CINXE.COM
Yale University
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-js" xml:lang="en" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta content="IE=edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" /> <meta charset="utf-8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"edc4967dfd",applicationID:"70828766"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <title>Yale University</title> <!-- Favions / Touch Icons --> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <!-- Favions / Touch Icons --> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#00356b"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/favicon.ico"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="_globalsign-domain-verification" content="wkpgXqnxKdVz7GZbXbNUpAeBFDRTeve6uffKnIz_aA" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport" /> <meta name="description" content="Since its founding in 1701, Yale University has been dedicated to expanding and sharing knowledge, inspiring innovation, and preserving cultural and scientific information for future generations." /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.yale.edu/" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.yale.edu/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Yale University" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.yale.edu/" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Yale University" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Since its founding in 1701, Yale University has been dedicated to expanding and sharing knowledge, inspiring innovation, and preserving cultural and scientific information for future generations." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.yale.edu/" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Yale University" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_xE-rWrJf-fncB6ztZfd2huxqgxu4WO-qwma6Xer30m4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_RuHKBBm6OYqkjSeQK2mF9fQpeWuco3DyDng1XVpC1Ww.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_wTttUvLLkpbnKFb8mVr2FiTMc9bXV18KTC7HphY8NV4.css" media="all" /> <style type="text/css" media="all"> <!--/*--><![CDATA[/*><!--*/ #back-top{right:40px;}#back-top span#button{background-color:#CCCCCC;}#back-top span#button:hover{opacity:1;filter:alpha(opacity = 1);background-color:#777777;}span#link{display :none;} /*]]>*/--> </style> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_GokYvum1WD4rmNWBuxVsmJ6gm9uM5yZerdDiGIkzgDA.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_bW21uq73DsUuXApUzfWtSyRLInK7JZxAwG_WYNt2yR4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_8R_0pUYRsUgcn_DqYThF9sN84SOtqZb5hkODYP6qLV8.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_25.css?sne4vi" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_26.css?sne4vi" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_28.css?sne4vi" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_34.css?sne4vi" media="all" /> <!-- Compiled CSS --> <!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/css/site.css?t=202411211243"> <!--<![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8]> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/css/site-ie8.css?t=202411211243"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 9]> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/css/site-ie9.css?t=202411211243"> <![endif]--> <!-- Compiled JS --> <!--[if IE 8]> <script>var IE8 = true;</script> <script src="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/js/site-ie8.js?t=202411211243"></script> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 9]> <script>var IE9 = true;</script> <script src="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/js/site-ie9.js?t=202411211243"></script> <![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_rpAwC7cddiEuKQzuro46QwxuNJ50C48xsD6vgW-SmVY.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/all/libraries/respondjs/respond.min.js?sne4vi"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- document.cookie = 'adaptive_image=' + Math.max(screen.width, screen.height) + '; path=/'; //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- window.jQuery || document.write("<script src='/sites/all/modules/contrib/jquery_update/replace/jquery/1.10/jquery.min.js'>\x3C/script>") //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_Hfha9RCTNm8mqMDLXriIsKGMaghzs4ZaqJPLj2esi7s.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_zDrhTCYsC_8pVOJuGALtlm88oNEaqvyfjVoe0JtAAwI.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_f_6-OzlFXjayKlsU5sJKLwjz7LFQvdIZDm-Mt6jKwyM.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_HR7LuITZhSc9MfBClZ7kkiN4YCNnhrdkopJ8rv16Q14.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/googleanalytics/js?sne4vi"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "UA-991898-23", {"groups":"default","cookie_domain":"www.yale.edu","anonymize_ip":true}); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_Xp42x4IeuhdbL6uORzJ6WS2Q7LigXFqtOWo49t50sgc.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","setHasJsCookie":0,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"yale_blue","theme_token":"nawLPRM-wIFWNO45PXC7o5bJ846CdJFFt8wGzNGG5ZE","jquery_version":"1.10","js":{"0":1,"https:\/\/www.yale.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/google_tag\/primary\/google_tag.script.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/respondjs\/respond.min.js":1,"1":1,"\/\/ajax.googleapis.com\/ajax\/libs\/jquery\/1.10.2\/jquery.min.js":1,"2":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/external\/jquery.cookie.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/jquery.form\/4\/jquery.form.min.js":1,"misc\/form-single-submit.js":1,"misc\/ajax.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/js\/jquery_update.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/google_cse\/google_cse.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/colorbox\/jquery.colorbox-min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/js\/colorbox.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jscrollpane\/js\/jquery.jscrollpane.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jscrollpane\/js\/jquery.mousewheel.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jscrollpane\/js\/script.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/scroll_to_top\/scroll_to_top.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/custom_search\/js\/custom_search.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/views\/js\/base.js":1,"misc\/progress.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/views\/js\/ajax_view.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/google_analytics\/googleanalytics.js":1,"https:\/\/www.yale.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/googleanalytics\/js?sne4vi":1,"3":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/yale_blue\/js\/modernizr.js":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/scroll_to_top\/scroll_to_top.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/adaptive_image\/css\/adaptive-image.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/calendar\/css\/calendar_multiday.css":1,"modules\/comment\/comment.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/google_cse\/google_cse.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor\/css\/ckeditor.css":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/colorbox\/example4\/colorbox.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jscrollpane\/css\/jquery.jscrollpane.css":1,"0":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/typogrify\/typogrify.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/date\/date_api\/date.css":1,"\/\/maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com\/font-awesome\/4.7.0\/css\/font-awesome.min.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/yale_blue\/css\/a11y.css":1,"sites\/default\/files\/fontyourface\/font.css":1,"\/sites\/all\/libraries\/fontyourface\/YaleDesign-italic-bold\/stylesheet.css":1,"\/sites\/all\/libraries\/fontyourface\/YaleDesign-italic-normal\/stylesheet.css":1,"\/sites\/all\/libraries\/fontyourface\/YaleDesign-normal-bold\/stylesheet.css":1,"\/sites\/all\/libraries\/fontyourface\/YaleDesign-normal-normal\/stylesheet.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_25.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_26.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_28.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_34.css":1}},"colorbox":{"opacity":"0.85","current":"{current} of {total}","previous":"\u00ab Prev","next":"Next \u00bb","close":"Close","maxWidth":"98%","maxHeight":"98%","fixed":true,"mobiledetect":true,"mobiledevicewidth":"480px","specificPagesDefaultValue":"admin*\nimagebrowser*\nimg_assist*\nimce*\nnode\/add\/*\nnode\/*\/edit\nprint\/*\nprintpdf\/*\nsystem\/ajax\nsystem\/ajax\/*"},"googleCSE":{"cx":"018347764319155434748:jsn72bd6xkq","language":"","resultsWidth":0,"domain":"www.google.com","showWaterMark":true},"jScrollPane":{"class":".scroll-pane"},"scroll_to_top":{"label":"Back to top"},"custom_search":{"form_target":"_self","solr":0},"urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/":true,"\/views\/ajax":true},"views":{"ajax_path":"\/views\/ajax","ajaxViews":{"views_dom_id:d1952788d65557f19718c36a6dfb4d0c":{"view_name":"explore_yale","view_display_id":"block","view_args":"","view_path":"node\/52","view_base_path":null,"view_dom_id":"d1952788d65557f19718c36a6dfb4d0c","pager_element":0}}},"googleanalytics":{"account":["UA-991898-23"],"trackMailto":1,"trackDownload":1,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip","trackColorbox":1,"trackDomainMode":1}}); //--><!]]> </script> </head> <body id="top" class="fs-grid html front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-node page-node- page-node-52 node-type-home-page home-page" tabindex="-1"> <span role="navigation" aria-labelledby="skip_to_content"><a href="#page" id="skip_to_content">Skip to Main Content</a></span> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MCLMJ9V" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- Body Wrapper --> <div class="body_wrapper "> <section class="site_message bg_dusty color_black" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="site_message_row"> <div class="site_message_cell"> <div class="site_message_description heading_4"> <p>It looks like you're trying to zoom in on this page. For best results: use the most recent version of your browser, disable your browser's 'zoom text only' setting, and use your browser's default font size settings.</p> <p>To zoom in, use [Ctrl] + [+] in Windows, and [Cmd] + [+] on a Mac. To zoom out, use the keyboard shortcut [Ctrl] + [-] in Windows and [Cmd] + [-] on a Mac.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Header --> <header id="header" class="header js-toggle"> <!-- Header Row --> <div class="header_row"> <!-- Header Cell --> <div class="header_cell"> <!-- Site Logo --> <a href="/" class="logo_main icon_only" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CollegeOrUniversity"> <h1 class="offscreen" itemprop="name">Yale University</h1> <img src="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/logo-print.png" class="print" alt=""> </a> <!-- END: Site Logo --> <!-- Search, Gateway, Secondary Nav --> <div class="region region-header"> <div class="deskHeader"> <nav class="secondary_nav" aria-labelledby="secondary_nav_label"> <h2 class="visually_hidden" id="secondary_nav_label">Secondary Navigation</h2> <div class="secondary_nav_list menu-block-wrapper menu-block-2 menu-name-menu-secondary-navigation parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <a class="secondary_nav_link" href="/calendars"><span class="secondary_nav_text">Calendars</span></a><a class="secondary_nav_link" href="https://forhumanity.yale.edu"><span class="secondary_nav_text">Give</span></a><a class="secondary_nav_link" href="https://news.yale.edu/"><span class="secondary_nav_text">News</span></a><a class="secondary_nav_link" href="https://directory.yale.edu/"><span class="secondary_nav_text">Directories</span></a> </div> </nav> <!-- Site Search --><a class="btn_site_seach js-toggle_handle" href="/search" role="button" aria-expanded="false"><span class="btn_site_seach_text">Search</span> </a> <!-- END: Site Search --><button class="mobile_nav_handle">Navigation</button><form class="gateway_form" action="" method="post"> <label class="visually_hidden" for="gateway_select">Info for...</label> <select class="js-dropdown" id="gateway_select" data-dropdown-options='{"label":"Info for...","customClass":"dropdown_base dropdown_midnight gateway_select"}'> <option value="https://secretary.yale.edu/student-life">Students</option><option value="/faculty">Faculty</option><option value="https://your.yale.edu/">Staff</option><option value="https://alumni.yale.edu">Alumni</option> </select> <button class="info_for_submit button_solid_charcoal color_white" type="submit">Go</button> </form> </div> </div> <!-- END: Search, Gateway, Secondary Nav --> <!-- Main Nav --> <div class="region region-navbar"> <nav class="main_nav" aria-labelledby="main_nav_label"> <h2 class="visually_hidden" id="main_nav_label">Main Navigation</h2> <div class="main_nav_list menu-block-wrapper menu-block-1 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/about-yale">About Yale</a><div class="main_nav_child"><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/about-yale/leadership-organization">Leadership & Organization</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/about-yale/yale-facts">Yale Facts</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/about-yale/traditions-history">Traditions & History</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/about-yale/centers-institutes">Centers & Institutes</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="http://world.yale.edu">Yale & the World</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/about-yale/visiting">Visiting</a></div></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/academics">Academics</a><div class="main_nav_child"><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/academics/undergraduate-study">Undergraduate Study</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/academics/graduate-professional-study">Graduate & Professional Study</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/academics/departments-programs">Departments & Programs</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://world.yale.edu/academics-research">Global Education</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://summer.yale.edu/">Summer Session</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/academics/non-degree-offerings">Non-Degree Offerings</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://online.yale.edu/">Online Learning</a></div></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/admissions">Admissions</a><div class="main_nav_child"><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://admissions.yale.edu/">Undergraduate</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/admissions/graduate-professional-schools">Graduate & Professional Schools</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/admissions/financial-aid">Financial Aid</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://world.yale.edu/admissions">International Students</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://summer.yale.edu/apply">Summer Session</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/admissions/non-degree-seeking-students">Non-Degree Seeking Students</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://worldfellows.yale.edu/the-program/application/">World Fellows Program</a></div></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/life-yale">Life at Yale</a><div class="main_nav_child"><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/life-yale/arts-culture">Arts & Culture</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/life-yale/athletics-recreation">Athletics & Recreation</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://belong.yale.edu">Belonging at Yale</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/life-yale/health-wellness">Health & Wellness</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/life-yale/new-haven">New Haven</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://housing.yale.edu/">Residential Life</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/life-yale/service">Service</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/life-yale/virtual-yale">Virtual Yale</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://secretary.yale.edu/student-life/student-groups-and-activities">Student Groups & Activities</a></div></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/collections">Collections</a><div class="main_nav_child"><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu">LUX: Yale Collections Discovery</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/collections/museums-and-libraries">Museums and Libraries</a></div></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="https://research.yale.edu/">Research</a></div> </div> </nav> </div> <!-- END: Main Nav --> </div> <!-- END: Header Cell --> </div> <!-- END: Header Row --> <!-- Site Search --> <form action="#" method="GET" class="site_search" role="search" aria-label="Search Site"> <div class="site_search_row"> <div class="site_search_cell"> <div class="site_search_fieldset border_dusty"> <input aria-label="search" class="site_search_input" type="text" name="query" placeholder="Search..." value=""> <button class="site_search_button" type="submit"> <span class="visually_hidden">Search</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </form> <!-- END: Site Search --> </header> <!-- END: Header --> <!-- Main Content --> <main id="page" class="page" tabindex="-1"> <!-- Page Feature --> <div class="page_feature"> <div class="page_divider visually_hidden"> <div class="page_divider_cell"></div> </div> </div> <!-- END: Page Feature --> <!-- Page Row --> <div class="page_row"> <!-- Page Header --> <div class="page_header"> <div class="tabs"></div> </div> <!-- END: Page Header --> <!-- Page Container --> <div class="page_container"> <!-- Sidebar --> <!-- END: Sidebar --> </div> <!-- END: Page Container --> </div> <!-- END: Page Row --> <aside class="page_callouts"> <!-- Main Content --> <div class="region region-content"> <div class="ds-1col node node-home-page node-promoted node-even view-mode-full clearfix"> <!-- Single Image Flexible Feature --> <section class="single_flex_callout single_flex_feature"> <!-- Single Image Flexible Callout Row --> <div class="single_flex_callout_row single_flex_feature_row"> <!-- Single Image Flexible Callout Cell --> <div class="single_flex_callout_cell single_flex_feature_cell"> <!-- Single Image Flexible Callout Media --> <div class="single_flex_callout_media single_flex_feature_media single_flex_large_media "> <figure class="single_flex_callout_figure single_flex_feature_figure single_flex_large_figure responsive_image bg_black"> <picture class="single_flex_callout_picture single_flex_large_picture single_flex_feature_picture"> <!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_feature_1105x776/public/2023_11_18_12-59-52_r5b_5446_0.jpg?itok=kgFARThB"> <source media="(min-width: 980px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_feature_900x632/public/2023_11_18_12-59-52_r5b_5446_0.jpg?itok=_t5tl_hd"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_feature_980x688/public/2023_11_18_12-59-52_r5b_5446_0.jpg?itok=yh_TAr1g"> <source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_feature_740x417/public/2023_11_18_12-59-52_r5b_5446_0.jpg?itok=9fRYM8Al"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_feature_500x282/public/2023_11_18_12-59-52_r5b_5446_0.jpg?itok=MeYvL8S9"> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> <img class="single_flex_callout_image single_flex_feature_image single_flex_large_image" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_feature_500x282/public/2023_11_18_12-59-52_r5b_5446_0.jpg?itok=MeYvL8S9" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <a class="button_solid_greige button_icon_right_arrow color_white single_flex_archive single_flex_archive_xl" href="/feature-archive">The Feature Archive</a> </div> <!-- END: Single Image Flexible Callout Media --> <!-- Single Image Flexible Callout Content --> <article class="single_flex_callout_content single_flex_feature_content single_flex_large_content bg_gray_light"> <!-- remove single_flex_large_type_content if description --> <div class="single_flex_callout_content_inner single_flex_feature_content_inner"> <div class="single_flex_callout_content_header single_flex_feature_content_header"> <h2 class="single_flex_callout_title single_flex_feature_title color_midnight" id="single_flex_feature_title14835">It’s ‘Game’ time!</h2> <h3 class="single_flex_callout_category single_flex_feature_category heading_5 text_divide context">BOOLA BOOLA</h3> </div> <div class="single_flex_callout_description single_flex_feature_description body_text"> <p>This Saturday, Nov. 23, marks the 140th matchup between Yale and Harvard. With watch parties to join, fun activities to do, and much more, this game-day guide has Yale alumni covered.</p> </div> <footer class="single_flex_callout_footer single_flex_feature_footer"> <a class="single_flex_callout_button single_flex_feature_button button_bordered_dusty button_icon_right_arrow color_black" aria-label="RALLY WITH YOUR CLASSMATES It’s ‘Game’ time!" href="https://alumni.yale.edu/events/peprally">RALLY WITH YOUR CLASSMATES</a> <a class="button_solid_greige button_icon_right_arrow color_white single_flex_archive single_flex_archive_sm" href="/feature-archive">The Feature Archive</a> </footer> </div> </article> <!-- END: Single Image Flexible Callout Content --> </div> <!-- END: Single Image Flexible Callout Cell --> </div> <!-- END: Single Image Flexible Callout Row --> <a class="button_solid_greige button_icon_right_arrow color_white single_flex_archive single_flex_archive_lg" href="/feature-archive">The Feature Archive</a> </section> <!-- END: Single Image Flexible Feature --> <!-- News Explore --> <section class="news_explore margined_lg"> <div class="news_explore_row"> <header class="news_explore_header"> <h2 class="news_explore_title color_midnight">The latest from Yale News</h2> </header> <div class="news_explore_feature"> <article class="news_explore_article news_explore_article_full"> <figure class="news_explore_figure_full responsive_image bg_black"> <picture class="news_explore_picture_full"> <!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_news_575x384/public/ynews-gut-bacteria_1121.jpg?itok=fgqVCgoY"> <source media="(min-width: 980px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_news_460x308/public/ynews-gut-bacteria_1121.jpg?itok=LC-8Uh9B"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_news_345x230/public/ynews-gut-bacteria_1121.jpg?itok=8r9uYZwv"> <source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_news_470x314/public/ynews-gut-bacteria_1121.jpg?itok=XpkQMK58"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_news_295x198/public/ynews-gut-bacteria_1121.jpg?itok=0V-OhzOB"> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> <img class="news_explore_image_full" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_news_295x198/public/ynews-gut-bacteria_1121.jpg?itok=0V-OhzOB" alt="Silhouette people and showing common gut bacteria"> </picture> </figure> <h3 class="news_explore_article_title news_explore_article_title_full color_black"> <a class="news_explore_article_link news_explore_article_link_full" href="https://news.yale.edu/2024/11/20/gut-feelings-social-connections-change-our-microbiomes">Gut feelings: Social connections change our microbiomes</a> </h3> <time class="news_explore_article_date news_explore_article_date_full label color_charcoal text_divide" datetime="2024-11-20">November 20, 2024</time> </article> </div> <div class="news_explore_supporting"> <form class="news_explore_form" action="https://news.yale.edu" method="post"> <label class="news_explore_dropdown_label heading_5 color_greige" for="news_explore_dropdown">Explore More News</label> <select class="news_explore_select js-dropdown" id="news_explore_dropdown" data-dropdown-options='{"label":"All News", "customClass":"dropdown_base dropdown_dusty news_explore_dropdown"}'> <option value="topics/alumni">Alumni</option> <option value="topics/arts-humanities">Arts & Humanities</option> <option value="topics/business">Business</option> <option value="topics/campus-community">Campus & Community</option> <option value="topics/environment">Environment</option> <option value="topics/health-medicine">Health & Medicine</option> <option value="topics/international">International</option> <option value="topics/law">Law</option> <option value="topics/science-technology">Science & Technology</option> <option value="topics/social-sciences">Social Sciences</option> <option value="in-focus">In Focus</option> </select> <button class="news_explore_submit button_solid_midnight color_white" type="submit">Go</button> </form> <div class="news_explore_article_list"> <article class="news_explore_article news_explore_article_compact"> <h3 class="news_explore_article_title news_explore_article_title_compact"> <a class="news_explore_article_link news_explore_article_link_compact" href="https://alumni.yale.edu/events/peprally">Your ultimate guide to The Game</a> </h3> <time class="news_explore_article_date news_explore_article_date_compact label color_charcoal text_divide" datetime="2024-11-22">November 22, 2024</time> </article> <article class="news_explore_article news_explore_article_compact"> <h3 class="news_explore_article_title news_explore_article_title_compact"> <a class="news_explore_article_link news_explore_article_link_compact" href="https://news.yale.edu/2024/11/20/thanksgiving-special-dinosaur-drumsticks-and-story-turkey-trot">VIDEO | Thanksgiving special: dinosaur drumsticks and the story of the turkey trot</a> </h3> <time class="news_explore_article_date news_explore_article_date_compact label color_charcoal text_divide" datetime="2024-11-20">November 20, 2024</time> </article> <article class="news_explore_article news_explore_article_compact"> <h3 class="news_explore_article_title news_explore_article_title_compact"> <a class="news_explore_article_link news_explore_article_link_compact" href="https://medicine.yale.edu/internal-medicine/news-article/how-does-aging-affect-innate-immunity/">How does aging affect immunity?</a> </h3> <time class="news_explore_article_date news_explore_article_date_compact label color_charcoal text_divide" datetime="2024-11-20">November 20, 2024</time> </article> <article class="news_explore_article news_explore_article_compact"> <h3 class="news_explore_article_title news_explore_article_title_compact"> <a class="news_explore_article_link news_explore_article_link_compact" href="https://seas.yale.edu/news-events/news/smoke-changes-over-time-and-distance-health-risks-remain">Smoke changes over time and distance, but health risks remain</a> </h3> <time class="news_explore_article_date news_explore_article_date_compact label color_charcoal text_divide" datetime="2024-11-19">November 19, 2024</time> </article> </div> </div> </div> </section> <!-- END: News Explore --> </div> </div> <!-- END: Main Content --> <div class="region region-content-bottom"> <!-- Explore Grid --> <section class="explore_section explore_grided"> <!-- Explore Header --> <div class="explore_header"> <div class="explore_header_row"> <div class="explore_header_cell"> <h2 class="explore_context heading_5 color_marine">The Parts That Make Yale Whole</h2> <h3 class="explore_title heading_2 color_midnight">A closer look for the curious</h3> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END: Explore Header --> <!-- Explore Controls --> <div class="explore_controls_wrapper"> <div class="explore_controls bg_marine explore_lg_pos_1_1"> <div class="explore_controls_row"> <div class="explore_controls_cell"> <form class="explore_topics" action="/" id="views-exposed-form-explore-yale-block-1"> <div class="explore_topics_label visually_hidden">Explore by topic</div> <select class="explore_topics_select js-dropdown" id="edit-field-topic-tid1" aria-label="Explore by Topic" name="field_topic_tid" data-dropdown-options='{"label":"Explore by Topic", "customClass":"dropdown_base dropdown_white explore_topics_dropdown"}'> <option value="All">Everything</option><option value="2">Academics</option><option value="3">Collections</option><option value="4">Discoveries</option><option value="5">Experiences</option><option value="6">Places</option> </select> <span class="sr-only" id="carouselPagerMsg">Select a value to change the carousel content.</span> <input type="submit" class="visually_hidden" /> </form> <div class="explore_topics_divider color_white">or</div> </div> <div class="explore_controls_cell"> <button class="button button_bordered_white_trans button_full color_white icon_before shuffle explore_shuffle_button explore_shuffle_button1" aria-describedby="carouselRandomMsg">Shuffle</button> <span class="sr-only" id="carouselRandomMsg">Activate to randomize the carousel content.</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END: Explore Controls --> <!-- Explore Grid --> <div class="explore_grid bg_midnight"> <div class="explore_grid_row"> <div class="explore_grid_cell"> <div class="explore_grid_wrapper explore_grid_active explore_grid_visible"> <div class="explore_controls bg_marine explore_lg_pos_1_1"> <div class="explore_controls_row"> <div class="explore_controls_cell"> <form class="explore_topics" action="/" id="views-exposed-form-explore-yale-block-2"> <div class="explore_topics_label visually_hidden">Explore by topic</div> <select class="explore_topics_select js-dropdown" id="edit-field-topic-tid2" aria-label="Explore by Topic" name="field_topic_tid" data-dropdown-options='{"label":"Explore by Topic", "customClass":"dropdown_base dropdown_white explore_topics_dropdown"}'> <option value="All">Everything</option><option value="2">Academics</option><option value="3">Collections</option><option value="4">Discoveries</option><option value="5">Experiences</option><option value="6">Places</option> </select> </form> <div class="explore_topics_divider color_white">or</div> </div> <div class="explore_controls_cell"> <button class="button button_bordered_white_trans button_full color_white icon_before shuffle explore_shuffle_button explore_shuffle_button2">Shuffle</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Explore Carousel --> <div class="explore_carousel js-carousel js-carousel-overflow" data-carousel-options='{"maxWidth": "739px", "controls": false, "show":{"500px":2}}'> <div class="explore_carousel_item"> <article class="explore_story explore_md_pos_1_1 explore_lg_pos_2_1 bg_black"> <a data-title="Morse College" aria-label="Morse College" class="explore_story_link" href="https://morse.yalecollege.yale.edu/"> <div class="explore_overlay explore_overlay_black_light"> <figure class="explore_story_figure responsive_image"> <picture class="explore_story_picture"> <!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_294/public/morse_college_2.jpg?itok=0noOddvd"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_235/public/morse_college_2.jpg?itok=HC_3usX3"> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> <img class="explore_story_image" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_235/public/morse_college_2.jpg?itok=HC_3usX3" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="explore_story_content explore_story_content_sm"> <h4 class="explore_story_title explore_story_title_sm">Morse College</h4> <p class="heading_5 explore_story_explore explore_story_explore_sm">Explore the college</p> </div> <span class="overlay_bg"></span> </div> </a> </article> <article class="explore_story explore_md_pos_3_3 explore_lg_pos_2_2 bg_black"> <a data-title="Narrowing the search for the first animals" aria-label="Narrowing the search for the first animals" class="explore_story_link" href="https://news.yale.edu/2023/06/27/clues-clay-scientists-narrow-search-first-animals"> <div class="explore_overlay explore_overlay_green"> <figure class="explore_story_figure responsive_image"> <picture class="explore_story_picture"> <!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_294/public/adobestock_393017463.jpeg?itok=E43GPvcw"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_235/public/adobestock_393017463.jpeg?itok=lbE17Ojc"> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> <img class="explore_story_image" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_235/public/adobestock_393017463.jpeg?itok=lbE17Ojc" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="explore_story_content explore_story_content_sm"> <h4 class="explore_story_title explore_story_title_sm">Narrowing the search for the first animals</h4> <p class="heading_5 explore_story_explore explore_story_explore_sm">LEARN MORE</p> </div> <span class="overlay_bg"></span> </div> </a> </article> </div> <div class="explore_carousel_item"> <article class="explore_story explore_md_pos_2_1 explore_lg_pos_1_3 explore_md_size_lg explore_lg_size_lg bg_black"> <div class="explore_overlay explore_overlay_orange"> <figure class="explore_story_figure responsive_image"> <picture class="explore_story_picture"> <!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_588/public/the_yale_stradivari.jpg?itok=UYLMFIKy"> <source media="(min-width: 980px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_470/public/the_yale_stradivari.jpg?itok=wXnt3pPM"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_235/public/the_yale_stradivari.jpg?itok=w-gfXbko"> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> <img class="explore_story_image" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_235/public/the_yale_stradivari.jpg?itok=w-gfXbko" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="explore_story_content explore_story_content_lg"> <div class="heading_5 context text_divide explore_story_context">Collections</div> <h4 class="explore_story_title explore_story_title_lg">The Yale Stradivari</h4> <p class="body_text explore_story_description">The Yale Stradivari has an inscription reading "at the age of 92" appended to the label in the master's own handwriting. It is one of the documents used to establish the year of Stradivari’s birth.</p> <div class="explore_story_buttons"> <a data-title="The Yale Stradivari - Explore the collection" aria-label="The Yale Stradivari - Explore the collection" class="button color_white button_icon_right_arrow explore_story_button_explore explore_story_button_explore_white" href="https://music.yale.edu/collection">Explore the collection</a> <!-- Optional Button - defaults to arrow icon but can be photo or video --> <!-- Optional Button --> </div> </div> <a data-title="The Yale Stradivari" aria-label="The Yale Stradivari" class="explore_story_link explore_story_link_lg" href="https://music.yale.edu/collection"> <div class="explore_story_content explore_story_content_sm"> <h4 class="explore_story_title explore_story_title_sm">The Yale Stradivari</h4> <p class="heading_5 explore_story_explore explore_story_explore_sm">Explore the collection</p> </div> </a> <span class="overlay_bg"></span> </div> </article> <article class="bg_midnight explore_story explore_md_pos_1_2 explore_lg_pos_1_2"> <a data-title="A Lion Attacking a Horse" aria-label="A Lion Attacking a Horse" class="explore_story_link" href="https://britishart.yale.edu/paintings-and-sculpture"> <div class="explore_overlay "> <div class="explore_story_content explore_story_content_sm"> <h4 class="explore_story_title explore_story_title_sm">A Lion Attacking a Horse</h4> <p class="color_malibu heading_5 explore_story_explore explore_story_explore_sm">Explore the collection</p> </div> </div> </a> </article> </div> <div class="explore_carousel_item"> <article class="explore_story explore_md_pos_1_3 explore_lg_pos_4_4 bg_black"> <a data-title="Yale School of Medicine" aria-label="Yale School of Medicine" class="explore_story_link" href="https://medicine.yale.edu/"> <div class="explore_overlay explore_overlay_greige"> <figure class="explore_story_figure responsive_image"> <picture class="explore_story_picture"> <!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_294/public/yale_school_of_medicine.jpg?itok=YtTUVL7d"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_235/public/yale_school_of_medicine.jpg?itok=ZnFjmJPI"> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> <img class="explore_story_image" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_235/public/yale_school_of_medicine.jpg?itok=ZnFjmJPI" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="explore_story_content explore_story_content_sm"> <h4 class="explore_story_title explore_story_title_sm">Yale School of Medicine</h4> <p class="heading_5 explore_story_explore explore_story_explore_sm">Explore the school</p> </div> <span class="overlay_bg"></span> </div> </a> </article> <article class="explore_story explore_md_pos_2_3 explore_lg_pos_4_3 bg_black"> <a data-title="Yale Institute for Global Health Initiatives" aria-label="Yale Institute for Global Health Initiatives" class="explore_story_link" href="https://medicine.yale.edu/yigh/"> <div class="explore_overlay explore_overlay_black_light"> <figure class="explore_story_figure responsive_image"> <picture class="explore_story_picture"> <!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_294/public/2015-03-18_14-32-03_150318operativomedicointec-yale52.jpg?itok=pAdcxXHM"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_235/public/2015-03-18_14-32-03_150318operativomedicointec-yale52.jpg?itok=8mzcz_RK"> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> <img class="explore_story_image" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_235/public/2015-03-18_14-32-03_150318operativomedicointec-yale52.jpg?itok=8mzcz_RK" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="explore_story_content explore_story_content_sm"> <h4 class="explore_story_title explore_story_title_sm">Yale Institute for Global Health Initiatives</h4> <p class="heading_5 explore_story_explore explore_story_explore_sm">LEARN HOW</p> </div> <span class="overlay_bg"></span> </div> </a> </article> </div> </div> <!-- END: Explore Carousel --> <div class="explore_grid_large_content"> <article class="explore_story explore_lg_pos_3_4 bg_black"> <a data-title="Wassily Kandinsky’s The Waterfall (1909)" aria-label="Wassily Kandinsky’s The Waterfall (1909)" class="explore_story_link" href="https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/43994"> <div class="explore_overlay explore_overlay_black_light"> <figure class="explore_story_figure responsive_image"> <picture class="explore_story_picture"> <!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_294/public/ag-obj-43994-0002-pub_copy.jpg?itok=qn8VUHUt"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_235/public/ag-obj-43994-0002-pub_copy.jpg?itok=Ds-oZT7U"> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> <img class="explore_story_image" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_235/public/ag-obj-43994-0002-pub_copy.jpg?itok=Ds-oZT7U" alt="Wassily Kandinsky's The Waterfall (1909) painting"> </picture> </figure> <div class="explore_story_content explore_story_content_sm"> <h4 class="explore_story_title explore_story_title_sm">Wassily Kandinsky’s The Waterfall (1909)</h4> <p class="heading_5 explore_story_explore explore_story_explore_sm">VIEW THE WORK</p> </div> <span class="overlay_bg"></span> </div> </a> </article> <article class="bg_midnight explore_story explore_lg_pos_3_3"> <a data-title="Plant study hints evolution may be predictable" aria-label="Plant study hints evolution may be predictable" class="explore_story_link" href="https://news.yale.edu/2022/07/18/plant-study-hints-evolution-may-be-predictable"> <div class="explore_overlay "> <div class="explore_story_content explore_story_content_sm"> <h4 class="explore_story_title explore_story_title_sm">Plant study hints evolution may be predictable</h4> <p class="color_malibu heading_5 explore_story_explore explore_story_explore_sm">Learn more</p> </div> </div> </a> </article> <article class="explore_story explore_lg_pos_3_1 explore_lg_size_xl explore_lg_pull bg_black"> <div class="explore_overlay explore_overlay_black_dark"> <figure class="explore_story_figure responsive_image"> <picture class="explore_story_picture"> <!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_882/public/trumbull_college.jpg?itok=Zj0S3pGx"> <source media="(min-width: 980px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_705/public/trumbull_college.jpg?itok=ZUswcI_u"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_470/public/trumbull_college.jpg?itok=4QYrYML_"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_235/public/trumbull_college.jpg?itok=RfLzwvyZ"> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> <img class="explore_story_image" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/explore_yale_235/public/trumbull_college.jpg?itok=RfLzwvyZ" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="explore_story_content explore_story_content_xl"> <div class="heading_5 context text_divide explore_story_context">Places</div> <h4 class="explore_story_title explore_story_title_lg">Trumbull College</h4> <p class="body_text explore_story_description">Considered one of Yale's most beautiful and intimate residential colleges, Trumbull is home to 400 students, along with resident faculty members and their families, </p> <div class="explore_story_buttons"> <a data-title="Trumbull College - Explore the college" aria-label="Trumbull College - Explore the college" class="button color_white button_icon_right_arrow explore_story_button_explore explore_story_button_explore_trans" href="https://trumbull.yalecollege.yale.edu/">Explore the college</a> </div> </div> <span class="overlay_bg"></span> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END: Explore Grid --> </section> <!-- END: Explore Grid --> </div> </aside> </main> <!-- END: Main Content --> <!-- Footer --> <footer id="footer" class="footer"> <!-- Footer Row --> <div class="footer_row"> <!-- Footer Cell --> <div class="footer_cell"> <!-- Footer Nav Section --> <div class="footer_nav_section"> <div class="region region-footer"> <form class="visitor_form"> <label class="visually_hidden" for="visitor_select">Info for Visiting Yale</label> <select class="js-dropdown" id="visitor_select" data-dropdown-options='{"label":"Info for Visiting Yale","links":true,"customClass":"dropdown_base dropdown_charcoal_trans visitor_select"}'> <option value="https://visitorcenter.yale.edu/tours">Campus Tours</option><option value="/about-yale/visiting">Maps & Directions</option><option value="https://visitorcenter.yale.edu/">Yale Visitor Center</option><option value="/collections/museums-and-libraries">Museums & Libraries</option><option value="/life-yale/new-haven">New Haven</option><option value="/about-yale/visiting">More Visit Resources</option> </select> </form> <nav class="footer_nav help_nav" aria-labelledby="help_nav_label"> <h2 class="footer_nav_label help_nav_label" id="help_nav_label">Helpful Links</h2> <div class="footer_nav_list help_nav_list menu-block-wrapper menu-block-3 menu-name-menu-helpful-links parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="/contact-us">Contact Us</a><a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="https://campushealth.yale.edu/covid-19-information">COVID-19 Info</a><a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="https://your.yale.edu/work-yale/careers">Careers</a><a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="https://emergency.yale.edu/">Emergency Info</a><a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="https://privacy.yale.edu/resources/privacy-statement">Privacy Policy</a><a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="https://your.yale.edu/community/public-safety">Public Safety</a><a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="https://usability.yale.edu/web-accessibility/accessibility-yale">Accessibility at Yale</a><a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="https://westcampus.yale.edu/">Yale West Campus</a><a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="https://statusboard.apps.yale.edu/">Yale Status Board</a> </div> </nav> <nav class="footer_nav visitor_nav" aria-labelledby="visitor_nav_label"> <h2 class="footer_nav_label visitor_nav_label" id="visitor_nav_label">Visiting Yale</h2> <div class="footer_nav_list visitor_nav_list"> <a class="footer_nav_link visitor_nav_link" href="https://visitorcenter.yale.edu/tours">Campus Tours</a><a class="footer_nav_link visitor_nav_link" href="/about-yale/visiting">Maps & Directions</a><a class="footer_nav_link visitor_nav_link" href="https://visitorcenter.yale.edu/">Yale Visitor Center</a><a class="footer_nav_link visitor_nav_link" href="/collections/museums-and-libraries">Museums & Libraries</a><a class="footer_nav_link visitor_nav_link" href="/life-yale/new-haven">New Haven</a><a class="footer_nav_link visitor_nav_link" href="/about-yale/visiting">More Visit Resources</a> </div> </nav> <p class="eo-text"><strong>Equal Opportunity and Nondiscrimination at Yale University: </strong>The university is committed to basing judgments concerning the admission, education, and employment of individuals upon their qualifications and abilities and affirmatively seeks to attract to its faculty, staff, and student body qualified persons of diverse backgrounds. University policy is committed to affirmative action under law in employment of women, minority group members, individuals with disabilities, and protected veterans. Additionally, in accordance with Yale’s Policy Against Discrimination and Harassment, and as delineated by federal and Connecticut law, Yale does not discriminate in admissions, educational programs, or employment against any individual on account of that individual’s sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, race, color, national or ethnic origin, religion, age, disability, status as a special disabled veteran, veteran of the Vietnam era or other covered veteran. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 protects people from sex discrimination in educational programs and activities at institutions that receive federal financial assistance. Inquiries concerning this policy may be referred to the <a href="https://oiea.yale.edu/" title="//oiea.yale.edu/</p> <p>Click to follow link.">Office of Institutional Equity & Accessibility</a>. Inquiries may also be made to the U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, <a href="mailto:ocr.boston@ed.gov">ocr.boston@ed.gov</a>. See Yale’s full <a href="/nondiscrimination">Nondiscrimination & Title IX Statement</a>.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END: Footer Nav Section --> <hr class="footer_divider footer_divider_md" /> <!-- Instagram Teaser --> <div class="region region-footer-ig"> <!-- Instagram Teaser --> <a class="instagram_teaser" href="//instagram.com/yale/" target="_blank"> <figure class="instagram_teaser_figure responsive_image"> <span class="instagram_teaser_image"><img alt="Nathan Hale Statue on Old Campus" src="/sites/default/files/images/NathanHale-ig.png" /> </span> <figcaption class="instagram_teaser_caption button_text">Yale on Instagram</figcaption> </figure> <span class="overlay_bg"></span> </a> <!-- END: Instagram Teaser --> </div> <!-- END: Instagram Teaser --> <hr class="footer_divider footer_divider_lg" /> <!-- Social Properties --> <div class="social_properties"> <div class="region region-footer-social"> <!-- Social Nav --> <nav class="social_nav" aria-labelledby="social_nav_label"> <h2 class="visually_hidden" id="social_nav_label">Social Links</h2> <div class="social_nav_list"> <a class="social_nav_link facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/YaleUniversity" target="_blank"><span class="social_nav_link_icon"></span><span class="social_nav_link_text">Facebook</span></a><a class="social_nav_link youtube" href="http://www.youtube.com/yale" target="_blank"><span class="social_nav_link_icon"></span><span class="social_nav_link_text">YouTube</span></a><a class="social_nav_link weibo" href="http://weibo.com/yaleuniversity" target="_blank"><span class="social_nav_link_icon"></span><span class="social_nav_link_text">Sina Weibo</span></a> </div> </nav> <!-- END: Social Nav --> <a class="social_all_link button_text button_icon_right_arrow" href="/social-media">All Social Media</a> </div> </div> <!-- END: Social Properties --> <!-- Legal --> <small class="footer_legal block"> <span class="footer_legal_copy">Copyright © 2024 Yale University</span> <span class="footer_legal_rights">All Rights Reserved</span> <a class="footer_legal_contact" href="/contact-us/contact-web-editor">Contact Web Editor</a> </small> <!-- END: Legal --> <!-- Back to Top --> <div class="footer_to_top"> <a class="js-scroll_to button_full button_bordered_charcoal button_icon_up_arrow" href="#top">Back to top</a> </div> <!-- END: Back to Top --> </div> <!-- END: Footer Cell --> </div> <!-- END: Footer Row --> </footer> <!-- END: Footer --> <!-- Mobile Sidebar --> <aside role="dialog" aria-label="Mobile Menu" class="mobile_sidebar js-navigation" data-navigation-handle=".mobile_nav_handle" data-navigation-content=".page_wrapper" data-navigation-options='{"type":"reveal","labels":{"closed":"Navigation","open":"Close"}}'> <div class="mobile_sidebar_header"> <div class="header_row"> <div class="header_cell"> <!-- Site Logo --> <a href="index.html" class="logo_main icon_only" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CollegeOrUniversity"> <h1 class="offscreen" itemprop="name">Yale University</h1> <img src="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/logo-print.png" class="print" alt=""> </a> <!-- END: Site Logo --> <div class="deskHeader"> <!-- Site Search --> <a class="btn_site_seach" href="/search" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="btn_site_seach_text">Search</span> </a> <!-- END: Site Search --> <button class="mobile_nav_handle"> Navigation <span class="mobile_nav_handle_icon"></span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Mobile Sidebar Body --> <div class="mobile_sidebar_body"> <!-- Main Nav --> <div class="region region-mobile-main"> <nav class="main_nav" aria-labelledby="main_nav_mobile_label"> <h2 class="visually_hidden" id="main_nav_mobile_label">Main Navigation</h2> <div class="main_nav_list"> <div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/about-yale"><span class="main_nav_text">About Yale</span></a></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/academics"><span class="main_nav_text">Academics</span></a></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/admissions"><span class="main_nav_text">Admissions</span></a></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/life-yale"><span class="main_nav_text">Life at Yale</span></a></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/collections"><span class="main_nav_text">Collections</span></a></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="https://research.yale.edu/"><span class="main_nav_text">Research</span></a></div> </div> </nav> </div> <!-- END: Main Nav --> <!-- Mobile Sidebar Row --> <div class="mobile_sidebar_row"> <!-- Mobile Sidebar Nav Container --> <div class="mobile_sidebar_nav_container"> <!-- Secondary Nav --> <div class="region region-mobile-secondary"> <nav class="secondary_nav" aria-labelledby="mobile_secondary_nav_label"> <h2 class="visually_hidden" id="mobile_secondary_nav_label">Secondary Navigation</h2> <div class="secondary_nav_list menu-block-wrapper menu-block-9 menu-name-menu-secondary-navigation parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <a class="secondary_nav_link" href="/calendars"><span class="secondary_nav_text">Calendars</span></a><a class="secondary_nav_link" href="https://forhumanity.yale.edu"><span class="secondary_nav_text">Give</span></a><a class="secondary_nav_link" href="https://news.yale.edu/"><span class="secondary_nav_text">News</span></a><a class="secondary_nav_link" href="https://directory.yale.edu/"><span class="secondary_nav_text">Directories</span></a> </div> </nav> </div> <!-- END: Secondary Nav --> </div> <!-- END: Mobile Sidebar Nav Container --> <!-- Mobile Sidebar Nav Container --> <div class="mobile_sidebar_nav_container"> <!-- Gateway Nav --> <div class="region region-mobile-gateway"> <nav class="gateway_nav" aria-labelledby="gateway_nav_label"> <h2 class="visually_hidden" id="gateway_nav_label">Gateway Navigation</h2> <div class="gateway_nav_list"> <a class="gateway_nav_link" href="https://secretary.yale.edu/student-life">Students</a><a class="gateway_nav_link" href="/faculty">Faculty</a><a class="gateway_nav_link" href="https://your.yale.edu/">Staff</a><a class="gateway_nav_link" href="https://alumni.yale.edu">Alumni</a> </div> </nav> </div> <!-- END: Gateway Nav --> </div> <!-- END: Mobile Sidebar Nav Container --> </div> <!-- END: Mobile Sidebar Row --> </div> <!-- END: Mobile Sidebar Body --> </aside> <!-- END: Mobile Sidebar --> </div> <!-- END: Body Wrapper --> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- (function() { var sz = document.createElement('script'); sz.type = 'text/javascript'; sz.async = true; sz.src = '//siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_66356571.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(sz, s); })(); //--><!]]> </script> <!-- Compiled JS --> <script src="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/js/site.js?t=202411211243"></script> <!-- A11Y JS --> <script src="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/js/a11y.js?t=202411211243"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"edc4967dfd","applicationID":"70828766","transactionName":"ZVRWNxEACBZUAEFcW1weYREKTkkMWwdQTRpCWUQ=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":57,"atts":"SRNVQVkaGxg=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>