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Understanding the SDLC: Software Development Lifecycle Explained · GitHub
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2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 2.344-.938.475-.584.742-1.44.878-2.497Z"></path><path d="M14.5 14.25a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" 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class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 px-lg-4"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_sponsors","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"github_sponsors_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="/sponsors"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" 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viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 px-lg-4"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"enterprise_platform","context":"enterprise","tag":"link","label":"enterprise_platform_link_enterprise_navbar"}" href="/enterprise"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-stack color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M11.063 1.456a1.749 1.749 0 0 1 1.874 0l8.383 5.316a1.751 1.751 0 0 1 0 2.956l-8.383 5.316a1.749 1.749 0 0 1-1.874 0L2.68 9.728a1.751 1.751 0 0 1 0-2.956Zm1.071 1.267a.25.25 0 0 0-.268 0L3.483 8.039a.25.25 0 0 0 0 .422l8.383 5.316a.25.25 0 0 0 .268 0l8.383-5.316a.25.25 0 0 0 0-.422Z"></path><path d="M1.867 12.324a.75.75 0 0 1 1.035-.232l8.964 5.685a.25.25 0 0 0 .268 0l8.964-5.685a.75.75 0 0 1 .804 1.267l-8.965 5.685a1.749 1.749 0 0 1-1.874 0l-8.965-5.685a.75.75 0 0 1-.231-1.035Z"></path><path d="M1.867 16.324a.75.75 0 0 1 1.035-.232l8.964 5.685a.25.25 0 0 0 .268 0l8.964-5.685a.75.75 0 0 1 .804 1.267l-8.965 5.685a1.749 1.749 0 0 1-1.874 0l-8.965-5.685a.75.75 0 0 1-.231-1.035Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Enterprise platform</div> AI-powered developer platform </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-bottom-0"> <span 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color-fg-muted px-3 text-small color-bg-default search-feedback-prompt"> <a target="_blank" href="https://docs.github.com/search-github/github-code-search/understanding-github-code-search-syntax" data-view-component="true" class="Link color-fg-accent text-normal ml-2"> Search syntax tips </a> <div class="d-flex flex-1"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </modal-dialog></div> </div> <div data-action="click:qbsearch-input#retract" class="dark-backdrop position-fixed" hidden data-target="qbsearch-input.darkBackdrop"></div> <div class="color-fg-default"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="qbsearch-input.feedbackDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="feedback-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="feedback-dialog-title" aria-describedby="feedback-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll"> <div 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--></option></form><form id="code-search-feedback-form" data-turbo="false" action="/search/feedback" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" name="authenticity_token" value="lSQbcwWeYlxeBbcW6B3MJMnW/9RwPEeUxS+T3t0SV3dacKzyj65ySDU3zkUnTj3Z7Re9W8sCtyihkRVoYm4vvA==" /> <p>We read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.</p> <textarea name="feedback" class="form-control width-full mb-2" style="height: 120px" id="feedback"></textarea> <input name="include_email" id="include_email" aria-label="Include my email address so I can be contacted" class="form-control mr-2" type="checkbox"> <label for="include_email" style="font-weight: normal">Include my email address so I can be contacted</label> </form></div> </scrollable-region> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel </button> <button 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value="zDII+VXN91Fx+u6v7ADhOOVj3Njr+vjDOGsWZllnjfXb0kbxJJ/HvqtbQb0GfPADEqHzF9iRDS0UhutptB6S8Q==" /> </auto-check> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="custom_scope_query">Query</label> <input type="text" name="custom_scope_query" id="custom_scope_query" data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesQueryField" class="form-control" autocomplete="off" placeholder="(repo:mona/a OR repo:mona/b) AND lang:python" required maxlength="500"> </div> <p class="text-small color-fg-muted"> To see all available qualifiers, see our <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="https://docs.github.com/search-github/github-code-search/understanding-github-code-search-syntax">documentation</a>. </p> </form> </div> <div data-target="custom-scopes.manageCustomScopesForm"> <div data-target="custom-scopes.list"></div> </div> </div> </scrollable-region> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd Overlay-footer--divided"> <button data-action="click:custom-scopes#customScopesCancel" 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Teams follow the SDLC to help them plan, analyze, design, test, deploy, and maintain software. The SDLC also helps teams ensure that the software meets stakeholder requirements and adheres to their organization’s standards for quality, security, and compliance.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The SDLC includes different phases, and each phase has a specific process and deliverables. Although SDLC meaning might vary for each development team, the most common phases include:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Requirements gathering and analysis: ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"Business analysts work with stakeholders to determine and document the software requirements.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"System design: ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"Software architects translate the requirements into a software solution and create a high-level design.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Coding: ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"Developers build the software based on the system design.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Testing: ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"The software is tested for bugs and defects and to make sure that it meets the requirements. 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The IT business analyst:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Gathers requirements by conducting interviews, holding workshops or focus groups, preparing surveys or questionnaires, and observing how stakeholders work.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Evaluates the requirements as they relate to system feasibility, and software design and testing.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Models the requirements and records them in a document, such as a user story, software requirements specification, use case document, or process specification.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"System design","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Effective system design properly accounts for all documented requirements. In this phase, software architects use tools to visualize information about the application’s behavior and structure, including:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The unified modeling language (UML) to illustrate the software’s architectural blueprints in a diagram.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Data flow diagrams to visualize system requirements.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Decision trees and decision tables to help explain complex relationships.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Simulations to predict how the software will perform.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"To support the distinct layers within a ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://github.com/resources/articles/software-development/what-is-software-development"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"software application","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":", software architects use a design principle called separation of concerns. A software program that’s designed to align with the separation of concerns principle is called a modular program.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Modular software design separates program functionality into interchangeable, independent modules, so that each module contains everything it needs to execute one aspect of the software’s functionality. This approach makes it easier to understand, test, maintain, reuse, scale, and refactor code.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Coding","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"In the coding phase, developers translate the system design specifications into actual code. It’s critical that developers follow best practices for writing clean, maintainable, and efficient code, including:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Writing code that’s easy to understand and read.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Using comments to explain what the code does.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Using ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://github.com/resources/articles/software-development/what-is-version-control"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"version control","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" to track any changes to the codebase.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Refactoring the code if needed.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Conducting a ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://github.com/resources/articles/software-development/how-to-improve-code-with-code-reviews"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"code review","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" when coding is completed to get a second opinion on the code.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Providing code documentation that explains how the code works.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Testing","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Before it’s released to production, the software is thoroughly tested for defects and errors.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://github.com/resources/articles/software-development/what-is-software-testing"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"software test plan","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"provides critical information about the testing process, including the strategy, objectives, required resources, deliverables, and criteria for exit or suspension.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Test case design ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"establishes the criteria for determining if the software is working correctly or not.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Test execution ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"is the process of running the test to identify any bugs or software defects.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Developers and quality assurance teams use automated testing tools to quickly test software, prepare defect reports, and compare testing results with expected outcomes. Automated testing saves time and money, provides immediate feedback, and helps improve software quality. Automated testing can be used for:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Unit testing:","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" Developers test the individual software modules to validate that each one is working correctly.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Integration testing:","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" Developers test how the different modules interact with each other to verify that they work together correctly.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"System testing","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":": Developers ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://github.com/resources/articles/software-development/what-is-software-testing"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"test the software","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" to verify that it meets the requirements and works correctly in the production environment.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"User acceptance testing: ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"Stakeholders and users test the software to verify and accept it before it’s deployed to production.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Deployment","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"There are three main phases to deploying software in a production environment:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The development team commits the code to a software repository.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The deployment automation tool triggers a series of tests.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The software is deployed to production and made available to users.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Effective software installation requires a consistent deployment mechanism and a simple installation structure with minimal file distribution. The team must also make sure that the correct configuration file is copied to the production environment and that the correct network protocols are in place. Before migrating data to the new system, the team also needs to audit the source data and resolve any issues.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Release management makes software deployment smooth and stable. This process is used to plan, design, schedule, test, and deploy the release. Versioning helps ensure the integrity of the production environment when upgrades are deployed.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Maintenance and support","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"After the software is deployed, the software maintenance lifecycle begins. Software requires ongoing maintenance to ensure that it operates at peak performance. Developers periodically issue software patches to fix bugs in the software and resolve any security issues.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Maintenance activities also include performance monitoring of both the software’s technical performance and how users perceive its performance. Providing training and documentation to users, along with addressing user issues and upgrading their systems to make sure they’re compatible with the new software, are also key components of the software maintenance lifecycle.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"What are the SDLC methodologies?","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"In the world of software development, different methodologies serve as structured approaches to guide the process of creating and delivering software. These methodologies shape how teams plan, execute, and manage their projects, impacting factors such as flexibility, collaboration, and efficiency. Let's take a look at some of the more prominent SDLC methodologies.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Waterfall model","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Introduced in 1970, the first SDLC approach to be widely used by development teams is called the waterfall model. This method divides the software development process into sequential phases. Work flows down from one phase to another, like a waterfall, with the outcome of one phase serving as the input for the next phase. The next phase can’t begin until the previous one is completed.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The waterfall model works best for small projects where the requirements are well-defined, and the development team understands the technology. Updating existing software and migrating software to a new platform are examples of scenarios that are well-suited for the waterfall model.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Waterfall model advantages","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The straightforward process is easy to understand and follow.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"An output is delivered at the end of each phase.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Project milestones and deadlines are clearly defined.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Waterfall model disadvantages","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Lack of flexibility makes it difficult for development teams to adapt when stakeholder requirements change.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Once a phase is completed, any changes can be costly to implement and might delay the project schedule.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Testing does not take place until the end of the SDLC.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Agile methodology","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The term “agile” describes an approach to software development that emphasizes incremental delivery, team collaboration, and continual planning and learning. Unlike the waterfall model’s sequential process, the agile methodology takes an iterative approach to software development.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Iterative software development speeds the SDLC by completing work in sprints, which are fixed project cycles that typically last between two and four weeks. Key terms include:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"User stories: ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"User stories are short descriptions of product requirements from the customer’s point of view. The most critical user stories are prioritized at the top of each sprint’s backlog of work.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Increment: ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"The sprint’s output is called the increment. Each increment should be of potentially shippable quality, with all coding, testing, and quality verification completed.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Retrospectives: ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"At the end of each sprint, the agile team conducts a retrospective meeting to evaluate the process and the tools, discuss what did and didn’t go well, and determine what to improve in future sprints.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The agile methodology is well-suited for projects that require flexibility and the ability to quickly adapt to changing requirements. Because it encourages collaboration, agile is also well-suited for complex projects where many teams work together.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Agile methodology advantages","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Stakeholders and users can provide feedback throughout the SDLC, making it easier for developers to build software that meets their needs.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Incremental delivery helps development teams identify and fix issues early in the project before they become major problems.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Cost savings might be realized by reducing the amount of rework required to fix issues.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Retrospectives provide an opportunity for teams to continuously improve the process.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Agile methodology disadvantages","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Requirements must be clearly defined in the user story. If not, the project can quickly derail.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Too much user feedback might change the scope of the project, cause delays, or make it difficult to manage.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Incremental deliverables can make it difficult to determine how long it will take to finish the entire project.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Agile frameworks","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Agile methods are often called frameworks and the most common agile framework is called “scrum.” There are the three key roles on the scrum team:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The scrum master ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"ensures that the team follows the scrum process and is continuously looking for ways that the team can improve while resolving issues that arise during the sprint.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The product owner ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"takes responsibility for what the team builds and why they build it, along with keeping the backlog of work in priority order and up to date.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The scrum team members ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"build the product and are responsible for engineering and quality.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The scrum team decides how to manage its own workload for each sprint based on the backlog shown on a task board. Team members participate in a daily scrum (or daily standup) meeting where each person reports on their individual progress. At the end of the sprint, the team demonstrates their potentially shippable increment to stakeholders, conducts a retrospective, and determines actions for the next sprint.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Kanban is another agile framework. Kanban is Japanese term that means billboard or signboard. Kanban boards visualize work items as cards in different states to provides at-a-glance insight into the status of each project and make it easy to identify any bottlenecks.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"To help them work most effectively, development teams might adopt aspects of both the scrum and kanban agile frameworks.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Other popular SDLC methodologies","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The iterative model","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" emphasizes continuous feedback and incremental progress. It organizes the development process into small cycles where developers make frequent, incremental changes to continuously learn and avoid costly mistakes. The iterative model is well-suited for large projects that can be divided into smaller pieces, and for projects where the requirements are clearly defined from the start.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The spiral model","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" combines the iterative and waterfall models. It takes an evolutionary approach where developers iteratively develop, test, and refine the software in successive cycles, or spirals. Large, complex, and costly projects are well-suited for this model.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The v-shaped model","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" emphasizes testing and validation in a sequential process. This model is very useful for projects in industries like healthcare, where thorough testing is critical.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The lean model","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" focuses on increasing efficiency throughout the development process. This model takes an iterative approach and is well-suited for projects where achieving short-term goals is a priority and when there’s frequent interaction between the development team and users.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"SDLC best practices and challenges","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The biggest challenges to a successful SDLC often stem from inadequate communication, planning, testing, or documentation. Best practices to address these issues include:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Collaboration between the development team, IT operations, the security team, and stakeholders.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Clearly defining user requirements and project deliverables, timelines, and milestones.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Detailed documentation of resources, schedules, code, and other deliverables.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Daily scrum meetings to identify and resolve issues.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Retrospectives to drive continuous improvement across the SDLC.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"SDLC security","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Due to increasing cyberattacks and security breaches, development teams are under pressure to improve ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://resources.github.com/security/what-is-application-security/"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"application security","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":". SDLC security is a set of processes that incorporate robust security measures and testing into the SDLC. Best practices support the detection and remediation of security issues early in the lifecycle—before the software is deployed to production.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Security that empowers developers","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"To get ahead of security issues, some teams are using development platforms that build security analysis into their workflow. For example, the GitHub platform scans code for security issues as it’s written in the coding phase.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"How does DevOps work with the SDLC?","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://resources.github.com/devops/"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"DevOps","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" is an approach to SDLC that combines development (dev) and operations (ops) to speed the delivery of quality software. The core principles of this approach are automation, security, and ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://resources.github.com/ci-cd/"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD)","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":", which combines the SDLC into one integrated workflow.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"DevOps follows the lean and agile SDLC methodologies and emphasizes collaboration. Throughout the entire SDLC, developers, IT operations staff, and security teams regularly communicate and work together to ensure successful project delivery.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://resources.github.com/devops/tools/compare/"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"See a comparison of DevOps solutions","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Conclusion","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"A well-structured SDLC helps development teams deliver high-quality software faster and more efficiently. Although SDLC methods vary by organization, most development teams use SDLC to guide their projects.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The SDLC helps development teams build software that meets user requirements and is well-tested, highly secure, and production ready. Popular tools that support the SDLC process include:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://github.com/features/actions"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"GitHub Actions","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" to automate SDLC workflows.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://github.com/features/security"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"GitHub security tools","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" to help developers ship secure 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Development Lifecycle Explained","appPayload":null}</script> <div data-target="react-app.reactRoot"><div data-color-mode="light" dir="ltr" class="Article-module__articlePageBody--NesIo" style="background-color:var(--brand-color-canvas-default)"><div class="Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid___q48mT" data-testid="Grid-:R1b:"><div class="Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column___HTpsw Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column--span-12___Tn1Hg"><section><div id=":R5b:"><header><div class="Primer_Brand__Box-module__Box-marginBlockStart--20___gqeBE"><nav class="Primer_Brand__Breadcrumbs-module__Breadcrumbs___ANvyl Primer_Brand__Breadcrumbs-module__Breadcrumbs--default___q2JxW" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ol class="Primer_Brand__Breadcrumbs-module__Breadcrumbs__list___S1xLw"><li class="Primer_Brand__Breadcrumbs-module__Breadcrumbs__item___IX25P"><a href="https://github.com/resources/articles" class="Primer_Brand__InlineLink-module__InlineLink___U_Ama 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Articles","item":"https://github.com/resources/articles"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Software Development","item":"https://github.com/resources/articles/software-development"}]}</script></div><div class="Primer_Brand__Box-module__Box-marginBlockStart--64___oLHvC Primer_Brand__Box-module__Box-marginBlockEnd--32___W5xYE"><h1 class="Primer_Brand__Heading-module__Heading___IVpmp Primer_Brand__Heading-module__Heading-font--hubot-sans___w3_5f Primer_Brand__Heading-module__Heading--1___Ufc7G Primer_Brand__Heading-module__Heading--weight-semibold___NMvbh Primer_Brand__Heading-module__Heading--stretch-condensed____i8A2">Understanding the SDLC: Software Development Lifecycle Explained</h1></div></header><article><div class="Primer_Brand__Box-module__Box-narrow-paddingBlockEnd--48___OPwru Primer_Brand__Box-module__Box-narrow-marginBlockEnd--48___u5_N1"><div class="Primer_Brand__Box-module__Box-narrow-marginBlockEnd--64___iRYFP Primer_Brand__Box-module__Box-wide-marginBlockEnd--80___Jqalb Primer_Brand__Box-module__Box-borderRadius--large___CCcts Article-module__heroImageArea--uMGs5"></div><div class="Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid___q48mT" data-testid="Grid-:R5tb:"><div class="Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column___HTpsw Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column--xsmall-span-12___brXS7 Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column--large-span-4___eJREG Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column--xsmall-start-1___Y9JJq Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column--large-start-10___rOnsb Article-module__asideCol--FNvxD"><aside class="TableofContents-module__aside--MgSe7 "><nav aria-labelledby="table-of-contents-heading"><div class="Primer_Brand__Stack-module__Stack___tASKe Primer_Brand__Stack-module__Stack--vertical___CFzE7 Primer_Brand__Stack-module__Stack--gap-64___XKCAY 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id="table-of-contents-heading">Table of contents</h2><button data-analytics-event="{"action":"expand_table_of_contents_menu","tag":"icon","context":"menu_toggle","location":"table_of_contents","label":"expand_table_of_contents_menu_icon_menu_toggle_table_of_contents"}" data-ref="table-of-contents-menu-toggle-388yYboo0GIPKu6S36uaAM" class="TableofContents-module__tableOfContentsMenuToggle--ATCTT"><span class="sr-only">Open<!-- --> Table of contents</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" style="display:inline-block;user-select:none;vertical-align:text-bottom;overflow:visible"><path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="TableofContents-module__tableOfContentsNav--m47_w "><ol class="TableofContents-module__tableOfContentsList--si7P_"><li><a data-analytics-event="{"action":"what_is_sdlc","tag":"link","context":"anchor_link","location":"table_of_contents","label":"what_is_sdlc_link_anchor_link_table_of_contents"}" data-ref="table-of-contents-list-item-link-388yYboo0GIPKu6S36uaAM-what-is-sdlc" href="#what-is-sdlc" class="TableofContents-module__linkButton--NFOgJ TableofContents-module__tableOfContentsListItem--zoxo4"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___pecHN Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___GpzSG Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___lTaVa Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___csEom Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-normal___siVLX TableofContents-module__listItemText--ihBEh">What is SDLC?</span></a></li><li><a data-analytics-event="{"action":"sdlc_phases_and_how_they_work","tag":"link","context":"anchor_link","location":"table_of_contents","label":"sdlc_phases_and_how_they_work_link_anchor_link_table_of_contents"}" 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TableofContents-module__tableOfContentsListItem--zoxo4"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___pecHN Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___GpzSG Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___lTaVa Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___csEom Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-normal___siVLX TableofContents-module__listItemText--ihBEh">What are the SDLC methodologies?</span></a></li><li><a data-analytics-event="{"action":"sdlc_best_practices_and_challenges","tag":"link","context":"anchor_link","location":"table_of_contents","label":"sdlc_best_practices_and_challenges_link_anchor_link_table_of_contents"}" data-ref="table-of-contents-list-item-link-388yYboo0GIPKu6S36uaAM-sdlc-best-practices-and-challenges" href="#sdlc-best-practices-and-challenges" class="TableofContents-module__linkButton--NFOgJ TableofContents-module__tableOfContentsListItem--zoxo4"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___pecHN Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___GpzSG 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data-analytics-event="{"action":"how_does_devops_work_with_the_sdlc","tag":"link","context":"anchor_link","location":"table_of_contents","label":"how_does_devops_work_with_the_sdlc_link_anchor_link_table_of_contents"}" data-ref="table-of-contents-list-item-link-388yYboo0GIPKu6S36uaAM-how-does-devops-work-with-the-sdlc" href="#how-does-devops-work-with-the-sdlc" class="TableofContents-module__linkButton--NFOgJ TableofContents-module__tableOfContentsListItem--zoxo4"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___pecHN Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___GpzSG Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___lTaVa Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___csEom Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-normal___siVLX TableofContents-module__listItemText--ihBEh">How does DevOps work with the SDLC?</span></a></li><li><a data-analytics-event="{"action":"conclusion","tag":"link","context":"anchor_link","location":"table_of_contents","label":"conclusion_link_anchor_link_table_of_contents"}" 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Primer_Brand__Heading-module__Heading--subhead-medium___Pik5E Primer_Brand__Heading-module__Heading--weight-medium___II172 FeaturedContent-module__asideHeading--dlmfU">Featured</h3><div class="Primer_Brand__Box-module__Box-marginBlockStart--24___puxKK"><div class="Primer_Brand__Box-module__Box-marginBlockEnd--4___uZDEK"><h4 class="Primer_Brand__Heading-module__Heading___IVpmp Primer_Brand__Heading-module__Heading-font--mona-sans___SCnTx Primer_Brand__Heading-module__Heading--subhead-medium___Pik5E">GitHub’s DevOps Solution</h4></div><p class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___pecHN Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___GpzSG Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___lTaVa Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___csEom">Learn why 90% of the Fortune 100 use GitHub to build, scale, and deliver secure software.</p></div><div class="Primer_Brand__Box-module__Box-marginBlockStart--16___plaHc"><a class="Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button___lDruK 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stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></nav></aside></div><div class="Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column___HTpsw Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column--xsmall-span-12___brXS7 Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column--large-span-9___aamnY Article-module__articleCol--oHHFj"><div class="Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid___q48mT" data-testid="Grid-:R3dtb:"><div class="Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column___HTpsw Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column--xsmall-span-12___brXS7 Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column--large-span-11___mDo3B"><div class="Primer_Brand__Box-module__Box-narrow-marginBlockEnd--24___oh65t Primer_Brand__Box-module__Box-wide-marginBlockEnd--48___X5ONp"><header><p class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___pecHN Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--hubot-sans___l0tzF Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___DChoE Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--500___orDRu Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___E0iQL Lede-module__lede--Z6dMJ">Learn about the software development lifecycle (SDLC) and gain valuable insights into its essential phases, methodologies, and best practices. Enhance your understanding of this crucial process to drive successful software development projects.</p><p class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___pecHN Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--hubot-sans___l0tzF Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___DChoE Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--500___orDRu Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___E0iQL Lede-module__lede--Z6dMJ"></p></header></div></div></div><div><div class="Primer_Brand__Prose-module__Prose___X2BXE Primer_Brand__Prose-module__Prose--lineLength___ws7gn Primer_Brand__Prose-module__Prose--editorial___DtuDo"><p>Building great software is a big challenge, and development teams rely on the software development lifecycle (SDLC) to help them succeed. By providing a structured approach to software development, an effective SDLC helps teams:</p><ul><li><p>Clarify and understand stakeholder requirements.</p></li><li><p>Estimate project costs and timeframes.</p></li><li><p>Identify and minimize risks early in the process.</p></li><li><p>Measure progress and keep projects on track.</p></li><li><p>Enhance transparency and improve client relations.</p></li><li><p>Control costs and accelerate time to market.</p></li></ul><h2 id="what-is-sdlc">What is SDLC?</h2><p>The software development lifecycle (SDLC) is a step-by-step process that helps development teams efficiently build the highest quality software at the lowest cost. Teams follow the SDLC to help them plan, analyze, design, test, deploy, and maintain software. The SDLC also helps teams ensure that the software meets stakeholder requirements and adheres to their organization’s standards for quality, security, and compliance.</p><p>The SDLC includes different phases, and each phase has a specific process and deliverables. Although SDLC meaning might vary for each development team, the most common phases include:</p><ul><li><p><b>Requirements gathering and analysis: </b>Business analysts work with stakeholders to determine and document the software requirements.</p></li><li><p><b>System design: </b>Software architects translate the requirements into a software solution and create a high-level design.</p></li><li><p><b>Coding: </b>Developers build the software based on the system design.</p></li><li><p><b>Testing: </b>The software is tested for bugs and defects and to make sure that it meets the requirements. Any issues are fixed until the software is ready for deployment.</p></li><li><p><b>Deployment: </b>The software is released to the production environment where it is installed on the target systems and made available to users.</p></li><li><p><b>Maintenance and support: </b>This ongoing process includes training and supporting users, enhancing the software, monitoring performance, and fixing any bugs or security issues.</p></li></ul><h2 id="sdlc-phases-and-how-they-work">SDLC phases and how they work</h2><p>Each phase of the SDLC has key activities designed to drive efficiently, quality, and customer satisfaction.</p><p><b>Requirements gathering and analysis</b></p><p>Accurate, complete, and measurable user requirements are the foundation for any successful SDLC project—to ensure that the software meets user expectations and to avoid costly rework and project delays. The IT business analyst:</p><ul><li><p>Gathers requirements by conducting interviews, holding workshops or focus groups, preparing surveys or questionnaires, and observing how stakeholders work.</p></li><li><p>Evaluates the requirements as they relate to system feasibility, and software design and testing.</p></li><li><p>Models the requirements and records them in a document, such as a user story, software requirements specification, use case document, or process specification.</p></li></ul><p><b>System design</b></p><p>Effective system design properly accounts for all documented requirements. In this phase, software architects use tools to visualize information about the application’s behavior and structure, including:</p><ul><li><p>The unified modeling language (UML) to illustrate the software’s architectural blueprints in a diagram.</p></li><li><p>Data flow diagrams to visualize system requirements.</p></li><li><p>Decision trees and decision tables to help explain complex relationships.</p></li><li><p>Simulations to predict how the software will perform.</p></li></ul><p>To support the distinct layers within a <a href="https://github.com/resources/articles/software-development/what-is-software-development" data-analytics-event={"action":"software_application","tag":"hyperlink","label":"software_application_hyperlink_null_null"} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">software application</a>, software architects use a design principle called separation of concerns. A software program that’s designed to align with the separation of concerns principle is called a modular program.</p><p>Modular software design separates program functionality into interchangeable, independent modules, so that each module contains everything it needs to execute one aspect of the software’s functionality. This approach makes it easier to understand, test, maintain, reuse, scale, and refactor code.</p><p><b>Coding</b></p><p>In the coding phase, developers translate the system design specifications into actual code. It’s critical that developers follow best practices for writing clean, maintainable, and efficient code, including:</p><ul><li><p>Writing code that’s easy to understand and read.</p></li><li><p>Using comments to explain what the code does.</p></li><li><p>Using <a href="https://github.com/resources/articles/software-development/what-is-version-control" data-analytics-event={"action":"version_control","tag":"hyperlink","label":"version_control_hyperlink_null_null"} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">version control</a> to track any changes to the codebase.</p></li><li><p>Refactoring the code if needed.</p></li><li><p>Conducting a <a href="https://github.com/resources/articles/software-development/how-to-improve-code-with-code-reviews" data-analytics-event={"action":"code_review","tag":"hyperlink","label":"code_review_hyperlink_null_null"} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">code review</a> when coding is completed to get a second opinion on the code.</p></li><li><p>Providing code documentation that explains how the code works.</p></li></ul><p><b>Testing</b></p><p>Before it’s released to production, the software is thoroughly tested for defects and errors.</p><ul><li><p><b>The </b><a href="https://github.com/resources/articles/software-development/what-is-software-testing" data-analytics-event={"action":"software_test_plan","tag":"hyperlink","label":"software_test_plan_hyperlink_null_null"} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><b>software test plan</b></a><b> </b>provides critical information about the testing process, including the strategy, objectives, required resources, deliverables, and criteria for exit or suspension.</p></li><li><p><b>Test case design </b>establishes the criteria for determining if the software is working correctly or not.</p></li><li><p><b>Test execution </b>is the process of running the test to identify any bugs or software defects.</p></li></ul><p>Developers and quality assurance teams use automated testing tools to quickly test software, prepare defect reports, and compare testing results with expected outcomes. Automated testing saves time and money, provides immediate feedback, and helps improve software quality. Automated testing can be used for:</p><ul><li><p><b>Unit testing:</b> Developers test the individual software modules to validate that each one is working correctly.</p></li><li><p><b>Integration testing:</b> Developers test how the different modules interact with each other to verify that they work together correctly.</p></li><li><p><b>System testing</b>: Developers <a href="https://github.com/resources/articles/software-development/what-is-software-testing" data-analytics-event={"action":"test_the_software","tag":"hyperlink","label":"test_the_software_hyperlink_null_null"} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">test the software</a> to verify that it meets the requirements and works correctly in the production environment.</p></li><li><p><b>User acceptance testing: </b>Stakeholders and users test the software to verify and accept it before it’s deployed to production.</p></li></ul><p><b>Deployment</b></p><p>There are three main phases to deploying software in a production environment:</p><ul><li><p>The development team commits the code to a software repository.</p></li><li><p>The deployment automation tool triggers a series of tests.</p></li><li><p>The software is deployed to production and made available to users.</p></li></ul><p>Effective software installation requires a consistent deployment mechanism and a simple installation structure with minimal file distribution. The team must also make sure that the correct configuration file is copied to the production environment and that the correct network protocols are in place. Before migrating data to the new system, the team also needs to audit the source data and resolve any issues.</p><p>Release management makes software deployment smooth and stable. This process is used to plan, design, schedule, test, and deploy the release. Versioning helps ensure the integrity of the production environment when upgrades are deployed.</p><p><b>Maintenance and support</b></p><p>After the software is deployed, the software maintenance lifecycle begins. Software requires ongoing maintenance to ensure that it operates at peak performance. Developers periodically issue software patches to fix bugs in the software and resolve any security issues.</p><p>Maintenance activities also include performance monitoring of both the software’s technical performance and how users perceive its performance. Providing training and documentation to users, along with addressing user issues and upgrading their systems to make sure they’re compatible with the new software, are also key components of the software maintenance lifecycle.</p><h2 id="what-are-the-sdlc-methodologies">What are the SDLC methodologies?</h2><p>In the world of software development, different methodologies serve as structured approaches to guide the process of creating and delivering software. These methodologies shape how teams plan, execute, and manage their projects, impacting factors such as flexibility, collaboration, and efficiency. Let's take a look at some of the more prominent SDLC methodologies.</p><p><b>Waterfall model</b></p><p>Introduced in 1970, the first SDLC approach to be widely used by development teams is called the waterfall model. This method divides the software development process into sequential phases. Work flows down from one phase to another, like a waterfall, with the outcome of one phase serving as the input for the next phase. The next phase can’t begin until the previous one is completed.</p><p>The waterfall model works best for small projects where the requirements are well-defined, and the development team understands the technology. Updating existing software and migrating software to a new platform are examples of scenarios that are well-suited for the waterfall model.</p><p><b>Waterfall model advantages</b></p><ul><li><p>The straightforward process is easy to understand and follow.</p></li><li><p>An output is delivered at the end of each phase.</p></li><li><p>Project milestones and deadlines are clearly defined.</p></li></ul><p><b>Waterfall model disadvantages</b></p><ul><li><p>Lack of flexibility makes it difficult for development teams to adapt when stakeholder requirements change.</p></li><li><p>Once a phase is completed, any changes can be costly to implement and might delay the project schedule.</p></li><li><p>Testing does not take place until the end of the SDLC.</p></li></ul><p><b>Agile methodology</b></p><p>The term “agile” describes an approach to software development that emphasizes incremental delivery, team collaboration, and continual planning and learning. Unlike the waterfall model’s sequential process, the agile methodology takes an iterative approach to software development.</p><p>Iterative software development speeds the SDLC by completing work in sprints, which are fixed project cycles that typically last between two and four weeks. Key terms include:</p><ul><li><p><b>User stories: </b>User stories are short descriptions of product requirements from the customer’s point of view. The most critical user stories are prioritized at the top of each sprint’s backlog of work.</p></li><li><p><b>Increment: </b>The sprint’s output is called the increment. Each increment should be of potentially shippable quality, with all coding, testing, and quality verification completed.</p></li><li><p><b>Retrospectives: </b>At the end of each sprint, the agile team conducts a retrospective meeting to evaluate the process and the tools, discuss what did and didn’t go well, and determine what to improve in future sprints.</p></li></ul><p>The agile methodology is well-suited for projects that require flexibility and the ability to quickly adapt to changing requirements. Because it encourages collaboration, agile is also well-suited for complex projects where many teams work together.</p><p><b>Agile methodology advantages</b></p><ul><li><p>Stakeholders and users can provide feedback throughout the SDLC, making it easier for developers to build software that meets their needs.</p></li><li><p>Incremental delivery helps development teams identify and fix issues early in the project before they become major problems.</p></li><li><p>Cost savings might be realized by reducing the amount of rework required to fix issues.</p></li><li><p>Retrospectives provide an opportunity for teams to continuously improve the process.</p></li></ul><p><b>Agile methodology disadvantages</b></p><ul><li><p>Requirements must be clearly defined in the user story. If not, the project can quickly derail.</p></li><li><p>Too much user feedback might change the scope of the project, cause delays, or make it difficult to manage.</p></li><li><p>Incremental deliverables can make it difficult to determine how long it will take to finish the entire project.</p></li></ul><p><b>Agile frameworks</b></p><p>Agile methods are often called frameworks and the most common agile framework is called “scrum.” There are the three key roles on the scrum team:</p><ul><li><p><b>The scrum master </b>ensures that the team follows the scrum process and is continuously looking for ways that the team can improve while resolving issues that arise during the sprint.</p></li><li><p><b>The product owner </b>takes responsibility for what the team builds and why they build it, along with keeping the backlog of work in priority order and up to date.</p></li><li><p><b>The scrum team members </b>build the product and are responsible for engineering and quality.</p></li></ul><p>The scrum team decides how to manage its own workload for each sprint based on the backlog shown on a task board. Team members participate in a daily scrum (or daily standup) meeting where each person reports on their individual progress. At the end of the sprint, the team demonstrates their potentially shippable increment to stakeholders, conducts a retrospective, and determines actions for the next sprint.</p><p>Kanban is another agile framework. Kanban is Japanese term that means billboard or signboard. Kanban boards visualize work items as cards in different states to provides at-a-glance insight into the status of each project and make it easy to identify any bottlenecks.</p><p>To help them work most effectively, development teams might adopt aspects of both the scrum and kanban agile frameworks.</p><p><b>Other popular SDLC methodologies</b></p><ul><li><p><b>The iterative model</b> emphasizes continuous feedback and incremental progress. It organizes the development process into small cycles where developers make frequent, incremental changes to continuously learn and avoid costly mistakes. The iterative model is well-suited for large projects that can be divided into smaller pieces, and for projects where the requirements are clearly defined from the start.</p></li><li><p><b>The spiral model</b> combines the iterative and waterfall models. It takes an evolutionary approach where developers iteratively develop, test, and refine the software in successive cycles, or spirals. Large, complex, and costly projects are well-suited for this model.</p></li><li><p><b>The v-shaped model</b> emphasizes testing and validation in a sequential process. This model is very useful for projects in industries like healthcare, where thorough testing is critical.</p></li><li><p><b>The lean model</b> focuses on increasing efficiency throughout the development process. This model takes an iterative approach and is well-suited for projects where achieving short-term goals is a priority and when there’s frequent interaction between the development team and users.</p></li></ul><h2 id="sdlc-best-practices-and-challenges">SDLC best practices and challenges</h2><p>The biggest challenges to a successful SDLC often stem from inadequate communication, planning, testing, or documentation. Best practices to address these issues include:</p><ul><li><p>Collaboration between the development team, IT operations, the security team, and stakeholders.</p></li><li><p>Clearly defining user requirements and project deliverables, timelines, and milestones.</p></li><li><p>Detailed documentation of resources, schedules, code, and other deliverables.</p></li><li><p>Daily scrum meetings to identify and resolve issues.</p></li><li><p>Retrospectives to drive continuous improvement across the SDLC.</p></li></ul><h2 id="sdlc-security">SDLC security</h2><p>Due to increasing cyberattacks and security breaches, development teams are under pressure to improve <a href="https://resources.github.com/security/what-is-application-security/" data-analytics-event={"action":"application_security","tag":"hyperlink","label":"application_security_hyperlink_null_null"} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">application security</a>. SDLC security is a set of processes that incorporate robust security measures and testing into the SDLC. Best practices support the detection and remediation of security issues early in the lifecycle—before the software is deployed to production.</p><p><b>Security that empowers developers</b></p><p>To get ahead of security issues, some teams are using development platforms that build security analysis into their workflow. For example, the GitHub platform scans code for security issues as it’s written in the coding phase.</p><h2 id="how-does-devops-work-with-the-sdlc">How does DevOps work with the SDLC?</h2><p><a href="https://resources.github.com/devops/" data-analytics-event={"action":"devops","tag":"hyperlink","label":"devops_hyperlink_null_null"} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">DevOps</a> is an approach to SDLC that combines development (dev) and operations (ops) to speed the delivery of quality software. The core principles of this approach are automation, security, and <a href="https://resources.github.com/ci-cd/" data-analytics-event={"action":"continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery_cicd","tag":"hyperlink","label":"continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery_cicd_hyperlink_null_null"} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD)</a>, which combines the SDLC into one integrated workflow.</p><p>DevOps follows the lean and agile SDLC methodologies and emphasizes collaboration. Throughout the entire SDLC, developers, IT operations staff, and security teams regularly communicate and work together to ensure successful project delivery.</p><p><a href="https://resources.github.com/devops/tools/compare/" data-analytics-event={"action":"see_a_comparison_of_devops_solutions","tag":"hyperlink","label":"see_a_comparison_of_devops_solutions_hyperlink_null_null"} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">See a comparison of DevOps solutions</a></p><h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2><p>A well-structured SDLC helps development teams deliver high-quality software faster and more efficiently. Although SDLC methods vary by organization, most development teams use SDLC to guide their projects.</p><p>The SDLC helps development teams build software that meets user requirements and is well-tested, highly secure, and production ready. Popular tools that support the SDLC process include:</p><ul><li><p><a href="https://github.com/features/actions" data-analytics-event={"action":"github_actions","tag":"hyperlink","label":"github_actions_hyperlink_null_null"} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GitHub Actions</a> to automate SDLC workflows.</p></li><li><p><a href="https://github.com/features/security" data-analytics-event={"action":"github_security_tools","tag":"hyperlink","label":"github_security_tools_hyperlink_null_null"} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GitHub security tools</a> to help developers ship secure applications.</p></li><li><p><a href="https://github.com/features/copilot" data-analytics-event={"action":"github_copilot","tag":"hyperlink","label":"github_copilot_hyperlink_null_null"} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GitHub Copilot</a> to developers write code faster with AI.</p></li><li><p><a href="https://github.com/features/code-review" data-analytics-event={"action":"github_code_review_tools","tag":"hyperlink","label":"github_code_review_tools_hyperlink_null_null"} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GitHub code review tools</a> to help avoid human error.</p></li></ul><p></p></div></div></div></div><div class="Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid___q48mT" data-testid="Grid-:R7tb:"><div class="Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column___HTpsw Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column--span-12___Tn1Hg"><div class="Primer_Brand__Box-module__Box-narrow-marginBlockStart--64___AU4LW Primer_Brand__Box-module__Box-wide-marginBlockStart--112___M351c"><div class="Primer_Brand__Stack-module__Stack___tASKe Primer_Brand__Stack-module__Stack--vertical___CFzE7 Primer_Brand__Stack-module__Stack--gap-128___KJAoH Primer_Brand__Stack-module__Stack--padding-none___RCMh9"><section><div class="Primer_Brand__Stack-module__Stack___tASKe Primer_Brand__Stack-module__Stack--vertical___CFzE7 Primer_Brand__Stack-module__Stack--gap-64___XKCAY Primer_Brand__Stack-module__Stack--padding-none___RCMh9"><header class="Primer_Brand__SectionIntro-module__SectionIntro___RduRB Primer_Brand__SectionIntro-module__SectionIntro--align-center___qU_a9"><h2 class="Primer_Brand__Heading-module__Heading___IVpmp Primer_Brand__Heading-module__Heading-font--mona-sans___SCnTx Primer_Brand__Heading-module__Heading--4___C9jDG Primer_Brand__SectionIntro-module__SectionIntro-heading___u6_Wl">More Software Development resources</h2></header><div class="Primer_Brand__Animation-module__Animation___KNtEW Primer_Brand__Animation-module__Animation--scale-in-up___n0qDP"><div class="Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid___q48mT" data-testid="Grid-:R5ftb:"><div class="Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column___HTpsw Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column--xsmall-span-12___brXS7 Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column--small-span-12___NdAWP Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column--medium-span-6___DACuh Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column--large-span-4___eJREG Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column--xlarge-span-4___D_9gq Primer_Brand__Grid-module__Grid__column--xxlarge-span-4___wmisc"><div class="height-full"><div class="Primer_Brand__Card-module__Card__outer___QBN0D Primer_Brand__Card-module__Card--maxWidth___sqVhD"><div class="Primer_Brand__Card-module__Card___ByGEk Primer_Brand__Card-module__Card--colorMode-light___LXDwj Primer_Brand__Card-module__Card--variant-default___nSKnF Primer_Brand__Card-module__Card--border___nNZlZ Primer_Brand__Card-module__Card--colorMode-light___LXDwj height-full" data-ref="card-action-2ESwaUfVPhDRM7MAmR88d7" data-analytics-event="{"action":"learn_more","tag":"card","context":"understanding_software_architecture","label":"learn_more_card_understanding_software_architecture_null"}"><h3 class="Primer_Brand__Heading-module__Heading___IVpmp Primer_Brand__Heading-module__Heading-font--mona-sans___SCnTx Primer_Brand__Heading-module__Heading--subhead-large____C6GZ Primer_Brand__Card-module__Card__heading___INFhp"><a href="https://github.com/resources/articles/software-development/what-is-software-architecture" class="Primer_Brand__Card-module__Card__link___Ye5mq">Understanding Software Architecture</a></h3><p class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___pecHN Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___GpzSG Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___lTaVa Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200___XAIGT Primer_Brand__Card-module__Card__description___KN9CH">Explore the foundational role of software architecture in development, its principles, and impact on project success. 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