcm.edu</a>.</p> <dl class="ckeditor-accordion"><dt><strong>Peer-reviewed paper:</strong></dt> <dd> <p>In vivo expansion of gene-targeted hepatocytes through transient inhibition of an essential gene | Science Translational Medicine | DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adk3920<br /><br /> Authors: Marco De Giorgi, So Hyun Park, Adam Castoreno, Mingming Cao, Ayrea Hurley, Lavanya Saxena, Marcel Chuecos, Christopher Walkey, Alexandria Doerfler, Mia Furgurson, Cecilia Ljungberg, Kalyani Patel, Sarah Hyde, Tyler Chickering, Stephanie Lefebvre, Kelly Wassarman, Patrick Miller, June Qin, Mark Schlegel, Ivan Zlatev, Jun Han, Christine Beeton, Rich Gang Li, Jong Kim, James Martin, Karl-Dimiter Bissig, Vasant Jadhav, Gang Bao and William Lagor<br /><br /><a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.adk3920">https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.adk3920</a></p> </dd> </dl></div> </div> <div class="article__body"> <h6 class="title small"> <strong></strong> </h6> </div> <div class="article__footer grid-2 grid@m grid-hg grid-hg-collapse grid-hg-collapse@m-rs grid-hg@m-rs"> <div class="article__note col"> <p></p> </div> <span class="js-profiles-footer article__author col">  </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="block-addthisjs"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Body</div> <div> <script type="text/javascript" src="//s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ricemba"></script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="footer"> <div class="footer__content grid"> <div id="block-searchjs"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Body</div> <div><script type="text/javascript"> (function ($) { $(window).on('load', function(){ $('.search-box').attr('type','hidden'); $('<input>').attr({ type: 'text', id: 'query', title: 'search engine', placeholder: 'Search Rice News', maxlength: '255', }).prependTo('form[name=gs]'); }); $("[name='gs']").first().on('submit', function(){ var q = $('#p'); console.log($(q).val()); $(q).val($('#query').val() + ' site:news.rice.edu OR site:news2.rice.edu'); }); })(jQuery); </script></div> </div> </div> <div class="tal tac@l col col-5 col@xl-3 col@ml"> <a class="footer__logo" href="https://www.rice.edu/"><img class="image-responsive" src="/sites/g/files/bxs2656/files/2020-08/Rice_University_Horizontal_Blue%20%281%29.svg" alt=""></a> </div> <div class="footer--content-box col@ml footer__footer-menu"> <nav class="footer__menu menu menu--footer tal tac@m"> <a href="/news" class="menu__item footer__menu" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/551">Current</a> <a href="/featured-stories" class="menu__item footer__menu" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/596">Featured</a> <a href="/news-releases" class="menu__item footer__menu" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1691">Releases</a> <a href="/expert-alerts" class="menu__item footer__menu" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25981">Alerts</a> <a href="/dateline-rice" class="menu__item footer__menu" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1686">Dateline</a> <a href="/contact-us" class="menu__item footer__menu" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/461">Contact</a> <a href="#" class="menu__item fr">BACK TO TOP</a> </nav> <hr class="hide block@ml"> <div class="footer__address"> <p>6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005-1827 <span class="hide@s">|</span></p> <p>Mailing Address: P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251-1892 <span class="hide@s">|</span></p> <p>713-348-0000 | <a href="https://privacy.rice.edu/"><strong>Privacy Policy</strong></a> | <a href="https://www.rice.edu/campus-carry">Campus Carry</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" defer></script> <script src="/sites/g/files/bxs2656/files/js/js_4A0cXxCF6ZzOIh4wjao_Y0jhPzRLCgMtRLQG65mUL9I.js"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/ckeditor_accordion/js/accordion.frontend.min.js?srp19f"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"be757ebc50","applicationID":"1737010280","transactionName":"NFAGMEtRCBYFWxJaCw0aJQdNWQkLS0gHVAE8VgUHUVU=","queueTime":3,"applicationTime":46,"atts":"GBcFRgNLGxg=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>