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<ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two_types_of_Zanni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_types_of_Zanni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Two types of Zanni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_types_of_Zanni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Actors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costume_and_mask" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costume_and_mask"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Costume and mask</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costume_and_mask-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Stance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Six_types_of_walks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Six_types_of_walks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Six types of walks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Six_types_of_walks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lazzi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lazzi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span><i>Lazzi</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lazzi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Props" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Props"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Props</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Props-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_audience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_audience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Relationship with the audience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_audience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul 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contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zanni</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanni_(Theaterfigur)" title="Zanni (Theaterfigur) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zanni (Theaterfigur)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanni" title="Zanni – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zanni" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanni" title="Zanni – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zanni" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanni" title="Zanni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zanni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanni" title="Zanni – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zanni" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Дзанни – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дзанни" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanni" title="Zanni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zanni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Дзанні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дзанні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q146978#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of satellite characters from commedia dell'arte</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the commedia characters. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Zanni_(surname)" title="Zanni (surname)">Zanni (surname)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAND_Maurice_Masques_et_bouffons_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/SAND_Maurice_Masques_et_bouffons_01.jpg/200px-SAND_Maurice_Masques_et_bouffons_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/SAND_Maurice_Masques_et_bouffons_01.jpg/300px-SAND_Maurice_Masques_et_bouffons_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/SAND_Maurice_Masques_et_bouffons_01.jpg/400px-SAND_Maurice_Masques_et_bouffons_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of <a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a>, a popular Zanni character</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Zanni</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈdzanni]</a></span>), <b>Zani</b> or <b>Zane</b> is a character type of <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a> best known as an astute servant and a trickster. The Zanni comes from the countryside and is known to be a "dispossessed immigrant worker".<sup id="cite_ref-Rudlin,_John_1994_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudlin,_John_1994-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through time, the Zanni grew to be a popular figure who was first seen in <i>commedia</i> as early as the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zany" class="extiw" title="wikt:zany">zany</a></i> derives from this character. The longer the nose on the characters mask, the more foolish the character. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_name">Origin of the name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanni&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Zanni" (as well as "Zuan") is a variant of the name <i>Gianni</i> and was common in the Lombard-Venetian countryside which provided most of the servants to the wealthy nobles and merchants of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> it is specifically a name of someone whose identity is not of any importance.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the oldest characters in commedia dell'arte, but over the course of time became subdivided into a number of similar characters with more specific traits. These included <a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a> (Arlecchino), <a href="/wiki/Pulcinella" title="Pulcinella">Pulcinella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezzetino" title="Mezzetino">Mezzettino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harlequin#Variants" title="Harlequin">Truffaldino</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Beltrame" title="Beltrame">Beltrame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brighella" title="Brighella">Brighella</a>. Harlequin, for example, was more representative of a <a href="/wiki/Jester" title="Jester">jester</a> than an ordinary servant and was frequently depicted as very acrobatic.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zanni was shortened to Zan when used to provide further identification of an individual. For example, <a href="/wiki/Zan_Ganassa" title="Zan Ganassa">Zan Ganassa</a> was the stage name of Alberto Naseli, who was one of the first actors specializing in Zanni roles to perform outside of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, the Zanni in early commedia dell'arte is the name for the 'carter', which is the servant. The name Zanni became a "technical term to define all of the servants".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanni&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some characters in <i>commedia</i> that are derived from Zanni are Harlequin, Brighella, <a href="/wiki/Scapino" title="Scapino">Scapino</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescolino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mescolino (page does not exist)">Mescolino</a> and Mezzettino, <a href="/wiki/Scaramouche" title="Scaramouche">Scaramuccia</a> (aka <a href="/wiki/Scaramouche" title="Scaramouche">Scaramouche</a>), Pulcinella, <a href="/wiki/Pedrolino" title="Pedrolino">Pedrolino</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giangurgolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giangurgolo (page does not exist)">Giangurgolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartaglia_(commedia_dell%27arte)" title="Tartaglia (commedia dell'arte)">Tartaglia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trappolino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trappolino (page does not exist)">Trappolino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burattino" title="Burattino">Burratino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanni&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest literary evidence portrays Zanni as a servant of <a href="/wiki/Pantalone" title="Pantalone">Pantalone</a>. Of all of the <i>commedia</i> archetypes, Zanni's survival instinct is the strongest. Zanni is also always hungry, which leads to a vision of Utopia where "everything is comestible, reminiscent of the followers of <a href="/wiki/Gluttony" title="Gluttony">gluttony</a> in carnival processions".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Zanni also has an animistic view of the world in that he senses a spirit in everything, so it could be eaten. Zanni is ignorant, loutish, and has no self-awareness. The simple act of thinking does not seem to be natural to Zanni. He is a very faithful individual who prefers to live in the present day. Zanni never looks for a place to sleep; it just seems to happen to him often in situations where it shouldn't, like a <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">drunkard</a>. Lastly, all of his reactions are completely emotional.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zanni is born into an immigrant background and is known for performing both "duty and necessity" and also plays an active role in the "game" of breaking up and unifying relationships. Zanni is also known for his ability to scheme and manipulate. The role of Zanni is known as being a "stupid genius"; this contradiction prevents Zanni from approaching daily life in a rational manner. Zanni's stupidity prevents him from performing simple tasks, while his genius gives him the ability to make the impossible possible.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Two_types_of_Zanni">Two types of Zanni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanni&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Two types of Zanni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evolution of the character Zanni was of two distinct types, one of the silly servant and the other of the cunning servant. These two components developed over the course of the history of the <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a>, and players began to specialize in the two types who were called "first Zanni" and "second Zanni". Mezzetino and Brighella are examples of the first Zanni; <a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulcinella" title="Pulcinella">Pulcinella</a> are examples of the second.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A scenario must always have at least two Zanni.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Commedia_dell'Arte_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Commedia_dell'Arte-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Zanni is known to be clever and witty, and is known as <i>il furbo</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the clever</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). The first Zanni can trick and cheat anyone whom they come across.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Commedia_dell'Arte_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Commedia_dell'Arte-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a must that they are cynically sharp. The first Zanni is also known to be the go-between. The job of the first Zanni is to advance the action and give it some movement, with a slightly cynical twist.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Commedia_dell'Arte_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Commedia_dell'Arte-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some traditions, first Zanni are said to be from <a href="/wiki/Val_Brembana" title="Val Brembana">Val Brembana</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Bergamo" title="Province of Bergamo">province of Bergamo</a>; in others they are attributed to the upper city of <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Commedia_dell'Arte_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Commedia_dell'Arte-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second Zanni is known as <i>lo stupido</i>. The second Zanni must be foolish, clumsy, and dull. The second Zanni is also unable to tell his right hand from his left. He is a dull-witted peasant who can be simple and also ridiculous.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second Zanni, in particular with Harlequin, does not so much advance plot as maintain a steady stream of comic relief throughout the <a href="/wiki/Scenario" title="Scenario">scenario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second Zanni are assumed to be from the lower city of Bergamo.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the two of them they make up one person of "less than average intelligence".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before developing this dualistic person of the two types of clever and silly servant, Zanni was a character in its own right.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Actors">Actors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanni&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Actors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The performance of a <i>commedia</i> actor relies on the acting itself. A scenario should be playable in different ways and seem different each time the audience sees it. The actors who play Zanni must be clever and equally talented, because an actor's success relies primarily on their dialogue partner. If the partner does not reply to them at the right moment or interrupts them in the wrong place, the actor's "discourse falters and the liveliness of their wit is extinguished".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He must be acrobatic, able to walk on his hands and on stilts, dance, skip and somersault. In this respect, the Zanni is one of the most physically demanding of all the Masks.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costume_and_mask">Costume and mask</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanni&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Costume and mask"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zanni_mask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zanni_mask.jpg/220px-Zanni_mask.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zanni_mask.jpg/330px-Zanni_mask.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zanni_mask.jpg/440px-Zanni_mask.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A leather version of a Zanni mask, profile view</figcaption></figure> <p>The Zanni's costume usually consists of white baggy clothing. This clothing was traditionally made out of flour sacks.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was similar to the dress of peasants and farmworkers of the time. A specific type of Zanni, <a href="/wiki/Brighella" title="Brighella">Brighella</a>, wore accents of green to indicate his tricky and devious nature.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a>, however, was known for his irregular colored patches that eventually became the essence of the entire outfit.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zanni are also known to sport a peaked hat and a wooden sword.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zanni at first wore a full faced carnival mask, but because of the need for dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Pantalone" title="Pantalone">Pantalone</a> and the Zanni, the bottom of the mask was hinged and eventually cut away altogether. The longer the nose of the Zanni, the stupider he is said to be.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stance">Stance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanni&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stance of Zanni has a "lowered centre of gravity" either from the earth or from carrying heavy bags and chairs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zanni's back is arched when he stands up and his knees are bent and apart with splayed feet. The support knee is bent and the other leg is extended with his toe pointed. He switches his feet a lot while speaking or listening within the same position, and without his head moving up and down. Zanni's elbows are usually bent and arms half lifted. Zanni also has a variety of poses. These include crouching with the elbows on the knees and the chin in the hands, or sitting with the feet splayed bending at the hips with the elbows slightly elevated.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Six_types_of_walks">Six types of walks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanni&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Six types of walks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>commedia</i>, Zanni has a variety of at least six different types of walks. These walks include The Little Zanni, The Big Zanni, Zanni Running, Zanni Jubilant, Vain Zanni, and Soldier Zanni. </p><p>The Little Zanni walk is a development of a basic stance. The Zanni's feet are constantly changing but on each shift, The Zanni takes a tiny step forward. The feet are to be pointed, shoulders down, and elbows forward. The Zanni's knees come high off of the ground and to the side. The Zanni's head is to peck like a chicken, but the Zanni have to be sure not to bob their head up and down. A two-time rhythm is used with even beats.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Big Zanni walk includes sticking the chest forward and the backside up. The feet need to be in fourth extended with the knees bent. The Zanni has to lower his center of gravity. This walk can be used by a Zanni when he pretends to cross the stage without being seen or when he wants to get himself out of a difficult situation.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zanni Running includes swift movements with legs kicking out in front of him with his toes pointed. His arms move opposite to his legs.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zanni Jubilant involves skipping on his toes with his center of gravity moving from side to side. This type of walk also involves the hands being placed on the belt.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vain Zanni's steps are a smaller version of the Big Zanni walk with the hands placed on the belt as seen in the Zanni Jubilant. When the Zanni's leg lifts, his chest is forward and his arms are in the position of a chicken. This type of walk is used when the Zanni has a "...new button or a feather on his cap".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soldier Zanni holds a stick in one hand and inclines it over his shoulder like he is holding a rifle. The Zanni marches with his shoulders moving up and down in a two-time rhythm but in three beats: "tramper-tramp, tramper-tramp, tramp, tramp, tramp....".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speech">Speech</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanni&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Zanni is loud and his voice is coarse due to making a living outdoors trying to be heard in a market or busy street.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zanni is also known to be vocal with sounds including farting, burping, and snoring.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following sample dialogue shows how the Zanni uses his speech in <i>commedia</i>: </p> <dl><dd>Pantalone: Zanni, I want you to earn yourself a sovereign.</dd> <dd>Zanni: A gold coin?</dd> <dd>Pantalone: A gold castle.</dd> <dd>Zanni: Ah, right (He lies down and falls asleep).</dd> <dd>Pantalone: Zanni, wake up you animal and come here.</dd> <dd>Zanni (rising): At your service, boss, as always.</dd> <dd>Pantalone: Dear Zanni, take the sonnet.</dd> <dd>Zanni: Give me the sovereign first.</dd> <dd>Pantalone: I will give it to you.</dd> <dd>Zanni: Where is it, then?</dd> <dd>Pantalone: It's there.</dd> <dd>Zanni: Show it to me.</dd> <dd>Pantalone: There it is. <dl><dd><i>(Zanni tries to snatch the coin but Pantalone grabs it back at the last moment)</i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Zanni: Darn!</dd> <dd>Pantalone: It's yours.</dd> <dd>Zanni: How can it be mine since you’ve got it?</dd> <dd>Pantalone: Trust me, my dear Zanni; take the sonnet and I will give it to you.</dd></dl> <p><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lazzi"><i>Lazzi</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanni&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lazzi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Lazzi" title="Lazzi">lazzo</a></i> is a joke or gag in mime or in words.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following <i>lazzi</i> examples are short comic routines by the character type Zanni. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zanni_callot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Zanni_callot.jpg/220px-Zanni_callot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Zanni_callot.jpg/330px-Zanni_callot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Zanni_callot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Zanni (Jacques Callot)</figcaption></figure> <p>In "Lazzi of the Cat" the Zanni mimics the actions of a cat, demonstrating how the cat hunts for wild birds or how the cat cleans himself by scratching his ears with his feet and cleaning his body with his mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sexual / Scatological Lazzi: in "Lazzi of Burying the Urine", the Zanni is told that burying his urine and the urine produced by his wife will give him a son. Zanni gets a urinal that produces both and before he spills it into the soil, he treats it as a special fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stupidity/ Inappropriate Behavior: in "Lazzi of Counting Money", the Zanni divides Pantalone's money between Pantalone and himself in the following way: "One for Pantalone, two for me (gives one coin to Pantalone and two to himself); two for Pantalone, three for me (gives one coin to Pantalone and three to himself), etc."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another popular <i>lazzi</i> was Zanni walking behind his master mounted on a mule and goading it to go faster by blowing air from a pair of bellows onto the animal's anus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Props">Props</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanni&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Props"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Zanni is known to take and briefly keep items that belong to someone else. Some items that the Zanni would keep would be bags, letters, valuables, or food.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_the_audience">Relationship with the audience</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanni&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Relationship with the audience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zanni's relationship to the audience is that he is the most sympathetic character and treats the audience collectively so he is able to address the audience directly. Zanni contributes to the plot by being the "principal contributor to any confusion".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanni&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanni&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Immigrant" in Italy at the time of the city-states did not mean someone from outside of Italy but rather someone from outside the city, an itinerant worker.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A famous example is the Truffaldino in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Servant_of_Two_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="A Servant of Two Masters">A Servant of Two Masters</a></i> by Goldoni.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the 1958 film, <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_thumb_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom thumb (film)">tom thumb</a></i>, two characters played by <a href="/wiki/Terry-Thomas" title="Terry-Thomas">Terry-Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a> perform this <i>lazzo</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanni&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rudlin,_John_1994-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rudlin,_John_1994_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudlin, John. <i>Commedia dell'arte: An Actors Handbook</i>. London: Routledge, 1994. 67. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicoll M.A., Allardyce. <i>Masks Mimes and Miracles: Studies in the Popular Theatre</i>. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, INC., 1963. 263. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohn.1994" class="citation book cs1">John., Rudlin (1 January 1994). <i>Commedia dell'arte : an actor's handbook</i>. Routledge. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27976194">27976194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commedia+dell%27arte+%3A+an+actor%27s+handbook&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27976194&rft.aulast=John.&rft.aufirst=Rudlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duchartre, Pierre Louis. <i>The Italian Comedy: The Improvisation Scenarios Lives Attributes Portraits and Masks of the Illustrious Characters of the Commedia dell' Arte</i>. Canada: Dover Publications, 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartnoll 1983, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFava2006" class="citation web cs1">Fava, Antonio (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://video.alexanderstreet.com/watch/commedia-by-fava-the-commedia-dell-arte-step-by-step-part-1/cite?context=channel:theatre-in-video">"Commedia by Fava: The Commedia Dell' Arte, Step by Step - Part 1"</a>. <i>Alexander Street</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alexander+Street&rft.atitle=Commedia+by+Fava%3A+The+Commedia+Dell%27+Arte%2C+Step+by+Step+-+Part+1&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fava&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvideo.alexanderstreet.com%2Fwatch%2Fcommedia-by-fava-the-commedia-dell-arte-step-by-step-part-1%2Fcite%3Fcontext%3Dchannel%3Atheatre-in-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicoll M.A., Allardyce. <i>Masks Mimes and Miracles: Studies In The Popular Theatre</i>. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, INC., 1963. 266. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudlin, John. <i>Commedia dell'arte: An Actors Handbook</i>. London: Routledge, 1994. 71. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sipario.it/mzanni.htm">"Sipario"</a>. Sipario.it<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sipario&rft.pub=Sipario.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipario.it%2Fmzanni.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Commedia_dell'Arte-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Commedia_dell'Arte_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Commedia_dell'Arte_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Commedia_dell'Arte_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Commedia_dell'Arte_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreglia,_Giacomo1968" class="citation book cs1">Oreglia, Giacomo (1 January 1968). <i>The Commedia dell'Arte</i>. Hill & Wang. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939808594">939808594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commedia+dell%27Arte&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Hill+%26+Wang&rft.date=1968-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F939808594&rft.au=Oreglia%2C+Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicoll M.A., Allardyce. <i>Masks Mimes and Miracles: Studies In The Popular Theatre</i>. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, INC., 1963. 265-266. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceD-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreglia,_Giacomo1968" class="citation book cs1">Oreglia, Giacomo (1 January 1968). <i>The Commedia dell'Arte</i>. Hill & Wang. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939808594">939808594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commedia+dell%27Arte&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Hill+%26+Wang&rft.date=1968-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F939808594&rft.au=Oreglia%2C+Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duchartre, Pierre Louis. <i>The Italian Comedy: The Improvisation Scenarios Lives Attributes Portraits and Masks of the Illustrious Characters of the Commedia dell' Arte</i>. Canada: Dover Publications, Inc, 1966. 32. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreglia,_Giacomo1968" class="citation book cs1">Oreglia, Giacomo (1 January 1968). <i>The Commedia dell'Arte</i>. Hill & Wang. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939808594">939808594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commedia+dell%27Arte&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Hill+%26+Wang&rft.date=1968-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F939808594&rft.au=Oreglia%2C+Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudlin, John. <i>Commedia dell'arte: An Actors Handbook</i>. London: Routledge, 1994. 68. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreglia,_Giacomo1968" class="citation book cs1">Oreglia, Giacomo (1 January 1968). <i>The Commedia dell'Arte</i>. Hill & Wang. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939808594">939808594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commedia+dell%27Arte&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Hill+%26+Wang&rft.date=1968-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F939808594&rft.au=Oreglia%2C+Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreglia,_Giacomo1968" class="citation book cs1">Oreglia, Giacomo (1 January 1968). <i>The Commedia dell'Arte</i>. Hill & Wang. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939808594">939808594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commedia+dell%27Arte&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Hill+%26+Wang&rft.date=1968-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F939808594&rft.au=Oreglia%2C+Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicoll M.A., Allardyce. <i>Masks Mimes and Miracles: Studies In The Popular Theater</i>. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, INC., 1963. 265. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn.1994" class="citation book cs1">John., Rudlin (1 January 1994). <i>Commedia dell'arte : an actor's handbook</i>. Routledge. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27976194">27976194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commedia+dell%27arte+%3A+an+actor%27s+handbook&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27976194&rft.aulast=John.&rft.aufirst=Rudlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudlin, John. <i>Commedia dell'arte: An Actors Handbook</i>. London: Routledge, 1994. 69-70. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudlin, John. Commedia dell'arte An Actors Handbook. London: Routledge, 1994. 70. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italymask.co.nz/About+Masks/Commedia+dellArte+Characters.html">"Description of Commedia dell'Arte characters"</a>. <i>www.italymask.co.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.italymask.co.nz&rft.atitle=Description+of+Commedia+dell%27Arte+characters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.italymask.co.nz%2FAbout%2BMasks%2FCommedia%2BdellArte%2BCharacters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudlin, John. <i>Commedia dell'arte: An Actors Handbook</i>. London: Routledge, 1994. 73-74. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreglia,_Giacomo1968" class="citation book cs1">Oreglia, Giacomo (1 January 1968). <i>The Commedia dell'Arte</i>. Hill & Wang. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939808594">939808594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commedia+dell%27Arte&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Hill+%26+Wang&rft.date=1968-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F939808594&rft.au=Oreglia%2C+Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Mel. <i>Lazzi: The Comic Routines of the Commedia dell'arte</i>. First. New York: Performing Arts Journal Publication, 1983.11. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Mel. <i>Lazzi: The Comic Routines of the Commedia dell'arte</i>. First. New York: Performing Arts Journal Publication, 1983.32. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Mel. <i>Lazzi: The Comic Routines of the Commedia dell'arte</i>. First. New York: Performing Arts Journal Publication, 1983.43. Print.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanni&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hartnoll, Phyllis (1983). <i>The Oxford Companion to the Theatre</i> (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211546-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211546-1">978-0-19-211546-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Stock_characters" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Classic hero</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_hero" title="Action hero">Action hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_figure" title="Christ figure">Christ figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chosen_One_(trope)" title="The Chosen One (trope)">Chosen One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyman" title="Everyman">Everyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">Folk hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight-errant" title="Knight-errant">Knight-errant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_hero" title="Legacy hero">Legacy hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_king" title="Mythological king">Mythological king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paladin" title="Paladin">Paladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngest_son" title="Youngest son">Youngest son</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Antihero</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_alone" title="Man alone">Man alone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberhero" title="Cyberhero">Cyberhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_soldier" title="Super soldier">Super soldier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_marine" title="Space marine">Space marine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lovable_rogue" title="Lovable rogue">Lovable rogue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_detective" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman detective">Gentleman detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_(hero)" title="Jack (hero)">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">Trickster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tricky_slave" title="Tricky slave">Tricky slave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zanni</a> (servants, clowns: <a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brighella" title="Brighella">Brighella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scapino" title="Scapino">Scapino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulcinella" title="Pulcinella">Pulcinella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierrot" title="Pierrot">Pierrot</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(stock_character)" title="Outlaw (stock character)">Outlaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_boy_archetype" title="Bad boy archetype">Bad boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates in popular culture">Pirate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_pirate" title="Space pirate">Space pirate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_cop/bad_cop" class="mw-redirect" title="Good cop/bad cop">Good cop/bad cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_(stock_character)" title="Rake (stock character)">Rake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Villain#Sympathetic_villain" title="Villain">Antivillains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_hero" title="False hero">False hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">The <a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">mole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">Double agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_twin" title="Evil twin">Evil twin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Darwinist">Social Darwinist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_scientist" title="Mad scientist">Mad scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug-eyed_monster" title="Bug-eyed monster">Bug-eyed monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Evil clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Killer toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_girl" title="Monster girl">Monster girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slime_(monster)" title="Slime (monster)">Slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swamp_monsters" title="List of swamp monsters">Swamp monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampires_in_popular_culture" title="Vampires in popular culture">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_zombies" title="Nazi zombies">Nazi zombies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alazon" title="Alazon">Alazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_devil" title="Folk devil">Folk devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_(character)" title="Igor (character)">Igor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_villain" title="Masked villain">Masked villain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miser" title="Miser">Miser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecchio" title="Vecchio">Vecchio</a> (wealthy old men, <a href="/wiki/Pantalone" title="Pantalone">Pantalone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Il_Dottore" title="Il Dottore">Il Dottore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Capitano" title="Il Capitano">Il Capitano</a> (self styled captain, braggart)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_sex_and_gender" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By sex and gender</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine">Feminine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Love interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo" title="Bishōjo">Bishōjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blonde_stereotype" title="Blonde stereotype">Blonde stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_daughter" title="Farmer's daughter">Farmer's daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_next_door" title="Girl next door">Girl next door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooker_with_a_heart_of_gold" title="Hooker with a heart of gold">Hooker with a heart of gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nue" title="Ingénue">Ingénue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosu_ponnu" title="Loosu ponnu">Loosu ponnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girlfriend" title="Magical girlfriend">Magical girlfriend</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catgirl" title="Catgirl">Catgirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_girl" title="Monster girl">Monster girl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manic_Pixie_Dream_Girl" title="Manic Pixie Dream Girl">Manic Pixie Dream Girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vixen_(stock_character)" title="Vixen (stock character)">Vixen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hag" title="Hag">Hag</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_lady" title="Cat lady">Cat lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crone" title="Crone">Crone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Ruffiana" title="La Ruffiana">La Ruffiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loathly_lady" title="Loathly lady">Loathly lady</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hawksian_woman" title="Hawksian woman">Hawksian woman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Lady" title="Dragon Lady">Dragon Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">Femme fatale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsundere" title="Tsundere">Tsundere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Women_warriors_in_literature_and_culture" title="Women warriors in literature and culture">Woman warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_girl" title="Jungle girl">Jungle girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virago" title="Virago">Virago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_bee_(sociology)" title="Queen bee (sociology)">Queen bee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princesse_lointaine" title="Princesse lointaine">Princesse lointaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_belle" title="Southern belle">Southern belle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_girl" title="Valley girl">Valley girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_nadeshiko" title="Yamato nadeshiko">Yamato nadeshiko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotong" title="Laotong">Laotong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lady-in-waiting" title="Lady-in-waiting">Lady-in-waiting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbina" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbina">Columbina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammy_stereotype" title="Mammy stereotype">Mammy stereotype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geek_girl" title="Geek girl">Geek girl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamer_girl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamer girl">Gamer girl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_girl" title="Final girl">Final girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_and_dragon" title="Princess and dragon">Princess and dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine">Masculine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierrot" title="Pierrot">Pierrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaramouche" title="Scaramouche">Scaramouche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Father_figure" title="Father figure">Father figure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wise_old_man" title="Wise old man">Wise old man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderly_martial_arts_master" title="Elderly martial arts master">Elderly martial arts master</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Young</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_mappillai" title="American mappillai">American mappillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbo" title="Himbo">Himbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Fool" title="Ivan the Fool">Ivan the Fool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_(hero)" title="Jack (hero)">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_(stereotype)" title="Jock (stereotype)">Jock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Johnny" title="Little Johnny">Little Johnny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_guy" title="Nice guy">Nice guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_Jewish_boy_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice Jewish boy stereotype">Nice Jewish boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfluous_man" title="Superfluous man">Superfluous man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charming" title="Prince Charming">Prince Charming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">Bishōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight-errant" title="Knight-errant">Knight-errant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Primitive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feral_child" title="Feral child">Feral child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_man" title="Mountain man">Mountain man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi#Seme_and_uke" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Seme and uke</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bad_boy_archetype" title="Bad boy archetype">Bad boy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pachuco" title="Pachuco">Pachuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_knight" title="Black knight">Black knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Others" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Others</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">Adolescent clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fool_(stock_character)" title="Fool (stock character)">Fool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Identity formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_friend" title="Imaginary friend">Imaginary friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innamorati" title="Innamorati">Innamorati</a> ("The Lovers")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_people_(fiction)" title="Mole people (fiction)">Mole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_icon" title="Pop icon">Pop icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirt_(stock_character)" title="Redshirt (stock character)">Redshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_angel" title="Shoulder angel">Shoulder angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidekick" title="Sidekick">Sidekick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokenism" title="Tokenism">Tokenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_drunk" title="Town drunk">Town drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_mulatto" title="Tragic mulatto">Tragic mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck-kun" title="Truck-kun">Truck-kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_idiot" title="Village idiot">Village idiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_savior_narrative_in_film" title="White savior narrative in film">White savior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146978#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146978#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146978#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166918726">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166918726">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007595346505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/170808475">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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