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<script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Legio X Fretensis was een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romeins_legioen?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeins legioen">Romeins legioen</a>, opgericht door <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperator_Caesar_Augustus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperator Caesar Augustus">Octavianus</a> (de latere keizer Augustus) in 41 of 40 v.Chr.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-1">[1]</a> om aan zijn zijde te strijden in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romeinse_burgeroorlog?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeinse burgeroorlog">Romeinse burgeroorlog</a> in de nadagen van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romeinse_Republiek?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Romeinse Republiek">Romeinse Republiek</a>. De aanduiding Fretensis ('van de zeestraat') verwijst naar de overwinning die het legioen behaalde in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Naulochus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Slag bij Naulochus">Slag bij Naulochus</a>, die plaatsvond in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Straat_van_Messina?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Straat van Messina">straat van Messina</a> (Fretum Siculum). <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">Legio X Fretensis</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Roman_Empire_125.png?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kaart van het Romeinse Rijk onder keizer Hadrianus in 125 n.Chr. Legio X Fretensis was gelegerd in Hierosolyma (Jeruzalem), Judea, van 73 n.Chr. tot de 4e eeuw." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/266px-Roman_Empire_125.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/399px-Roman_Empire_125.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/532px-Roman_Empire_125.png 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <div style="font-size:90%"> Kaart van het Romeinse Rijk onder keizer <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadrianus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Hadrianus">Hadrianus</a> in 125 n.Chr. Legio X Fretensis was gelegerd in Hierosolyma (<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeruzalem?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Jeruzalem">Jeruzalem</a>), Judea, van 73 n.Chr. tot de 4e eeuw. </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Oprichting</th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/41_v.Chr.?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="41 v.Chr.">41 v.Chr.</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Ontbinding</th> <td colspan="2">na <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/410?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="410">410</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Land</th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romeinse_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Romeinse Rijk">Romeinse Rijk</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Type</th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legioen?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legioen">Legioen</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Garnizoen</th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judea?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Judea">Judea</a> (jaren 20 v.Chr.) <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macedoni%C3%AB_(Romeinse_provincie)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Macedonië (Romeinse provincie)">Macedonië</a> (ca. 16 v.Chr.) <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Syria">Syria</a> (ca. 6-66) <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeruzalem?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Jeruzalem">Jeruzalem</a> (ca. 73-late 3e eeuw) <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akaba_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Akaba (stad)">Aila</a> (late 3e eeuw-na 410)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Bijnaam</th> <td colspan="2">Fretensis, "van de zeestraat"</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Mascotte</th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stier_(sterrenbeeld)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Stier (sterrenbeeld)">Stier</a>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trireem?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Trireem">trireem</a>, dolfijn, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neptunus_(mythologie)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Neptunus (mythologie)">Neptunus</a>, zwijn</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Veldslagen</th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Naulochus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Slag bij Naulochus">Slag bij Naulochus</a> (36 v.Chr.) <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Actium?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Slag bij Actium">Slag bij Actium</a> (31 v.Chr.) <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parthische_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Parthische Rijk">Parthische</a> campagne van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gnaius_Domitius_Corbulo?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Gnaius Domitius Corbulo">Corbulo</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joodse_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Joodse Oorlog">Joodse Oorlog</a> (66-70) Beleg van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Massada">Massada</a> (72-73) <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parthische_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Parthische Rijk">Parthische</a> campagne van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trajanus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Trajanus">Trajanus</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bar_Kochba-opstand?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bar Kochba-opstand">Bar Kochba-opstand</a> (132-136)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Commandanten</th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gnaius_Domitius_Corbulo?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Gnaius Domitius Corbulo">Gnaius Domitius Corbulo</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vespasianus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Vespasianus">Vespasianus</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titus_(keizer)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Titus (keizer)">Titus</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sextus_Lucilius_Bassus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Sextus Lucilius Bassus">Sextus Lucilius Bassus</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trajanus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Trajanus">Trajanus</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Severus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Sextus Julius Severus">Sextus Julius Severus</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px #396BAD solid; background:#f6f6f6; font-size: 85%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px #ccc solid; padding-bottom:5px;"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romeins_leger?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Romeins leger">Het Romeinse leger</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Rmn-military-header.png?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Rmn-military-header.png/160px-Rmn-military-header.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Rmn-military-header.png 1.5x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="60"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 5px 5px 5px;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; text-align:left; border:0"> <div style="padding-left:0em; text-align:left; font-size:105%; background:#f6f6f6"> ..<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romeins_leger?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Romeins leger">Romeins leger</a> </div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#f6f6f6;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romeins_leger?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Romeins leger">Het Romeinse leger</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leger_van_het_Romeinse_Koninkrijk?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Leger van het Romeinse Koninkrijk">Leger van het Romeinse Koninkrijk</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leger_van_het_Romeinse_Keizerrijk?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Leger van het Romeinse Keizerrijk">Leger van het Romeinse Keizerrijk</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laat-Romeinse_leger?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Laat-Romeinse leger">Laat-Romeinse leger</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leger_van_de_Romeinse_Republiek?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Leger van de Romeinse Republiek">Leger van de Romeinse Republiek</a></li> </ul></li> <li>Legeronderdelen <ul> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legioen?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legioen">Legioen</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cohort?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Cohort">Cohort</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manipel_(Romeinse_leger)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Manipel (Romeinse leger)">Manipel</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centurie?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Centurie">Centurie</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contubernium?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Contubernium">Contubernium</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auxilia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Auxilia">Auxilia</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equites?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triarii?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Triarii">Triarii</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principes?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Principes">Principes</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hastati?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Hastati">Hastati</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Velites?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Velites">Velites</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katafrakt?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Katafrakt">Katafrakt</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vexillatio?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Vexillatio">Vexillatio</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pretoriaanse_garde?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Pretoriaanse garde">Pretoriaanse garde</a></li> </ul></li> <li>Militaire termen <ul> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SPQR?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phalerae?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Phalerae">Phalerae</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquila_(veldteken)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Aquila (veldteken)">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Signum_legionum?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Signum legionum">Signum legionum</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donativum?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Donativum">Donativum</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acies_triplex?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Acies triplex">Acies triplex</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Decimatie?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Decimatie">Decimatie</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winterkamp?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Winterkamp">Winterkamp</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zomerkamp_(Romeins_leger)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Zomerkamp (Romeins leger)">Zomerkamp</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; text-align:left; border:0"> <div style="padding-left:0em; text-align:left; font-size:105%; background:#f6f6f6"> ..<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lijst_van_Romeinse_legioenen?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Lijst van Romeinse legioenen">Legioenen</a> </div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#f6f6f6;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_I_Germanica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio I Germanica">Legio I Germanica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_I_Adiutrix?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio I Adiutrix">Legio I Adiutrix</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_I_Italica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio I Italica">Legio I Italica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_I_Macriana_Liberatrix?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio I Macriana Liberatrix">Legio I Macriana Liberatrix</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_I_Minervia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio I Minervia">Legio I Minervia</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_I_Parthica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio I Parthica">Legio I Parthica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_II_Augusta?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio II Augusta">Legio II Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_II_Adiutrix?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio II Adiutrix">Legio II Adiutrix</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_II_Italica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio II Italica">Legio II Italica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_II_Parthica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio II Parthica">Legio II Parthica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_II_Traiana_Fortis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio II Traiana Fortis">Legio II Traiana Fortis</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_III_Gallica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio III Gallica">Legio III Gallica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_III_Augusta?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio III Augusta">Legio III Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_III_Cyrenaica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio III Cyrenaica">Legio III Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_III_Italica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio III Italica">Legio III Italica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_III_Parthica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio III Parthica">Legio III Parthica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_IIII_Macedonica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio IIII Macedonica">Legio IIII Macedonica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_IV_Scythica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Legio IV Scythica">Legio IV Scythica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_IV_Flavia_Felix?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio IV Flavia Felix">Legio IV Flavia Felix</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_IV_Parthica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio IV Parthica">Legio IV Parthica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_V_Alaudae?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio V Alaudae">Legio V Alaudae</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio V Macedonica">Legio V Macedonica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio VI Ferrata">Legio VI Ferrata</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_VI_Victrix?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio VI Victrix">Legio VI Victrix</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_VII_Claudia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio VII Claudia">Legio VII Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_VII_Gemina?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio VII Gemina">Legio VII Gemina</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_VIII_Augusta?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio VIII Augusta">Legio VIII Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio IX Hispana">Legio IX Hispana</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Gemina?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio X Gemina">Legio X Gemina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Legio X Fretensis</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XI_Claudia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XI Claudia">Legio XI Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XII_Fulminata?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XII Fulminata">Legio XII Fulminata</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XIII_Gemina?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XIII Gemina">Legio XIII Gemina</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XIIII_Gemina?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XIIII Gemina">Legio XIIII Gemina</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XV_Primigenia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XV Primigenia">Legio XV Primigenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XV_Apollinaris?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XV Apollinaris">Legio XV Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XVI_Gallica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XVI Gallica">Legio XVI Gallica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XVI_Flavia_Firma?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XVI Flavia Firma">Legio XVI Flavia Firma</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XVII?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XVII">Legio XVII</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XVIII?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XVIII">Legio XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XIX?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XIX">Legio XIX</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XX_Valeria_Victrix?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XX Valeria Victrix">Legio XX Valeria Victrix</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XXI_Rapax?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XXI Rapax">Legio XXI Rapax</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XXII_Deiotariana?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XXII Deiotariana">Legio XXII Deiotariana</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XXII_Primigenia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XXII Primigenia">Legio XXII Primigenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XXX_Ulpia_Victrix?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix">Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; text-align:left; border:0"> <div style="padding-left:0em; text-align:left; font-size:105%; background:#f6f6f6"> ..<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classis_(vlooteenheid)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Classis (vlooteenheid)">Marine</a> </div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#f6f6f6;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classis_Misenensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Classis Misenensis">Classis Misenensis</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classe?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Classe">Classis Ravennatis</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classis_Syriaca&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="new" title="Classis Syriaca (de pagina bestaat niet)">Classis Syriaca</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classis_Alexandrina?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Classis Alexandrina">Classis Alexandrina</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classis_Mauretania&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="new" title="Classis Mauretania (de pagina bestaat niet)">Classis Mauretania</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classis_Germanica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Classis Germanica">Classis Germanica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classis_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Classis Britannica">Classis Britannica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classis_Pannonica&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="new" title="Classis Pannonica (de pagina bestaat niet)">Classis Pannonica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classis_Moesica&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="new" title="Classis Moesica (de pagina bestaat niet)">Classis Moesica</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classis_Pontica&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="new" title="Classis Pontica (de pagina bestaat niet)">Classis Pontica</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; text-align:left; border:0"> <div style="padding-left:0em; text-align:left; font-size:105%; background:#f6f6f6"> ..<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Militaire_rang?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Militaire rang">Rangen</a> </div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#f6f6f6;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribunus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunus">Tribunus</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legatus Augusti pro praetore">Legatus Augusti pro praetore</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legatus_pro_praetore?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legatus pro praetore">Legatus pro praetore</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legatus_legionis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legatus legionis">Legatus legionis</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Praefectus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primus_pilus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Primus pilus">Primus pilus</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centurio_(Romeins_leger)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Centurio (Romeins leger)">Centurio</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Optio?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Optio">Optio</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Decurio?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Decurio">Decurio</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquilifer?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Aquilifer">Aquilifer</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tesserarius?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Tesserarius">Tesserarius</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornicen?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Cornicen">Cornicen</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Signifer?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Signifer">Signifer</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imaginifer?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Imaginifer">Imaginifer</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romeins_legionair?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Romeins legionair">Romeins legionair</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; text-align:left; border:0"> <div style="padding-left:0em; text-align:left; font-size:105%; background:#f6f6f6"> ..Wapens </div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#f6f6f6;"> <ul> <li>Handwapens <ul> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gladius?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Gladius">Gladius</a> (kort steekzwaard)</li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pugio?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Pugio">Pugio</a> (dolk)</li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spatha_(zwaard)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Spatha (zwaard)">Spatha</a> (langer zwaard)</li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semi-spatha?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Semi-spatha">Semi-spatha</a> (klein zwaard)</li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hasta?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Hasta">Hasta</a> (lans)</li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pilum?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Pilum">Pilum</a> (werpspeer)</li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slinger_(wapen)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Slinger (wapen)">Slinger</a></li> </ul></li> <li>Zware wapens <ul> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stormram?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Stormram">Stormram</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belegeringstoren?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Belegeringstoren">Belegeringstoren</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katapult?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Katapult">Katapult</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ballista?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scorpio_(wapen)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Scorpio (wapen)">Scorpio</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheiroballistra?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Cheiroballistra">Cheiroballistra</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carroballista?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Carroballista">Carroballista</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Onager_(wapen)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Onager (wapen)">Onager</a></li> </ul></li> <li>Bescherming <ul> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subarmalis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Subarmalis">Subarmalis</a> (leren vest)</li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuras?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Kuras">Lorica musculata</a> (kuras)</li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lorica_squamata?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Lorica squamata">Lorica squamata</a> (schubbenpantser)</li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lorica_plumata?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Lorica plumata">Lorica plumata</a> (schubbenpantser)</li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lorica_hamata?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Lorica hamata">Lorica hamata</a> (maliënkolder)</li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lorica_segmentata?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Lorica segmentata">Lorica segmentata</a> (kuras van stroken metaal)</li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cassis_(Romeins_leger)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Cassis (Romeins leger)">Cassis</a> (helm)</li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scutum_(Romeins_leger)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Scutum (Romeins leger)">Scutum</a> (schild)</li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mantelet?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Mantelet">Pluteus</a> (schutscherm)</li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vinea_(belegeringswerktuig)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Vinea (belegeringswerktuig)">Vinea</a> (schutdak)</li> <li><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Testudo_(belegeringswerktuig)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Testudo (belegeringswerktuig)">Testudo</a> (stormdak)</li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Het legioen is in de geschiedenis vooral bekend geworden door de rol die het speelde in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joodse_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Joodse Oorlog">Joodse Oorlog</a>. Veel plaatsen, verspreid over <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galilea_(streek)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Galilea (streek)">Galilea</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judea?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Judea">Judea</a>, werden door dit legioen veroverd. Bij de belegering van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeruzalem?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Jeruzalem">Jeruzalem</a> maakte het legioen naam met zijn oorlogsmachines. Na de val van Jeruzalem was het dit legioen dat afrekende met de nog overgebleven verzetshaarden, bijvoorbeeld op <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Massada">Masada</a>. Het legioen was actief tot minstens 410 na Chr. Het maakte gebruik van verschillende symbolen: een stier, een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trireem?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Trireem">trireem</a>, een dolfijn, de god <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neptunus_(godheid)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunus (godheid)">Neptunus</a> en een zwijn. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="nl" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Inhoud</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Geschiedenis">1 Geschiedenis</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Romeinse_burgeroorlog">1.1 Romeinse burgeroorlog</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Macedonia">1.2 Macedonia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Syria">1.3 Syria</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Joodse_Oorlog">1.4 Joodse Oorlog</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Verovering_van_Galilea_en_Judea">1.4.1 Verovering van Galilea en Judea</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Belegering_en_val_van_Jeruzalem">1.4.2 Belegering en val van Jeruzalem</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#De_laatste_verzetshaarden">1.4.3 De laatste verzetshaarden</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Na_de_Joodse_Oorlog">1.4.4 Na de Joodse Oorlog</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Onder_Traianus_en_Hadrianus">1.5 Onder Traianus en Hadrianus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Latere_geschiedenis">1.6 Latere geschiedenis</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Symbolen">2 Symbolen</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Veteranen">3 Veteranen</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Archeologie">4 Archeologie</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Inscripties_en_munten">4.1 Inscripties en munten</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Legerkampen_bij_Masada_en_Jeruzalem">4.2 Legerkampen bij Masada en Jeruzalem</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Noten">5 Noten</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Referenties">6 Referenties</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Romeinse_burgeroorlog">Romeinse burgeroorlog</h3> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Romeinse burgeroorlog" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> Het Legio X Fretensis werd door <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Octavianus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavianus">Octavianus</a> samengesteld vanwege de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romeinse_burgeroorlog?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeinse burgeroorlog">Romeinse burgeroorlog</a>. Hij had het legioen nodig om een einde te maken aan <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextus Pompeius">Sextus Pompeius</a>' bezetting van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sicilia_(Romeinse_provincie)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Sicilia (Romeinse provincie)">Sicilia</a>, die de graantoevoer naar <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Rome (stad)">Rome</a> in gevaar bracht. Octavianus gaf het legioen het volgnummer tien mee, als verwijzing naar <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesars</a> beroemde <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Gemina?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio X Gemina">Legio X</a>. In 36 v. Chr. zette hij het legioen in, onder aanvoering van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa</a>, bij de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Naulochus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Slag bij Naulochus">slag bij Naulochus</a> tegen Sextus Pompeius. Naar aanleiding van de hier behaalde overwinning kreeg het legioen de bijnaam Fretensis, een verwijzing naar de plaats van de slag in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Straat_van_Messina?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Straat van Messina">Straat van Messina</a> (Fretum Siculum). Bij de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Actium?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Slag bij Actium">Slag bij Actium</a> (31 v. Chr.), waar Octavianus <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Antonius?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Marcus Antonius">Marcus Antonius</a> versloeg, speelde het legioen een bepalende rol. Vermoedelijk vindt het gebruik van de symbolen van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trireem?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Trireem">trireem</a> en de dolfijn voor het legioen zijn oorsprong in de overwinningen in de zeeslagen bij Naulochus en Actium.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-2">[2]</a> De overwinning bij Actium maakte een einde aan de Romeinse burgeroorlog. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Macedonia">Macedonia</h3> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Macedonia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> Uit een in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macedoni%C3%AB_(Romeinse_provincie)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Macedonië (Romeinse provincie)">Macedonia</a> gevonden inscriptie blijkt dat Octavianus (inmiddels keizer <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperator_Caesar_Augustus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperator Caesar Augustus">Augustus</a>) het legioen op enig moment na de slag bij Actium verplaatste naar deze <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provincia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia">provincia</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-3">[3]</a> De inscriptie maakt duidelijk dat het legioen hier een brug bouwde over de rivier de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strymon_(rivier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Strymon (rivier)">Strymon</a>. Vanuit Macedonia nam het legioen in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16_v.Chr.?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="16 v.Chr.">16 v.Chr.</a> met succes deel aan de slag tegen de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarmaten?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Sarmaten">Sarmaten</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Syria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> Vermoedelijk korte tijd na de slag tegen de Sarmaten<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-5">[5]</a> stuurde Augustus het legioen naar de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provincia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia">provincia</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Syria">Syria</a>, samen met <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_III_Gallica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio III Gallica">Legio III Gallica</a>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio VI Ferrata">Legio VI Ferrata</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XII_Fulminata?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XII Fulminata">Legio XII Fulminata</a>. Drie van deze legioenen speelden een rol in het neerslaan van de opstanden die uitbraken in het Joodse land na de dood van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herodes_I?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodes I">Herodes de Grote</a> (4 v.Chr.), maar het is niet zeker welke legioenen dat waren.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In 6 na Chr. braken er in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judea?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Judea">Judea</a> opnieuw onlusten uit toen <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herodes_Archela%C3%BCs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Herodes Archelaüs">Herodes Archelaüs</a> uit zijn koningschap ontheven werd. <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Publius_Sulpicius_Quirinius?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Publius Sulpicius Quirinius">Publius Sulpicius Quirinius</a>, de toenmalige gouverneur van Syria, zette alle vier de Syrische legioenen in om het Joodse land weer in het gareel te krijgen. Uit een inscriptie gevonden te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palmyra_(Syri%C3%AB)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Palmyra (Syrië)">Palmyra</a> blijkt dat in ieder geval een belangrijk deel van het legioen ten tijde van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanicus_Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Germanicus Julius Caesar">Germanicus</a> in deze plaats zijn kamp had.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Uit de inscripties valt bovendien op te maken dat <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minucius_Rufus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Minucius Rufus">Minucius Rufus</a> in de periode 14-19 <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legatus_legionis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legatus legionis">legatus legionis</a> van X Fretensis was. Het is waarschijnlijk dat het legioen in 37 of 38 onder aanvoering van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Vitellius_(gouverneur_van_Syria)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Lucius Vitellius (gouverneur van Syria)">Lucius Vitellius</a> deelnam aan de mars naar de grens met <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parthische_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Parthische Rijk">Parthië</a>, naar aanleiding van het ingrijpen van de Parthische koning <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artabanus_II?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Artabanus II">Artabanus II</a> in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Armeni%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Koninkrijk Armenië">Armeense</a> troonopvolging. Tot een strijd kwam het niet, maar geconfronteerd met de Romeinse overmacht, was de Parthische koning gedwongen zijn aanspraken op Armenië te laten varen. Ten tijde van keizer <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nero_(keizer)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Nero (keizer)">Nero</a> nam X Fretensis onder aanvoering van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Corbulo?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo">Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo</a> deel aan de veldtocht naar <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Armeni%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Koninkrijk Armenië">Armenië</a>, dat ondanks het eerdere vredesverdrag toch door de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parthische_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Parthische Rijk">Parthische</a> koning <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vologases_I?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Vologases I">Vologases I</a> was bezet.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Al snel werd Armenië veroverd en een Romeinse kandidaat (<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tigranes_VI?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Tigranes VI">Tigranes VI</a>) op de Armeense troon geplaatst (58-60). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Joodse_Oorlog">Joodse Oorlog</h3> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Joodse Oorlog" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> Het Legio X Fretensis speelde een bepalende rol in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joodse_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Joodse Oorlog">Joodse Oorlog</a> (66-73), waaraan het samen met het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio V Macedonica">Legio V Macedonica</a>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio VI Ferrata">Legio VI Ferrata</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XII_Fulminata?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XII Fulminata">Legio XII Fulminata</a> deelnam, eerst onder aanvoering van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vespasianus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Vespasianus">Vespasianus</a>,<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-9">[9]</a> later onder zijn zoon <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titus_(keizer)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Titus (keizer)">Titus</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Tot aan het najaar van 69 stond het legioen zelf onder bevel van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legatus_legionis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legatus legionis">legatus legionis</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Ulpius_Traianus_(senator)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Marcus Ulpius Traianus (senator)">Marcus Ulpius Traianus</a>, de vader van de latere keizer <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trajanus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Trajanus">Traianus</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Verovering_van_Galilea_en_Judea">Verovering van Galilea en Judea</h4> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verovering van Galilea en Judea" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Golan_Heights_-_Gamla_view.jpg?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Golan_Heights_-_Gamla_view.jpg/260px-Golan_Heights_-_Gamla_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 195px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Golan_Heights_-_Gamla_view.jpg/260px-Golan_Heights_-_Gamla_view.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Golan_Heights_-_Gamla_view.jpg/390px-Golan_Heights_-_Gamla_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Golan_Heights_-_Gamla_view.jpg/520px-Golan_Heights_-_Gamla_view.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Ruïnes van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gamala&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="new" title="Gamala (de pagina bestaat niet)">Gamala</a>, in 68 door X Fretensis veroverd. </figcaption> </figure> Toen in 66 de oorlog uitbrak, achtte Nero de dreiging vermoedelijk nog niet zo groot, want Nero verplaatste het legioen dat jaar naar <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandri%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Alexandrië">Alexandrië</a>, om samen met <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio V Macedonica">Legio V Macedonica</a> de door Nero geplande verovering van Ethiopië te realiseren. Al snel bleek echter dat de beide legioenen in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judea?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Judea">Judea</a> harder nodig waren. Ze werden aanvankelijk naar <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptolema%C3%AFs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaïs">Ptolemaïs</a> verplaatst,<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-12">[12]</a> maar kregen daar <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caesarea_(Maritima)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Caesarea (Maritima)">Caesarea</a> als nieuwe standplaats aangewezen.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Dit vanwege het grote aantal troepen dat al in Ptolemaïs bijeengebracht was. In 67 speelde het legioen een rol in de belegering en inname van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jotapata&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="new" title="Jotapata (de pagina bestaat niet)">Jotapata</a><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-14">[14]</a> en de verovering van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaffa_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Jaffa (stad)">Jaffa</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Samen met het Legio V Macedonica overwinterde het in Caesarea.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In het voorjaar 68 veroverde X Fretensis <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiberias?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>,<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Taricheae&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="new" title="Taricheae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Taricheae</a><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-18">[18]</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gamala&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="new" title="Gamala (de pagina bestaat niet)">Gamala</a>,<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-19">[19]</a> waarna <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skythopolis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Skythopolis">Skythopolis</a> tijdelijk de nieuwe standplaats werd.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In de zomer van 68 veroverde en verwoestte X Fretensis <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qumran?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Qumran">Qumran</a>. Het legioen overwinterde in Skythopolis. Heel Galilea en het grootste deel van Judea was inmiddels terug in Romeinse handen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Belegering_en_val_van_Jeruzalem">Belegering en val van Jeruzalem</h4> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Belegering en val van Jeruzalem" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> In de zomer van 69 (het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vierkeizerjaar?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Vierkeizerjaar">vierkeizerjaar</a>) werd Vespasianus door de troepen in Judea uitgeroepen tot <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Princeps?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Princeps">keizer</a>. Vespasianus vertrok daarop naar Rome en droeg het bevel over de troepen in Judea over aan zijn zoon Titus. Hij gaf Titus de opdracht <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeruzalem?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Jeruzalem">Jeruzalem</a> te veroveren. Titus stuurde daarop de legioenen langs verschillende routes naar Jeruzalem. Het tiende legioen trok op via <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jericho_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Jericho (stad)">Jericho</a>, waar het ook overwinterde en een eenheid achterliet om een strategisch gelegen bergpas te bewaken.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Ongeveer rond deze tijd werd de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legatus_legionis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legatus legionis">legatus legionis</a> Marcus Ulpius Traianus vervangen door <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aulus_Larcius_Lepidus_Sulpicianus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Aulus Larcius Lepidus Sulpicianus">Larcius Lepidus</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Toen het legioen in het voorjaar van 70 bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeruzalem?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Jeruzalem">Jeruzalem</a> aankwam, nu nog de enige stad in Judea die niet door de Romeinen werd gecontroleerd, sloeg het samen met V Macedonica, XII Fulminata en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XV_Apollinaris?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XV Apollinaris">XV Apollinaris</a> het beleg om de stad. Het legioen richtte zijn legerkamp in op de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olijfberg?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Olijfberg">Olijfberg</a> ten oosten van de stad,<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-23">[23]</a> maar daar werd het al snel ernstig in het nauw gedreven toen de Joodse vrijheidsstrijders een uitval deden. Slechts met moeite en volgens Josephus dankzij ingrijpen van Titus wist het legioen een nederlaag te voorkomen.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In een latere fase van het beleg verplaatste Titus het tiende legioen naar de vijver van Amygdalon, aan de noordkant van de stad.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Tijdens de belegering dwong X Fretensis veel respect af door de krijgsmachines die het gebruikte. De machines van X Fretensis konden naar verluidt stenen met een gewicht van zo'n 25 kg over een afstand van zo'n 400 meter katapulteren.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-26">[26]</a> De <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ballista?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Ballista">ballista's</a> van X Fretensis richtten zware schade aan aan de muren van Jeruzalem. Na een beleg van vijf maanden werd Jeruzalem veroverd. Na de val van Jeruzalem werd Larcius Lepidus als legatis legionis opgevolgd door <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terentius_Rufus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Terentius Rufus">Terentius Rufus</a>,<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-27">[27]</a> die echter alweer spoedig vervangen werd door <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sextus_Vettulenus_Cerialis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Sextus Vettulenus Cerialis">Sextus Vettulenus Cerialis</a> toen deze eind 70 <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legatus Augusti pro praetore">legatus Augusti pro praetore</a> van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provincia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia">provincia</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judea?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Judea">Judea</a> werd.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-BI7.163-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="De_laatste_verzetshaarden">De laatste verzetshaarden</h4> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: De laatste verzetshaarden" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Herodium_from_above_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Herodium_from_above_2.jpg/260px-Herodium_from_above_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 195px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Herodium_from_above_2.jpg/260px-Herodium_from_above_2.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Herodium_from_above_2.jpg/390px-Herodium_from_above_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Herodium_from_above_2.jpg/520px-Herodium_from_above_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Ruïnes van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herodion?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Herodion">Herodion</a>, in 71 door X Fretensis veroverd. </figcaption> </figure> De val van Jeruzalem betekende feitelijk het einde van de Joodse Oorlog. In enkele vestingen hadden zich echter nog <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sicari%C3%ABrs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicariërs">Sicariërs</a> verschanst, die van daaruit weerstand bleven bieden tegen de Romeinen. In het voorjaar van 71 trok Titus naar Rome. Ook Cerialis werd teruggeroepen. Het bevel over de legioenen werd overgenomen door <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sextus_Lucilius_Bassus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Sextus Lucilius Bassus">Sextus Lucilius Bassus</a>, die als opdracht had het laatste verzet in Judea neer te slaan.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-BI7.163-28">[28]</a> In 71 sloeg X Fretensis het beleg om de vesting <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herodion?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Herodion">Herodion</a>, maar al snel gaven de Sicariërs die zich daar verschanst hadden zich over. Een jaar later werd <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Machaerus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Machaerus">Machaerus</a>, een ander fort waar opstandelingen zich hadden teruggetrokken, ingenomen na een langer beleg. Nadat Bassus het fort had veroverd, liet hij het verwoesten.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Kort daarna overleed Bassus onverwachts, zodat hij zijn missie niet kon voltooien. Hij werd opgevolgd door <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Flavius_Silva?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Flavius Silva">Lucius Flavius Silva</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Onder zijn leiding trok het legioen naar <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Massada">Masada</a>, het laatste bolwerk van de Sicariërs. De legerplaats werd ingericht aan de westzijde van de vesting. Het beleg van Masada was lang en zwaar, mede doordat Masada zo afgelegen lag in de woestijn dat water en voedsel voor de Romeinse troepen over een grote afstand getransporteerd moest worden, terwijl de belegerden juist beschikten over grote voorraden voedsel en grote bassins waarin zij regenwater konden opvangen. Bovendien was de vesting Masada zeer strategisch gelegen, waardoor bestorming van het fort niet zonder meer mogelijk was. In de eerste fase van de belegering liet Silva het fort omgeven met een muur, zodat de belegerden niet konden ontvluchten.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Vervolgens liet hij een belegeringsdam bouwen van ca. 72 meter hoog,<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-32">[32]</a> met een lengte van zo'n 195 meter en een even zo grote breedte op het breedste punt, aan de kant van de vesting.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-Yadin226-33">[33]</a> Vanwege het gewicht van de belegeringsmachines (o.a. een zestig meter hoge, met ijzer beslagen <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belegeringstoren?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Belegeringstoren">belegeringstoren</a>,<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katapult?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Katapult">katapulten</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stormram?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Stormram">stormrammen</a><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-35">[35]</a>) moest de dam nog versterkt worden met een 25 meter brede muur.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Toen Masada uiteindelijk werd ingenomen, troffen de legionairs nog slechts een handjevol overlevenden aan. De andere belegerden hadden massaal zelfmoord gepleegd om niet in handen van de Romeinen te vallen.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Na_de_Joodse_Oorlog">Na de Joodse Oorlog</h4> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Na de Joodse Oorlog" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Roman_Legions_camps_-_AD_80.png?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Roman_Legions_camps_-_AD_80.png/300px-Roman_Legions_camps_-_AD_80.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="470"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 235px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Roman_Legions_camps_-_AD_80.png/300px-Roman_Legions_camps_-_AD_80.png" data-width="300" data-height="235" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Roman_Legions_camps_-_AD_80.png/450px-Roman_Legions_camps_-_AD_80.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Roman_Legions_camps_-_AD_80.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Verdeling van legioenen over het Romeinse Rijk, ca. 80 na Chr. (23: X Fretensis - <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romeins_legioen?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Locaties_van_de_Romeinse_legioenen_in_80_na_Chr." class="mw-redirect" title="Romeins legioen">volledig overzicht</a>) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Roman_pillar_in_arcade_of_New_Imperial_Hotel.JPG?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Roman_pillar_in_arcade_of_New_Imperial_Hotel.JPG/260px-Roman_pillar_in_arcade_of_New_Imperial_Hotel.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 347px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Roman_pillar_in_arcade_of_New_Imperial_Hotel.JPG/260px-Roman_pillar_in_arcade_of_New_Imperial_Hotel.JPG" data-width="260" data-height="347" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Roman_pillar_in_arcade_of_New_Imperial_Hotel.JPG/390px-Roman_pillar_in_arcade_of_New_Imperial_Hotel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Roman_pillar_in_arcade_of_New_Imperial_Hotel.JPG/520px-Roman_pillar_in_arcade_of_New_Imperial_Hotel.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Zuil in Hotel Imperial (Jeruzalem), met inscriptie: M(arco) Iunio/ Maximo/ leg(ato) Augg(ustorum)/ leg(ionis) X Fr(etensis) Antoninianae/ C(aius) Dom(itius) Serg(ia)/ Jul(ius) Honoratus/ str(ator) eius (<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DCIL%2B03,%2B06641%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">III 6641</a>) </figcaption> </figure> Na de Joodse Oorlog werd X Fretensis in Jeruzalem gelegerd.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Op de westelijke heuvel van de stad werd het legerkamp ingericht, waarbij ook delen van de muren werden gebruikt van het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paleis_van_Herodes_(Jeruzalem)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Paleis van Herodes (Jeruzalem)">paleis van Herodes de Grote</a>, dat op last van Titus verwoest was.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-Geva-39">[39]</a> Het legioen had in Jeruzalem uitsluitend tot taak de rust in Judea te bewaren en stond daarbij onder direct bevel van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legatus_pro_praetore?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legatus pro praetore">legatus pro praetore</a> van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judea?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Judea">Judea</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Tot aan de tijd van keizer <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trajanus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Trajanus">Traianus</a> werd het niet meer voor veldtochten ingezet.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Onder_Traianus_en_Hadrianus">Onder Traianus en Hadrianus</h3> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Onder Traianus en Hadrianus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> Aan het begin van de tweede eeuw zette <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trajanus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Trajanus">Traianus</a> het Legio X Fretensis in bij zijn veldtocht tegen de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parthische_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Parthische Rijk">Parthische</a> koning <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osroes_I?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-42">[42]</a> De veldtocht was succesvol: voor het eerst in de geschiedenis slaagden Romeinse troepen erin delen van Parthië te bezetten. Van twee <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribunus_militum?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Tribunus militum">tribuni militum</a> van X Fretensis is bekend dat zij na de oorlog werden onderscheiden met de dona militaria,<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-Rit1673-43">[43]</a> die verleend werd wanneer bijzondere moed aan de dag werd gelegd. Spoedig na de oorlog tegen de Parthen keerde het legioen echter weer terug naar Judea. Omdat vanaf 117 ook het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_II_Traiana?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Legio II Traiana">Legio II Traiana</a> in Judea gelegerd was, werd het Legio X Fretensis niet langer rechtstreeks door een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legatus Augusti pro praetore">legatus Augusti pro praetore</a> aangevoerd, zoals net na de Joodse oorlog, maar door een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legatus_legionis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legatus legionis">legatus legionis</a>, die lager in rang was.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-Rit1673-43">[43]</a> Jeruzalem bleef de officiële standplaats van het legioen, maar uit een inscriptie valt op te maken dat het eerste <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cohort?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Cohort">cohors</a> gelegerd was in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samaria_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Samaria (stad)">Samaria</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 132 werd het tiende legioen ingezet<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-autogenerated1-45">[45]</a> toen er in Judea opnieuw opstand uitbrak omdat keizer <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadrianus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Hadrianus">Hadrianus</a> in Jeruzalem een tempel voor <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jupiter_(god)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a> wilde oprichten. <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sjimon_bar_Kochba?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Sjimon bar Kochba">Sjimon bar Kochba</a> bezette Jeruzalem en bracht de Romeinen zware verliezen toe. De legatus pro praetore van Judea <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Severus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Sextus Julius Severus">Sextus Julius Severus</a> vulde het legioen echter aan met troepen uit onder meer het gebied van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donau?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Donau">Donau</a>. Onder aanvoering van Severus veroverde X Fretensis vervolgens Jeruzalem. Bij de belegering van het bolwerk <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Betar_(grottencomplex)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Betar (grottencomplex)">Betar</a>, waar Bar Kochba zich had teruggetrokken, kreeg het bovendien steun van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio VI Ferrata">VI Ferrata</a>. Na de oorlog werden verschillende officieren van X Fretensis, onder wie een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centurio_(Romeins_leger)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Centurio (Romeins leger)">centurio</a><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-autogenerated1-45">[45]</a> en de toenmalige legatis legionis,<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-46">[46]</a> onderscheiden met de dona militaria. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Latere_geschiedenis">Latere geschiedenis</h3> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Latere geschiedenis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> Na de Bar Kochba opstand bleef Jeruzalem (dat sinds Hadrianus <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a> werd genoemd) de standplaats van het legioen, al werden (evenals in de periode 70-135) sommige afdelingen ervan elders in Palestina gelegerd, zoals in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samaria_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Samaria (stad)">Sebaste</a>,<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caesarea_(Maritima)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Caesarea (Maritima)">Caesarea</a>,<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Askelon?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Askelon">Askelon</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emma%C3%BCs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Emmaüs">Emmaüs</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In Caesarea was een vexilatio van X Fretensis, samen met een vexilatio van II Traiana, betrokken bij de bouw van een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romeins_aquaduct?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Romeins aquaduct">aquaduct</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Uit deze periode zijn bij gebrek aan historische bronnen minder gegevens bekend over dit legioen. Duidelijk is dat een afdeling (<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vexillatio?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Vexillatio">vexillatio</a>) onder aanvoering van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> meestreed in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcomannenoorlog?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Marcomannenoorlog">Marcomannenoorlog</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 193 steunde X Fretensis <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pescennius_Niger?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a> in zijn strijd tegen <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Septimius_Severus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-Rit1673-43">[43]</a> Mogelijk werd het rond deze periode ook ingezet bij onlusten onder de Joden en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samaritanen?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Samaritanen">Samaritanen</a> in Judea.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Het legioen bleef nog in Jeruzalem gelegerd tot in ieder geval de tijd van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caracalla?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> of <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elagabalus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>, toen <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Iunius_Maximus&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="new" title="Marcus Iunius Maximus (de pagina bestaat niet)">Marcus Iunius Maximus</a> legatus legionis was (zie afbeelding),<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-53">[53]</a> maar vermoedelijk nog langer. Ten minste een deel van het legioen nam onder <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caracalla?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> deel aan de oorlog tegen de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parthische_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Parthische Rijk">Parthen</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-Dabrowa18-54">[54]</a> Onder <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallienus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> was een vexilatio van het legioen actief in de strijd tegen het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallische_keizerrijk?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallische keizerrijk">Gallische keizerrijk</a>. Uit munten blijkt echter dat deze afdeling overliep naar <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victorinus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Victorinus">Victorinus</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-Dabrowa18-54">[54]</a> Aan het einde van de derde eeuw verplaatste <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diocletianus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Diocletianus">Diocletianus</a> het legioen naar <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eilat?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Eilat">Aila</a> aan de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golf_van_Akaba?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Golf van Akaba">Golf van Akaba</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Daar bevond het zich nog steeds rond 410, bij het ontstaan van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a>, zoals met betrekking tot Dux Palestina vermeld is.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Symbolen">Symbolen</h2> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Symbolen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Samuel_and_Saidye_Bronfman_Archaeology_WingDSCN5049.JPG?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Samuel_and_Saidye_Bronfman_Archaeology_WingDSCN5049.JPG/260px-Samuel_and_Saidye_Bronfman_Archaeology_WingDSCN5049.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 195px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Samuel_and_Saidye_Bronfman_Archaeology_WingDSCN5049.JPG/260px-Samuel_and_Saidye_Bronfman_Archaeology_WingDSCN5049.JPG" data-width="260" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Samuel_and_Saidye_Bronfman_Archaeology_WingDSCN5049.JPG/390px-Samuel_and_Saidye_Bronfman_Archaeology_WingDSCN5049.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Samuel_and_Saidye_Bronfman_Archaeology_WingDSCN5049.JPG/520px-Samuel_and_Saidye_Bronfman_Archaeology_WingDSCN5049.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Stempel van het Legio X Fretensis, met de symbolen van trireem en zwijn (<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Israel_Museum?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a>, Jeruzalem) </figcaption> </figure> Het legioen maakte gebruik van verschillende symbolen: een stier, een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trireem?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Trireem">trireem</a>, een dolfijn, de god <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neptunus_(godheid)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunus (godheid)">Neptunus</a> en een zwijn. Het symbool van de stier verwijst naar de godin <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venus_(godheid)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (godheid)">Venus Genetrix</a>, op wie <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (en later ook keizer Augustus) via <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aeneas?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> de oorsprong van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gens_Julia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Gens Julia">Gens Julia</a> terugvoerde. De associatie met Aeneas en Venus moest het aanzien van de gens vergroten door deze in verband te brengen met de oorsprong van het Romeinse volk. De meeste door Julius Caesar gestichte legioenen droegen dan ook dit symbool (bijvoorbeeld <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_III_Gallica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio III Gallica">III Gallica</a>). In oudere literatuur wordt om deze reden wel aangenomen dat niet Octavianus, maar Julius Caesar het legioen heeft opgericht. Tegenwoordig stelt men de oprichting van het legioen echter in de tijd van Octavianus en verklaart men het gebruik van dit symbool als propaganda van Octavianus (Julius Caesars adoptiefzoon), die eveneens veelvuldig van het symbool van de stier gebruik maakte en zich zo presenteerde als Julius Caesars rechtmatig opvolger.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-57">[57]</a> De symbolen van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trireem?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Trireem">trireem</a>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neptunus_(godheid)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunus (godheid)">Neptunus</a> (de god van de zee) en de dolfijn (een van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attribuut_(beeldende_kunst)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Attribuut (beeldende kunst)">attributen</a> van Neptunus) herinneren aan de begintijd van het legioen, toen het belangrijke overwinningen behaalde in de zeeslagen aan het einde van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romeinse_burgeroorlog?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeinse burgeroorlog">Romeinse burgeroorlog</a>. Uit onder meer inscripties gevonden in Jeruzalem blijkt dat deze symbolen ook in later tijd veelvuldig gebruikt werden,<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-Rit1671-58">[58]</a> waaruit kan worden opgemaakt dat het legioen zijn roemruchte verleden met trots in ere hield. Het symbool van het zwijn is wel uitgelegd als een belediging tegen de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joden?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Joden">Joden</a>, voor wie het varken bij uitstek een onrein dier is. Anderen wijzen deze interpretatie echter af, omdat ook andere legioenen zoals <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_I_Italica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio I Italica">I Italica</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_XX_Valeria_Victrix?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Legio XX Valeria Victrix">XX Victrix</a> dit symbool gebruikten, zonder dat daarbij sprake is van dergelijke bijbedoelingen.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-Rit1671-58">[58]</a> Op grond van het symbool van het zwijn zien sommige exegeten van het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nieuwe_Testament?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Nieuwe Testament">Nieuwe Testament</a> in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evangelie_volgens_Marcus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Evangelie volgens Marcus">Marcus</a> 5, waar een legioen <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demon?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Demon">demonen</a> een troep van 2000 zwijnen de zee in drijft, een verhulde kritische aanduiding met betrekking tot het Legio X Fretensis als symbool voor de Romeinse bezetting van Judea in de tijd dat Marcus zijn evangelie schreef.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Veteranen">Veteranen</h2> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Veteranen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Zoals elk <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romeins_legioen?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeins legioen">Romeins legioen</a> had ook X Fretensis zijn <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veteranus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Veteranus">veterani</a>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romeins_legionair?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Romeins legionair">legionairs</a> die hun diensttijd hadden voltooid of voortijdig eervol ontslag hadden verkregen. Tot aan de tijd van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadrianus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Hadrianus">Hadrianus</a> kregen veterani vaak een stuk land in een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonia_(Romeinse_term)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Colonia (Romeinse term)">colonia</a>. Meestal gebeurde dit op individuele basis, maar soms kregen grotere groepen legionairs op hetzelfde moment eervol ontslag. Onder keizer <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claudius_I?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Claudius I">Claudius</a> werd een grote groep veterani van X Fretensis gevestigd in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akko_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Akko (stad)">Ptolemais</a>, dat de status van colonia kreeg.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Munten uit Ptolemais bevestigen dat hier een grote groep veterani van X Fretensis woonde.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-Dabrowa21-61">[61]</a> Keizer <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vespasianus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Vespasianus">Vespasianus</a> vestigde kort na de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joodse_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Joodse Oorlog">Joodse Oorlog</a> een groep van 800 veterani in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emma%C3%BCs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Emmaüs">Emmaüs</a>,<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-62">[62]</a> hoewel de plaats niet de officiële status van colonia kreeg. Caesarea was wel een colonia, maar uit opgravingen blijkt dat het deze status niet te danken had aan de vestiging van veterani, maar als een keizerlijk eerbetoon.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-Dabrowa21-61">[61]</a> Wel is het aannemelijk dat in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>, dat eveneens de status van colonia had, veel veterani van X Fretensis woonden. Niet alle veterani van X Fretensis bleven in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judea?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Judea">Judea</a>. Uit inscripties blijkt dat er ook veterani waren die zich buiten de provincia vestigden.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-63">[63]</a> De grootste groep veterani van X Fretensis is bekend uit Egypte.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Archeologie">Archeologie</h2> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Archeologie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Inscripties_en_munten">Inscripties en munten</h3> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Inscripties en munten" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:220px; float:right; clear:right; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:1em;"> <div> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Inscription_of_the_Roman_Legion_in_the_Crusader_Church_in_Abu_Ghosh.jpg?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Inscription_of_the_Roman_Legion_in_the_Crusader_Church_in_Abu_Ghosh.jpg/220px-Inscription_of_the_Roman_Legion_in_the_Crusader_Church_in_Abu_Ghosh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Inscription_of_the_Roman_Legion_in_the_Crusader_Church_in_Abu_Ghosh.jpg/220px-Inscription_of_the_Roman_Legion_in_the_Crusader_Church_in_Abu_Ghosh.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Inscription_of_the_Roman_Legion_in_the_Crusader_Church_in_Abu_Ghosh.jpg/330px-Inscription_of_the_Roman_Legion_in_the_Crusader_Church_in_Abu_Ghosh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Inscription_of_the_Roman_Legion_in_the_Crusader_Church_in_Abu_Ghosh.jpg/440px-Inscription_of_the_Roman_Legion_in_the_Crusader_Church_in_Abu_Ghosh.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Inscriptie uit Abu Gosh (AE <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DAE%2B1902,%2B00230%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">1902, 230</a>). </div> <div> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Brick_Stamp-Impressions_of_the_Legio_X_Fretensis.JPG?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Brick_Stamp-Impressions_of_the_Legio_X_Fretensis.JPG/220px-Brick_Stamp-Impressions_of_the_Legio_X_Fretensis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Brick_Stamp-Impressions_of_the_Legio_X_Fretensis.JPG/220px-Brick_Stamp-Impressions_of_the_Legio_X_Fretensis.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Brick_Stamp-Impressions_of_the_Legio_X_Fretensis.JPG/330px-Brick_Stamp-Impressions_of_the_Legio_X_Fretensis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Brick_Stamp-Impressions_of_the_Legio_X_Fretensis.JPG/440px-Brick_Stamp-Impressions_of_the_Legio_X_Fretensis.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Stenen voorzien van 'stempels' van het Legio X Fretensis. Hecht Museum, Haifa. </div> </div> Afdelingen (vexillationes) van X Fretensis worden vermeld op veel in Judea gevonden inscripties, die dateren van 68 en later. Een voorbeeld is de Latijnse inscriptie uit het einde van de tweede eeuw in de kerk van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Abu_Gosh&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="new" title="Abu Gosh (de pagina bestaat niet)">Abu Gosh</a> (15 km ten westen van Jeruzalem), dat de aanwezigheid van een vexillatio van X Fretensis als volgt vermeldt:<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <dl> <dd> VEXILLATIO </dd> <dd> LEG X FRE </dd> </dl> Inscriptie uit Jeruzalem met de vermelding LEG X FR In de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phasa%C3%ABl_(toren)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Phasaël (toren)">toren van David</a> in Jeruzalem zijn fragmentarische inscripties ('stempels') met het teken L.X.F. (van Legio X Fretensis) aangetroffen. Het merkteken wijst uit dat de toren door het legioen gerestaureerd is. Ook op veel andere plaatsen in Jeruzalem en in de rest van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palestina_(regio)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Palestina (regio)">Palestina</a> zijn veel van dergelijke merktekens aangetroffen.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Verder wordt het Legio X Fretensis vermeld op munten uit Judea uit de periode na het einde van de Joodse Oorlog tot het einde van de eerste eeuw.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Legerkampen_bij_Masada_en_Jeruzalem">Legerkampen bij Masada en Jeruzalem</h3> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Legerkampen bij Masada en Jeruzalem" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:220px; float:right; clear:right; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:1em;"> <div> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Masada,_camp_F_-_Ted_Chi.jpg?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Masada%2C_camp_F_-_Ted_Chi.jpg/220px-Masada%2C_camp_F_-_Ted_Chi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="2400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Masada%2C_camp_F_-_Ted_Chi.jpg/220px-Masada%2C_camp_F_-_Ted_Chi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Masada%2C_camp_F_-_Ted_Chi.jpg/330px-Masada%2C_camp_F_-_Ted_Chi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Masada%2C_camp_F_-_Ted_Chi.jpg/440px-Masada%2C_camp_F_-_Ted_Chi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Belangrijkste legerkamp van X Fretensis bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Massada">Masada</a> (kamp F). </div> <div> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Masada,_camps_A,_B_and_C_-_katsniffen.jpg?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Masada%2C_camps_A%2C_B_and_C_-_katsniffen.jpg/220px-Masada%2C_camps_A%2C_B_and_C_-_katsniffen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Masada%2C_camps_A%2C_B_and_C_-_katsniffen.jpg/220px-Masada%2C_camps_A%2C_B_and_C_-_katsniffen.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Masada%2C_camps_A%2C_B_and_C_-_katsniffen.jpg/330px-Masada%2C_camps_A%2C_B_and_C_-_katsniffen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Masada%2C_camps_A%2C_B_and_C_-_katsniffen.jpg/440px-Masada%2C_camps_A%2C_B_and_C_-_katsniffen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Kamp A, B en C (v.l.n.r.). </div> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Masada_(Conder_02).jpg?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Masada_%28Conder_02%29.jpg/250px-Masada_%28Conder_02%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="322" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="1203"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 322px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Masada_%28Conder_02%29.jpg/250px-Masada_%28Conder_02%29.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="322" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Masada_%28Conder_02%29.jpg/375px-Masada_%28Conder_02%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Masada_%28Conder_02%29.jpg/500px-Masada_%28Conder_02%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Masada en omgeving. De 3,5 km lange muur is aangegeven, alsmede kamp B (Large Camp) en kamp F (Silva's Camp) </figcaption> </figure> Zowel bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Massada">Masada</a> als bij Jeruzalem is het legerkamp van X Fretensis bij opgravingen teruggevonden. Het kamp bij Masada behoort tot de best bewaard gebleven legerkampen uit de Romeinse tijd. Het legerkamp zelf bestond uit twee grote kampen (bij de opgraving aangemerkt als kamp B en kamp F) en zes kleinere, die samen alle mogelijke vluchtroutes vanaf Masada beheersten.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Elk van deze kampen was omgeven door een eigen omwalling. Het belangrijkste deel van het legioen verbleef in de twee grote kampen, met afmetingen van 127 x 164 m. (kamp B) resp. 118 x 146 m. (kamp F).<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Vergelijking met de beschrijving van Flavius Josephus impliceert dat Silva in deze laatste (kamp F) zijn verblijf had. Veel van het aardewerk dat in het kamp is aangetroffen is van Judeese of Nabateese makelij,<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-70">[70]</a> wat impliceert dat het legioen voor de bevoorrading op deze gebieden terugviel. Bij het kamp is eveneens een ongeveer 3,5 km lange muur aangetroffen die rondom de burcht Masada was gebouwd, met daarin twaalf wachttorens, telkens om de 70 à 90 meter.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Deze muur moest bevoorrading of een eventuele vlucht van de belegerden beletten. Ook de aarden belegeringswal is nog grotendeels bewaard gebleven.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-Yadin226-33">[33]</a> Ook op de westelijke heuvel bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeruzalem?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Jeruzalem">Jeruzalem</a>, waar het legioen vanaf 74 gelegerd was, zijn resten van een kamp teruggevonden, aan het einde van de cordo maximus van het latere <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-Geva-39">[39]</a> Het lijkt hier echter om een kamp met beperkte omvang te gaan, het grootste deel van de troepen lijkt gelegerd te zijn geweest in legerkampen in verschillende plaatsen rondom Jeruzalem.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Bij een van deze kampen was een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pottenbakken?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Pottenbakken">pottenbakkerswerkplaats</a>, beheerd door het legioen, met niet minder dan 8 pottenbakkersovens. Hier werden gebruiksvoorwerpen (zoals etenspotten, servies en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olielamp?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Olielamp">olielampen</a>) gemaakt, maar ook bouwmaterialen voor de bouwwerken van het legioen in Jeruzalem. Veel van de in Jeruzalem aangetroffen stenen en dakpannen met het stempel van X Fretensis zijn afkomstig uit deze werkplaats. In de werkplaats zelf zijn nog enkele duizenden stenen en dakpannen met dergelijke merktekens aangetroffen.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-73">[73]</a> De datering van de vondsten uit dit legerkamp beslaat een periode van kort na 70 tot aan de tijd van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caracalla?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elagabalus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> (begin derde eeuw), wat aangeeft dat het kamp tot in elk geval deze periode min of meer permanent gebruikt is.<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Noten">Noten</h2> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Noten" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;-moz-column-width:30em; -webkit-column-width:30em; column-width:30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Cicero</a>, Ad. fam. X 11.2; <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Appianus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Appianus">Appianus</a>, Bell. civ. III 83.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-2">↑</a> Dąbrowa, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://books.google.nl/books?id%3DyH4MQy0wrbcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPA11,M1">11</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-3">↑</a> AE <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DAE%2B1936,%2B00018%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">1936, 18</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-4">↑</a> Dąbrowa, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://books.google.nl/books?id%3DyH4MQy0wrbcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPA12,M1">12</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-5">↑</a> Hoewel het eerste gedateerde bewijs voor de aanwezigheid van Legio X Fretensis in Syria pas uit 17-18 na Chr. komt (<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Publius Cornelius Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ab_excessu_divi_Augusti?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab excessu divi Augusti">Annales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://benbijnsdorp.info/ann02_53.html%232.57.2">II 57.2</a>), neemt men gewoonlijk aan dat het legioen toen al geruime tijd in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provincia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia">provincia</a> aanwezig was. Zie Ritterling, col. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://www.romanarmy.com/cms/content/view/32/114/1/1/">1672</a>; Dąbrowa, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://books.google.nl/books?id%3DyH4MQy0wrbcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPA12,M1">12</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204141338/http://www.romanarmy.com/cms/content/view/32/114/">Gearchiveerd</a> op 4 februari 2012.</li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavius_Josephus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>, Bel. Iud. II 40.</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-7">↑</a> AE <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DAE%2B1933,%2B00204%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">1933, 204</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-8">↑</a> Tacitus, Annales <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://benbijnsdorp.info/ann13_34.html%2313.40.2">XIII 40.2</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-9">↑</a> Tacitus, Historiae V 1.</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-10">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. V 41.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-11">↑</a> AE <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DAE%2B1988,%2B01052%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">1988, 1052</a>. Zie Isaac en Roll mbt de datering van deze inscriptie.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-12">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. III 65.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-13">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. III 409.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-14">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. III 233-234.</li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-15">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. III 289.</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-16">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. III 412.</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-17">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. III 447.</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-18">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. III 462.</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-19">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. IV 13.</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-20">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. IV 87.</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-21">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. V 42, 69.</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DCIL%2B10,%2B06659%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">X 6659</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-23">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. V 70, 135.</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-24">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. V 71-97. Daarbij moet wel opgemerkt worden dat Josephus nogal eens zijn beschermheer en vriend Titus in een (wellicht te) gunstig daglicht te stellen. Deze passage is daar een voorbeeld van.</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-25">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. V 468.</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-26">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. V 269-273.</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-27">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. VII 31.</li> <li id="cite_note-BI7.163-28">↑ <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-BI7.163_28-0">a</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-BI7.163_28-1">b</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. VII 163.</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-29">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. VII 164-170, 190-209.</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-30">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. VII 252.</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-31">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. VII 304.</li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-32">↑</a> Flavius Josephus noemt een hoogte van ca. 200 <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/El_(lengtemaat)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="El (lengtemaat)">el</a> (Bel. Iud. VII 306). Uit opgravingen blijkt een hoogte van 72 meter (Yadin, p.226).</li> <li id="cite_note-Yadin226-33">↑ <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-Yadin226_33-0">a</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-Yadin226_33-1">b</a> Yadin, p.226.</li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-34">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. VII 309.</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-35">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. VII 310.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-36">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. VII 307.</li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-37">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. VII 252-253, 275-279, 304-406.</li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-38">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud. VII 5.</li> <li id="cite_note-Geva-39">↑ <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-Geva_39-0">a</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-Geva_39-1">b</a> Geva, "Camp", pp. 247-249.</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-40">↑</a> CIL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DCIL%2B03,%2B12117%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">III 12117</a>: leg(atus) Aug(usti) leg(ionis) X Fret(ensis) et leg(atus) pr(o) pr(aetore) [pr]ovinciae Iudaeae. Zie ook CIL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DCIL%2B10,%2B06321%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">X 6321</a>: leg(ato) Aug(usti) pr(o) pr(aetore) provinc(iae) / [Iudaeae e]t leg(ionis) X Fret(ensis). Beide inscripties hebben betrekking op <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quintus_Pompeius_Falco?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Quintus Pompeius Falco">Pompeius Falco</a>, die het ambt van ca. 105-107 bekleedde.</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-41">↑</a> Dąbrowa, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://books.google.nl/books?id%3DyH4MQy0wrbcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPA15,M1">15</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-42">↑</a> CIL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DCIL%2B06,%2B01838%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">VI 1838</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Rit1673-43">↑ <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-Rit1673_43-0">a</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-Rit1673_43-1">b</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-Rit1673_43-2">c</a> Ritterling, col. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://www.romanarmy.com/cms/content/view/32/114/1/2/">1673</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204141338/http://www.romanarmy.com/cms/content/view/32/114/">Gearchiveerd</a> op 4 februari 2012.</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-44">↑</a> CIL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DCIL%2B03,%2B13589%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">III 13589</a>, uit de tijd van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadrianus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Hadrianus">Hadrianus</a>, maar waarschijnlijk van vóór het uitbreken van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bar_Kochba-opstand?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bar Kochba-opstand">opstand van Bar Kochba</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-45">↑ <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-autogenerated1_45-0">a</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-autogenerated1_45-1">b</a> CIL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DCIL%2B03,%2B07334%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">III 7334</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-46">↑</a> CIL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DCIL%2B11,%2B06339%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">XI 6339</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-47">↑</a> AE <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DAE%2B1972,%2B00670%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">1972, 670</a></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-48">↑</a> AE <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DAE%2B1964,%2B00189%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">1964, 189</a>; P.Mich. VII 445.</li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-49">↑</a> AE <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DAE%2B1924,%2B00132%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">1924, 132</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-50">↑</a> Dąbrowa, p.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://books.google.nl/books?id%3DyH4MQy0wrbcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPA15,M1">15, n.34</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-51">↑</a> CIL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DCIL%2B11,%2B06055%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">XI 6055</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615022914/http://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/x_fretensis.html">J. Lendering, art. Legio X Fretensis, Livius.org (2002-2007).</a>. Gearchiveerd op 15 juni 2015. Geraadpleegd op 19 juli 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-53">↑</a> CIL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DCIL%2B03,%2B06641%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">III 6641</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Dabrowa18-54">↑ <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-Dabrowa18_54-0">a</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-Dabrowa18_54-1">b</a> Dąbrowa, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://books.google.nl/books?id%3DyH4MQy0wrbcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPA18,M1">18</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eusebius_van_Caesarea?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Eusebius van Caesarea">Eusebius</a>, Onomasticon 210.78.</li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-56">↑</a> praefectus legionis decimae Fretensis, Ailae, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Notitia_dignitatum_partibus_orientis_-_XXI_XLV%23XXXIV" class="extiw" title="s:la:Notitia dignitatum partibus orientis - XXI XLV">Notitia dignitatum in partibus orientis, XXXIV 30</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-57">↑</a> Zie de bespreking bij Dąbrowa, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://books.google.nl/books?id%3DyH4MQy0wrbcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPA11,M1">11</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Rit1671-58">↑ <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-Rit1671_58-0">a</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-Rit1671_58-1">b</a> Ritterling, col. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://www.romanarmy.com/cms/content/view/32/114/">1671</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204141338/http://www.romanarmy.com/cms/content/view/32/114/">Gearchiveerd</a> op 4 februari 2012.</li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-59">↑</a> Lau, pp.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.bsw.org/biblica/vol-88-2007/die-legio-x-fretensis-und-der-besessene-von-gerasa-anmerkungen-zur-zahlenangabe-ungefaehr-zweitausend-mk-5-13/77/">351-364</a>. Zie <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evangelie_volgens_Marcus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Evangelie volgens Marcus">Marcus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://www.biblija.net/biblija.cgi?Bijbel%3DBijbel%26m%3DMar%2B5%252C1-20%26id18%3D1%26pos%3D0%26set%3D10%26l%3Dnl">5,1-20</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928201101/https://www.bsw.org/biblica/vol-88-2007/die-legio-x-fretensis-und-der-besessene-von-gerasa-anmerkungen-zur-zahlenangabe-ungefaehr-zweitausend-mk-5-13/77/">Gearchiveerd</a> op 28 september 2022.</li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaius_Plinius_Secundus_maior?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Plinius Secundus maior">Plinius</a>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naturalis_Historia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis Historia">Naturalis Historia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html%2375">V 17.75</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Dabrowa21-61">↑ <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-Dabrowa21_61-0">a</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-Dabrowa21_61-1">b</a> Dąbrowa, p.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://books.google.nl/books?id%3DyH4MQy0wrbcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPA21,M1">21</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-62">↑</a> Flavius Josephus, Bel. Iud VII 216-217.</li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-63">↑</a> Zie bv. CIL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DCIL%2B10,%2B03890%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">X 3890</a> uit <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capua?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Capua">Capua</a> in Italië.</li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-64">↑</a> AE <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DAE%2B1910,%2B00075%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">1910, 75</a>, zie Dąbrowa p.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://books.google.nl/books?id%3DyH4MQy0wrbcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPA21,M1">21</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-65">↑</a> AE <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DAE%2B1902,%2B00230%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">1902, 230</a>. Zie ook de gelijkluidende inscriptie bij AE <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle%3DAE%2B1926,%2B00136%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">1926, 136</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-66">↑</a> Barag, pp. 244-267; Arubas en Goldfus, pp. 244-267. Zie voor voorbeelden ook Safrai, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://books.google.nl/books?id%3Di2-9ER6y1BAC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPA196,M1">196</a>. Zie ook de afbeeldingen van stempels en merktekens op <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Legio_X_Fretensis_-_Israel_Museum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Legio X Fretensis - Israel Museum">Wikimedia commons</a></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-67">↑</a> Dąbrowa, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://books.google.nl/books?id%3DyH4MQy0wrbcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPA19,M1">19</a>. Zie voor voorbeelden <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://www.romancoins.info/CMK-legionary-East.htm">munten van Legio X Fretensis op The Roman Numismatic Gallery</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-68">↑</a> Zie het overzicht bij Yadin, pp. 212-213.</li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-69">↑</a> Yadin, p. 215.</li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-70">↑</a> Magness, pp. 189-191.</li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-71">↑</a> Yadin, p. 214. Zie ook de plattegrond op p. 218.</li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-72">↑</a> Geva, "Roman Jerusalem", p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024154022/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id%3DRoman%26content%3Dcontent%252Froman_jerusalem8">8</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-73">↑</a> Geva, "Roman Jerusalem", p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024154351/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id%3DRoman%26content%3Dcontent%252Froman_jerusalem9">9</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-74">↑</a> Magness, pp. 191-203.</li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Referenties">Referenties</h2> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legio_X_Fretensis&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Referenties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> bewerken </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style>(en) B. Arubas, H. Goldfus, "The Kilnworks of the Tenth Legion Fretensis", in J.H. Humphrey (ed.), The Roman and Byzantine Near East: Some Recent Archeological Research, Ann Arbor, 1995, pp. 95–107.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320">(en) D. Barag, "Brick Stamp-Impressions of the Legio X Fretensis", in Bonner Jahrbücher 167 (1967), pp. 244–267</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320">(nl) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://www.lentillus.nl/legio10.htm">J. Beeftink, art. Legio X Fretensis, Lentillus.nl (2007).</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320">(de) J.B. Campbell, art. Legio, in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Der_Neue_Pauly?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Der Neue Pauly">NP</a> 7 (1999).</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320">(en) E. Dąbrowa, Legio X Fretensis. A Prosopographical Study of its Officers (I-III c. A.D.), Stuttgart, 1993, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://books.google.nl/books?id%3DyH4MQy0wrbcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPA11,M1">11-22</a>.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320">(en) H. Geva, "The Camp of the Tenth Legion in Jerusalem: An Archaeological Reconsideration", in Israel Exploration Journal 34 (1984), pp. 247–249.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320">(en) H. Geva, "Roman Jerusalem. Searching for Roman Jerusalem", in Biblical Archaeological Review 23 (1997), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020040047/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id%3DRoman%26content%3Dcontent%252Froman_jerusalem">1</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022164700/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id%3DRoman%26content%3Dcontent%252Froman_jerusalem2">-</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022165212/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id%3DRoman%26content%3Dcontent%252Froman_jerusalem3">-</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022165659/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id%3DRoman%26content%3Dcontent%252Froman_jerusalem4">-</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022170038/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id%3DRoman%26content%3Dcontent%252Froman_jerusalem5">-</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022170349/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id%3DRoman%26content%3Dcontent%252Froman_jerusalem6">-</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024153620/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id%3DRoman%26content%3Dcontent%252Froman_jerusalem7">-</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024154022/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id%3DRoman%26content%3Dcontent%252Froman_jerusalem8">-</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024154351/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id%3DRoman%26content%3Dcontent%252Froman_jerusalem9">-</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024154542/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id%3DRoman%26content%3Dcontent%252Froman_jerusalem10">-</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024154727/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id%3DRoman%26content%3Dcontent%252Froman_jerusalem11">-</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024154911/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id%3DRoman%26content%3Dcontent%252Froman_jerusalem12">-</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024155100/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id%3DRoman%26content%3Dcontent%252Froman_jerusalem13">-</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024155212/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id%3DRoman%26content%3Dcontent%252Froman_jerusalem14">14</a>.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320">(en) B.H. Isaac, I Roll, "A Milestone of A.D. 69 from Judaea: The Elder Trajan and Vespasian", in JRS 66 (1976), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici%3D0075-4358%25281976%252966%253C15%253AAMOA6F%253E2.0.CO%253B2-2%26size%3DLARGE%26origin%3DJSTOR-enlargePage">15-19</a>.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320">(de) M. Lau, "Die Legio X Fretensis und der Besessene von Gerasa. Anmerkungen zur Zahlenangabe “ungefähr Zweitausend” (Mk 5,13)", Biblica 88, 2007, pp.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.bsw.org/biblica/vol-88-2007/die-legio-x-fretensis-und-der-besessene-von-gerasa-anmerkungen-zur-zahlenangabe-ungefaehr-zweitausend-mk-5-13/77/">351-364</a>.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320">(en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615022914/http://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/x_fretensis.html">J. Lendering, art. Legio X Fretensis, Livius.org (2002-2007).</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320">(en) J. Magness, "In the Footsteps of the Tenth Roman Legion in Judea", in A. Berlin, J.A. Overman, The First Jewish Revolt. Archaeology, History, and Ideology, Londen - New York, 2002, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://books.google.nl/books?id%3D_XQ4SnbPEaAC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPA189,M1">189-211</a>.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320">(en) <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emil_Ritterling?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Emil Ritterling">E. Ritterling</a>, art. Legio X Fretensis, in RE XII (1925), coll. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://www.romanarmy.com/cms/content/view/32/114/">1671</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://www.romanarmy.com/cms/content/view/32/114/1/1/">-</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://www.romanarmy.com/cms/content/view/32/114/1/2/">1677</a>. (vertaald naar het Engels door Alexandr Kolouch)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320">(en) Z. Safrai, The Economy of Roman Palestine, Londen - New York, 1994, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://books.google.nl/books?id%3Di2-9ER6y1BAC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPA196,M1">196-197</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320">(nl) <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yigael_Yadin?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Yigael Yadin">Y. Yadin</a>, Masada, Bussum, 1972 (oorspr. 1966; vertaald uit het Hebreeuws naar het Engels door Moshe Pearlman, vertaald naar het Nederlands door R.J. Demarée), pp. 209–231.</li> </ul> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Legio_X_Fretensis%23mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Legio X Fretensis">Mediabestanden</a> </div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 34px;" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D9%2584%25D9%2582_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1_%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3" title="الفيلق العاشر فريتينسيس – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفيلق العاشر فريتينسيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="X Проливен легион – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="X Проливен легион" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legi%25C3%25B3_X_Fretensis" title="Legió X Fretensis – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Legió X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%259C%25D7%2592%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%259F_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A9%25D7%2599%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599_%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%2598%25D7%25A0%25D7%25A1%25D7%2599%25D7%25A1" title="הלגיון העשירי פרטנסיס – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הלגיון העשירי פרטנסיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_X_%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598" title="რომის X ლეგიონი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომის X ლეგიონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2594%2584%25EB%25A0%2588%25ED%2585%2590%25EC%258B%259C%25EC%258A%25A4_%25EC%25A0%259C10%25EA%25B5%25B0%25EB%258B%25A8" title="프레텐시스 제10군단 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프레텐시스 제10군단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%25D0%259E%25D1%2585%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F%25D1%258E%25D1%2589%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2_%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="X Охраняющий пролив легион – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="X Охраняющий пролив легион" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Legio X Fretensis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E5%25B3%25A1%25E5%2586%259B%25E5%259B%25A2" title="第十海峡军团 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第十海峡军团" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div 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