CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Line 3 pipeline - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f2701065-6187-41b2-bd36-eb9d380c29fa","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Line_3_pipeline","wgTitle":"Line 3 pipeline","wgCurRevisionId":1250296099,"wgRevisionId":1250296099,"wgArticleId":57650034,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing pro and con lists","Wikipedia articles with style issues from August 2021","All articles with style issues","Enbridge pipelines","Oil pipelines in North America","Environmentalism in Canada","Crude oil pipelines in the United States","Proposed pipelines in the United States","Oil pipelines in Minnesota","Oil pipelines in North Dakota","Oil pipelines in Wisconsin", "Oil pipelines in Canada","Proposed pipelines in Canada","Oil pipelines in Alberta","Pipelines in Saskatchewan","Environmental justice","Environmental controversies","Indigenous peoples of North America and the environment","Nonviolent occupation","Mississippi River","Water law in the United States","Environment of Minnesota","Indigenous rights in Canada","Climate change and society","Environmentalism in the United States","Environmental racism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Line_3_pipeline","wgRelevantArticleId":57650034,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr", "pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q55315760","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Line 3 pipeline - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_3_pipeline"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_3_pipeline"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Line_3_pipeline rootpage-Line_3_pipeline skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Line+3+pipeline" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Line+3+pipeline" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Line+3+pipeline" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Line+3+pipeline" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oil_spills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_spills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Oil spills </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_spills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_and_new_route" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_and_new_route"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Expansion and new route </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_and_new_route-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongoing_opposition_following_final_permit_approval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongoing_opposition_following_final_permit_approval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Ongoing opposition following final permit approval </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongoing_opposition_following_final_permit_approval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_in_Minnesota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_in_Minnesota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Debate in Minnesota </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Debate_in_Minnesota-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Debate in Minnesota subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Debate_in_Minnesota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposing_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Opposing arguments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tim_Walz's_administrative_U_turn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tim_Walz's_administrative_U_turn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Tim Walz's administrative U turn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tim_Walz's_administrative_U_turn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oil_spills_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_spills_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Oil spills </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_spills_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ojibwe_treaty_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ojibwe_treaty_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Ojibwe treaty rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ojibwe_treaty_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_and_sex_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_and_sex_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Drug and sex trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_and_sex_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pipeline_"abandonment"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipeline_"abandonment""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Pipeline "abandonment" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipeline_"abandonment"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_in_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_in_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Arguments in support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_in_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Job_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Job_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Job creation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Job_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_revenue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_revenue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Tax revenue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_revenue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_for_oil_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_for_oil_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Use for oil industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_for_oil_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Line 3 pipeline</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" > Add languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55315760#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Line_3_pipeline" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Line_3_pipeline" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Line_3_pipeline">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Line_3_pipeline">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Line_3_pipeline" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Line_3_pipeline" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&oldid=1250296099" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Line_3_pipeline&id=1250296099&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLine_3_pipeline">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLine_3_pipeline">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Line_3_pipeline&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Line_3_pipeline" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55315760" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Enbridge Canadian-American oil pipeline </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; background-color:#D2E2F9;">Line 3 Pipeline</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#D2E2F9;">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">From</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hardisty,_Alberta" title="Hardisty, Alberta">Hardisty, Alberta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">To</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior, Wisconsin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#D2E2F9;">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">Crude oil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commissioned</th><td class="infobox-data">1968</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#D2E2F9;">Technical information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,659 km (1,031 mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; background-color:#D2E2F9;">Line 3 Replacement (Canada Segment)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#D2E2F9;">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#D2E2F9;">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Crude oil</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Complete</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commissioned</th><td class="infobox-data">December 2019<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enbridge.com/projects-and-infrastructure/projects/line-3-replacement-program-canada">Canada segment</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; background-color:#D2E2F9;">Line 3 Replacement (U.S. Segment)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#D2E2F9;">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#D2E2F9;">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Crude oil</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Complete</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction started</th><td class="infobox-data">December 2020</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commissioned</th><td class="infobox-data">October 2021<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enbridge.com/projects-and-infrastructure/projects/line-3-replacement-program-us">U.S. segment</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Line 3 pipeline is an <a href="/wiki/Oil_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil pipeline">oil pipeline</a> owned by the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> <a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a>. Operating since 1968, it runs 1,031 miles (1,659 km) from <a href="/wiki/Hardisty,_Alberta" title="Hardisty, Alberta">Hardisty, Alberta</a>, Canada to <a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior, Wisconsin</a>, United States. Concerns about the safety of the pipeline led Enbridge to reduce its capacity. Over its history, the pipeline has been the source of millions of gallons of <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/Line_3_oil_spill" title="Line 3 oil spill">1991 oil spill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Minnesota" title="Grand Rapids, Minnesota">Grand Rapids, Minnesota</a>, that was the worst inland oil spill in U.S. history. In 2014 Enbridge proposed the construction of a new pipeline segment along a different route in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> which would increase the volume of oil that could be transported.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> The replacement pipeline has been completed in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:19-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:20-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:21-7">[7]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Permitting and construction of the new pipeline has been met with <a href="/wiki/Stop_Line_3_protests" title="Stop Line 3 protests">resistance</a> from <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> communities and <a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">climate justice</a> groups.<a href="#cite_note-:22-9">[9]</a> Despite protests, the expansion was operational by 1 October, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The original Line 3 pipeline began operating in 1968, initially owned by the Lakehead Pipeline Company.<a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a> The 34" wide, 1031-mile pipeline transports crude oil from <a href="/wiki/Hardisty,_Alberta" title="Hardisty, Alberta">Hardisty, Alberta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior, Wisconsin</a>. The pipeline was not tested for flaws in its entirety until after 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Pioneer_Press-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_spills">Oil spills</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Oil spills">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Line_3_oil_spill" title="Line 3 oil spill">Line 3 oil spill</a></div> From the 1970s until the 1991 spill, the Line 3 pipeline suffered 24 leaks due to the same seam failure<a href="#cite_note-Pioneer_Press-13">[13]</a> and was the source of 16 "large oil spills" resulting in four million gallons of oil spilled.<a href="#cite_note-AP1991-14">[14]</a> Officials with the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Pollution_Control_Agency" title="Minnesota Pollution Control Agency">Minnesota Pollution Control Agency</a> estimated that a total of 5.7 million gallons had spilled from the Lakehead line from 1971 to 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Pioneer_Press-13">[13]</a> The Line 3 pipeline was the origin of a 1.3 million gallon oil spill in <a href="/wiki/Argyle,_Minnesota" title="Argyle, Minnesota">Argyle</a> in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-AP1991-14">[14]</a> On March 3, 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Line_3_oil_spill" title="Line 3 oil spill">Line 3 pipeline ruptured</a> in a wetland near <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Minnesota" title="Grand Rapids, Minnesota">Grand Rapids, Minnesota</a>, spilling 1.7 million gallons of crude oil into the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_River_(Mississippi_River_tributary)" title="Prairie River (Mississippi River tributary)">Prairie River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. It was the largest inland oil spill in the history of the United States of America. At the time of the 1991 spill, the pipeline carried 22 million gallons of oil every day.<a href="#cite_note-Rivers_of_Oil-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_and_new_route">Expansion and new route</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expansion and new route">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Line_3_pipeline_protest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Line_3_pipeline_protest.jpg/220px-Line_3_pipeline_protest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Line_3_pipeline_protest.jpg/330px-Line_3_pipeline_protest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Line_3_pipeline_protest.jpg/440px-Line_3_pipeline_protest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>People protesting the Line 3 pipeline at the Minnesota capitol building in 2018.</figcaption></figure> Structural deformities, including numerous cracks and holes have developed along the pipeline over time.<a href="#cite_note-:3-16">[16]</a> Resulting concerns about the safety of the pipeline have led Enbridge to reduce the amount of oil transported daily.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> Due to concerns about the aging pipeline's leaks and spills, in 2014, Enbridge announced plans to build a replacement Line 3 pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a> That multi-billion dollar project would allow Enbridge to restore their historic operating capacity and move nearly 800,000 barrels of oil per day.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:49-17">[17]</a> By 2016, governing bodies in Canada,<a href="#cite_note-:19-5">[5]</a> North Dakota,<a href="#cite_note-:21-7">[7]</a> and Wisconsin<a href="#cite_note-:20-6">[6]</a> had approved their segments of the pipeline. Construction of the new Line 3 was completed everywhere but Minnesota by November 2020.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The permitting process has been more complicated in Minnesota where climate justice organizations, Native American groups, and government agencies have resisted the project.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Enbridge agreed to a new route for the replacement line, avoiding more sensitive watersheds and some Native American reservations. In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Minnesota Public Utilities Commission">Minnesota Public Utilities Commission</a> (PUC) solicited public input about the project.<a href="#cite_note-:4-21">[21]</a> Of the nearly 70,000 individual comments submitted, 68,244, or 94%, were in opposition.<a href="#cite_note-:4-21">[21]</a> Nevertheless, in June 2018 the PUC approved Enbridge's modified route and granted the Certificate of Need and Route Permit, both necessary for the project.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> As of December 2020, Minnesota state and federal regulators had granted Enbridge all of the permits required to construct the last stretch of the Line 3 pipeline through Minnesota.<a href="#cite_note-:110-23">[23]</a> The permits for this project have been consistently contested by Indigenous communities, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> organizations, and the Minnesota Department of Commerce.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Although several of the pipeline's main permits were still facing appeals in court,<a href="#cite_note-:02-25">[25]</a> regulatory agencies had granted the remaining permits to Enbridge to begin construction by November 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:110-23">[23]</a> Enbridge began construction of the new Line 3 oil pipeline across northern Minnesota in December 2020, shortly after final permits were issued.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden administration</a> supported the pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> However, the pipeline still faced significant resistance until its completion in September 2021.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The pipeline expansion became operational on 1 October 2021.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ongoing_opposition_following_final_permit_approval">Ongoing opposition following final permit approval</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ongoing opposition following final permit approval">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vandalism_of_Chase_Bank_in_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Vandalism_of_Chase_Bank_in_Chicago.jpg/220px-Vandalism_of_Chase_Bank_in_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Vandalism_of_Chase_Bank_in_Chicago.jpg/330px-Vandalism_of_Chase_Bank_in_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Vandalism_of_Chase_Bank_in_Chicago.jpg/440px-Vandalism_of_Chase_Bank_in_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Posters protesting Chase Bank investing in Enbridge's Line 3 pipeline and the climate crisis.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stop_Line_3_protests" title="Stop Line 3 protests">Stop Line 3 protests</a></div> Several parties, including Ojibwe tribes, environmental organizations, and the Minnesota Department of Commerce, are still appealing the project in court.<a href="#cite_note-:02-25">[25]</a> In March 2021, the Minnesota Court of Appeals heard testimony from Enbridge, the PUC, and appealing parties.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The plaintiffs brought forth several challenges to the pipeline, most notably questioning whether the energy transfer company had ever proved that there would be enough continued demand for tar sands oil to justify construction of Line 3.<a href="#cite_note-:02-25">[25]</a> A ruling is expected on the appeals in June 2021 which could lead to a revocation of Enbridge's permits for construction.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Outside the courts, Indigenous-led groups have <a href="/wiki/Stop_Line_3_protests" title="Stop Line 3 protests">organized opposition to Line 3</a>, delaying construction along the pipeline route through non-violent direct action and protest.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Groups like the Giniw Collective,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Camp Migizi,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Honor the Earth,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and the RISE Coalition<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> staged dozens of protests attended by thousands of people in the first four months of construction.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> As of April 2021, more than 200 people had been arrested for protesting along the pipeline route.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> At the time of the pipeline's completion, nearly 900 people were facing charges related to pipeline resistance in northern Minnesota.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> On June 7, 2021, protesters referring to themselves as <a href="/wiki/Water_protectors" title="Water protectors">water protectors</a> organized a gathering at the <a href="/wiki/White_Earth_Indian_Reservation" title="White Earth Indian Reservation">White Earth Indian Reservation</a>. The gathering, attended by "around 2,500 people",<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> culminated in two direct actions. Over 200 protesters occupied an Enbridge pumping station and barricaded access.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Subsequently, police in riot gear began making arrests.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> 247 people were arrested. 68 were released after receiving citations for unlawful assembly and public nuisance while another 179 were charged with trespassing.<a href="#cite_note-AParrests-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vandalism_of_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Vandalism_of_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson.jpg/220px-Vandalism_of_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Vandalism_of_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson.jpg/330px-Vandalism_of_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Vandalism_of_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson.jpg/440px-Vandalism_of_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Vandalism of Jackson Monument</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.)">Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_Washington,_D.C." title="Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.">Lafayette Square</a> just to the north of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> was vandalized with the words "Expect Us" on <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_(United_States)" title="Indigenous Peoples' Day (United States)">Indigenous Peoples' Day</a> (also <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a>), Monday, October 11, 2021. Protesters had been chanting "respect us or expect us" in response to protesting the Line 3 pipeline in Minnesota that runs through lands owned by Indigenous tribes who are concerned that the pipeline could spill and ruin the land they use to hunt, fish, gather, and farm.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate_in_Minnesota">Debate in Minnesota</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Debate in Minnesota">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Pro_and_con_list plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section contains a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pro_and_con_lists" title="Wikipedia:Pro and con lists">pro and con list</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit">rewriting it</a> into consolidated sections based on topics. (August 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Select_crude_oil_pipelines_in_the_United_States_and_Canada_as_of_October_1,_2021_(51654881015).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Select_crude_oil_pipelines_in_the_United_States_and_Canada_as_of_October_1%2C_2021_%2851654881015%29.png/290px-Select_crude_oil_pipelines_in_the_United_States_and_Canada_as_of_October_1%2C_2021_%2851654881015%29.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Select_crude_oil_pipelines_in_the_United_States_and_Canada_as_of_October_1%2C_2021_%2851654881015%29.png/435px-Select_crude_oil_pipelines_in_the_United_States_and_Canada_as_of_October_1%2C_2021_%2851654881015%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Select_crude_oil_pipelines_in_the_United_States_and_Canada_as_of_October_1%2C_2021_%2851654881015%29.png/580px-Select_crude_oil_pipelines_in_the_United_States_and_Canada_as_of_October_1%2C_2021_%2851654881015%29.png 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Line 3 replacement project route through Minnesota</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposing_arguments">Opposing arguments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opposing arguments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate change">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defund_line_3_protest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Defund_line_3_protest.jpg/220px-Defund_line_3_protest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Defund_line_3_protest.jpg/330px-Defund_line_3_protest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Defund_line_3_protest.jpg/440px-Defund_line_3_protest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>People protesting the Line 3 pipeline with a sign reading "Don't fund the fires of climate chaos" at a <a href="/wiki/Chase_Bank" title="Chase Bank">Chase Bank</a> branch in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> (February 2021).</figcaption></figure> Much of the resistance to the Line 3 project comes from concerns over climate change. Climate justice groups such as the North Star Chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a>,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> MN350,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honor_the_Earth" title="Honor the Earth">Honor the Earth</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> have campaigns to "Stop Line 3."<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">Environmental Impact Statement</a> (EIS), which was conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Commerce" title="Minnesota Department of Commerce">Minnesota Department of Commerce</a>, explains how the new Line 3 pipeline would contribute to <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, increase risk of pollution to Minnesota's pristine water ecosystems and <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a> beds, and generate the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gasses</a> that contribute to climate change.<a href="#cite_note-:3-16">[16]</a> In fact, a study authored by over a dozen climate justice organizations found that the greenhouse gas emissions from constructing the new Line 3 pipeline would be equivalent to building 50 new coal-fired power plants.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The EIS estimated that the <a href="/wiki/Social_cost_of_carbon" title="Social cost of carbon">social cost of carbon</a> from those emissions would total more than $120 billion over 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The MN Department of Commerce under Governor <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dayton" title="Mark Dayton">Mark Dayton</a> formally denounced the proposed Line 3 project on environmental grounds.<a href="#cite_note-:5-52">[52]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In light of the serious risks and effects on the natural and socioeconomic environments of the existing Line 3 and the limited benefit that the existing Line 3 provides to Minnesota refineries, it is reasonable to conclude that Minnesota would be better off if Enbridge proposed to cease operations of the existing Line 3, without any new pipeline being built.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Minnesota Department of Commerce, The Bemidji Pioneer</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tim_Walz's_administrative_U_turn">Tim Walz's administrative U turn</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tim Walz's administrative U turn">edit</a>]</div> Although the appeal was supported twice by Governor <a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Tim Walz</a>'s administration,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-54">[54]</a> they subsequently withdrew support on 12 November 2020. Four days later 12 out of 17 of the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency's Environmental Justice Advisory Group resigned.<a href="#cite_note-MAC_Walz's_U_turn-55">[55]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The decision to approve the permit sends a clear message that the Walz Administration and the MPCA hold no regard for the well-being of Minnesotans or our relatives around the world, who depend on us to dramatically, rapidly, and justly transition our economies away from fossil fuels. This is the final straw after increasing disappointment in the MPCA’s failure to build on the hard work of dedicated EJAG members over the years. The transition to a new commissioner has set back the EJAG’s work, and the EJAG has since been excluded from important decisions that affect how the group is managed. EJAG members were not consulted on the hiring of an outside facilitator, nor on the divvying of group members into work groups. EJAG members have also experienced dismissal, being discouraged from sharing honest thoughts and opinions. This is not how an advisory group should be engaged to appropriately respect the wisdom being sought.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>EJAG resignation letter, <a href="#cite_note-EJAG_resignation_letter-56">[56]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In February 2021, U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Ilhan Omar</a> called on <a href="/wiki/President_Biden" class="mw-redirect" title="President Biden">President Biden</a> to stop the construction of the pipeline: "The decision that U.S. entities make on Line 3 is a decision made for the entire world, and for all coming generations of humanity. I urge you to make the one decision supported by the scientific consensus on climate change: Stop Line 3." A press release cited how the pipeline would "add five times as much greenhouse gas annually as Minnesota transportation produced in total in 2016."<a href="#cite_note-:24-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oil_spills_2">Oil spills</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Oil spills">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Line_3_oil_spill" title="Line 3 oil spill">Line 3 oil spill</a></div> Many people are concerned about potential <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a> along Line 3.<a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[58]</a> Among other accidental releases, the original Line 3 pipeline was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Line_3_oil_spill" title="Line 3 oil spill">largest ever inland oil spill in the U.S.</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a> In 1991, 1.7 million gallons of oil ruptured from Line 3 in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Minnesota" title="Grand Rapids, Minnesota">Grand Rapids, MN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Enbridge was also responsible for the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_River_oil_spill" title="Kalamazoo River oil spill">Kalamazoo River oil spill</a> in Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a> Cleanup of that spill cost over a billion dollars and took nearly a decade.<a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a> In total, Enbridge has overseen over 800 oil spills between 1999 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-:24-57">[57]</a> The resulting pollution has adversely affected the economy,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> public health,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and the environment<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> in Michigan. Enbridge has reassured the public that pipeline safety is their primary goal, and they employ technology to monitor their pipelines and train employees on emergency response.<a href="#cite_note-:7-63">[63]</a> While big oil spills (>238 barrels of oil) have decreased in recent years,<a href="#cite_note-:8-64">[64]</a> activists in Minnesota say that the potential for even one serious spill is too much of a risk.<a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[58]</a> The Environmental Impact Statement of Line 3 acknowledges that some accidental release of oil is inevitable and that serious oil spills are possible.<a href="#cite_note-:8-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ojibwe_treaty_rights">Ojibwe treaty rights</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ojibwe treaty rights">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Line_3_Pipeline_Honor_Treaties.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Line_3_Pipeline_Honor_Treaties.jpg/220px-Line_3_Pipeline_Honor_Treaties.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Line_3_Pipeline_Honor_Treaties.jpg/330px-Line_3_Pipeline_Honor_Treaties.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Line_3_Pipeline_Honor_Treaties.jpg/440px-Line_3_Pipeline_Honor_Treaties.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A bus in downtown <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul, Minnesota</a> with an "Honor Our Treaties #StopLine3" sign outside the MN Public Utilities Commission hearing on the Line 3 pipeline.</figcaption></figure> Some Native American communities in Minnesota have opposed the project on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">treaty rights</a>. Most of the land in northern Minnesota was ceded to the U.S. through treaties with <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> peoples throughout the 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Those treaties established <a href="/wiki/Native_American_reservations" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American reservations">reservations</a>, as well as land use rights for Ojibwe people to hunt, fish, and harvest <a href="/wiki/Manoomin" class="mw-redirect" title="Manoomin">manoomin</a> (wild rice) on the rest of the ceded territory.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The proposed route for the new Line 3 pipeline would cross through that protected land.<a href="#cite_note-:10-67">[67]</a> Several Ojibwe communities have said that construction of the pipeline would violate treaty rights by disrupting and threatening the resources promised to them on their ancestral land.<a href="#cite_note-:10-67">[67]</a> The Environmental Impact Statement acknowledges that construction of Line 3 would disrupt Native historic and cultural sites such as burial grounds.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> However, a complete Traditional Cultural Properties Survey has not been conducted of the proposed route.<a href="#cite_note-:9-69">[69]</a> Five Ojibwe bands have resisted the pipeline replacement project in court. The <a href="/wiki/White_Earth_Band_of_Ojibwe" class="mw-redirect" title="White Earth Band of Ojibwe">White Earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_Ojibwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Lake Ojibwe">Red Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Band_of_Ojibwe" title="Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe">Mille Lacs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fond_du_Lac_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Fond du Lac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leech_Lake_Band_of_Ojibwe" title="Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe">Leech Lake</a> bands all opposed the pipeline and held status as intervening parties against the project in the PUC's initial permit deliberations.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> After the PUC's June 2017 approval, the White Earth and Red Lake bands were part of a joint appeal of the Certificate of Need,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> while the Mille Lacs, White Earth, and Red Lake bands appealed the Environmental Impact Statement.<a href="#cite_note-:1-72">[72]</a> In August 2018, the Fond du Lac band signed a right-of-way agreement with Enbridge, allowing the company to route the pipeline through their reservation.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Ahead of that decision, Tribal council chairman Kevin Dupuis, Sr., said “as a sovereign nation, we are confounded that we are being forced to choose between two evils as both routes pass through our lands,” either through the reservation or ceded treaty land.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Leech Lake Band also stepped back from formal appeals in December 2018 when Enbridge agreed to remove the old pipeline from their reservation if construction of the new pipeline begins.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drug_and_sex_trafficking">Drug and sex trafficking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Drug and sex trafficking">edit</a>]</div> Native activists and allies are bringing awareness to the connection between fossil fuel infrastructure projects like Line 3 and increased drug and sex trafficking in and around Native American reservations.<a href="#cite_note-:25-76">[76]</a> While oil pipelines like Line 3 are being built, the construction workers stay in concentrated, temporary housing along the route, often known as “man camps.”<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The high wages and social isolation in man camps lead to increased drug use, as well as violence perpetrated by employees on the surrounding Native communities.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In 2019, Native and climate justice activists held a “March on Enbridge to Protect the Sacred,” at the Enbridge terminal in Clearbrook, Minnesota.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> They demanded an end to the Line 3 project citing, among other things, “the direct link between the fossil fuel industry and <a href="/wiki/Missing_and_murdered_Indigenous_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing and murdered Indigenous women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Relatives</a>.”<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The Environmental Impact Statement on Line 3 acknowledges that connection as well, saying “The addition of a temporary, cash-rich workforce increases the likelihood that sex trafficking or sexual abuse will occur.”<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Under the EIS, Enbridge was required to prepare a Human Trafficking Prevention Plan for the project.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Enbridge's plan has been critiqued, however, as a step made more to follow procedure than a true commitment to ending violence by their employees.<a href="#cite_note-:25-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Groups of Native activists and climate justice organizers maintain opposition to the pipeline over the potential for increased violence and drug trafficking along the proposed pipeline route.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pipeline_"abandonment"">Pipeline "abandonment"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pipeline "abandonment"">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Line_3_Pipeline_Abandonment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Line_3_Pipeline_Abandonment.jpg/220px-Line_3_Pipeline_Abandonment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Line_3_Pipeline_Abandonment.jpg/330px-Line_3_Pipeline_Abandonment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Line_3_Pipeline_Abandonment.jpg/440px-Line_3_Pipeline_Abandonment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5094" data-file-height="3396" /></a><figcaption>Sign on a street in St. Paul stating "No Pipeline Abandonment. Clean Up Line 3!"</figcaption></figure> The agreement between Enbridge and the Leech Lake Band centers on another debate about what will happen to the infrastructure of the old Line 3 pipeline if the new one is built. Enbridge proposed a process they call "deactivation."<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> Many who oppose the project call this "abandonment."<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Enbridge explains deactivation of a pipeline as a 5 step process: remove the oil, clean the pipe, disconnect it from facilities, put corrosion controls in place, and then leave the pipe in the ground.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> Minnesotans for Pipeline Cleanup, an organization opposed to Line 3, has expressed concerns about the potential for pollutants to remain after the cleanup.<a href="#cite_note-:11-90">[90]</a> Many landowners along the old route worry that they will bear the financial burden for the decommissioned pipe, either through costs of cleanup, removal, or lost property value.<a href="#cite_note-:11-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-91">[91]</a> Both the Pipeline Abandonment Report from Minnesotans for Pipeline Cleanup and the Chippewa Cumulative Impact Statement, written to supplement the EIS, mention that Line 3 would be the first pipeline ever to be decommissioned in Minnesota, and worry about what sort of precedent that might set.<a href="#cite_note-:11-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arguments_in_support">Arguments in support</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Arguments in support">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Job_creation">Job creation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Job creation">edit</a>]</div> Supporters of Line 3 cite job creation as a key reason to build the pipeline. A large study published by the University of Minnesota Duluth in 2017 claimed that the Line 3 Replacement Project would create thousands of jobs.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> However, later that year, investigative journalists uncovered that a business group funded by Enbridge, APEX, had financed the study, and that data inputs for it were provided by Enbridge themselves.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In the end, a UMD Professor behind the research severed the school's ties with APEX.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> While there might not be significant long term job creation, supporters assert that even some temporary employment would be a key source of income for numerous families in Minnesota.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The original EIS also distinguished between long and short term jobs, but came to different conclusions saying, "Based on the small number of permanent jobs, it is likely that operation of the pipeline would result in no to negligible impact on the per capita household income, median household income, or unemployment rates in the ROI (region of interest.)” <a href="#cite_note-:17-96">[96]</a> The pipeline's possible impact on jobs in Minnesota remains contested. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tax_revenue">Tax revenue</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tax revenue">edit</a>]</div> Line 3 supporters argue that counties along the proposed route will benefit from the revenue of Enbridge's property taxes.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In the first year of the new pipeline's operations, Enbridge has been projected to pay $19.5 million in property taxes along the route.<a href="#cite_note-:18-98">[98]</a> That number would increase over time.<a href="#cite_note-:18-98">[98]</a> Those opposed to the pipeline are unconvinced about the promise of that revenue,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> however, citing lawsuits in which Enbridge claimed that they had been overtaxed, and left counties across Minnesota in debt for tens of millions of dollars.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_for_oil_industry">Use for oil industry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Use for oil industry">edit</a>]</div> Construction of the Line 3 pipeline would help the Canadian oil industry increase their production and stabilize prices. Enbridge has argued that Line 3 would help meet the demand of Minnesota's oil refineries,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and they are not the only company hoping the pipeline is built.<a href="#cite_note-:15-102">[102]</a> Line 3 is seen as key to the Canadian oil industry.<a href="#cite_note-:15-102">[102]</a> Difficulty transporting oil out of Alberta has led to production cuts and price discounting.<a href="#cite_note-:23-103">[103]</a> Thousands of Canadians have lost their jobs in oil infrastructure due to instability in Alberta's oil sands economy.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Additionally, companies which are unable to ship their product through pipelines have considered expanding train shipments of oil.<a href="#cite_note-:23-103">[103]</a> Recent studies have highlighted that train transportation of oil results in more regular spills than transport by pipe.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-16">[16]</a> In his endorsement of Line 3, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>, supported this argument:<a href="#cite_note-:14-106">[106]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">(Transport of oil by rail) is less economic, and more dangerous for communities, and is higher in terms of greenhouse gas emissions than modern pipelines would be.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Justin Trudeau, Canadian Prime Minister, CBC</cite></div></blockquote> Enbridge estimates that Line 3 would replace more than 10,000 rail cars transporting oil every day.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> The group Minnesotans for Line 3 says that by approving the pipeline, government regulators could ensure safer transport of millions of barrels of oil a year.<a href="#cite_note-:13-107">[107]</a> The Minnesota Department of Commerce, in their testimony against Line 3, questioned these projections, claiming they fail to consider a variety of possible future demands for oil.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_pipelines" title="List of oil pipelines">List of oil pipelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pipeline_accidents_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pipeline accidents in the United States in the 21st century">List of pipeline accidents in the United States in the 21st century</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pgjonline.com/news/2019/12-dec/enbridge-starts-service-on-canadian-section-of-line-3">"Enbridge Starts Service on Canadian Section of Line 3"</a>. Pipeline & Gas Journal. December 2, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021153806/http://pgjonline.com/news/2019/12-dec/enbridge-starts-service-on-canadian-section-of-line-3">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enbridge+Starts+Service+on+Canadian+Section+of+Line+3&rft.pub=Pipeline+%26+Gas+Journal&rft.date=2019-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpgjonline.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F12-dec%2Fenbridge-starts-service-on-canadian-section-of-line-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enbridge.com/~/media/Enb/Documents/Projects/Line%203/Line%203%20Replacement%20Project%20and%20Need%20poster%20(1).pdf?la=en">"Line 3 Replacement Project Fact Sheet"</a> (PDF). Enbridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916123014/https://www.enbridge.com/~/media/Enb/Documents/Projects/Line%203/Line%203%20Replacement%20Project%20and%20Need%20poster%20(1).pdf?la=en">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enbridge&rft.atitle=Line+3+Replacement+Project+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enbridge.com%2F~%2Fmedia%2FEnb%2FDocuments%2FProjects%2FLine%25203%2FLine%25203%2520Replacement%2520Project%2520and%2520Need%2520poster%2520%281%29.pdf%3Fla%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pgjonline.com/news/2021/september/enbridges-long-delayed-line-3-oil-pipeline-project-to-start-up-oct-1">"Enbridge's Long-Delayed Line 3 Oil Pipeline Project to Start Up Oct. 1"</a>. Pipeline & Gas Journal. September 29, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930081144/https://pgjonline.com/news/2021/september/enbridges-long-delayed-line-3-oil-pipeline-project-to-start-up-oct-1">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enbridge%27s+Long-Delayed+Line+3+Oil+Pipeline+Project+to+Start+Up+Oct.+1&rft.pub=Pipeline+%26+Gas+Journal&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpgjonline.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2Fseptember%2Fenbridges-long-delayed-line-3-oil-pipeline-project-to-start-up-oct-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enbridge.com/~/media/Enb/Documents/Projects/Line%203/ProjectHandouts/ENB_Line3_Public_Affairs_ProjectSummary.pdf">"Line 3 Replacement Project Summary"</a> (PDF). Enbridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619132440/http://www.enbridge.com/~/media/Enb/Documents/Projects/Line%203/ProjectHandouts/ENB_Line3_Public_Affairs_ProjectSummary.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enbridge&rft.atitle=Line+3+Replacement+Project+Summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enbridge.com%2F~%2Fmedia%2FEnb%2FDocuments%2FProjects%2FLine%25203%2FProjectHandouts%2FENB_Line3_Public_Affairs_ProjectSummary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakx2016" class="citation web cs1">Bakx, Kyle (April 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/enbridge-neb-line3-replacement-oilpatch-1.3551964">"NEB approves Enbridge Line 3 pipeline replacement"</a>. CBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630231103/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/enbridge-neb-line3-replacement-oilpatch-1.3551964">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=NEB+approves+Enbridge+Line+3+pipeline+replacement&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft.aulast=Bakx&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fenbridge-neb-line3-replacement-oilpatch-1.3551964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerburg2016" class="citation web cs1">Verburg, Steven (August 30, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/environment/wisconsin-dnr-approves-enbridge-oil-line/article_abf7118c-cf96-5866-8339-2e429bc9f8a9.html">"Wisconsin DNR approves 1 Enbridge oil line"</a>. Wisconsin State Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230827/https://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/environment/wisconsin-dnr-approves-enbridge-oil-line/article_abf7118c-cf96-5866-8339-2e429bc9f8a9.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+State+Journal&rft.atitle=Wisconsin+DNR+approves+1+Enbridge+oil+line&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft.aulast=Verburg&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhost.madison.com%2Fwsj%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fenvironment%2Fwisconsin-dnr-approves-enbridge-oil-line%2Farticle_abf7118c-cf96-5866-8339-2e429bc9f8a9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiedke2016" class="citation web cs1">Liedke, Mattew (September 10, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandforksherald.com/news/4112645-sandpiper-deferred-enbridge-moving-forward-line-3-replacement">"Sandpiper deferred, but Enbridge is moving forward with Line 3 replacement"</a>. Grand Forks Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628015600/http://www.grandforksherald.com/news/4112645-sandpiper-deferred-enbridge-moving-forward-line-3-replacement">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grand+Forks+Herald&rft.atitle=Sandpiper+deferred%2C+but+Enbridge+is+moving+forward+with+Line+3+replacement&rft.date=2016-09-10&rft.aulast=Liedke&rft.aufirst=Mattew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandforksherald.com%2Fnews%2F4112645-sandpiper-deferred-enbridge-moving-forward-line-3-replacement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Nia (2021-09-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/enbridge-completes-line-3-oil-pipeline-replacement-project-starts-linefill-2021-09-29/">"Enbridge's long-delayed Line 3 oil pipeline project to start up Oct. 1"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 2022-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Enbridge%27s+long-delayed+Line+3+oil+pipeline+project+to+start+up+Oct.+1&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Nia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy%2Fenbridge-completes-line-3-oil-pipeline-replacement-project-starts-linefill-2021-09-29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-9"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraker2018" class="citation web cs1">Kraker, Dan (June 29, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/06/29/line-3-opponents-gird-for-fight-over-approved-pipeline">"Line 3 opponents girding for fight over approved pipeline"</a>. MPRNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180629115658/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/06/29/line-3-opponents-gird-for-fight-over-approved-pipeline">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPRNews&rft.atitle=Line+3+opponents+girding+for+fight+over+approved+pipeline&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft.aulast=Kraker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2018%2F06%2F29%2Fline-3-opponents-gird-for-fight-over-approved-pipeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/09/29/enbridge-says-line-3-replacement-complete-opens-friday">"Enbridge says Line 3 replacement complete, opens Friday"</a>. MPR News. 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2023-09-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPR+News&rft.atitle=Enbridge+says+Line+3+replacement+complete%2C+opens+Friday&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2021%2F09%2F29%2Fenbridge-says-line-3-replacement-complete-opens-friday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2018" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Cody (April 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/04/23/timeline-line-3-enbridge-oil-pipeline">"Line 3 timeline: From construction to present day battles"</a>. MPRNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627231941/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/04/23/timeline-line-3-enbridge-oil-pipeline">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPRNews&rft.atitle=Line+3+timeline%3A+From+construction+to+present+day+battles&rft.date=2018-04-23&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Cody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2018%2F04%2F23%2Ftimeline-line-3-enbridge-oil-pipeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2021" class="citation news cs1">Kelley, Alexandra (June 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/changing-america/sustainability/environment/557410-pipeline-foes-double-down-on-efforts-to-halt-line">"Pipeline foes double down on efforts to halt Line 3 construction"</a>. The Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Pipeline+foes+double+down+on+efforts+to+halt+Line+3+construction&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fchanging-america%2Fsustainability%2Fenvironment%2F557410-pipeline-foes-double-down-on-efforts-to-halt-line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pioneer_Press-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pioneer_Press_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pioneer_Press_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pioneer_Press_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaszewski1992" class="citation news cs1">Laszewski, Charles (November 12, 1992). "Record '91 Pipeline Leak One of Many on 325-mile Route". <a href="/wiki/St._Paul_Pioneer_Press" title="St. Paul Pioneer Press">St. Paul Pioneer Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Paul+Pioneer+Press&rft.atitle=Record+%2791+Pipeline+Leak+One+of+Many+on+325-mile+Route&rft.date=1992-11-12&rft.aulast=Laszewski&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP1991-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP1991_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP1991_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/2d06afe9e6c0712a86b91309d7c4932b">"Company Revises Minnesota Oil Spill Upward to 1.7 Million Gallons"</a>. AP News. March 13, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303130416/https://apnews.com/article/2d06afe9e6c0712a86b91309d7c4932b">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Company+Revises+Minnesota+Oil+Spill+Upward+to+1.7+Million+Gallons&rft.date=1991-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F2d06afe9e6c0712a86b91309d7c4932b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rivers_of_Oil-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Rivers_of_Oil_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSipleWarehamKrakerNelson2018" class="citation news cs1">Siple, Julie; Wareham, Bill; Kraker, Dan; Nelson, Cody (June 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/06/20/rivers-of-oil-podcast-line3-pipeline-ep2-spill">"Rivers of Oil, Episode 2: The largest inland spill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MPR_News" class="mw-redirect" title="MPR News">MPR News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304155331/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/06/20/rivers-of-oil-podcast-line3-pipeline-ep2-spill">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MPR+News&rft.atitle=Rivers+of+Oil%2C+Episode+2%3A+The+largest+inland+spill&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft.aulast=Siple&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=Wareham%2C+Bill&rft.au=Kraker%2C+Dan&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Cody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2018%2F06%2F20%2Frivers-of-oil-podcast-line3-pipeline-ep2-spill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mn.gov/commerce/energyfacilities/resource.html?Id=34735">"Line 3 EIS: Executive Summary"</a>. Minnesota Department of Commerce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230839/https://mn.gov/commerce/energyfacilities/resource.html?Id=34735">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Department+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=Line+3+EIS%3A+Executive+Summary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmn.gov%2Fcommerce%2Fenergyfacilities%2Fresource.html%3FId%3D34735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:49-17"><a href="#cite_ref-:49_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon_Associates2019" class="citation web cs1">Solomon Associates (March 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.solomononline.com/Oil-Gas-Issues/Western-Canadian-Pipeline-Capacities-and-Flow-Will-We-Have-Enough-Pipeline-Capacity-After-2021">"Western Canadian Pipeline Capacities and Flow: Will We Have Enough Pipeline Capacity After 2021?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604030808/https://portal.solomononline.com/Oil-Gas-Issues/Western-Canadian-Pipeline-Capacities-and-Flow-Will-We-Have-Enough-Pipeline-Capacity-After-2021">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Canadian+Pipeline+Capacities+and+Flow%3A+Will+We+Have+Enough+Pipeline+Capacity+After+2021%3F&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft.au=Solomon+Associates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.solomononline.com%2FOil-Gas-Issues%2FWestern-Canadian-Pipeline-Capacities-and-Flow-Will-We-Have-Enough-Pipeline-Capacity-After-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enbridge.com/projects-and-infrastructure/public-awareness/minnesota-projects/line-3-replacement-project">"Line 3 Replacement Project (U.S.)"</a>. Enbridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003811/https://www.enbridge.com/projects-and-infrastructure/public-awareness/minnesota-projects/line-3-replacement-project">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-04-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enbridge&rft.atitle=Line+3+Replacement+Project+%28U.S.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enbridge.com%2Fprojects-and-infrastructure%2Fpublic-awareness%2Fminnesota-projects%2Fline-3-replacement-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enbridge.com/projects-and-infrastructure/public-awareness/line-3-replacement-program/line-3-replacement-program-canada">"Line 3 Replacement Program (Canada)"</a>. Enbridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003810/https://www.enbridge.com/projects-and-infrastructure/public-awareness/line-3-replacement-program/line-3-replacement-program-canada">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-04-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enbridge&rft.atitle=Line+3+Replacement+Program+%28Canada%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enbridge.com%2Fprojects-and-infrastructure%2Fpublic-awareness%2Fline-3-replacement-program%2Fline-3-replacement-program-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraker2019" class="citation web cs1">Kraker, Dan (March 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/03/05/line-3-project-delay-leaves-supporters-opponents-hopeful">"Line 3 project delay leaves supporters, opponents hopeful"</a>. MPRNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208042858/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/03/05/line-3-project-delay-leaves-supporters-opponents-hopeful">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPRNews&rft.atitle=Line+3+project+delay+leaves+supporters%2C+opponents+hopeful&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft.aulast=Kraker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2019%2F03%2F05%2Fline-3-project-delay-leaves-supporters-opponents-hopeful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mn.gov/puc/assets/2018_04_23_Line_3_ALJ_Report_tcm14-336840.pdf?sourcePage=%2fpuc%2fline3%2fdocuments%2findex.jsp%3fnull">"STATE OF MINNESOTA, OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS, FOR THE PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION; In the Matter of the Application of Enbridge Energy, Limited Partnership, for a Certificate of Need for the Line 3 Project in Minnesota from the North Dakota Border to the Wisconsin Border; In the Matter of the Application of Applicant Enbridge Energy, Limited Partnership for a Routing Permit for the Line 3 Project in Minnesota from the North Dakota Border to the Wisconsin Border; FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW, AND RECOMMENDATION"</a> (PDF). Minnesota Public Utilities Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230717/https://mn.gov/puc/assets/2018_04_23_Line_3_ALJ_Report_tcm14-336840.pdf?sourcePage=%2fpuc%2fline3%2fdocuments%2findex.jsp%3fnull">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Public+Utilities+Commission&rft.atitle=STATE+OF+MINNESOTA%2C+OFFICE+OF+ADMINISTRATIVE+HEARINGS%2C+FOR+THE+PUBLIC+UTILITIES+COMMISSION%3B+In+the+Matter+of+the+Application+of+Enbridge+Energy%2C+Limited+Partnership%2C+for+a+Certificate+of+Need+for+the+Line+3+Project+in+Minnesota+from+the+North+Dakota+Border+to+the+Wisconsin+Border%3B+In+the+Matter+of+the+Application+of+Applicant+Enbridge+Energy%2C+Limited+Partnership+for+a+Routing+Permit+for+the+Line+3+Project+in+Minnesota+from+the+North+Dakota+Border+to+the+Wisconsin+Border%3B+FINDINGS+OF+FACT%2C+CONCLUSIONS+OF+LAW%2C+AND+RECOMMENDATION&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmn.gov%2Fpuc%2Fassets%2F2018_04_23_Line_3_ALJ_Report_tcm14-336840.pdf%3FsourcePage%3D%252fpuc%252fline3%252fdocuments%252findex.jsp%253fnull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kstp.com/news/enbridge-line-three-state-regulators-public-utilities-commission-vote/4968065/">"State Regulators Approve Enbridge Pipeline Proposal Certificate of Need"</a>. 5 ABC: Eyewitness News. June 28, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180629004730/http://kstp.com/news/enbridge-line-three-state-regulators-public-utilities-commission-vote/4968065/">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=5+ABC%3A+Eyewitness+News&rft.atitle=State+Regulators+Approve+Enbridge+Pipeline+Proposal+Certificate+of+Need&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkstp.com%2Fnews%2Fenbridge-line-three-state-regulators-public-utilities-commission-vote%2F4968065%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:110-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:110_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:110_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovrienFerguson2020" class="citation web cs1">Lovrien, Jimmy; Ferguson, Dana (November 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/business/energy-and-mining/6781983-Final-permit-for-Enbridge-Line-3-project-OKd-by-Minnesota-Pollution-Control-Agency">"Final permit for Enbridge Line 3 project OK'd by Minnesota Pollution Control Agency"</a>. Duluth News Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003819/https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/business/energy-and-mining/6781983-Final-permit-for-Enbridge-Line-3-project-OKd-by-Minnesota-Pollution-Control-Agency">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duluth+News+Tribune&rft.atitle=Final+permit+for+Enbridge+Line+3+project+OK%27d+by+Minnesota+Pollution+Control+Agency&rft.date=2020-11-30&rft.aulast=Lovrien&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duluthnewstribune.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy-and-mining%2F6781983-Final-permit-for-Enbridge-Line-3-project-OKd-by-Minnesota-Pollution-Control-Agency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraker2019" class="citation web cs1">Kraker, Dan (June 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/06/03/line3-oil-pipeline-minnesota-court-environement-spill-impact">"MN court says PUC didn't weigh oil spill impact in Line 3 pipeline decision"</a>. MPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902164544/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/06/03/line3-oil-pipeline-minnesota-court-environement-spill-impact">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPR&rft.atitle=MN+court+says+PUC+didn%27t+weigh+oil+spill+impact+in+Line+3+pipeline+decision&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft.aulast=Kraker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2019%2F06%2F03%2Fline3-oil-pipeline-minnesota-court-environement-spill-impact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraker2021" class="citation web cs1">Kraker, Dan (March 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/03/23/mn-appeals-court-hears-arguments-in-line-3-challenge">"MN appeals court hears arguments in Line 3 challenge, asking whether state needs another oil pipeline"</a>. MPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003812/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/03/23/mn-appeals-court-hears-arguments-in-line-3-challenge">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPR&rft.atitle=MN+appeals+court+hears+arguments+in+Line+3+challenge%2C+asking+whether+state+needs+another+oil+pipeline&rft.date=2021-03-23&rft.aulast=Kraker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2021%2F03%2F23%2Fmn-appeals-court-hears-arguments-in-line-3-challenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2020" class="citation web cs1">Ibrahim, Mohamed (December 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/enbridge-starts-construction-line-minnesota-74489881">"Enbridge starts construction on Line 3 in Minnesota"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003810/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/enbridge-starts-construction-line-minnesota-74489881">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Enbridge+starts+construction+on+Line+3+in+Minnesota&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2FwireStory%2Fenbridge-starts-construction-line-minnesota-74489881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/24/climate/line-3-pipeline-biden.html">"Biden Administration Backs Oil Sands Pipeline Project"</a>. The New York Times. July 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Biden+Administration+Backs+Oil+Sands+Pipeline+Project&rft.date=2021-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F06%2F24%2Fclimate%2Fline-3-pipeline-biden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/570779-squad-members-call-on-biden-to-shut-down-line-3-pipeline-in">"'Squad' members call on Biden to shut down Line 3 pipeline in Minnesota"</a>. The Hill. September 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=%27Squad%27+members+call+on+Biden+to+shut+down+Line+3+pipeline+in+Minnesota&rft.date=2021-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Fenergy-environment%2F570779-squad-members-call-on-biden-to-shut-down-line-3-pipeline-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/09/29/enbridge-says-line-3-replacement-complete-opens-friday">"Enbridge says Line 3 replacement complete, opens Friday"</a>. MPR News. September 29, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPR+News&rft.atitle=Enbridge+says+Line+3+replacement+complete%2C+opens+Friday&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2021%2F09%2F29%2Fenbridge-says-line-3-replacement-complete-opens-friday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2021" class="citation web cs1">Ibrahim, Mohamed (March 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/enbridge-line-3-pipeline-argued-in-appeals-court">"Enbridge Line 3 pipeline argued in appeals court"</a>. Indian Country Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003813/https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/enbridge-line-3-pipeline-argued-in-appeals-court">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Country+Today&rft.atitle=Enbridge+Line+3+pipeline+argued+in+appeals+court&rft.date=2021-03-21&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiancountrytoday.com%2Fnews%2Fenbridge-line-3-pipeline-argued-in-appeals-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovrien2021" class="citation web cs1">Lovrien, Jimmy (March 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/business/energy-and-mining/6947540-Judges-question-whether-Enbridge-regulators-actually-proved-Line-3-is-needed">"Judges question whether Enbridge, regulators actually proved Line 3 is needed"</a>. Duluth News Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003820/https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/business/energy-and-mining/6947540-Judges-question-whether-Enbridge-regulators-actually-proved-Line-3-is-needed">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duluth+News+Tribune&rft.atitle=Judges+question+whether+Enbridge%2C+regulators+actually+proved+Line+3+is+needed&rft.date=2021-03-23&rft.aulast=Lovrien&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duluthnewstribune.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy-and-mining%2F6947540-Judges-question-whether-Enbridge-regulators-actually-proved-Line-3-is-needed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvin2021" class="citation web cs1">Arvin, Jariel (March 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/22333724/oil-pipeline-expansion-protest-minnesota-biden-climate-change">"The Indigenous-led fight to stop the Line 3 oil pipeline expansion in Minnesota, explained"</a>. Vox. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003810/https://www.vox.com/22333724/oil-pipeline-expansion-protest-minnesota-biden-climate-change">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+Indigenous-led+fight+to+stop+the+Line+3+oil+pipeline+expansion+in+Minnesota%2C+explained&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft.aulast=Arvin&rft.aufirst=Jariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F22333724%2Foil-pipeline-expansion-protest-minnesota-biden-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegan2021" class="citation web cs1">Regan, Sheila (February 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/19/line-3-pipeline-ojibwe-tribal-lands">"'It's cultural genocide': inside the fight to stop a pipeline on tribal lands"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003808/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/19/line-3-pipeline-ojibwe-tribal-lands">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+cultural+genocide%27%3A+inside+the+fight+to+stop+a+pipeline+on+tribal+lands&rft.date=2021-02-19&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F19%2Fline-3-pipeline-ojibwe-tribal-lands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraker2021" class="citation web cs1">Kraker, Dan (March 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/03/25/line-3-construction-brings-complication-controversy-to-fond-du-lac-reservation">"Line 3 construction brings complication, controversy to Fond du Lac Reservation"</a>. MPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003810/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/03/25/line-3-construction-brings-complication-controversy-to-fond-du-lac-reservation">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPR&rft.atitle=Line+3+construction+brings+complication%2C+controversy+to+Fond+du+Lac+Reservation&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft.aulast=Kraker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2021%2F03%2F25%2Fline-3-construction-brings-complication-controversy-to-fond-du-lac-reservation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvin2021" class="citation web cs1">Arvin, Jariel (March 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/22333724/oil-pipeline-expansion-protest-minnesota-biden-climate-change">"The Indigenous-led fight to stop the Line 3 oil pipeline expansion in Minnesota, explained"</a>. Vox. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003810/https://www.vox.com/22333724/oil-pipeline-expansion-protest-minnesota-biden-climate-change">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+Indigenous-led+fight+to+stop+the+Line+3+oil+pipeline+expansion+in+Minnesota%2C+explained&rft.date=2021-03-21&rft.aulast=Arvin&rft.aufirst=Jariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F22333724%2Foil-pipeline-expansion-protest-minnesota-biden-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelfried2020" class="citation web cs1">Engelfried, Nick (December 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wagingnonviolence.org/2020/12/indigenous-water-protectors-enbridge-line-3-pipeline-big-oil-last-stand/">"Indigenous-led resistance to Enbridge's Line 3 pipeline threatens Big Oil's last stand"</a>. Waging Nonviolence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302053538/https://wagingnonviolence.org/2020/12/indigenous-water-protectors-enbridge-line-3-pipeline-big-oil-last-stand/">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Waging+Nonviolence&rft.atitle=Indigenous-led+resistance+to+Enbridge%27s+Line+3+pipeline+threatens+Big+Oil%27s+last+stand&rft.date=2020-12-14&rft.aulast=Engelfried&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwagingnonviolence.org%2F2020%2F12%2Findigenous-water-protectors-enbridge-line-3-pipeline-big-oil-last-stand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2021" class="citation web cs1">Pollack, Nicole (March 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/line-3-pipeline-pushes-forward-water-protectors-push-back">"As the Line 3 Pipeline Pushes Forward, Water Protectors Push Back"</a>. Sierra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003819/https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/line-3-pipeline-pushes-forward-water-protectors-push-back">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sierra&rft.atitle=As+the+Line+3+Pipeline+Pushes+Forward%2C+Water+Protectors+Push+Back&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sierraclub.org%2Fsierra%2Fline-3-pipeline-pushes-forward-water-protectors-push-back&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenigPerry2021" class="citation web cs1">Koenig, Kailani; Perry, Cal (March 26, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/fight-brewing-over-oil-pipeline-it-s-pitting-native-groups-n1262240">"A fight is brewing over an oil pipeline and it's pitting Native groups against Big Oil"</a>. NBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003809/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/fight-brewing-over-oil-pipeline-it-s-pitting-native-groups-n1262240">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=A+fight+is+brewing+over+an+oil+pipeline+and+it%27s+pitting+Native+groups+against+Big+Oil&rft.date=2021-03-26&rft.aulast=Koenig&rft.aufirst=Kailani&rft.au=Perry%2C+Cal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Ffight-brewing-over-oil-pipeline-it-s-pitting-native-groups-n1262240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarohn2021" class="citation news cs1">Marohn, Kristi (4 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/minnesota/articles/2021-10-04/criminal-cases-against-line-3-protesters-clog-court-system">"Criminal Cases Against Line 3 Protesters Clog Court System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. Retrieved 3 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Criminal+Cases+Against+Line+3+Protesters+Clog+Court+System&rft.date=2021-10-04&rft.aulast=Marohn&rft.aufirst=Kristi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbest-states%2Fminnesota%2Farticles%2F2021-10-04%2Fcriminal-cases-against-line-3-protesters-clog-court-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/jane-fonda-line-3-pipeline-minnesota-b1861997.html">"Jane Fonda slams Biden as not 'bold or fast' enough on climate crisis amid oil line protest"</a>. The Independent. 2021-06-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/jane-fonda-line-3-pipeline-minnesota-b1861997.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2021-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Jane+Fonda+slams+Biden+as+not+%27bold+or+fast%27+enough+on+climate+crisis+amid+oil+line+protest&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fclimate-change%2Fnews%2Fjane-fonda-line-3-pipeline-minnesota-b1861997.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/protesters-clash-with-police-enbridge-pipeline-construction-site-minnesota-2021-06-07/">"Protesters clash with police at Enbridge pipeline construction site in Minnesota"</a>. Reuters. 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2021-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Protesters+clash+with+police+at+Enbridge+pipeline+construction+site+in+Minnesota&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy%2Fprotesters-clash-with-police-enbridge-pipeline-construction-site-minnesota-2021-06-07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabuchiFurberDavenport2021" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hiroko_Tabuchi" title="Hiroko Tabuchi">Tabuchi, Hiroko</a>; Furber, Matt; Davenport, Coral (2021-06-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/07/climate/line-3-pipeline-protest-native-americans.html">"Police Make Mass Arrests at Protest Against Oil Pipeline"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2021-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Police+Make+Mass+Arrests+at+Protest+Against+Oil+Pipeline&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Tabuchi&rft.aufirst=Hiroko&rft.au=Furber%2C+Matt&rft.au=Davenport%2C+Coral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F06%2F07%2Fclimate%2Fline-3-pipeline-protest-native-americans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2021" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Darren (8 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nativenewsonline.net/currents/line-3-resistance-grows-hundreds-camped-at-mississippi-as-hundreds-were-arrested-in-hubbard-county">"Line 3 Resistance Grows, Hundreds Camped at Mississippi as Hundreds were Arrested in Hubbard County"</a>. Native News Online. Retrieved 2021-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Native+News+Online&rft.atitle=Line+3+Resistance+Grows%2C+Hundreds+Camped+at+Mississippi+as+Hundreds+were+Arrested+in+Hubbard+County&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnativenewsonline.net%2Fcurrents%2Fline-3-resistance-grows-hundreds-camped-at-mississippi-as-hundreds-were-arrested-in-hubbard-county&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AParrests-44"><a href="#cite_ref-AParrests_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolpack2021" class="citation news cs1">Kolpack, Dave (June 9, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-minnesota-arrests-business-1523d769d7a7e097503f4088c420065b">"Police say nearly 250 arrested in Minnesota pipeline protest"</a>. AP News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610140625/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-minnesota-arrests-business-1523d769d7a7e097503f4088c420065b">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Police+say+nearly+250+arrested+in+Minnesota+pipeline+protest&rft.date=2021-06-09&rft.aulast=Kolpack&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fjoe-biden-minnesota-arrests-business-1523d769d7a7e097503f4088c420065b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeveri2021" class="citation web cs1">Severi, Misty (October 11, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/now/respect-us-expect-us-andrew-175100610.html">"'Respect us or expect us': Andrew Jackson statue vandalized in front of White House"</a>. Retrieved October 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Respect+us+or+expect+us%27%3A+Andrew+Jackson+statue+vandalized+in+front+of+White+House&rft.date=2021-10-11&rft.aulast=Severi&rft.aufirst=Misty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnow%2Frespect-us-expect-us-andrew-175100610.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/sce/north-star-chapter/pdf/Line3FactSheet.pdf">"Line 3 and the Pipeline System"</a> (PDF). Sierra Club North Star Chapter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016092306/http://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/sce/north-star-chapter/pdf/Line3FactSheet.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sierra+Club+North+Star+Chapter&rft.atitle=Line+3+and+the+Pipeline+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sierraclub.org%2Fsites%2Fwww.sierraclub.org%2Ffiles%2Fsce%2Fnorth-star-chapter%2Fpdf%2FLine3FactSheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mn350.org/pipeline-resistance/">"Pipeline Resistance"</a>. MN350. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230654/http://www.mn350.org/pipeline-resistance/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MN350&rft.atitle=Pipeline+Resistance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mn350.org%2Fpipeline-resistance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honorearth.org/sandpiper_line_3_corridor">"Line 3"</a>. Honor the Earth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230721/http://www.honorearth.org/sandpiper_line_3_corridor">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honor+the+Earth&rft.atitle=Line+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.honorearth.org%2Fsandpiper_line_3_corridor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stopline3.org/">"Stop the Line 3 Pipeline"</a>. Stop Line 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702041700/https://www.stopline3.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stop+Line+3&rft.atitle=Stop+the+Line+3+Pipeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stopline3.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2020/01/Giant-Step-Backward-report-01-29-19-FINAL-online-version.pdf">"A Giant Step Backward"</a> (PDF). Price of Oil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030232238/http://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2020/01/Giant-Step-Backward-report-01-29-19-FINAL-online-version.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Price+of+Oil&rft.atitle=A+Giant+Step+Backward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpriceofoil.org%2Fcontent%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F01%2FGiant-Step-Backward-report-01-29-19-FINAL-online-version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrenstein2019" class="citation web cs1">Orenstein, Walker (June 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minnpost.com/environment/2019/06/a-setback-for-line-3-what-the-latest-court-ruling-means-for-the-future-of-the-project/">"A setback for Line 3: What the latest court ruling means for the future of the project"</a>. MinnPost. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190823222531/https://www.minnpost.com/environment/2019/06/a-setback-for-line-3-what-the-latest-court-ruling-means-for-the-future-of-the-project/">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MinnPost&rft.atitle=A+setback+for+Line+3%3A+What+the+latest+court+ruling+means+for+the+future+of+the+project&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft.aulast=Orenstein&rft.aufirst=Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnpost.com%2Fenvironment%2F2019%2F06%2Fa-setback-for-line-3-what-the-latest-court-ruling-means-for-the-future-of-the-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-52"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2017" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Brooks (September 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bemidjipioneer.com/4326044-enbridge-line-3-replacement-not-needed-minn-commerce-department-says">"Enbridge Line 3 replacement not needed, Minn. commerce department says"</a>. Bemidji Pioneer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230831/http://www.bemidjipioneer.com/4326044-enbridge-line-3-replacement-not-needed-minn-commerce-department-says">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bemidji+Pioneer&rft.atitle=Enbridge+Line+3+replacement+not+needed%2C+Minn.+commerce+department+says&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Brooks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bemidjipioneer.com%2F4326044-enbridge-line-3-replacement-not-needed-minn-commerce-department-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraker2019" class="citation web cs1">Kraker, Dan (February 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/02/12/line-3-pipeline-walz-decision">"Walz's Commerce Dept. to renew Line 3 appeal"</a>. MPRNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328175344/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/02/12/line-3-pipeline-walz-decision">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPRNews&rft.atitle=Walz%27s+Commerce+Dept.+to+renew+Line+3+appeal&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft.aulast=Kraker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2019%2F02%2F12%2Fline-3-pipeline-walz-decision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-54"><a href="#cite_ref-:16_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraker2020" class="citation web cs1">Kraker, Dan (18 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/08/18/walz-administration-keeps-up-fight-against-line-3">"Walz administration keeps up fight against Line 3"</a>. Minnesota Public Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101114439/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/08/18/walz-administration-keeps-up-fight-against-line-3">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Walz+administration+keeps+up+fight+against+Line+3&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft.aulast=Kraker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2020%2F08%2F18%2Fwalz-administration-keeps-up-fight-against-line-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAC_Walz's_U_turn-55"><a href="#cite_ref-MAC_Walz's_U_turn_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimar-Wilcox2020" class="citation web cs1">Timar-Wilcox, Estelle (20 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themacweekly.com/79231/home/line-3-protests-escalate-after-walz-administration-greenlights-construction/">"Line 3 protests escalate after Walz administration greenlights construction"</a>. The Mac Weekly. The Mac Weekly. Retrieved 31 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mac+Weekly&rft.atitle=Line+3+protests+escalate+after+Walz+administration+greenlights+construction&rft.date=2020-11-20&rft.aulast=Timar-Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Estelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemacweekly.com%2F79231%2Fhome%2Fline-3-protests-escalate-after-walz-administration-greenlights-construction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EJAG_resignation_letter-56"><a href="#cite_ref-EJAG_resignation_letter_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/20407470-nov-16-2020-ejag-group-letter-of-resignation-1?fbclid=IwAR1W_UaP48OX7aaTh2MX64FzCvyG97XztGa5Wlu_qyfUh_QgGHIAHJNQeA0">"DocumentCloud"</a>. www.documentcloud.org. Walker Orenstein (MinnPost). Retrieved 31 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.documentcloud.org&rft.atitle=DocumentCloud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentcloud.org%2Fdocuments%2F20407470-nov-16-2020-ejag-group-letter-of-resignation-1%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR1W_UaP48OX7aaTh2MX64FzCvyG97XztGa5Wlu_qyfUh_QgGHIAHJNQeA0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omar.house.gov/media/press-releases/rep-ilhan-omar-calls-biden-reject-line-3-pipeline">"Rep. Ilhan Omar calls on Biden to Reject Line 3 Pipeline"</a>. Ilhan Omar. 3 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224195825/https://omar.house.gov/media/press-releases/rep-ilhan-omar-calls-biden-reject-line-3-pipeline">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ilhan+Omar&rft.atitle=Rep.+Ilhan+Omar+calls+on+Biden+to+Reject+Line+3+Pipeline&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomar.house.gov%2Fmedia%2Fpress-releases%2Frep-ilhan-omar-calls-biden-reject-line-3-pipeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraker2019" class="citation web cs1">Kraker, Dan (May 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/03/27/line-3-enbridge-minnesota-spill-fears-versus-safety">"Spill fears rise even as Line 3 backers vow new pipeline will be safe"</a>. MPRNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627231727/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/03/27/line-3-enbridge-minnesota-spill-fears-versus-safety">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPRNews&rft.atitle=Spill+fears+rise+even+as+Line+3+backers+vow+new+pipeline+will+be+safe&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft.aulast=Kraker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2018%2F03%2F27%2Fline-3-enbridge-minnesota-spill-fears-versus-safety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/2d06afe9e6c0712a86b91309d7c4932b">"Company Revises Minnesota Oil Spill Upward to 1.7 Million Gallons"</a>. AP News. March 13, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230909/https://apnews.com/2d06afe9e6c0712a86b91309d7c4932b">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Company+Revises+Minnesota+Oil+Spill+Upward+to+1.7+Million+Gallons&rft.date=1991-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F2d06afe9e6c0712a86b91309d7c4932b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChicklas2016" class="citation web cs1">Chicklas, Dana (July 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fox17online.com/2016/07/20/2010-enbridge-oil-spill-in-kalamazoo-river-a-lasting-effect-on-local-business/">"2010 Enbridge oil spill in Kalamazoo River: a lasting effect on local business"</a>. FOX 17 West Michigan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628015518/https://fox17online.com/2016/07/20/2010-enbridge-oil-spill-in-kalamazoo-river-a-lasting-effect-on-local-business/">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FOX+17+West+Michigan&rft.atitle=2010+Enbridge+oil+spill+in+Kalamazoo+River%3A+a+lasting+effect+on+local+business&rft.date=2016-07-20&rft.aulast=Chicklas&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffox17online.com%2F2016%2F07%2F20%2F2010-enbridge-oil-spill-in-kalamazoo-river-a-lasting-effect-on-local-business%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdch/Enbridge_Sediment__BLUE_FINAL_5-23-2012_387874_7.pdf">"Public Health Assessment Kalamazoo River/Enbridge Spill"</a> (PDF). Michigan Department of Community Health. May 23, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430031805/http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdch/Enbridge_Sediment__BLUE_FINAL_5-23-2012_387874_7.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 30, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Department+of+Community+Health&rft.atitle=Public+Health+Assessment+Kalamazoo+River%2FEnbridge+Spill&rft.date=2012-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fdocuments%2Fmdch%2FEnbridge_Sediment__BLUE_FINAL_5-23-2012_387874_7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParham2015" class="citation web cs1">Parham, Georgia (June 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/midwest/news/785.html">"For Immediate Release: Enbridge Must Restore Environment Injured by 2010 Kalamazoo River Oil Spill"</a>. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628015440/https://www.fws.gov/midwest/news/785.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Fish+%26+Wildlife+Service&rft.atitle=For+Immediate+Release%3A+Enbridge+Must+Restore+Environment+Injured+by+2010+Kalamazoo+River+Oil+Spill&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft.aulast=Parham&rft.aufirst=Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Fmidwest%2Fnews%2F785.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-63"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enbridge.com/~/media/Enb/Documents/Projects/line5/Our_commitment_to_pipeline_safety.pdf?la=en">"Our commitment to pipeline safety"</a> (PDF). Enbridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628015555/https://www.enbridge.com/~/media/Enb/Documents/Projects/line5/Our_commitment_to_pipeline_safety.pdf?la=en">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enbridge&rft.atitle=Our+commitment+to+pipeline+safety&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enbridge.com%2F~%2Fmedia%2FEnb%2FDocuments%2FProjects%2Fline5%2FOur_commitment_to_pipeline_safety.pdf%3Fla%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mn.gov/commerce/energyfacilities/resource.html?Id=34735">"Line 3 EIS: Chapter 10 - Accidental Crude Oil Releases"</a>. Minnesota Department of Commerce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230839/https://mn.gov/commerce/energyfacilities/resource.html?Id=34735">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Department+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=Line+3+EIS%3A+Chapter+10+-+Accidental+Crude+Oil+Releases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmn.gov%2Fcommerce%2Fenergyfacilities%2Fresource.html%3FId%3D34735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnger2016" class="citation web cs1">Enger, John (February 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/02/01/explaining-minnesota-ojibwe-treaties#map">"Explaining Minnesota's 1837, 1854 and 1855 Ojibwe treaties"</a>. MPRNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831051005/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/02/01/explaining-minnesota-ojibwe-treaties#map">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPRNews&rft.atitle=Explaining+Minnesota%27s+1837%2C+1854+and+1855+Ojibwe+treaties&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft.aulast=Enger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2016%2F02%2F01%2Fexplaining-minnesota-ojibwe-treaties%23map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/sce/north-star-chapter/pdf/TreatRightsFactSheet.pdf">"Line 3 and Treaty Rights"</a> (PDF). Sierra Club North Star Chapter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617102229/https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/sce/north-star-chapter/pdf/TreatRightsFactSheet.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sierra+Club+North+Star+Chapter&rft.atitle=Line+3+and+Treaty+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sierraclub.org%2Fsites%2Fwww.sierraclub.org%2Ffiles%2Fsce%2Fnorth-star-chapter%2Fpdf%2FTreatRightsFactSheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58a3c10abebafb5c4b3293ac/t/5b8ee947aa4a99a54b5d275e/1536092488649/factsheet+TREATY+RIGHTS.pdf">"Treaty Rights and Oil Pipelines: What You Need to Know"</a> (PDF). Honor the Earth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111155026/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58a3c10abebafb5c4b3293ac/t/5b8ee947aa4a99a54b5d275e/1536092488649/factsheet+TREATY+RIGHTS.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honor+the+Earth&rft.atitle=Treaty+Rights+and+Oil+Pipelines%3A+What+You+Need+to+Know&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F58a3c10abebafb5c4b3293ac%2Ft%2F5b8ee947aa4a99a54b5d275e%2F1536092488649%2Ffactsheet%2BTREATY%2BRIGHTS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mn.gov/commerce/energyfacilities/resource.html?Id=34735">"Line 3 EIS: Chapter 9 - Tribal Resources"</a>. Minnesota Department of Commerce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230839/https://mn.gov/commerce/energyfacilities/resource.html?Id=34735">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Department+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=Line+3+EIS%3A+Chapter+9+-+Tribal+Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmn.gov%2Fcommerce%2Fenergyfacilities%2Fresource.html%3FId%3D34735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-69"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughlett2018" class="citation web cs1">Hughlett, Mike (January 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/tribes-ask-puc-to-reconsider-review-of-new-enbridge-pipeline-route-saying-cultural-study-wasn-t-done/468049673/">"Tribes ask PUC to reconsider review of new Enbridge pipeline route, saying cultural study wasn't done"</a>. Star Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230909/http://www.startribune.com/tribes-ask-puc-to-reconsider-review-of-new-enbridge-pipeline-route-saying-cultural-study-wasn-t-done/468049673/">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Tribes+ask+PUC+to+reconsider+review+of+new+Enbridge+pipeline+route%2C+saying+cultural+study+wasn%27t+done&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft.aulast=Hughlett&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Ftribes-ask-puc-to-reconsider-review-of-new-enbridge-pipeline-route-saying-cultural-study-wasn-t-done%2F468049673%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stopline3.org/news/5tribes">"5 Ojibwe Tribes Intervene in Minnesota's Contested Case Process for Line 3"</a>. Stop Line 3. July 13, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230854/https://www.stopline3.org/news/5tribes">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stop+Line+3&rft.atitle=5+Ojibwe+Tribes+Intervene+in+Minnesota%27s+Contested+Case+Process+for+Line+3&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stopline3.org%2Fnews%2F5tribes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraker2018" class="citation web cs1">Kraker, Dan (December 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/12/19/line-3-pipeline-opponents-file-suit-challenging-state-approval">"Line 3 pipeline opponents file suit challenging state approval"</a>. MPRNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913203031/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/12/19/line-3-pipeline-opponents-file-suit-challenging-state-approval">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPRNews&rft.atitle=Line+3+pipeline+opponents+file+suit+challenging+state+approval&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft.aulast=Kraker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2018%2F12%2F19%2Fline-3-pipeline-opponents-file-suit-challenging-state-approval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-72"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraker2019" class="citation web cs1">Kraker, Dan (June 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/06/03/line3-oil-pipeline-minnesota-court-environement-spill-impact">"MN court says PUC didn't weigh oil spill impact in Line 3 pipeline decision"</a>. MPRNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902164544/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/06/03/line3-oil-pipeline-minnesota-court-environement-spill-impact">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPRNews&rft.atitle=MN+court+says+PUC+didn%27t+weigh+oil+spill+impact+in+Line+3+pipeline+decision&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft.aulast=Kraker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2019%2F06%2F03%2Fline3-oil-pipeline-minnesota-court-environement-spill-impact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraker2018" class="citation web cs1">Kraker, Dan (August 31, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/08/31/enbridge-fond-du-lac-band-reach-deal-route-line-3-oil-pipeline-through-reservation">"Enbridge, Fond du Lac Band reach deal to route Line 3 through reservation"</a>. MPRNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191113200429/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/08/31/enbridge-fond-du-lac-band-reach-deal-route-line-3-oil-pipeline-through-reservation">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPRNews&rft.atitle=Enbridge%2C+Fond+du+Lac+Band+reach+deal+to+route+Line+3+through+reservation&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft.aulast=Kraker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2018%2F08%2F31%2Fenbridge-fond-du-lac-band-reach-deal-route-line-3-oil-pipeline-through-reservation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/news/4481322-fond-du-lac-band-says-all-options-open-regarding-line-3">"Fond du Lac Band says all options open regarding Line 3"</a>. Duluth News Tribune. August 3, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190104102713/https://duluthnewstribune.com/news/4481322-fond-du-lac-band-says-all-options-open-regarding-line-3">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duluth+News+Tribune&rft.atitle=Fond+du+Lac+Band+says+all+options+open+regarding+Line+3&rft.date=2018-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duluthnewstribune.com%2Fnews%2F4481322-fond-du-lac-band-says-all-options-open-regarding-line-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2018" class="citation web cs1">Bowen, Joseph (December 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bemidjipioneer.com/news/4543486-leech-lake-enbridge-reach-agreement-remove-existing-line-3-if-new-pipeline-built">"Leech Lake, Enbridge reach agreement to remove existing Line 3 if new pipeline is built"</a>. The Bemidji Pioneer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426070238/https://www.bemidjipioneer.com/news/4543486-leech-lake-enbridge-reach-agreement-remove-existing-line-3-if-new-pipeline-built">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bemidji+Pioneer&rft.atitle=Leech+Lake%2C+Enbridge+reach+agreement+to+remove+existing+Line+3+if+new+pipeline+is+built&rft.date=2018-12-14&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bemidjipioneer.com%2Fnews%2F4543486-leech-lake-enbridge-reach-agreement-remove-existing-line-3-if-new-pipeline-built&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh" class="citation web cs1">Walsh, Kayla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/magazine/entry/moving-more-than-oil/">"Moving More than Oil: The intimate link between human trafficking and dirty energy in Minnesota"</a>. Earth Island Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328214416/https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/magazine/entry/moving-more-than-oil/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+Island+Journal&rft.atitle=Moving+More+than+Oil%3A+The+intimate+link+between+human+trafficking+and+dirty+energy+in+Minnesota&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Kayla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthisland.org%2Fjournal%2Findex.php%2Fmagazine%2Fentry%2Fmoving-more-than-oil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwitz2014" class="citation news cs1">Horwitz, Sari (September 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2014/09/28/dark-side-of-the-boom/">"Dark side of the boom: North Dakota's oil rush brings cash and promise to reservation, along with drug-fueled crime"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602224919/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2014/09/28/dark-side-of-the-boom/">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Dark+side+of+the+boom%3A+North+Dakota%27s+oil+rush+brings+cash+and+promise+to+reservation%2C+along+with+drug-fueled+crime&rft.date=2014-09-28&rft.aulast=Horwitz&rft.aufirst=Sari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsf%2Fnational%2F2014%2F09%2F28%2Fdark-side-of-the-boom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathryn_NagleSteinem2016" class="citation web cs1">Kathryn Nagle, Mary; Steinem, Gloria (September 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2016/09/29/sexual-assault-pipeline/3jQscLWRcmD12cfefQTNsL/story.html">"Sexual assault on the pipeline"</a>. Boston Globe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413030641/https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2016/09/29/sexual-assault-pipeline/3jQscLWRcmD12cfefQTNsL/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Sexual+assault+on+the+pipeline&rft.date=2016-09-29&rft.aulast=Kathryn+Nagle&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Steinem%2C+Gloria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fopinion%2F2016%2F09%2F29%2Fsexual-assault-pipeline%2F3jQscLWRcmD12cfefQTNsL%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehl2019" class="citation web cs1">Diehl, Amelia (October 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inthesetimes.com/article/22116/indigenous-peoples-day-anishnabeeg-leaders-march-against-line-3-pipeline">"On Indigenous People's Day, Anishinaabeg Leaders March Against Enbridge's $7.5 Billion Oil Pipeline"</a>. In These Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200502135513/https://inthesetimes.com/article/22116/indigenous-peoples-day-anishnabeeg-leaders-march-against-line-3-pipeline">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+These+Times&rft.atitle=On+Indigenous+People%27s+Day%2C+Anishinaabeg+Leaders+March+Against+Enbridge%27s+%247.5+Billion+Oil+Pipeline&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finthesetimes.com%2Farticle%2F22116%2Findigenous-peoples-day-anishnabeeg-leaders-march-against-line-3-pipeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicornriot.ninja/2019/march-to-protect-the-sacred-on-indigenous-peoples-day-2019/">"March to Protect The Sacred on Indigenous People's Day 2019"</a>. Unicorn Riot. October 14, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328214417/https://unicornriot.ninja/2019/march-to-protect-the-sacred-on-indigenous-peoples-day-2019/">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicorn+Riot&rft.atitle=March+to+Protect+The+Sacred+on+Indigenous+People%27s+Day+2019&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicornriot.ninja%2F2019%2Fmarch-to-protect-the-sacred-on-indigenous-peoples-day-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mn.gov/eera/web/project-file?legacyPath=/opt/documents/34079/Line3%20FEIS%20Ch%2011%20Environmental%20Justice%20Complete.pdf">""Line 3 EIS: Chapter 11 - Environmental Justice""</a> (PDF). Department of Commerce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803122843/https://mn.gov/eera/web/project-file?legacyPath=%2Fopt%2Fdocuments%2F34079%2FLine3%20FEIS%20Ch%2011%20Environmental%20Justice%20Complete.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=%22Line+3+EIS%3A+Chapter+11+-+Environmental+Justice%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmn.gov%2Feera%2Fweb%2Fproject-file%3FlegacyPath%3D%2Fopt%2Fdocuments%2F34079%2FLine3%2520FEIS%2520Ch%252011%2520Environmental%2520Justice%2520Complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healingmnstories.wordpress.com/2019/09/12/public-utilities-commission-enbridge-need-to-go-back-to-square-one-on-line-3s-human-trafficking-prevention-plan/">"Public Utilities Commission, Enbridge need to go back to square one on Line 3's Human Trafficking Prevention Plan"</a>. Healing Minnesota Stories. September 12, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115013645/https://healingmnstories.wordpress.com/2019/09/12/public-utilities-commission-enbridge-need-to-go-back-to-square-one-on-line-3s-human-trafficking-prevention-plan/">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Healing+Minnesota+Stories&rft.atitle=Public+Utilities+Commission%2C+Enbridge+need+to+go+back+to+square+one+on+Line+3%27s+Human+Trafficking+Prevention+Plan&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealingmnstories.wordpress.com%2F2019%2F09%2F12%2Fpublic-utilities-commission-enbridge-need-to-go-back-to-square-one-on-line-3s-human-trafficking-prevention-plan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enbridge.com/stories/2019/january/pavsa-duluth-fight-to-end-human-trafficking">"More people are talking about it now': The fight to eliminate human trafficking"</a>. Enbridge. January 28, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328214418/https://www.enbridge.com/stories/2019/january/pavsa-duluth-fight-to-end-human-trafficking">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enbridge&rft.atitle=More+people+are+talking+about+it+now%27%3A+The+fight+to+eliminate+human+trafficking&rft.date=2019-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enbridge.com%2Fstories%2F2019%2Fjanuary%2Fpavsa-duluth-fight-to-end-human-trafficking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaDuke2020" class="citation web cs1">LaDuke, Winona (January 16, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://duluthreader.com/articles/2020/01/16/19289_new_faces_of_courage">"New Faces of Courage"</a>. Duluth Reader. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328214425/http://duluthreader.com/articles/2020/01/16/19289_new_faces_of_courage">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duluth+Reader&rft.atitle=New+Faces+of+Courage&rft.date=2020-01-16&rft.aulast=LaDuke&rft.aufirst=Winona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fduluthreader.com%2Farticles%2F2020%2F01%2F16%2F19289_new_faces_of_courage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honorearth.org/man_camps_fact_sheet">"Man Camps Fact Sheet"</a>. Honor the Earth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328214416/http://www.honorearth.org/man_camps_fact_sheet">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honor+the+Earth&rft.atitle=Man+Camps+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.honorearth.org%2Fman_camps_fact_sheet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stopline3.org/issues">"Issues: Construction Impacts"</a>. Stop Line 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328214416/https://www.stopline3.org/issues">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stop+Line+3&rft.atitle=Issues%3A+Construction+Impacts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stopline3.org%2Fissues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sierraclub.org/minnesota/beyond-oil">"Stop Line 3"</a>. Sierra Club. 22 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328214416/https://www.sierraclub.org/minnesota/beyond-oil">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sierra+Club&rft.atitle=Stop+Line+3&rft.date=2018-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sierraclub.org%2Fminnesota%2Fbeyond-oil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvelyn2019" class="citation web cs1">Evelyn, Julia (13 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mn350.org/2019/12/the-history-and-future-of-line-3-resistance/">"The history and future of Line 3 resistance"</a>. MN350. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928212131/https://mn350.org/2019/12/the-history-and-future-of-line-3-resistance/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MN350&rft.atitle=The+history+and+future+of+Line+3+resistance&rft.date=2019-12-13&rft.aulast=Evelyn&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmn350.org%2F2019%2F12%2Fthe-history-and-future-of-line-3-resistance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pipelinecleanupmn.org/resources/line-3-abandonment-factsheet">"Line 3 Abandonment Factsheet"</a>. Minnesotans for Pipeline Cleanup. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628015552/http://www.pipelinecleanupmn.org/resources/line-3-abandonment-factsheet">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesotans+for+Pipeline+Cleanup&rft.atitle=Line+3+Abandonment+Factsheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pipelinecleanupmn.org%2Fresources%2Fline-3-abandonment-factsheet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_90-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pipelinecleanupmn.org/sites/default/files/2018-06/Pipeline%20Abandonment%20Report.pdf">"Enbridge's Mess An Historic Moment for Minnesota Landowners"</a> (PDF). Minnesotans for Pipeline Cleanup. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230833/http://www.pipelinecleanupmn.org/sites/default/files/2018-06/Pipeline%20Abandonment%20Report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesotans+for+Pipeline+Cleanup&rft.atitle=Enbridge%27s+Mess+An+Historic+Moment+for+Minnesota+Landowners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pipelinecleanupmn.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2018-06%2FPipeline%2520Abandonment%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mnchippewatribe.org/pdf/Chapter%204_Overview%20of%20projects_DRAFT.pdf">"Chippewa Cumulative Impact Assessment: Chapter 4"</a> (PDF). Minnesota Chippewa Tribe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230835/https://www.mnchippewatribe.org/pdf/Chapter%204_Overview%20of%20projects_DRAFT.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Chippewa+Tribe&rft.atitle=Chippewa+Cumulative+Impact+Assessment%3A+Chapter+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnchippewatribe.org%2Fpdf%2FChapter%25204_Overview%2520of%2520projects_DRAFT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessnorth.com/daily_briefing/new-study-economic-impact-of-enbridge-line-will-be-massive/article_dece3320-5048-11e7-9ecb-6f25872a903a.html">"New study: Economic impact of Enbridge Line 3 will be massive"</a>. Business North. June 13, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190908172253/http://www.businessnorth.com/daily_briefing/new-study-economic-impact-of-enbridge-line-will-be-massive/article_dece3320-5048-11e7-9ecb-6f25872a903a.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+North&rft.atitle=New+study%3A+Economic+impact+of+Enbridge+Line+3+will+be+massive&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessnorth.com%2Fdaily_briefing%2Fnew-study-economic-impact-of-enbridge-line-will-be-massive%2Farticle_dece3320-5048-11e7-9ecb-6f25872a903a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidman2017" class="citation web cs1">Seidman, Derek (November 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.littlesis.org/2017/11/15/the-university-of-minnesota-duluth-sold-its-credibility-to-enbridge-can-it-get-it-back/">"The University of Minnesota Duluth Sold Its Credibility to Enbridge. Can It Get It Back?"</a>. Eyes on the Ties. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810151958/https://news.littlesis.org/2017/11/15/the-university-of-minnesota-duluth-sold-its-credibility-to-enbridge-can-it-get-it-back/">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eyes+on+the+Ties&rft.atitle=The+University+of+Minnesota+Duluth+Sold+Its+Credibility+to+Enbridge.+Can+It+Get+It+Back%3F&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft.aulast=Seidman&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.littlesis.org%2F2017%2F11%2F15%2Fthe-university-of-minnesota-duluth-sold-its-credibility-to-enbridge-can-it-get-it-back%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidman2017" class="citation web cs1">Seidman, Derek (December 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.littlesis.org/2017/12/21/update-univ-of-minnesota-duluth-professor-resigns-from-board-of-enbridge-backed-group-in-response-to-pai-report/">"UPDATE: University of Minnesota Duluth Professor Resigns from Board of Enbridge-Backed Group in Response to PAI Report"</a>. Eyes on the Ties. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209213428/https://news.littlesis.org/2017/12/21/update-univ-of-minnesota-duluth-professor-resigns-from-board-of-enbridge-backed-group-in-response-to-pai-report/">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eyes+on+the+Ties&rft.atitle=UPDATE%3A+University+of+Minnesota+Duluth+Professor+Resigns+from+Board+of+Enbridge-Backed+Group+in+Response+to+PAI+Report&rft.date=2017-12-21&rft.aulast=Seidman&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.littlesis.org%2F2017%2F12%2F21%2Fupdate-univ-of-minnesota-duluth-professor-resigns-from-board-of-enbridge-backed-group-in-response-to-pai-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.virginiamn.com/mine/enbridge-poised-to-provide-jobs/article_545986cc-9b30-11e6-842b-1ffbb34f47f8.html">"Enbridge poised to provide jobs"</a>. Mesabi Daily News. October 25, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625045711/http://www.virginiamn.com/mine/enbridge-poised-to-provide-jobs/article_545986cc-9b30-11e6-842b-1ffbb34f47f8.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mesabi+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Enbridge+poised+to+provide+jobs&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginiamn.com%2Fmine%2Fenbridge-poised-to-provide-jobs%2Farticle_545986cc-9b30-11e6-842b-1ffbb34f47f8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-96"><a href="#cite_ref-:17_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mn.gov/commerce/energyfacilities/resource.html?Id=34735">"Line 3 EIS: Chapter 5 - Existing Conditions, Impacts, and Mitigation - Certificate of Need"</a>. Minnesota Department of Commerce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230839/https://mn.gov/commerce/energyfacilities/resource.html?Id=34735">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Department+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=Line+3+EIS%3A+Chapter+5+-+Existing+Conditions%2C+Impacts%2C+and+Mitigation+-+Certificate+of+Need&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmn.gov%2Fcommerce%2Fenergyfacilities%2Fresource.html%3FId%3D34735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minnesotansforline3.com/about-us/">"The Line 3 Replacement Project: Safety, Efficiency, Jobs"</a>. Minnesotans for Line 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230857/https://minnesotansforline3.com/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesotans+for+Line+3&rft.atitle=The+Line+3+Replacement+Project%3A+Safety%2C+Efficiency%2C+Jobs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminnesotansforline3.com%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enbridge.com/projects-and-infrastructure/public-awareness/minnesota-projects/line-3-replacement-project">"Line 3 Replacement Project"</a>. Enbridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628015509/http://www.enbridge.com/projects-and-infrastructure/public-awareness/minnesota-projects/line-3-replacement-project">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enbridge&rft.atitle=Line+3+Replacement+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enbridge.com%2Fprojects-and-infrastructure%2Fpublic-awareness%2Fminnesota-projects%2Fline-3-replacement-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honorearth.org/understanding_the_minnesota_doc_s_opposition_testimony_for_line_3">"Understanding the Minnesota DOC's Opposition Testimony for Line 3"</a>. Honor the Earth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230708/http://www.honorearth.org/understanding_the_minnesota_doc_s_opposition_testimony_for_line_3">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honor+the+Earth&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Minnesota+DOC%27s+Opposition+Testimony+for+Line+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.honorearth.org%2Funderstanding_the_minnesota_doc_s_opposition_testimony_for_line_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughlett2018" class="citation web cs1">Hughlett, Mike (May 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/enbridge-prevails-in-minnesota-property-tax-challenge/482687251/">"Enbridge prevails in Minnesota property tax challenge"</a>. Star Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628044112/http://www.startribune.com/enbridge-prevails-in-minnesota-property-tax-challenge/482687251/">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Enbridge+prevails+in+Minnesota+property+tax+challenge&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft.aulast=Hughlett&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fenbridge-prevails-in-minnesota-property-tax-challenge%2F482687251%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraker2017" class="citation web cs1">Kraker, Dan (October 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/10/11/enbridge-argues-line-3-oil-pipeline-needed-for-minnesota-region">"Enbridge argues Line 3 oil pipeline needed for Minnesota, region"</a>. MPRNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200306045135/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/10/11/enbridge-argues-line-3-oil-pipeline-needed-for-minnesota-region">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPRNews&rft.atitle=Enbridge+argues+Line+3+oil+pipeline+needed+for+Minnesota%2C+region&rft.date=2017-10-11&rft.aulast=Kraker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2017%2F10%2F11%2Fenbridge-argues-line-3-oil-pipeline-needed-for-minnesota-region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrland2019" class="citation news cs1">Orland, Kevin (March 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-02/enbridge-pipeline-delayed-a-year-in-hit-to-canadian-oil-industry">"Enbridge Pipeline Delayed a Year in Hit to Canadian Oil Industry"</a>. Bloomberg.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030203253/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-02/enbridge-pipeline-delayed-a-year-in-hit-to-canadian-oil-industry">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Enbridge+Pipeline+Delayed+a+Year+in+Hit+to+Canadian+Oil+Industry&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft.aulast=Orland&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-03-02%2Fenbridge-pipeline-delayed-a-year-in-hit-to-canadian-oil-industry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlav2018" class="citation web cs1">Slav, Irina (December 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Alberta-Enforces-87-Oil-Production-Cut.html">"Alberta Enforces 8.7% Oil Production Cut"</a>. Oilprice.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191108045340/https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Alberta-Enforces-87-Oil-Production-Cut.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oilprice.com&rft.atitle=Alberta+Enforces+8.7%25+Oil+Production+Cut&rft.date=2018-12-03&rft.aulast=Slav&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foilprice.com%2FLatest-Energy-News%2FWorld-News%2FAlberta-Enforces-87-Oil-Production-Cut.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webvoyage.carli.illinois.edu/nby/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?ti=1,0&Search%5FArg=Walter%20Loomis%20Newberry&Search%5FCode=FT%2A&SL=None&CNT=10&PID=urzw9OgfoUNKX5jC52RRZ2M&SEQ=20190909231620&SID=4">"Canada to lose 12,500 oil and gas jobs in 2019, report predicts, mostly in Alberta"</a>. April 8, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602224909/https://webvoyage.carli.illinois.edu/nby/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?ti=1%2C0&Search_Arg=Walter+Loomis+Newberry&Search_Code=FT%2A&SL=None&CNT=10&PID=urzw9OgfoUNKX5jC52RRZ2M&SEQ=20190909231620&SID=4">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+to+lose+12%2C500+oil+and+gas+jobs+in+2019%2C+report+predicts%2C+mostly+in+Alberta&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebvoyage.carli.illinois.edu%2Fnby%2Fcgi-bin%2FPwebrecon.cgi%3Fti%3D1%2C0%26Search%255FArg%3DWalter%2520Loomis%2520Newberry%26Search%255FCode%3DFT%252A%26SL%3DNone%26CNT%3D10%26PID%3Durzw9OgfoUNKX5jC52RRZ2M%26SEQ%3D20190909231620%26SID%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2016" class="citation web cs1">Morris, David (August 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2016/08/28/pipelines-vs-trains-oil-transport/">"Pipelines: The Worst Way to Move Oil, Except For All the Rest"</a>. Fortune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230837/http://fortune.com/2016/08/28/pipelines-vs-trains-oil-transport/">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Pipelines%3A+The+Worst+Way+to+Move+Oil%2C+Except+For+All+the+Rest&rft.date=2016-08-28&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2016%2F08%2F28%2Fpipelines-vs-trains-oil-transport%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-106"><a href="#cite_ref-:14_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasker2016" class="citation web cs1">Tasker, John (November 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal-cabinet-trudeau-pipeline-decisions-1.3872828">"Trudeau cabinet approves Trans Mountain, Line 3 pipelines, rejects Northern Gateway"</a>. CBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619141339/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal-cabinet-trudeau-pipeline-decisions-1.3872828">Archived</a> from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Trudeau+cabinet+approves+Trans+Mountain%2C+Line+3+pipelines%2C+rejects+Northern+Gateway&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft.aulast=Tasker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ffederal-cabinet-trudeau-pipeline-decisions-1.3872828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-107"><a href="#cite_ref-:13_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minnesotansforline3.com/2018/05/fact-check-friday-8-supply-demand-and-why-pipelines-like-line-3-are-so-important/">"Fact Check Friday #8: Supply, demand and why pipelines like Line 3 are so important"</a>. Minnesotans for Line 3. May 11, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230940/https://minnesotansforline3.com/2018/05/fact-check-friday-8-supply-demand-and-why-pipelines-like-line-3-are-so-important/">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesotans+for+Line+3&rft.atitle=Fact+Check+Friday+%238%3A+Supply%2C+demand+and+why+pipelines+like+Line+3+are+so+important&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminnesotansforline3.com%2F2018%2F05%2Ffact-check-friday-8-supply-demand-and-why-pipelines-like-line-3-are-so-important%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mn.gov/eera/web/project-file?legacyPath=/opt/documents/34079/Fagan_Direct_Testimony%2014-916.pdf#page=9">"Direct Testimony of Dr. Marie Fagan on Behalf of Minnesota Department of Commerce Division of Energy Resources"</a> (PDF). Minnesota Department of Commerce. September 11, 2017. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230652/https://mn.gov/eera/web/project-file?legacyPath=%2Fopt%2Fdocuments%2F34079%2FFagan_Direct_Testimony%2014-916.pdf#page=9">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Department+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=Direct+Testimony+of+Dr.+Marie+Fagan+on+Behalf+of+Minnesota+Department+of+Commerce+Division+of+Energy+Resources&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmn.gov%2Feera%2Fweb%2Fproject-file%3FlegacyPath%3D%2Fopt%2Fdocuments%2F34079%2FFagan_Direct_Testimony%252014-916.pdf%23page%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALine+3+pipeline" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enbridge" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Enbridge_(corporation)" title="Template:Enbridge (corporation)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Enbridge_(corporation)" title="Template talk:Enbridge (corporation)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Enbridge_(corporation)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Enbridge (corporation)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enbridge" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Pipeline_System" title="Enbridge Pipeline System">Enbridge Pipeline System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Oil_pipelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil pipelines">Oil pipelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Line_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Enbridge Line 3">Line 3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stop_Line_3_protests" title="Stop Line 3 protests">protests</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Line_5" title="Enbridge Line 5">Line 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaway_Crude_Pipeline_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaway Crude Pipeline System">Seaway Crude Pipeline System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Clipper_pipeline" title="Alberta Clipper pipeline">Line 67 (Alberta Clipper)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_Gas_Transmission_Pipeline" title="Algonquin Gas Transmission Pipeline">Algonquin Gas Transmission Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westcoast_Pipeline" title="Westcoast Pipeline">BC pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee_Natural_Gas_Pipeline" title="East Tennessee Natural Gas Pipeline">East Tennessee Natural Gas Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Pipelines" title="Enbridge Pipelines">Enbridge Pipelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_Natural_Gas_Pipeline" title="Gulfstream Natural Gas Pipeline">Gulfstream Natural Gas Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritimes_%26_Northeast_Pipeline" title="Maritimes & Northeast Pipeline">Maritimes & Northeast Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_Canyon_Pipeline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mississippi Canyon Pipeline (page does not exist)">Mississippi Canyon Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Pipeline" title="Nautilus Pipeline">Nautilus Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stingray_Pipeline" title="Stingray Pipeline">Stingray Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Eastern_Transmission_Pipeline" title="Texas Eastern Transmission Pipeline">Texas Eastern Transmission Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Pipeline" title="Vector Pipeline">Vector Pipeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unfinished pipelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Northern_Gateway_Pipelines" title="Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines">Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpiper_pipeline" title="Sandpiper pipeline">Sandpiper pipeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Gas_New_Brunswick" title="Enbridge Gas New Brunswick">Enbridge Gas New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectra_Energy" title="Spectra Energy">Spectra Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Gas" title="Union Gas">Union Gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oil spills and accidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Etobicoke_gas_explosion" title="2003 Etobicoke gas explosion">2003 Etobicoke gas explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_3_oil_spill" title="Line 3 oil spill">Line 3 oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_River_oil_spill" title="Kalamazoo River oil spill">Kalamazoo River oil spill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pipelines_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_pipelines" title="Template:Canadian pipelines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Canadian_pipelines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Canadian pipelines (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_pipelines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian pipelines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pipelines_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipelines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emera" title="Emera">Emera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Pipeline" title="Brunswick Pipeline">Brunswick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Pipeline_System#Mainline_system" title="Enbridge Pipeline System">Line 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Pipeline_System#Mainline_system" title="Enbridge Pipeline System">Line 2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Pipeline_System#Mainline_system" title="Enbridge Pipeline System">Line 2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Line_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Enbridge Line 3">Line 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Pipeline_System#Mainline_system" title="Enbridge Pipeline System">Line 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Line_5" title="Enbridge Line 5">Line 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Pipeline_System#Mainline_system" title="Enbridge Pipeline System">Line 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Pipeline_System#Mainline_system" title="Enbridge Pipeline System">Line 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enbridge_Line_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enbridge Line 8 (page does not exist)">Line 8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enbridge_Line_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enbridge Line 9 (page does not exist)">Line 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Pipeline_System#Mainline_system" title="Enbridge Pipeline System">Line 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Pipeline_System#Mainline_system" title="Enbridge Pipeline System">Line 11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_13_(Southern_Lights_pipeline)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Line 13 (Southern Lights pipeline) (page does not exist)">Line 13 (Southern Lights pipeline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Pipeline_System#Mainline_system" title="Enbridge Pipeline System">Line 14/64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Clipper_pipeline" title="Alberta Clipper pipeline">Line 67 (Alberta Clipper)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westcoast_Pipeline" title="Westcoast Pipeline">BC pipeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TC_Energy" title="TC Energy">TC Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline" title="Keystone Pipeline">Keystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Transmission_Northwest" title="Gas Transmission Northwest">Gas Transmission Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Transmission" title="Great Lakes Transmission">Great Lakes Transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Border_Pipeline" title="Northern Border Pipeline">Northern Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Pipeline" title="Northwest Pipeline">Northwest </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransCanada_pipeline" title="TransCanada pipeline">TransCanada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SaskEnergy" title="SaskEnergy">SaskEnergy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TransGas" title="TransGas">TransGas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trans_Mountain_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans Mountain Corporation">Trans Mountain Corp.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans_Mountain_pipeline" title="Trans Mountain pipeline">Trans Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">Joint ventures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_gas_pipeline" title="Alaska gas pipeline">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Pipeline" title="Alliance Pipeline">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Pipeline" title="Iroquois Pipeline">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritimes_%26_Northeast_Pipeline" title="Maritimes & Northeast Pipeline">Maritimes & Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland%E2%80%93Montreal_Pipe_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Portland–Montreal Pipe Line">Montreal–Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Pipeline" title="Vector Pipeline">Vector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Canada" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&oldid=1250296099">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&oldid=1250296099</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Enbridge_pipelines" title="Category:Enbridge pipelines">Enbridge pipelines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_pipelines_in_North_America" title="Category:Oil pipelines in North America">Oil pipelines in North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmentalism_in_Canada" title="Category:Environmentalism in Canada">Environmentalism in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crude_oil_pipelines_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Crude oil pipelines in the United States">Crude oil pipelines in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proposed_pipelines_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Proposed pipelines in the United States">Proposed pipelines in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_pipelines_in_Minnesota" title="Category:Oil pipelines in Minnesota">Oil pipelines in Minnesota</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_pipelines_in_North_Dakota" title="Category:Oil pipelines in North Dakota">Oil pipelines in North Dakota</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_pipelines_in_Wisconsin" title="Category:Oil pipelines in Wisconsin">Oil pipelines in Wisconsin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_pipelines_in_Canada" title="Category:Oil pipelines in Canada">Oil pipelines in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proposed_pipelines_in_Canada" title="Category:Proposed pipelines in Canada">Proposed pipelines in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_pipelines_in_Alberta" title="Category:Oil pipelines in Alberta">Oil pipelines in Alberta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pipelines_in_Saskatchewan" title="Category:Pipelines in Saskatchewan">Pipelines in Saskatchewan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_justice" title="Category:Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_controversies" title="Category:Environmental controversies">Environmental controversies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America_and_the_environment" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of North America and the environment">Indigenous peoples of North America and the environment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nonviolent_occupation" title="Category:Nonviolent occupation">Nonviolent occupation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mississippi_River" title="Category:Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water_law_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Water law in the United States">Water law in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Minnesota" title="Category:Environment of Minnesota">Environment of Minnesota</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_rights_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous rights in Canada">Indigenous rights in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_and_society" title="Category:Climate change and society">Climate change and society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmentalism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Environmentalism in the United States">Environmentalism in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_racism" title="Category:Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_pro_and_con_lists" title="Category:Articles containing pro and con lists">Articles containing pro and con lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_August_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from August 2021">Wikipedia articles with style issues from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 October 2024, at 15:49 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Line_3_pipeline&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-72jvb","wgBackendResponseTime":175,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.461","walltime":"1.661","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7293,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":261323,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4179,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":422208,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1453.133 1 -total"," 54.67% 794.415 1 Template:Reflist"," 43.80% 636.542 96 Template:Cite_web"," 12.41% 180.331 1 Template:Enbridge_(corporation)"," 12.34% 179.382 4 Template:Navbox"," 7.45% 108.307 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.38% 107.297 3 Template:Infobox_pipeline"," 6.82% 99.127 3 Template:Infobox"," 5.17% 75.058 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.52% 65.655 12 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.941","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8823154,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-44nch","timestamp":"20241122160900","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Line 3 pipeline","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Line_3_pipeline","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q55315760","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q55315760","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2018-06-10T17:25:11Z","dateModified":"2024-10-09T15:49:34Z","headline":"oil sands pipeline being protested by environmentalists"}</script> </body> </html>