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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ننوتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ونډې</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>خبرې 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-رېښه_(د_ملا_تير_لرونکي_ټکي_vertebrate_د_لغت_ریښه)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#رېښه_(د_ملا_تير_لرونکي_ټکي_vertebrate_د_لغت_ریښه)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>رېښه (د ملا تير لرونکي ټکي <i>vertebrate</i> د لغت ریښه)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-رېښه_(د_ملا_تير_لرونکي_ټکي_vertebrate_د_لغت_ریښه)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-اناتومي_او_مورفولوژي" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#اناتومي_او_مورفولوژي"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲</span> <span>اناتومي او مورفولوژي</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-اناتومي_او_مورفولوژي-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle اناتومي او مورفولوژي subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-اناتومي_او_مورفولوژي-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-د_ملا_د_تير_ستنه_(ورټيبرل_کالم)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#د_ملا_د_تير_ستنه_(ورټيبرل_کالم)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲.۱</span> <span>د ملا د تير ستنه (ورټيبرل کالم)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-د_ملا_د_تير_ستنه_(ورټيبرل_کالم)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ګیلونه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ګیلونه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲.۲</span> <span>ګیلونه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ګیلونه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-مرکزي_عصبي_نظام" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#مرکزي_عصبي_نظام"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲.۳</span> <span>مرکزي عصبي نظام</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-مرکزي_عصبي_نظام-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-سرچینې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سرچینې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳</span> <span>سرچینې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سرچینې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">شمزۍ لرونکي ژوي</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۱۴۴ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۱۴۴ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewerweldes" title="Gewerweldes – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gewerweldes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbeltiere" title="Wirbeltiere – سویس جرمن" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wirbeltiere" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="سویس جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%88_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AA" title="ባለ አከርካሪ – امهاري" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባለ አከርካሪ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="امهاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – اراگونېسي" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="اراگونېسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrycgd%C4%93or" title="Hrycgdēor – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hrycgdēor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فقاريات – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فقاريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سنسوليات – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سنسوليات" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فقاريات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فقاريات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="মেৰুদণ্ডী প্ৰাণী – اسامي" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মেৰুদণ্ডী প্ৰাণী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="اسامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onur%C4%9Fal%C4%B1lar" title="Onurğalılar – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Onurğalılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%92%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اوْنورغالیلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوْنورغالیلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Умыртҡалылар – باشکير" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Умыртҡалылар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="باشکير" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoumen%C4%97n%C4%93_g%C4%ABv%C4%93" title="Stoumenėnē gīvē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Stoumenėnē gīvē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Пазваночныя – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пазваночныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Хрыбетныя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хрыбетныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гръбначни – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гръбначни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="মেরুদণ্ডী প্রাণী – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেরুদণ্ডী প্রাণী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B" title="སྒལ་ཚིགས་སྲོག་ཆགས་ – تبتي" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྒལ་ཚིགས་སྲོག་ཆགས་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="تبتي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – برېتون" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="برېتون" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C4%8Dmenjaci" title="Kičmenjaci – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kičmenjaci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrats" title="Vertebrats – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vertebrats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9k-t%C3%B9i_d%C3%B4ng-%C5%ADk" title="Cék-tùi dông-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cék-tùi dông-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukgan" title="Bukgan – سیبوانوي" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bukgan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="سیبوانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%95%D8%A8%DA%95%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بڕبڕەداران – منځنۍ کوردي" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بڕبڕەداران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="منځنۍ کوردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obratlovci" title="Obratlovci – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obratlovci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Çурăм тунилли – چوواشي" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурăм тунилли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="چوواشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertebrat" title="Fertebrat – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fertebrat" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvirveldyr" title="Hvirveldyr – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hvirveldyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbeltiere" title="Wirbeltiere – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wirbeltiere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C" title="Σπονδυλωτό – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπονδυλωτό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vertebrate" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebruloj" title="Vertebruloj – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vertebruloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selgroogsed" title="Selgroogsed – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Selgroogsed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornodun" title="Ornodun – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ornodun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrau" title="Vertebrau – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vertebrau" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مهره‌داران – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهره‌داران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selk%C3%A4rankaiset" title="Selkärankaiset – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Selkärankaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Vertébrés – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vertébrés" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8rt%C3%A8br%C3%A2s" title="Vèrtèbrâs – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vèrtèbrâs" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4%C3%A4rlisdiarten" title="Wäärlisdiarten – شمالي فریسیان" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wäärlisdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="شمالي فریسیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wringedieren" title="Wringedieren – لوېديځ فريشي" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wringedieren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="لوېديځ فريشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veirteabrach" title="Veirteabrach – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Veirteabrach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrados" title="Vertebrados – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vertebrados" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pujase%27orek%C3%B3va" title="Pujase'orekóva – ګوراني" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pujase'orekóva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ګوراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – مینکس" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="مینکس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chit-chh%C3%B9i_thung-vu%CC%8Dt" title="Chit-chhùi thung-vu̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chit-chhùi thung-vu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בעלי חוליות – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעלי חוליות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="कशेरुकी प्राणी – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कशेरुकी प्राणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kralje%C5%BEnjaci" title="Kralježnjaci – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kralježnjaci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerincesek" title="Gerincesek – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gerincesek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ողնաշարավորներ – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ողնաշարավորներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrato" title="Vertebrato – انټرلنګوا" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vertebrato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="انټرلنګوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertebrata" title="Bertebrata – الوکو" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bertebrata" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="الوکو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="БукъатӀехкьяраш – انگش" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="БукъатӀехкьяраш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="انگش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hryggd%C3%BDr" title="Hryggdýr – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hryggdýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎動物 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脊椎動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – جاوايي" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاوايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ხერხემლიანები – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხერხემლიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina%C9%A3lalin" title="Tinaɣlalin – کیبیل" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tinaɣlalin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="کیبیل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Омыртқалылар – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Омыртқалылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%86%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%84" title="សត្វឆ្អឹងកង – خمر" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សត្វឆ្អឹងកង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="خمر" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95" title="ಕಶೇರುಕ – کناډا" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಶೇರುಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="کناډا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%99%EC%B6%94%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="척추동물 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="척추동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movikdar" title="Movikdar – کردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Movikdar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="کردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Омурткалуулар – کرغيزي" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Омурткалуулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="کرغيزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wierbeld%C3%A9ieren" title="Wierbeldéieren – لوګزامبورګي" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wierbeldéieren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="لوګزامبورګي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrato" title="Vertebrato – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vertebrato" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewervelde_bieste" title="Gewervelde bieste – لمبرگیانی" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gewervelde bieste" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="لمبرگیانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebr%C3%A6" title="Vertebræ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vertebræ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebr%C3%A0cc" title="Vertebràcc – لومبارډ" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vertebràcc" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="لومبارډ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama_ya_mik%C3%BAwa" title="Nyama ya mikúwa – لنګالا" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nyama ya mikúwa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="لنګالا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuburiniai" title="Stuburiniai – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stuburiniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugurkaulnieki" title="Mugurkaulnieki – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mugurkaulnieki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – مينيگاباو" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="مينيگاباو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99%D0%A0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="’Рбетници – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="’Рбетници" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="കശേരുകി – مالايالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കശേരുകി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مالايالم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="पृष्ठवंशी प्राणी – مراټهي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पृष्ठवंशी प्राणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراټهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BF%D3%B9%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%93%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Тупӹрдӓнвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тупӹрдӓнвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrat" title="Vertebrat – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vertebrat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="ကျောရိုးရှိသတ္တဝါ – برمایی" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောရိုးရှိသတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="برمایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="میرکادارون – مزاندراني" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="میرکادارون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="مزاندراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warveldeerter" title="Warveldeerter – کښته آلماني" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Warveldeerter" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="کښته آلماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warvelden" title="Warvelden – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Warvelden" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewervelden" title="Gewervelden – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gewervelden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virveldyr" title="Virveldyr – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Virveldyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virveldyr" title="Virveldyr – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virveldyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD%C3%ADgh%C3%A1%C3%A1n_Dah%C3%B3l%C3%B3n%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Bíígháán Dahólónígíí – نواجو" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bíígháán Dahólónígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="نواجو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – اوکسيټاني" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="اوکسيټاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugugguruu_qabeeyyii" title="Dugugguruu qabeeyyii – اورومو" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dugugguruu qabeeyyii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="اورومو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੰਗਰੋੜਧਾਰੀ – پنجابي" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੰਗਰੋੜਧਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbeltier" title="Wirbeltier – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Wirbeltier" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%99gowce" title="Kręgowce – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kręgowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%91%DB%92" title="کنگریڑے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنگریڑے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrados" title="Vertebrados – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vertebrados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulluyuq" title="Tulluyuq – کېچوا" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tulluyuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="کېچوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vertebrate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Позвоночные – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Позвоночные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="कशेरुकाः – سنسکریټ" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कशेरुकाः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="سنسکریټ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%95%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Тоноҕостоохтор – سخا" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тоноҕостоохтор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="سخا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – سیلیسي" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="سیلیسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate – سکاټس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vertebrate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="سکاټس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ڪرنگهي وارا جانور – سندهي" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪرنگهي وارا جانور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="سندهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kralje%C5%A1njaci" title="Kralješnjaci – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kralješnjaci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A8%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="පෘෂ්ඨවංශීන් – سينهالي" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෘෂ්ඨවංශීන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سينهالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vertebrate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavovce" title="Stavovce – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stavovce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreten%C4%8Darji" title="Vretenčarji – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vretenčarji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cielgit%C3%A1vt%C3%A1liih" title="Čielgitávtáliih – اناري سميع" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Čielgitávtáliih" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="اناري سميع" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzemuzongoza" title="Dzemuzongoza – شونا" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dzemuzongoza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="شونا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurrizor%C3%ABt" title="Kurrizorët – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kurrizorët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Кичмењаци – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кичмењаци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – سوډاني" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="سوډاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryggradsdjur" title="Ryggradsdjur – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryggradsdjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – سواهېلي" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="سواهېلي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryngowce" title="Kryngowce – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kryngowce" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="முதுகெலும்பி – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதுகெலும்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="సకశేరుకాలు – تېليګو" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సకశేరుకాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="تېليګو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Муҳрадорон – تاجکي" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муҳрадорон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="تاجکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="สัตว์มีกระดูกสันหลัง – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์มีกระดูกสันหลัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertebrado" title="Bertebrado – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bertebrado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omurgal%C4%B1lar" title="Omurgalılar – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Omurgalılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Умырткалылар – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Умырткалылар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Хребетні – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хребетні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="فقاریہ – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فقاریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umurtqalilar" title="Umurtqalilar – اوزبکي" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Umurtqalilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="اوزبکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_c%C3%B3_x%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_s%E1%BB%91ng" title="Động vật có xương sống – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật có xương sống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewerveldn" title="Gewerveldn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Gewerveldn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biesse_%C3%A5s_cronzoxhs" title="Biesse ås cronzoxhs – والون" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Biesse ås cronzoxhs" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="والون" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrado" title="Vertebrado – وارۍ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vertebrado" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="وارۍ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脊椎动物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="გაგაჩამეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გაგაჩამეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98" title="ווערטעבראט – يديش" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווערטעבראט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="يديش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8ranko_el%C3%A9gungun" title="Ẹranko elégungun – یوروبا" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹranko elégungun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="یوروبا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenghduz_Ndoksaen" title="Doenghduz Ndoksaen – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doenghduz Ndoksaen" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewurvelde_be%C3%AAsten" title="Gewurvelde beêsten – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Gewurvelde beêsten" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脊椎动物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chek-chui_t%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><table style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; float:left; background:white; clear:left; width:200px;" border="1" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background: {{{color}}};"><span style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:70%;"><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span title="How to read a taxobox"><img alt="How to read a taxobox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/16px-Information-silk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/24px-Information-silk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/32px-Information-silk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" usemap="#ImageMap_5096df609642e208" /></span><map name="ImageMap_5096df609642e208"><area href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:How_to_read_a_taxobox" shape="rect" coords="0,0,50,50" alt="ويکيپېډيا:How to read a taxobox" title="ويکيپېډيا:How to read a taxobox" /></map><figcaption>How to read a taxobox</figcaption></figure></span><i><b>دشمزۍ لرونکي</b></i> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Vertebrates.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vertebrates.png/200px-Vertebrates.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vertebrates.png/300px-Vertebrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vertebrates.png/400px-Vertebrates.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1337" /></a></span><br /><small><div style="text-align:center"></div></small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background: {{{color}}};"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A_%DA%89%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ساينسي ډلبندۍ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ساينسي ډلبندۍ</a></b> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> <table style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:white;" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td>سلطنت: </td> <td>ژوی<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Phylum: </td> <td>Chordata<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Subphylum: </td> <td>دشمزۍ لرونکي<br /><small></small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <th><center></center> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 .5em;"> <p>   </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Dinosaurierhalle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Dinosaurierhalle.jpg/200px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Dinosaurierhalle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Dinosaurierhalle.jpg/300px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Dinosaurierhalle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Dinosaurierhalle.jpg/400px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Dinosaurierhalle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3622" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>دینوسور د نړی تر ټولو لوی شمزۍ لرونکی ځناور وو</figcaption></figure><p>د ملا تیر لرونکو کې ټول ژوي او د ملا تير لرونکو ژويو فرعي څانګې (سب فيلم) شامل دي (<b>Vertebrata</b>  معنا د ميلا هډوکي او کورډيکس «کورډيکس د ملا په تير کې خانګړې رېښکۍ ډوله برخه ده»)، ټول تی لرونکي، مرغان، خزنده ګان، امفیبیان (اوبو او وچه دواړو کې ژوند کوونکي) او کبان په کې شامل دي. فقرات (د ملا مهرې) د کورډاټا د ډلې د ډېری ژويو استازیتوب کوي، چې اوس مهال یې شاوخوا ۶۹۹۶۳  ډولونه پېژندل شوي. فقرات په لاندې په لاندې ډلو کې وېشل شوي دي:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul><li>د هګ فيش او ليمپري په ګډون بې ژامې کبان.</li> <li>ژامې لرونکي فقرات په لاندې ډول دي: <ul><li>غضروف (کرپندونکی هډوکي، لکه په پوزه کې) لرونکي کبان (شارک، ریز او راټ ماهی).</li> <li>هډوکي لرونکي فقرات دا دي: <ul><li>ری فینز (ډېری ژوندي هډوکوي لرونکي کبان).</li> <li>کرپندوکی ته ورته وزر لرونکي کبان او هغه دا دي:</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>کوایلاکانتس او سږی لرونکی کب.</li> <li>ټیرټروپاډونه (اندامونه لرونکی فقرات).</li></ul> <p>د ملا تير لرونکو موجودو ژويو له منځه د چنګښې له ډول نه تر «پایډوفراین امیونیسیس» پورې اندازه لري، لږ تر لږه اووه اعشاريه اووه ملي متره (۰.۳۰ انچه) او تر ټولو زیات يې شين نهنګ دی چې تر درې دېرش متره (۱۰۸ فوټه) پورې اوږدوالی لري. د ملا تير لرونکي  د ټولو پېژندل شویو ژويو له پنځې سلنې نه کم دي، پاتې نور غیر شمزۍ لرونکي (بې ملا تيره) دي، چې د فقرې کالمونه نه لري. </p><p>په دوديز ډول، ملا تير لروونکو ژويو کې «هاګ کب» شامل دي، کوم چې په تکامل کې د ضایع کیدو له امله مناسب فقرات (د ملا دتير مهرې) نه لري، که څه هم د دوی نږدې ژوندي اړوند ژوي، که: لیمپریان، د فقرات لرونکي دي. په هرحالت، هاګ فش یو «کرینیم» (جمجمه) لري. له همدې امله، کله ناکله د مورفولوژي په اړه بحث کولو پر مهال، د «سب فایلم» (فرعي ډلبنديو) د ملا تیر لرونکي ځینې غړي د «کرانیټیا» په نامه یادیږي. د ۱۹۹۲ز کال راهیسې حجروي شننې (تحليل) وړانديز کړی چې، هاګ فش د لیمپری سره خورا نږدې تړاو لري او په «مونوفیلیټیک» (تر يو اصل او نسل پورې تړلي) معنا کې د ملا تير لرونکي ژوي دي. ځينې نور بیا دوی د «کرانيټا» په عامه ډلبندۍ کې د ملا تير لرونکو ژويو «خور ډله» بولي.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hagfish_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hagfish-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>په تېرو پنځوسو کلونو کې د ملا تير لرونکو ژويو شمېر کم شوی دی.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="رېښه_(د_ملا_تير_لرونکي_ټکي_vertebrate_د_لغت_ریښه)"><span id=".D8.B1.DB.90.DA.9A.D9.87_.28.D8.AF_.D9.85.D9.84.D8.A7_.D8.AA.D9.8A.D8.B1_.D9.84.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.86.DA.A9.D9.8A_.D9.BC.DA.A9.D9.8A_vertebrate_.D8.AF_.D9.84.D8.BA.D8.AA_.D8.B1.DB.8C.DA.9A.D9.87.29"></span>رېښه (د ملا تير لرونکي ټکي <i>vertebrate</i>  د لغت ریښه)</h2></div> <p><i>د ورټیبریټ کیلمه د لاتینی کیلمې ورټیبرس (پلیني) نه اخیستل شوې ده چې معنا یی د،ه د ملا د تير بند (نخاعې بند). <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>ورټیبریټ د ورټیبرا له کلیمې نه اخیستل شوی ټکی دی، کوم چې د نخاعي کالم (د ملا د تير) هر هډوکي یا برخې ته اشاره کوي<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="اناتومي_او_مورفولوژي"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.88.D9.85.D9.8A_.D8.A7.D9.88_.D9.85.D9.88.D8.B1.D9.81.D9.88.D9.84.D9.88.DA.98.D9.8A"></span>اناتومي او مورفولوژي</h2></div> <p>ټول فقرات، د کورډیټ بدن له بنسټیزې طرحې سره سم جوړ شوي: یو سخت راډ (ډنډې ته ورته) چې د څارویو د بدن په اوږدو کې تیرېږي (د فقري کالم اویا نوټچورډ)، د همدې د پاسه  د عصبي نسجونو نلکه وي، چې منځ يې تش دی (د ملا د تير پټۍ) او لاندې یی د معدې لاره ده. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>په ټولو ملا تير لرونکو کې، خوله د ژوي په مخکیني پای کې یا له پای نه له مخکې په لاندې برخه کې موندل کیږي، په داسې حال کې چې مقعد د بدن د پای نه مخکې بهر ته خلاصیږي. د بدن پاتې برخه له مقعد نه وروسته دوام لري. د فقري او نخاعي رګ سره لکۍ جوړوي، مګر کولمې نه لري. <sup id="cite_ref-Romer_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="د_ملا_د_تير_ستنه_(ورټيبرل_کالم)"><span id=".D8.AF_.D9.85.D9.84.D8.A7_.D8.AF_.D8.AA.D9.8A.D8.B1_.D8.B3.D8.AA.D9.86.D9.87_.28.D9.88.D8.B1.D9.BC.D9.8A.D8.A8.D8.B1.D9.84_.DA.A9.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.29"></span>د ملا د تير ستنه (ورټيبرل کالم)</h3></div> <p>د ملا تير لرونکو ژويو تعريفوونکې ځانګړنه د ملا تير ستنه ده، په کوم کې چې «نوټچورډ» (د يو ډول ترکيب يوه سخته ډنډه) چې په ټولو «کورډیټونو» کې موندل شوې، د سختو عناصرو یوه ټوټه ټوټه شوې لړۍ (ورټیبرـ د ملا تير) په کې ځای پر ځای شوې، همدا لړۍ د خوځنده بندونو په مټ سره جلا شوې ده (د غیر شمزۍ لرونکو «د ملا تير نه لرونکو» ژويو ډیسکونو «د ملا د تير مهرې»، په جنیکي او تکاملي توګه د نوچورډونو نه لاسته راغلي). </p><p>په هر حال، د ملا تير لرونکو يو شمير ژويو په دويم پړاو کې دا اناتومي (د بدن تشرېح) له لاسه ورکړې، نوټچورډ په بلوغ کې ساتل کیږي، لکه سټرجون او کویلکانت. ژامه لرونکي ژوي د جوړې د ضمايمو په ډول ډلبندي شوي (لکه د کب دوه وزرونه، پښې، چې کېدای شي په دویم ډول يې له لاسه ورکړي وي)،  خو د ژوي لپاره دا ځانګړتیا اړینه نه ده چې بايد د ملا تير لرونکی ژوی وي.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ګیلونه"><span id=".DA.AB.DB.8C.D9.84.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>ګیلونه</h3></div> <p>د ملا تير لرونکي ټول بنسټيز ژوي د برانشونو(ګیلونو) په مټ ساه اخلي. ګیلونه د سر شاته لور وړل کیږي، له «فالنکس» نه بهر ته له يو لړ پرانيستل شويو وروستيو څنډو سره پوله لري. د هر ګیل ملاتړ د غضروف (خيشوم) یا له هډوکي نه منځ ته راغلي ليندۍ په څېر ګیل له خوا کېږي. هډوکي لرونکي کبان درې جوړه ليندۍ (arch) لري، غضروفي کبان له پنځو نه تر اووه جوړه لري، په داسې حال کې چې لومړي ژامې نه لرونکي کبان اووه جوړې لري. څرګنده ده چې د ملا تير لرونکو اصلي ژويو له دې نه ډېر طاقونه درلودل، په داسې حال کې چې د دوی ځینې کورډیټ خپلوان له پنځوسو نه زیات ګیلونه(برانشونه) لري (طاق يا لیندۍ ته ورته هډوکی په بدن کې يو هډوکی دی، چې د نورو غړو مرستندوی وي).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Romer2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>په امیبو او ځینو لومړيو هډوکو لرونکو کبانو کې په لومړي پړاو کې بهرني ګیلونه لري، د ګیل له ارچونو(طاقونوـ ليندۍ ته ورته هډوکي) نه څانګې کوي. دا په ځوانۍ کې کمېږي، د دوی فعالیت په کبانو کې د مناسبو ګیلونو له خوا او په ډېری امفیبیانو کې د سږو له خوا ترسره کیږي. ځینې امفیبیان په ځوانۍ کې بهرنۍ لاروا ګیلونه (د جوړښت د لومړي پړاو بندونه) له ځانه ساتي، پېچلي داخلي ګیل نظام، لکه څنګه چې په کب کې لیدل کېږي، په ښکاره ډول د ټیټراپډونو په تکامل کې ډېر ژر له لاسه ورکول کیږي.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gaining_ground_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaining_ground-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>په داسې حال کې چې ډېريو د ملا تير لرونکو کې ګيلونه نه شته، د جنین د ودې په وخت کې د ګیلونو «ارچونه» جوړېږي او د اړینو جوړښتونو بنسټ ګرځي، لکه: ژامې، د تایرایډ غدې، حنجره، کالمیلا (په تی لرونکی ژويو کې د سټیپس سره یو شانی دی) او په تی لرونکو ژويو کې ملیوس او انکس.<sup id="cite_ref-Romer3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="مرکزي_عصبي_نظام"><span id=".D9.85.D8.B1.DA.A9.D8.B2.D9.8A_.D8.B9.D8.B5.D8.A8.D9.8A_.D9.86.D8.B8.D8.A7.D9.85"></span>مرکزي عصبي نظام</h3></div> <p>د ملا تير لرونکو مرکزي عصبي نظام، د ژويو د اوږدوالي په اوږدو کې د عصبي نسج پر بنسټ ولاړ دی. د عصبي «کرسټ» حجرو شتون د ملا تير لرنکو ژويو لپاره ځانګړی او بې ساری اهمیت لري. دا د لومړيو (سر چینه اخیستونکو حجرو) غور نیکونه (یعنې سټیم حجرې د دوی نه پیدا شوې) دي او د حجروي اجزاوو د دندو همغږي کولو لپاره مهم دي. د عصبي کریسټ حجرې د پراختیا په جریان کې له عصبي تار نه د بدن له لارې مهاجرت کوي او د عصبي «ګنګلیا» او جوړښتونو، لکه: ژامې او کوپړۍ رامینځته کول پیلوي. <sup id="cite_ref-Teng2006_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teng2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gans1983_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gans1983-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bronner2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bronner2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د ملا تير لرونکي يوازينی «کورډیټ» ډله ده، چې  عصبي «سیفالیزیشن» لري، په سر کې د مغز د فعالیتونو غلظت لري (سيفاليزيشن د اعصابو سره نژدې د نورو غړو راټولېدل). د عصبي رګ د مخکینۍ برخې یو څه پړسوب په «لانسلیټ» کې موندل کیږي چې دا کورډيټ دی، که څه هم د ملا تير لرونکو سره د پرتلې پر مهال دا کورډيټ سترګې او نور پېچلي حسي غړي نه لري. نور کورډیټس د سیفالیزیشن پر لور هیڅ تمایل نه ښیې<sup id="cite_ref-Romer4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>یو څنګ وزلې عصبي نظام له عصبي تار نه شاخونه کوي، ترڅو مختلف نظامونه منځ ته راوړي. د عصبي ټیوب (نلکې) مخکینی پای د دېوالونو د ډبلوالي او د نخاع د مرکزي نالۍ د درېیو لومړنيو دماغي رګونو په پراخېدو سره پراخېږي: </p><p>پروسینسفالون (مخکینی دماغ)، میسینسفیلون (منځ دماغ) او رومبینسفیلون (د شا دماغ)، نور یې په نورو بېلا بېلو د ملا تير لرونکو ډلو کې سره وېشل شوي دي. دوه وروسته ځای پر ځای شوې سترګې، د منځني دماغ نه د ودې شاوخوا جوړوي، خو په هاګ فش کې داسې نه ده، شونې ده چې علت يې دويم ځلي له لاسه ورکول وي. مخکیني دماغ ښه وده کړې او په ډېری «ټیټراپډونو» (څلورو پښو لرونکو ژويو) وېشل شوی، په داسې حال کې چې منځنی دماغ په ډېری کبانو او ځینې سلامندرونو (چرموښکۍــ کربوړی) کې پیاوړی وي. د مخکیني دماغ رګونه، معمولا جوړه وي، چې په تی لرونکو ژويو کې د دماغي نیمه کُرې په څیر نیمې کُرې ته وده ورکوي.<sup id="cite_ref-Hildebrand_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hildebrand-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د مرکزي عصبي نظام پایله لرونکي اناتومي، له یوه واحد عصبي رګ سره چې د پاسه پرې یو لړ (ډېر ځل جوړه جوړه وي) «ویسیکلونه» (يو ډول کڅوړې) وي، د ملا تېر لرونکو يوه ځانګړتيا ده.  ټول غیر شمزۍ لرونکی ژوي چې ښه پرمختللی مغز لری، لکه: حشرات، غڼې او سکویډ (د اوبو یو ژوی دی چې اته پښې لري) د ګنګلیونونو د شاتني سیسټم پر ځای بطني سیسټم لري، د دماغ د وېشل شوي ډډ سره د خولې یا کولمو په هر اړخ کې روان دی. <sup id="cite_ref-Romer5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچینې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.DB.8C.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچینې</h2></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/summary-statistics">"Table 1a: Number of species evaluated in relation to the overall number of described species, and numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms"</a>. IUCN Red List. 18 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+1a%3A+Number+of+species+evaluated+in+relation+to+the+overall+number+of+described+species%2C+and+numbers+of+threatened+species+by+major+groups+of+organisms&rft.pub=IUCN+Red+List&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fresources%2Fsummary-statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D+%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A+%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFOtaFujimotoOisiKuratani2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ota, Kinya G.; Fujimoto, Satoko; Oisi, Yasuhiro; Kuratani, Shigeru (2017-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3157150">"Identification of vertebra-like elements and their possible differentiation from sclerotomes in the hagfish"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>2</b>: 373. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NatCo...2E.373O">2011NatCo...2E.373O</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms1355">10.1038/ncomms1355</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د تمديد نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3157150">3157150</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21712821">21712821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Identification+of+vertebra-like+elements+and+their+possible+differentiation+from+sclerotomes+in+the+hagfish&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=373&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3157150%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011NatCo...2E.373O&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21712821&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms1355&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Ota&rft.aufirst=Kinya+G.&rft.au=Fujimoto%2C+Satoko&rft.au=Oisi%2C+Yasuhiro&rft.au=Kuratani%2C+Shigeru&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3157150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D+%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A+%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hagfish-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hagfish_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKurakuHoshiyamaKatohSuga1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kuraku; et al. (December 1999). "Monophyly of Lampreys and Hagfishes Supported by Nuclear DNA–Coded Genes". <i>Journal of Molecular Evolution</i>. <b>49</b> (6): 729–35. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JMolE..49..729K">1999JMolE..49..729K</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00006595">10.1007/PL00006595</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10594174">10594174</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5613153">5613153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Evolution&rft.atitle=Monophyly+of+Lampreys+and+Hagfishes+Supported+by+Nuclear+DNA%E2%80%93Coded+Genes&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=729-35&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FPL00006595&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5613153%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10594174&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JMolE..49..729K&rft.au=Kuraku&rft.au=Hoshiyama%2C+D.&rft.au=Katoh%2C+K.&rft.au=Suga%2C+H.&rft.au=Miyata%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D+%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A+%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFStockWhitt,_G._S.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Stock, D.; Whitt, G. S. (7 August 1992). "Evidence from 18S ribosomal RNA sequences that lampreys and hagfish form a natural group". <i>Science</i>. <b>257</b> (5071): 787–789. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Sci...257..787S">1992Sci...257..787S</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1496398">10.1126/science.1496398</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1496398">1496398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Evidence+from+18S+ribosomal+RNA+sequences+that+lampreys+and+hagfish+form+a+natural+group&rft.volume=257&rft.issue=5071&rft.pages=787-789&rft.date=1992-08-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1496398&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1496398&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992Sci...257..787S&rft.aulast=Stock&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Whitt%2C+G.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D+%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A+%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholls, H. (10 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F461164a">"Mouth to Mouth"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>461</b> (7261): 164–166. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F461164a">10.1038/461164a</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19741680">19741680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Mouth+to+Mouth&rft.volume=461&rft.issue=7261&rft.pages=164-166&rft.date=2009-09-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F461164a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19741680&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F461164a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D+%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A+%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marshall, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelmarshalleurope/2018/10/30/animal-populations-have-fallen-60-per-cent-and-thats-bad-even-if-they-dont-go-extinct/">"Animal Populations Have Fallen 60 Percent And That's Bad Even If They Don't Go Extinct"</a>. <i>Forbes</i> (په انګليسي)<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">2020-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Animal+Populations+Have+Fallen+60+Percent+And+That%27s+Bad+Even+If+They+Don%27t+Go+Extinct&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmichaelmarshalleurope%2F2018%2F10%2F30%2Fanimal-populations-have-fallen-60-per-cent-and-thats-bad-even-if-they-dont-go-extinct%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D+%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A+%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vertebrate">"vertebrate"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. Dictionary.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=vertebrate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fvertebrate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D+%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A+%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vertebra">"vertebra"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. Dictionary.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=vertebra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fvertebra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D+%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A+%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWaggoner" class="citation web cs1">Waggoner, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/vertmm.html">"Vertebrates: More on Morphology"</a>. UCMP<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vertebrates%3A+More+on+Morphology&rft.pub=UCMP&rft.aulast=Waggoner&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fvertebrates%2Fvertmm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D+%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A+%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romer-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Romer_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Romer, A.S. (1949): <i>The Vertebrate Body.</i> W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. (2nd ed. 1955; 3rd ed. 1962; 4th ed. 1970)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLiemWalker2001" class="citation book cs1">Liem, K. F.; Walker, W. F. (2001). <i>Functional anatomy of the vertebrates: an evolutionary perspective</i>. Harcourt College Publishers. p. 277. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-03-022369-3" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-03-022369-3 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-03-022369-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Functional+anatomy+of+the+vertebrates%3A+an+evolutionary+perspective&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Harcourt+College+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-03-022369-3&rft.aulast=Liem&rft.aufirst=K.+F.&rft.au=Walker%2C+W.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D+%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A+%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFScott1996" class="citation book cs1">Scott, T. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00scot/page/542"><i>Concise encyclopedia biology</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00scot/page/542">542</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-3-11-010661-9" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-3-11-010661-9 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-3-11-010661-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+encyclopedia+biology&rft.pages=542&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-11-010661-9&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope00scot%2Fpage%2F542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D+%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A+%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romer2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Romer2_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Romer, A.S. (1949): <i>The Vertebrate Body.</i> W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. (2nd ed. 1955; 3rd ed. 1962; 4th ed. 1970)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSzarski1957" class="citation journal cs1">Szarski, Henryk (1957). "The Origin of the Larva and Metamorphosis in Amphibia". <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>91</b> (860): 283–301. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F281990">10.1086/281990</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جی سټور (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2458911">2458911</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85231736">85231736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Larva+and+Metamorphosis+in+Amphibia&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=860&rft.pages=283-301&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85231736%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2458911%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F281990&rft.aulast=Szarski&rft.aufirst=Henryk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D+%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A+%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaining_ground-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gaining_ground_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clack, J. A. (2002): Gaining ground: the origin and evolution of tetrapods. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indiana University Press (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Indiana University Press</a></i>, Bloomington, Indiana. 369 pp</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romer3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Romer3_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Romer, A.S. (1949): <i>The Vertebrate Body.</i> W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. (2nd ed. 1955; 3rd ed. 1962; 4th ed. 1970)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teng2006-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Teng2006_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Teng, L.; Labosky, P. A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17076284">"Neural crest stem cells"</a> In: Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet, <i>Neural Crest Induction and Differentiation</i>, pp. 206-212, Springer Science & Business Media. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9780387469546" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/9780387469546">9780387469546</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gans1983-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gans1983_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFGansNorthcutt1983" class="citation journal cs1">Gans, C.; Northcutt, R. G. (1983). "Neural crest and the origin of vertebrates: a new head". <i>Science</i>. <b>220</b> (4594): 268–273. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Sci...220..268G">1983Sci...220..268G</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.220.4594.268">10.1126/science.220.4594.268</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17732898">17732898</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39290007">39290007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Neural+crest+and+the+origin+of+vertebrates%3A+a+new+head&rft.volume=220&rft.issue=4594&rft.pages=268-273&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.220.4594.268&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39290007%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17732898&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983Sci...220..268G&rft.aulast=Gans&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Northcutt%2C+R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D+%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A+%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bronner2012-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bronner2012_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBronnerLeDouarin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bronner, M. E.; LeDouarin, N. M. (1 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3351559">"Evolution and development of the neural crest: An overview"</a>. <i>Developmental Biology</i>. <b>366</b> (1): 2–9. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2011.12.042">10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.12.042</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3351559">3351559</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22230617">22230617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Biology&rft.atitle=Evolution+and+development+of+the+neural+crest%3A+An+overview&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-9&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3351559%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22230617&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2011.12.042&rft.aulast=Bronner&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rft.au=LeDouarin%2C+N.+M.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3351559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D+%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A+%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupin, E.; Creuzet, S.; Le Douarin, N.M. (2007) "The Contribution of the Neural Crest to the Vertebrate Body". In: Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet, <i>Neural Crest Induction and Differentiation</i>, pp. 96–119, Springer Science & Business Media. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9780387469546" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/9780387469546">9780387469546</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%B4%DB%8C_%DA%89%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د شی ډیجیتالی نشانګر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-46954-6_6">10.1007/978-0-387-46954-6_6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6098/">Full text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romer4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Romer4_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Romer, A.S. (1949): <i>The Vertebrate Body.</i> W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. (2nd ed. 1955; 3rd ed. 1962; 4th ed. 1970)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hildebrand-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hildebrand_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hildebrand, M.; Gonslow, G. (2001): Analysis of Vertebrate Structure. 5th edition. <i>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York City (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">New York</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romer5-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Romer5_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Romer, A.S. (1949): <i>The Vertebrate Body.</i> W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. (2nd ed. 1955; 3rd ed. 1962; 4th ed. 1970)</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=شمزۍ_لرونکي_ژوي&oldid=277188">https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=شمزۍ_لرونکي_ژوي&oldid=277188</a>" نه اخيستل شوی</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%DB%90" title="ځانگړی:وېشنيزې">وېشنيزې</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="وېشنيزه:ژبه 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