CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134a180ae76a042',cH: 'ribaMO8Jj35FpGl9SZjWmgKjUFz7x_E0OQsW2Es.EvQ-1739783285-1.2.1.1-mWzbazm5DI_EcEzEuu4JJ7pgsslXnGLwOWWRDnYt8A1OTzwexub8sZoW_ozBSxyY',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=law%20enforcement%20intelligence&__cf_chl_tk=35azPNmM6e.xvCWzAm4U5cXDaKMnPBwNsB2o3jS5bQc-1739783285-1.0.1.1-dLgbQbEU8JCPF3wgKOc39TZIO41m15YsTxOK_dwLyW4",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739783285',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=law%20enforcement%20intelligence&__cf_chl_f_tk=35azPNmM6e.xvCWzAm4U5cXDaKMnPBwNsB2o3jS5bQc-1739783285-1.0.1.1-dLgbQbEU8JCPF3wgKOc39TZIO41m15YsTxOK_dwLyW4",md: "kn9Rcir5zpE4Je0vr0KSMD0YMVKWxcw.8zvp.46xquo-1739783285-1.2.1.1-ePzI4GmcN4KerCshDcOYqspX1IERlS2Vfp2EJZOOB.s.dFoqFo_8Sohq.J3ESfEiYYXsGb5.Ie2uqY_Emxc4fDcdJPzOkvqPHxLgFAwhqjsMth0gRGOPUYLipJKAsM4g_qvGEcXdYF6m_w4LO.jr4KTsU1YSsDtCXw4cbF77SmBfsrvJS42_eT2MNDQVdWxZ7snE4B9E4He7AzZ9M4P06WMEUfO2.UjY15qCT7u6BqQeBJkE9qhJGVtDdP7rxB84fM6QkWl.DOH2b9UYSBxo6I50jI94.BUFGbLPhA_UI9JzfxOH3bNep9KHOUyPEOdHXHA7rnZpu3.KqNchxEJfJJgVY2XdG13D18eLPVu4ti5bdvsws6JQwoZH01x3jfZzggwBrcQntOQP9ioUYADACksDxFyyXahdbEHluC4ffeCrgG0PVj8hXSuUZFSst12rEoNQkeYNyAKhkkgcELojwYpfBE0PWqV2gW6vvt7k8iKtC5u_uefvEyue6kgDemDKg6ENNsn2ksMIW3u988HTpLI21PqK839hzyPyodu1myPudCV.w6bCRnhlE4_EGX8lq_dOrXY2wydkraH_m5_OFGOjy9IW5yElmnFrAcbW51GbOuCGwrtg_0ll3__BlL.647OGWfcFvUT9i9b1NSUg3VAak9VCDu.EquJsP55LzdD7TcIV8RVb4DbbcbTwu8pl1fWXpw_8K8iDhygGSa7iwNwz0voyeXp6G16DKENsrZPx942TEG0poEmTM60PApaM39JSEeSZHwmrGAlfaFbLPmRfFnLmrPyAKx8j2eX5lKLZmzMg1zpKuSVjbIQ54BvNzNpBSsLB35ODwJC9jqThFrJdiylnJBtHgbb4O1eCrQ3Wf_qKFrRe22yy5J8YCnkTXh7EKTVVUCoFyz9rIqC0zDA1PhknBtGTO57eW1rD132A7K2n0ILOZejMo96Vizkj81BJb_McNyTBIoz0EZAL_ySOt6PXcH2OVxXKX6XnkeAbIxa64K_F_DF340qydzBdBslnVoJogOO5hp9z9iN3foNgFxNHCO8vRTDPh9pLK1PRe_CWb4yL8GYFa9YITzY33d0HwwDYjRTY5AugH1bZXyfdamGrKhsVSg9e8NiMbGYB6NctTRVa8kcG9RBC9oXeQKONHGNnoElekzTaNOFPYboMrn3WnsNAS7lX656rFndws8KPaWL6ytQKjEg5oLueiSchmkG8V12v5Tf6_aIzx.RNUi2cYzHrHjQX6kdP3fNBrvf15vqV2uDTfPQOH3K34QSXTPUIa3QYFRmMHwp.LJRlurIjQVIp.FzYMmB8nwk2ODCadhINAejo7yEvVMdZdBHS4RF_3ffMGw0B5umC0H6aA3mNvS.ZGcAiLmvLLef.IeGhKIgEiOWzm7STkoqfr87Gz_SXfEqtHskIfm0c.CvVMSXusz3RVd1GiBfOThjvR.Q34SbHKVrfZUhbMuCb0zNpVS6TTCNDZfLRPvC4rznzdupyto84miQx5Pat77B7QLxhCSZwDGP1p06aqmElMqezOJd2kobM548NBiC248wjc9JEfyC_5oovmSh9uZq1Kv01eL5GmRKQMivWQYDKKaSOt0EmTPVVUZZelt59mqYBn8gUg0QiBENOmZMl1dOHHyiflcNDdty.FQZgvIQYDYCt7oanF0lwkUwTjgwk1Q00bc052WJlw1j5MQVfXvMjkREh6CvlatB80hZ.RiN8eqCz10NmerJx_qygIZc918phTSUDzrvkofvqW9XKj5HDrMtcrVRKn.0On8JR2saFqRkB6D9fz8NUk8Avswc.2MGVEag2OkzTRNQR7DFjEwGQHAqmj1zK6f_LXVXc2c5CwZvnXMaH7Uu_T65LamXWjjIO9nUL9wh_W4s0jwo7M0wgj5N_126jYACjnM3geYjCMyFC.86I0KuhOmFx3RdJnns.0T2c1ANWIAf1xc2x4j5npPUdY1uJxFDYMwwITJtp_47Woux2Lp.Qa6rzHsOjRQ",mdrd: "zaPRUwRdQfN37ePtm21A_bk3xWyY7xtQEGwI1uPOSVU-1739783285-1.2.1.1-LL3YToa2EWWYZM50j5wNC85DUXMTRuaR0XgUjUE7hJ2LFRx7hsWgYVspSD4_tio5o5F9cP0PMRPk2r8EW72.khYDb7tW15DEkHlCR4.Wphdts6BD6hJJCRQ1qs13b2yezD6J24FNABDT08JJl2KscUYullYaTBkhrG2PtF0vSn1o0MY7rNVblNgRyLf2XU3kKCrZL5ncXL2.quuAtS1jFdjru36UduVb8yASPug9BASyF_Z9qfze6cTbxMrFkE7DOL5Os86d7dn7n9JBZMc6KUWVqsRibkjFPyexGwTW70PQVVijC7lpP3LRp8QUKNWCXtlqJGdV6im.lMx9Rmoyg6vf57DWd17nAdKlL8jKmk0eo2EYiitm4gSoLsPMYTGY5Bot2aoGDGCDKy_Aj1p.Z2khWas6UU.ExuQZwSNY5a2_SRc6Zyi3WZniI48131MgFsoOaZYej_VNOt6hh7zSff9AVlH1I4EGnBQxJEV3LVgnWr3TczYhivekCbS6_eMClsgjIQI8UWPgz1Y1GBeD4i7AxVDq_DtUaZwsrOqVdwvB68mslr8GXNP5_st2idlto4RnS_OcDibRuuNiIrdY3zW3zTr0I.sRVnGF26IvTK2bs_AxuGWbkAa4H8MBAiybZ7iYX8WA.WA83dMVkipHtqmxb.4e.GBmTbL5KEEbel3QtJgT_H5Gwk6QVerIOTilx_AEpASRIdD0esexAmCdpMUH3JDXupVIonnWkrG5HKg_qtCTmBQcxvzMy36ZfTM0hqSqWlvnDIhD8S0rP3sUe0EuCkTqQ.XTrfz7nQZxWxrASCaNKeeI.G01t3a8zouHPGup8gcgPSDmqkmmzn4BeTMT8qhWqmSchmiYd7EST7l6TEUi40FUTIAoADLpOXORBBCBGBNdxls6SCCs3HdSld3u6hdJziGwbNBW.bBvFRko4gQ8_5TrUCR7ykCAJopU1NejAmjSKKWVtQ_MUhLP9pz6Hqd30OkvRM0a2HxrW997YXTxIkMxfxdS6ONY714AsgSHLnRPLBGh_5fDpwL97OAECuo0x7TmMsgtYrim4E.qfjpsb27Q9gILQL.R8dswRpTikUnhSkVkZRep1XO2Nq9yRTzwPSRvMYWOZ29uvcQYn3K.47aeGxKh.rdcGW_gwxUwVAFzKEFhP5dxgNFR4HdUmDm2U3tmh87Kb.Aow5znVLz_g.Us.JPY1QO5Agu3UGINQYqmFxxHQNMgwKtk7GVkKKWxBNs.qf7R.6_woBCOjCcT67_ueYmwdrPesXBOF79L9mtXYOII5uxwHzJXnPqFlCYqI1.nE7sj6Tij3InpzjVPAjuIWJFRg.9ZVWC8ujpg4aBR7IWaQln0e.2nlEbVcAD6x_NIzCykarEfACRV8Gmy.AJQQD92QpSWg17x6mWRgbmHX4CSq83wwHwjaP7.9y0V.6MDV.jIPp9lmoJvaInf5niUgLsKTrnP9.h.SRSi4u.P8GeTweqa37KluDvB8ZAnOX4aoL1laHE3nIOUWydCtHwETn1F1pCtYXVJDTZJb0GOMqOVWY8y.cDzzkHAW6WYD94ta8CaXSfBoY6luwZcl4ancyQwaH1vIQ1UrZWVkBXh7Z6.kSR6Pl9vvEiKTYDrC6hXmVbk5Nprdi4DH0jeuPUxLdVtU6kpkV7Zop9pRHo817kPGR5bwRcDWHUxYaYah6KXuY.3EPHatDFJ.XwR1xSWkQgUErrpQnh0_HUM7ZVeDZipqZ2SpD1psDitqX7tWrmfEmyki6zaYg54LQNKrQCmlYQy301m8x0tp.66_wLJbTaf3V2STL78nbnMcuf.CmHKW30TAo05M8w.nz.1Bsam4oyLAg3U4CLOI5MYzDPRoCuLO8d6II6f877MYirPVPbD2K4ZrWq6UT5B6jyUNHgFkpSqjnPDMFpf8X18.yd690SFgHCey1aNzWKiTnSIGaCATQc9mw0lxgI1LoLGA4yk6oGZBunr6ZVMX7u.cpTQmk6UucDKVdPh4A"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134a180ae76a042';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=law%20enforcement%20intelligence&__cf_chl_rt_tk=35azPNmM6e.xvCWzAm4U5cXDaKMnPBwNsB2o3jS5bQc-1739783285-1.0.1.1-dLgbQbEU8JCPF3wgKOc39TZIO41m15YsTxOK_dwLyW4" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>