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Allouane</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: R. Allouane"> <meta name="keywords" content="R. Allouane"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="R. 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Allouane"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 6</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: R. Allouane</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Bacteriocinogenic Strains of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolated from Soil at Northern of Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Gounina-Allouane">R. Gounina-Allouane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Moussaoui"> I. Moussaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Boukahel"> N. Boukahel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bacillus antimicrobial metabolites, especially those of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are of great interest for research because of health risks generated by the excessive use of chemical additives as well as the propagation of resistant microbial strains, caused by the massive treatment with antibiotics. The objective of this study was the selection of Bt strains producing antimicrobial peptides (bacteriocins), and the partial purification of the most powerful bacteriocins, then the determination of their spectra of antimicrobial action. A collection of twenty one Bt strains isolated from soil at Boumerd猫s (northern Algeria) was used for screening strains having an antagonistic activity against phylogenetically closed bacteria. Spectra of antagonistic activity of two selected strains was determined against other Bt strains, Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains of clinical origin and others from ATCC collection as well as yeasts isolated in human dermatology. Bacteriocins of these two strains were partially purified and their effect on the kinetics of growth of the most sensitive microbial strains was studied. The bacteriocinogenic strains were biochemically characterized and their sensitivity to antibiotics was studied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20peptides" title="antimicrobial peptides">antimicrobial peptides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bacillus%20thuringiensis" title=" Bacillus thuringiensis"> Bacillus thuringiensis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteriocin" title=" bacteriocin"> bacteriocin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partial%20purification" title=" partial purification"> partial purification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20467/bacteriocinogenic-strains-of-bacillus-thuringiensis-isolated-from-soil-at-northern-of-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20467.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">435</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Powerful Bacteriocins Produced by Bacillus thuringiensis Strains Isolated from Soil at Northern of Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Gounina-Allouane">R. Gounina-Allouane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Moussaoui"> I. Moussaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Boukahel"> N. Boukahel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bacillus antimicrobial metabolites, especially those of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are of great interest for research because of health risks generated by the excessive use of chemical additives as well as the propagation of resistant microbial strains, caused by the massive treatment with antibiotics. The objective of this study was the selection of Bt strains producing antimicrobial peptides (bacteriocins), and the partial purification of the most powerful bacteriocins, then the determination of their spectra of antimicrobial action. A collection of twenty one Bt strains isolated from soil at Boumerd猫s (northern of Algeria) was used for screening strains having an antagonistic activity against phylogenetically closed bacteria. Spectra of antagonistic activity of two selected strains was determined against other Bt strains, Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains of clinical origin and others from ATCC collection as well as yeasts isolated in human dermatology. Bacteriocins of these two strains were partially purified and their effect on the kinetics of growth of the most sensitive microbial strains was studied. The bacteriocinogenic strains were biochemically characterized and their sensitivity to antibiotics was studied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20peptides" title="antimicrobial peptides">antimicrobial peptides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bacillus%20thuringiensis" title=" Bacillus thuringiensis"> Bacillus thuringiensis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteriocin" title=" bacteriocin"> bacteriocin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partial%20purification" title=" partial purification"> partial purification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17937/powerful-bacteriocins-produced-by-bacillus-thuringiensis-strains-isolated-from-soil-at-northern-of-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17937.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Phytochemical Study and Antimicrobial Activity of Nigella sativa L. (Renunculaceae) in Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Bendifallah">L. Bendifallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Acheuk"> F. Acheuk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Djouabi"> M. Djouabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Oukili"> M. Oukili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Ghezraoui"> R. Ghezraoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Lakhdari"> W. Lakhdari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Allouane"> R. Allouane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nigella sativa L. (Renunculaceae) native to the Mediterranean region and Western Asia, Black cumin is grown to India, through Sudan and Ethiopia. It is widely cultivated in Egypt, the Middle East, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Sudan, Afghanistan and Europe. It is among the most important medicinal plants in Algeria that is known for its antifungal and antimicrobial properties. Despite its plethora of uses for treating various diseases, it has garnered very little scientific interest so far, particularly in Algeria. For this study, the seeds of Algerian Nigella sativa L cultivated in the area of Magra (M鈥檚ila) in northern Algeria, were collected in summer. In such a propitious context, the aim of this study was to enhance Nigella sativa as a medicinal herb. The phytochemical screening methods are used. For their antimicrobial activity, extracts of tannin and polyphenols were screened against four pathogenic bacterial strains and two pathogenic yeast strains. The phytochemical analysis results showed a remarkable combination of chemical components including a high content in tannins, in flavono茂ds, and in alkaloids. The tannins and the polyphenols have strong antimicrobial activity against all the species. The maximum zone of inhibition was noted for polyphenol and tannin extracts against Escerichia coli (14 mm, 12.33 mm) and an antifungic activity against Aspergillus niger (11.66 mm, 9 mm). These results indicate to some benefits of Nigella sativa seeds which can use to treatment the microbial infection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigella%20sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella sativa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytochemistry" title=" phytochemistry"> phytochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20activity" title=" antimicrobial activity"> antimicrobial activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Algeria" title=" Algeria"> Algeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14224/phytochemical-study-and-antimicrobial-activity-of-nigella-sativa-l-renunculaceae-in-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14224.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Phytochemical Study and Antimicrobial Activity of Nigella Sativa L. (Renunculaceae) in Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Bendifallah">L. Bendifallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.Acheuk"> F.Acheuk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Djouabi"> M. Djouabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Oukili"> M. Oukili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Ghezraoui"> R. Ghezraoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Lakhdari"> W. Lakhdari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Allouane"> R. Allouane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nigella sativa L. (Renunculaceae) native to the Mediterranean region and Western Asia, Black cumin is grown to India, through Sudan and Ethiopia. It is widely cultivated in Egypt, the Middle East, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Sudan, Afghanistan and Europe. It is among the most important medicinal plants in Algeria that is known for its antifungal and antimicrobial properties. Despite its plethora of uses for treating various diseases, it has garnered very little scientific interest so far, particularly in Algeria. For this study, the seeds of Algerian Nigella sativa L cultivated in the area of Magra (M鈥檚ila) in northern Algeria, were collected in summer. In such a propitious context, the aim of this study was to enhance Nigella sativa as a medicinal herb. The phytochemical screening methods are used. For their antimicrobial activity, extracts of tannin and polyphenols were screened against four pathogenic bacterial strains and two pathogenic yeast strains. The phytochemical analysis results showed a remarkable combination of chemical components including a high content in tannins, in flavono茂ds, and in alkaloids. The tannins and the polyphenols have strong antimicrobial activity against all the species. The maximum zone of inhibition was noted for polyphenol and tannin extracts against Escerichia coli (14 mm, 12.33 mm) and an antifungic activity against Aspergillus niger (11.66 mm, 9 mm). These results indicate to some benefits of Nigella sativa seeds which can use to treatment the microbial infection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20activity" title=" antimicrobial activity"> antimicrobial activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigella%20sativa" title=" Nigella sativa"> Nigella sativa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytochemistry" title=" phytochemistry"> phytochemistry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23500/phytochemical-study-and-antimicrobial-activity-of-nigella-sativa-l-renunculaceae-in-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23500.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">564</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Antibacterial Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Activated Delta-endotoxins</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Gounina-Allouane">R. Gounina-Allouane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Ouali"> N. Ouali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Z.%20Berrabah"> F. Z. Berrabah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Bentaleb"> A. Bentaleb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For a long time, the Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been widely used in biological control against devastating and disease vectors insects. This is due to the insecticidal activity of its crystalline parasporal inclusion (crystals) predominantly comprised of one or more proteins (Cry and Cyt proteins) also called 未-endotoxins, produced during sporulation. The shape and composition of Bt crystals vary among strains and crystalline proteins are extremely varied (more than 475 cry gene were discovered). The insecticidal activity of Bt crystals is very well studied, thus their insecticidal mode of action is well established, however, their antimicrobial effect is largely unknown. The lack of data on the antimicrobial effect of crystalline proteins of Bt and the need for searching new antimicrobial molecules encouraged us to carried out this study. The antibacterial effect of 未-endotoxines produced by two Bt stains; a strain isolated from soil at northern of Algeria (Bt 7.2.B), and a strain isolated from a bioinsecticide (Bacillus thuringiensis var aizawai), activated by proteolysis, was assayed on clinical bacterial strains and ATCC collection ones respectively. Gram positive and negative clinical bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonaie, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus) were sensitive to activated Bt 72B endotoxins. Similarly, bacterial strains from ATCC collection (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aerugenosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) were sensitive to activated B. thuringiensis var aizawai 未-endotoxines. The activated 未-endotoxins were separated by SDS-PAGE. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bacillus%20thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bacillus thuringiensis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystals" title=" crystals"> crystals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cry%20proteins" title=" cry proteins"> cry proteins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%B4-endotoxins" title=" 未-endotoxins"> 未-endotoxins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibacterial%20activity" title=" antibacterial activity"> antibacterial activity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30294/antibacterial-activity-of-bacillus-thuringiensis-activated-delta-endotoxins" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30294.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">449</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Antibacterial Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Cristalline Parasporal Proteins</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Gounina-Allouane">R. Gounina-Allouane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Ouali"> N. Ouali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Z.%20Berrabah"> F. Z. Berrabah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Bentaleb"> A. Bentaleb </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For a long time, the Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been widely used in biological control against devastating and disease vectors insects. This is due to the insecticidal activity of its crystalline parasporal inclusion (crystals) predominantly comprised of one or more proteins (Cry and Cyt proteins) also called 未-endotoxins, produced during sporulation. The shape and composition of Bt crystals vary among strains and crystalline proteins are extremely varied (more than 475 cry gene were discovered). The insecticidal activity of Bt crystals is very well studied, thus their insecticidal mode of action is well established, however, their antimicrobial effect is largely unknown. The lack of data on the antimicrobial effect of crystalline proteins of Bt and the need for searching new antimicrobial molecules encouraged us to carried out this study. The antibacterial effect of 未-endotoxines produced by two Bt stains; a strain isolated from soil at northern of Algeria (Bt 7.2.B), and a strain isolated from a bioinsecticide (Bacillus thuringiensis var aizawai), activated by proteolysis, was assayed on clinical bacterial strains and ATCC collection ones respectively. Gram positive and negative clinical bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonaie, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus) were sensitive to activated Bt 72B endotoxins. Similarly, bacterial strains from ATCC collection (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aerugenosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) were sensitive to activated B. thuringiensis var aizawai 未-endotoxines. The activated 未-endotoxins were separated by SDS-PAGE. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bacillus%20thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bacillus thuringiensis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystals" title=" crystals"> crystals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cry%20proteins" title=" cry proteins"> cry proteins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%B4-endotoxins" title=" 未-endotoxins"> 未-endotoxins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibacterial%20activity" title=" antibacterial activity"> antibacterial activity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17935/antibacterial-activity-of-bacillus-thuringiensis-cristalline-parasporal-proteins" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17935.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">430</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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