CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913579774d2d9b97',cH: '34klKpQpKZ1vKwLJ9eXLt5n1qT650RZFhrc5F0fo7NM-1739792131-1.2.1.1-36h7LaiWE1KF5eL_qATotwD2k92aAE_MbsQIlD8hOngAmq2XkvMqULD5.vpxXaxw',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=transformative%20learning&__cf_chl_tk=EpycCqdaF6DTddztIoaJqFx0RdJN7YcVJcaCg89s35Y-1739792131-1.0.1.1-k0dUHPGYmKXrJRrN4U_pzLnHAmnnR3DrTv9dJoUYevQ",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739792131',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=transformative%20learning&__cf_chl_f_tk=EpycCqdaF6DTddztIoaJqFx0RdJN7YcVJcaCg89s35Y-1739792131-1.0.1.1-k0dUHPGYmKXrJRrN4U_pzLnHAmnnR3DrTv9dJoUYevQ",md: "287LlNl9RYcR.T1SlKXkAdkT06yL22F7P5rTiI7t5XM-1739792131-1.2.1.1-6.p4bM0PHo8lXxCO0JH.ddp3IDqmBDsbt04DHA3u2F43YqjH3qiZTNYT2pek9huXbLCV3.M7dnKHfptqoMzUMW6g9mM2KrGgW0b2itBQPWKISxkr_GBULUzG704QZ1dlVw_cjsCVay99uCfJYlyWFSQ7Yn9edXUVbMQXMOPCNKWC29x9zzQ2jd8_6SgJiRdkPQeuZPX4pE0YZW83PLg.maWjh.IsIVzVI.FQhP0Y6BIxD6Db4a46tK0EUfP_8VliwDJ_DAbNQJdFozcUKOOqnbz6RFsDNzM.nBnn1Z.k2r9DZz68T356C816mdfPVcSi4jIfxKI8WoUQ7_Frpt2YNdy7t2EhMb8F7m806PCn00SlcgOrkBfY.wuRregtMARUcLxMdYr6HQZ4T6jMoNZqfLfOK5SJ4QytwcXyg5H7lJzM7YnBoZSeKmacaLH6NQDJ9r3tsHt7uzaYiyN6fwXrCThZ.eD5FKN3wYDgPcOso8dGUhajEB.AotBSNGsY4dsBo8_p6ywb8w5DWUCYdg9IPiZU2aPqwDBWux.KosLfo_Ktx5fxu9HSHLGJ_rFG10CP1Xyct1WGu1rUy7W3Frpasr_S67djVY8e3FXg.E6_qFdKjMD8pcNNiVYpZkBA8rydtiOaCKAzPMGlMD_9DHjXoT6yg4CHYlvEu7X2te2h.hHVazmQz3AMQ2I2_EDqTqsOBGiAPp23p8zDANjFd2UVjDOyVvHNlPGSuTFLQOmwcUgBJPke5iIJBLhlVEXqQBKSYIX7.b7I5nUTVZfzbr8jmOXlq5OaTOLTIR1fx2cBt.C7uDg37YaGm6qCmGDFwhW2giW2H.Agp46OK8VOFSa8wK1l1SE7oqCCbC7Bi_bGG3hNYaEVNlJz7.rVWRV9aL5C_nznpRYSMsZkHOhTxsY7xdv9PnQ.4vez5q5YPqWn0rtGUwHk.gNISSB8YHRB.pXe_6Ti3Lo.K4XNz3V6mFulLh7sfmELfUOuORnsXsmOxAZ.NhXT79BlFfjBdWGOkRnAeDh8nb_9_MI_._fFOB45vpc5kvJpUHjFOs48Y1Hmem0mtJi0SZR.y.R4OVnMrsMCFLKhd256syt28zZ4ZKHQAUg_ZgLcrpgtvBWH_rrsz.YWXvIC_eGmbys_2Jipmw1Jz18_3lJnHWLba6v7Y59gKBmVTsFGcCNG0AYSrLN_J3x3SLrM2qKX8r2FeZASV23saOAPxItDytDnp5fHodBa28dIQDywyXl2hRINBi8ONuakhnpdOuscOI31.UMsfATeaYpvNttkM_Hk7V69OqEFJiSVQh0DgttNVHAbF1EFa8u1GhpDuYFdBMs4QPsEwp.m83iguMY1OXh2P3X6TXcN_sChFEpV0dyhG6sf.OZ_c0D8diUj566GronKCicRZU1dPeuaQbVYRJ.TuDCqxAHstM0ILGbIyCbksXyuah4SQBnk6VmoD4bPFm_HED4TQ_GZF5_0uEQgt6xf_KR673Kd98ylbHYZjrRPUl7kxZDkLLOTx6PNwhAabGXr0fuTZP9j8Jt44LHix1gWxc7BBdRRxbVJM4q28dr7oVaTwvItKY1pzJHe_.YLVaFqtox4KHpRQOh0BtGhizxUbGxpQrfecaGmZHj6ZYKMjWro7vP9ZBILnYoIpz0x9quq.4mY7a1XNlmQwMYvCw2CB8XuWQP4J1AxFbtTiuDVpB5JTWZwbhT1zwLMIv.w26fJ2tFIESvBMgpm2eteR.fA4iYilpV2eorbBf_EGAC6FmkshlTj20viiGmmBLuzBKbPA7GT4Mus0JWV29BJTEexxXtokWhCZR3RQb7jseoNSC6a1oH9AhqEuLIQUv4ZkOlcMWQJKeXfnV917b7QJWjzPlrKcClW6oPYtIh0RPvd.eC8fWzV0clHKJzWZAHT6JWl15CKwbp1TkJitQpXPAOMV7RDNdmKHx0jntaEqtU_EUqNm0dJxyBWEI9FdiVQET0LZKDDvW7V",mdrd: "gUUZ2rj.TbIdARoyWkvb1Id4khJdQb89ZzHwRKdztfU-1739792131-1.2.1.1-6hd0gp_1hAEZ2.l8ueNfk5OfztkyqNd79cXS9id.5ObZbAvFzy2hRoJE1CARoVH30WyNPVntygZ.wxCXEAyFSn9vtQEyoMMwRWnaaUHGH1m7.71UdG3m4_Er2yEu096nWrLD6l6jzU3afkKuaDcepfMDwx2kvyhz0kpTsvf_tuAvnesHGb7FOLUAcJIdBtIeWQ4BsEYFQXUgFc2Mom06Djs79zgMavy1A9UwRS1X9e4TzRyPo1W6rlAz.sU8BpXjXEpoKndd.1fMrEG_cRGDwCO4VcsfeWneAoXHJ56.aJcl.ORByQWqzPJQFwxJuzpBoB19D7vx8Fixw7s.r6ykDAJlpcpuG.NP.FaNIg_NZaLgVwbjb._I_xREMBdLFRF1WZVawOW1iSD2p3v1MBqSf5UMHAqRJSBhDO0lnnE0f0ZyQidijKV3IGmk2A6vOJe1owqOWRQ2rRW5YBayloBk66HbexMUR1POd53N25I_gmik9f_8WDIoDMhBfrtKQ1VIIkrR9I7Pwuew.4jR8BnmhmCxUJDuyTvnW5jIH5hOeE_VoSNbUNkl7CDqHUGucS1YmH6hcozuVM7bSUGSbQkYl0MN76MwsgFAbeVxOQwmw4oMdFdZuCoFN5BE9SsxSKNBqc2rqzBqEO_m0VuzRMcA2DE4jGTLFx2ywLklNHEw0tDONLAHPfcr8m3ifJ3t6LHr.gLi30AOiv_SG91EibefwhaKuQb_rNt5MhVf7F2CXRMmihNktsX6viqfyginrsDgRAeDavZ1YYcfRs8OIXn5VYTfR7Lzt9GaFcHTy5Z11qvB.xARMBTkI8Lks5eo4yEPVkvl8e0ceuYZSsc0RJMnyJO7yzqXn5Mnm.Bx05w0vgVHwcAwfitTKrHkPXIv1ZZNH1wjaROWUUd.Jbs9k6WR2Z_yR8NDaiQ2NUV8NnolXPUTljnhVRGY5Jele16WBzrj_ymwjn8.MHDH76X4Oux7t1T340sIrekEvxCJ1XGEMO.VqEf4alF3c0k0_m.Cn6e0vJLbxb7lqzkFW1VrbwaeRDk86q7.kYGCmbGMwyP4q3fIl09gthFCM9MeDebAF2EDsE7O5SNvag.niEHxCYkL0tZaP8O7oXX5ZIwXqSmIR2wcm91F5cFKJkZqEdec0OGONs3s.f43tKOPU8KpOYwGjTSgx8v9qmh.747umj_0o2dpCZgAc8t9cmNMIw2sDPSNoS8o0FEYKeYaH_WoBUcFk7AmFPpdi_MD65fWI0yYvgD3_bhr9VE4w16Unsglm5zekPo0ZNAwo8KwM_juoIbOuKseM6WssOW.MiMlVkpbjutOL493F5iNadCBH10HvrV17gYSdXgsNkL0NYFF5YZZ7.L1Iv0GqhtgehtMKcFDUX8s_fO7ed.tSWSG.KxDvMXXzChGAVlkOWKTfJCx._L68F3Gg6Z7qO2R9g63dQy8bKPYnwT62de5dfaOAaBZAaNX8irR9a5Zovj.llfrQFt42691BeXZ45Jr1AzesTlnPM0IiqDfkGSFshZ6IRm_2_w_t.RwZX1Y9LzgCwyk3s9zb0hmMygPgAJq3IVqWLcyqbD3U6NmB5PqTLyJWA5Z7YFqag1kto_P2xTuHMRJfsodg6F4WWeLOYZ_hpwfFGCadox72fRhGuWSGNePmtBhruvwTe0bwcNnWJfVuZaR.BSYX4fWQNq99f9doUclN.i1ZCWhRoPMMYkc7I_Xr1liIriaTr4AMb_yxWGhgqSj1feDxZ3RLk_alxkS2ovsCioxFCE7J989MBFtOqzJl5GGLMm3b9JWXhIErKxpeHlQrZLmvWxBDgMi0T.VbWr2q8wq32R3ZANZ5llmj97pvEgdoEX6HpVS6MC0R.vGN_cMrS8z_a7ELIBVNpZ4Qgb5t1woONT.z7m1wsR7n.MelmTH_UKNMBmr9TggdLo7.J1iVD.gmF8eVzQZm8.ZnnswZn_zkfammUyW_Qf8sI9ephMEDG0LfzKKJ70l7F9ItkztffWmrw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913579774d2d9b97';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=transformative%20learning&__cf_chl_rt_tk=EpycCqdaF6DTddztIoaJqFx0RdJN7YcVJcaCg89s35Y-1739792131-1.0.1.1-k0dUHPGYmKXrJRrN4U_pzLnHAmnnR3DrTv9dJoUYevQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>