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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">English language</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">465,301 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>English language</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/English_language">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19144481" data-work_id="19144481" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19144481/Review_of_Russian_language_studies_on_radionuclide_behaviour_in_agricultural_animals_part_1_Gut_absorption">Review of Russian language studies on radionuclide behaviour in agricultural animals: part 1. Gut absorption</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">An extensive programme of experiments was conducted in the former USSR on transfer of radionuclides to a wide range of different agricultural animals. Only a few of these studies were made available in the English language literature or... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19144481" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">An extensive programme of experiments was conducted in the former USSR on transfer of radionuclides to a wide range of different agricultural animals. Only a few of these studies were made available in the English language literature or taken into account in international reviews of gastrointestinal uptake. The paper gives extended information on Russian research on radionuclide absorption in the gut of farm animals performed in controlled field and laboratory experiments from the 1960s to the current time. The data presented in the paper, together with English language values, will be used to provide recommended values of absorption specifically for farm animals within the revision of the IAEA Handbook of Parameter Values IAEA [International Atomic Energy Agency, 1994. Handbook of Parameter Values for the Prediction of Radionuclide Transfer in Temperate Environments, IAEA technical reports series No. 364. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna].</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19144481" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e50ad809db7eb0454784fab4ce9c1106" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42107979,"asset_id":19144481,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42107979/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39340275" href="https://nottingham.academia.edu/BrendaHoward">Brenda Howard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39340275" type="text/json">{"id":39340275,"first_name":"Brenda","last_name":"Howard","domain_name":"nottingham","page_name":"BrendaHoward","display_name":"Brenda Howard","profile_url":"https://nottingham.academia.edu/BrendaHoward?f_ri=3979","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19144481 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19144481"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19144481, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19144481", }); 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Gut absorption","created_at":"2015-11-28T09:45:04.073-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19144481/Review_of_Russian_language_studies_on_radionuclide_behaviour_in_agricultural_animals_part_1_Gut_absorption?f_ri=3979","dom_id":"work_19144481","summary":"An extensive programme of experiments was conducted in the former USSR on transfer of radionuclides to a wide range of different agricultural animals. Only a few of these studies were made available in the English language literature or taken into account in international reviews of gastrointestinal uptake. The paper gives extended information on Russian research on radionuclide absorption in the gut of farm animals performed in controlled field and laboratory experiments from the 1960s to the current time. The data presented in the paper, together with English language values, will be used to provide recommended values of absorption specifically for farm animals within the revision of the IAEA Handbook of Parameter Values IAEA [International Atomic Energy Agency, 1994. Handbook of Parameter Values for the Prediction of Radionuclide Transfer in Temperate Environments, IAEA technical reports series No. 364. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna].","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42107979,"asset_id":19144481,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39340275,"first_name":"Brenda","last_name":"Howard","domain_name":"nottingham","page_name":"BrendaHoward","display_name":"Brenda Howard","profile_url":"https://nottingham.academia.edu/BrendaHoward?f_ri=3979","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":18174,"name":"Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":41863,"name":"Russia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russia?f_ri=3979"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=3979"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=3979"},{"id":81782,"name":"Environmental Radioactivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Radioactivity?f_ri=3979"},{"id":84913,"name":"Sheep","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sheep?f_ri=3979"},{"id":238368,"name":"Milk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk?f_ri=3979"},{"id":252969,"name":"Goats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Goats?f_ri=3979"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=3979"},{"id":260829,"name":"Cattle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cattle?f_ri=3979"},{"id":288383,"name":"Intestinal absorption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intestinal_absorption?f_ri=3979"},{"id":419370,"name":"Swine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Swine?f_ri=3979"},{"id":549280,"name":"Reproducibility of Results","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results?f_ri=3979"},{"id":624707,"name":"English Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Language-2?f_ri=3979"},{"id":967378,"name":"Radioisotopes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radioisotopes?f_ri=3979"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42762114" data-work_id="42762114" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42762114/The_Impact_Of_Indonesian_Culture_On_Hadhrami_Community_Language_Cuisine_Dress_Architecture">The Impact Of Indonesian Culture On Hadhrami Community (Language-Cuisine -Dress - Architecture</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The social impact of cultures on communities has gained due attention In the literature. There are factors that get influenced among cultures and societies such as dress, language, cuisine and architecture. The development of the modern... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42762114" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The social impact of cultures on communities has gained due attention In the literature. There are factors that get influenced among cultures and societies such as dress, language, cuisine and architecture. The development of the modern world is characterized and shaped through globalization. When it comes to globalizing cultures, diaspora plays a critical role in influencing and factors such as dress, language, cuisine and architecture among different cultures and societies. This study aims to investigate the influence of Indonesian culture on communities in Yemen particularly the Hadhrami community in the South of Yemen. Due to the diaspora of Hadhrami that began in the old era of hadhramout to many countries in the world including Indonesia, there are social and cultural influences observed among communities in hadhramout. Based on primary data through semi-structured interviews with individuals, and secondary data from the literature, this study aims at shedding the light on the influences of the Indonesian culture observed among the Hadhrami communities. The outcome of this research highlights the social and cultural effects on the local communities by the Indonesian culture.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42762114" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7410b06034b16463e69be529cfa50e7e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62983879,"asset_id":42762114,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62983879/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2961594" href="https://efluniversity.academia.edu/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B7">Mohammed Mustafa Bin Sumait</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2961594" type="text/json">{"id":2961594,"first_name":"Mohammed Mustafa","last_name":"Bin Sumait","domain_name":"efluniversity","page_name":"محمدمصطفىبنسميط","display_name":"Mohammed Mustafa Bin Sumait","profile_url":"https://efluniversity.academia.edu/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B7?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2961594/978005/34347103/s65__._.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42762114 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42762114"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42762114, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42762114", }); 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There are factors that get influenced among cultures and societies such as dress, language, cuisine and architecture. The development of the modern world is characterized and shaped through globalization. When it comes to globalizing cultures, diaspora plays a critical role in influencing and factors such as dress, language, cuisine and architecture among different cultures and societies. This study aims to investigate the influence of Indonesian culture on communities in Yemen particularly the Hadhrami community in the South of Yemen. Due to the diaspora of Hadhrami that began in the old era of hadhramout to many countries in the world including Indonesia, there are social and cultural influences observed among communities in hadhramout. Based on primary data through semi-structured interviews with individuals, and secondary data from the literature, this study aims at shedding the light on the influences of the Indonesian culture observed among the Hadhrami communities. The outcome of this research highlights the social and cultural effects on the local communities by the Indonesian culture.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62983879,"asset_id":42762114,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2961594,"first_name":"Mohammed Mustafa","last_name":"Bin Sumait","domain_name":"efluniversity","page_name":"محمدمصطفىبنسميط","display_name":"Mohammed Mustafa Bin Sumait","profile_url":"https://efluniversity.academia.edu/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B7?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2961594/978005/34347103/s65__._.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":8356,"name":"Culture 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})();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44832759" data-work_id="44832759" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44832759/FRENCH_IDIOMS_BORROWED_INTO_THE_ENGLISH_LANGUAGE">FRENCH IDIOMS BORROWED INTO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The topic of the article is the borrowing of French idioms into the English language. The article primarily deals with the influence of the French language from the phraseological point of view. One way of forming idioms in the English... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44832759" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The topic of the article is the borrowing of French idioms into the English language. The article primarily deals with the influence of the French language from the phraseological point of view. One way of forming idioms in the English language is borrow original phrases from another language. The borrowings of the second type, i.e. translated borrowings from another languages are not included in the analysis. Specific idioms are chosen from the idiomatic dictionary Cambridge International Dictionary of Idioms. Collins Concise Dictionary was consulted to check the origin of the idioms or words; it also contains the period of tranfer of an idiom into the English language. The French idiomatic borrowings are analysed from the point of the lexico-grammatical structure of the idioms, i.e. formal criteria, the classification of the idioms according to phrasal and sentence idioms. Each idiom is analysed individually. The target is to reveal the degree of  influence of the French language on the English language within the field of French idiomatic borrowings based on the historical development  of the English language. Subject to analysis is an orthographic and morphological level. Idioms are classified into groups on the basis of  identical morphological patterns. It is a tool  help to understand the patterns of French idiomatic borrowings for people, who do not know the French language. Furthermore, these patterns influences of the French language on the English language and help distinguish the degree of influence of the French language upon the English language.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44832759" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f22131522ed553b7ee982646c9593363" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65336958,"asset_id":44832759,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65336958/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="181293399" href="https://independent.academia.edu/mariannahudcovicova">marianna hudcovicova</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="181293399" type="text/json">{"id":181293399,"first_name":"marianna","last_name":"hudcovicova","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"mariannahudcovicova","display_name":"marianna hudcovicova","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/mariannahudcovicova?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/181293399/109434008/98673431/s65_marianna.hudcovicova.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44832759 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44832759"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44832759, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44832759", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44832759]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44832759").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44832759").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44832759"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="95" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Linguistics">History of Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="95" type="text/json">{"id":95,"name":"History of Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Linguistics?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2717" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etymology">Etymology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2717" type="text/json">{"id":2717,"name":"Etymology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etymology?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3979" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language">English language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3979" type="text/json">{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8000" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_language">French language</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8000" type="text/json">{"id":8000,"name":"French language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44832759]'), work: {"id":44832759,"title":"FRENCH IDIOMS BORROWED INTO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE","created_at":"2021-01-04T08:35:48.513-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44832759/FRENCH_IDIOMS_BORROWED_INTO_THE_ENGLISH_LANGUAGE?f_ri=3979","dom_id":"work_44832759","summary":" The topic of the article is the borrowing of French idioms into the English language. The article primarily deals with the influence of the French language from the phraseological point of view. One way of forming idioms in the English language is borrow original phrases from another language. The borrowings of the second type, i.e. translated borrowings from another languages are not included in the analysis. Specific idioms are chosen from the idiomatic dictionary Cambridge International Dictionary of Idioms. Collins Concise Dictionary was consulted to check the origin of the idioms or words; it also contains the period of tranfer of an idiom into the English language. The French idiomatic borrowings are analysed from the point of the lexico-grammatical structure of the idioms, i.e. formal criteria, the classification of the idioms according to phrasal and sentence idioms. Each idiom is analysed individually. The target is to reveal the degree of influence of the French language on the English language within the field of French idiomatic borrowings based on the historical development of the English language. Subject to analysis is an orthographic and morphological level. Idioms are classified into groups on the basis of identical morphological patterns. It is a tool help to understand the patterns of French idiomatic borrowings for people, who do not know the French language. 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After only having... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5634191" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Among the diverse national varieties of Postcolonial English (Schneider 2007), Australian English is an interesting example of the potential a non-dominant variety of English can have nationally and inter¬nationally. After only having achieved general acceptance and linguistic attention as a national standard in the 1970s, Australian English is now codified and well researched. On the one hand, its development has been (and continues to be) influenced by two different dominant varieties of English, British English as well as United States English, on the other hand, Australian English has become a semi-dominant standard regionally, influencing other South West Pacific Englishes, in particular the Papua New Guinean and New Zealand standards. It is argued that in many cases of pluricentric languages, dominance or non-dominance is not a binary opposition but must be determined for each standard variety within its individual framework of dominance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5634191" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="28633ee56f51f039fcecd0d94793e2c5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32709083,"asset_id":5634191,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32709083/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7414536" href="https://unimelb.academia.edu/HLeoKretzenbacher">H. Leo Kretzenbacher</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7414536" type="text/json">{"id":7414536,"first_name":"H. Leo","last_name":"Kretzenbacher","domain_name":"unimelb","page_name":"HLeoKretzenbacher","display_name":"H. Leo Kretzenbacher","profile_url":"https://unimelb.academia.edu/HLeoKretzenbacher?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7414536/2807299/47907509/s65_h._leo.kretzenbacher.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5634191 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5634191"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5634191, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5634191", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5634191 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5634191; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_5634191"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_5634191 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5634191"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5634191; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5634191]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5634191").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5634191").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5634191"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1930" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Australian_Studies">Australian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1930" type="text/json">{"id":1930,"name":"Australian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Australian_Studies?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3979" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language">English language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3979" type="text/json">{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6223" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English">English</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6223" type="text/json">{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189538" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pluricentric_Languages">Pluricentric Languages</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="189538" type="text/json">{"id":189538,"name":"Pluricentric Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pluricentric_Languages?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5634191]'), work: {"id":5634191,"title":"The emancipation of Strine: Australian English as an established post-colonial national standard of English. ","created_at":"2014-01-07T10:25:35.570-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5634191/The_emancipation_of_Strine_Australian_English_as_an_established_post_colonial_national_standard_of_English?f_ri=3979","dom_id":"work_5634191","summary":"Among the diverse national varieties of Postcolonial English (Schneider 2007), Australian English is an interesting example of the potential a non-dominant variety of English can have nationally and inter¬nationally. After only having achieved general acceptance and linguistic attention as a national standard in the 1970s, Australian English is now codified and well researched. On the one hand, its development has been (and continues to be) influenced by two different dominant varieties of English, British English as well as United States English, on the other hand, Australian English has become a semi-dominant standard regionally, influencing other South West Pacific Englishes, in particular the Papua New Guinean and New Zealand standards. It is argued that in many cases of pluricentric languages, dominance or non-dominance is not a binary opposition but must be determined for each standard variety within its individual framework of dominance.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32709083,"asset_id":5634191,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7414536,"first_name":"H. Leo","last_name":"Kretzenbacher","domain_name":"unimelb","page_name":"HLeoKretzenbacher","display_name":"H. Leo Kretzenbacher","profile_url":"https://unimelb.academia.edu/HLeoKretzenbacher?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7414536/2807299/47907509/s65_h._leo.kretzenbacher.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1930,"name":"Australian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Australian_Studies?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":189538,"name":"Pluricentric Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pluricentric_Languages?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":384389,"name":"Pluricentricity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pluricentricity?f_ri=3979"},{"id":1204399,"name":"Pluricentrismo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pluricentrismo?f_ri=3979"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38176483" data-work_id="38176483" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38176483/Saying_NO_without_uttering_the_word">Saying "NO" without uttering the word</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">There are situations in life where we can’t get free from inconvenient obligations but only through saying “No”. However, there are ways to soften the blow especially when it comes to requests. This word no matter how little it is, it... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38176483" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">There are situations in life where we can’t get free from inconvenient obligations but only through saying “No”. However, there are ways to soften the blow especially when it comes to requests. This word no matter how little it is, it hurts badly. Therefore, this word can be said in a less shocking way. As the result is always declining the request, it’s better to do that positively and more tenderly.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38176483" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="16807d8d3973cec81d573859fa5ebeb6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58212323,"asset_id":38176483,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58212323/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24028692" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MubarakAbdessalami">Mubarak Abdessalami</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24028692" type="text/json">{"id":24028692,"first_name":"Mubarak","last_name":"Abdessalami","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MubarakAbdessalami","display_name":"Mubarak Abdessalami","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MubarakAbdessalami?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24028692/6543400/162944629/s65_mubarak.abdessalami.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38176483 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38176483"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38176483, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38176483", }); 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However, there are ways to soften the blow especially when it comes to requests. This word no matter how little it is, it hurts badly. Therefore, this word can be said in a less shocking way. As the result is always declining the request, it’s better to do that positively and more tenderly.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58212323,"asset_id":38176483,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24028692,"first_name":"Mubarak","last_name":"Abdessalami","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MubarakAbdessalami","display_name":"Mubarak Abdessalami","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MubarakAbdessalami?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24028692/6543400/162944629/s65_mubarak.abdessalami.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":34718,"name":"Politeness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politeness?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":270435,"name":"Spoken English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spoken_English?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10475412" data-work_id="10475412" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10475412/Ovarian_hyperstimulation_syndrome_pathophysiology_and_prevention">Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: pathophysiology and prevention</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10475412" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language">English language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3979" type="text/json">{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9000" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acute_kidney_injury">Acute kidney injury</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9000" type="text/json">{"id":9000,"name":"Acute kidney injury","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acute_kidney_injury?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="61234" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stroke">Stroke</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="61234" type="text/json">{"id":61234,"name":"Stroke","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stroke?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new 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Cerebri","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pseudotumor_Cerebri?f_ri=3979"},{"id":1470936,"name":"Age Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Groups?f_ri=3979"},{"id":2222636,"name":"Surgical Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surgical_Treatment?f_ri=3979"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35094724" data-work_id="35094724" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35094724/Rhetorical_Analysis_of_Black_Men_and_Public_Space_by_Brent_Staples_docx">Rhetorical Analysis of Black Men and Public Space by Brent Staples.docx</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Race has always been a topic that is associated with different emotions, views, and thoughts for thousands of years. Since the beginning of times, people from different racial backgrounds such as Africans have always been judged and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35094724" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Race has always been a topic that is associated with different emotions, views, and thoughts for thousands of years. Since the beginning of times, people from different racial backgrounds such as Africans have always been judged and treated based on their race or where they were born. Brent Staples was among the renowned African American writers that fought against the negative stereotyping of black men in public spaces through his article, “Black Men and Public Space” in which he employs numerous rhetorical uses that add more appeal to his descriptions of experiences as a black man in public spaces. Staples’ article is a great example of how racism despite the progress made over the years, is still present. In writing this essay, Brent Staples reveals how black men, in spite of all their qualifications and achievements in life, are still discriminated against, for simply taking a walk. The author uses many examples of how different white Americans show racial stereotyping, from law enforcement to random people walking at night, which not only reveals how some Americans can be ignorant but also how they are likely to judge a person based on their skin color without considering other aspects of their life.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35094724" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e9506be2e72c4bffda7518599423114b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":112762174,"asset_id":35094724,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112762174/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28181026" href="https://fia.academia.edu/AcademicWriterElena">Jessy Joseph</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28181026" type="text/json">{"id":28181026,"first_name":"Jessy","last_name":"Joseph","domain_name":"fia","page_name":"AcademicWriterElena","display_name":"Jessy Joseph","profile_url":"https://fia.academia.edu/AcademicWriterElena?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28181026/7970358/140759802/s65_jessy.joseph.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35094724 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35094724"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35094724, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35094724", }); 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Since the beginning of times, people from different racial backgrounds such as Africans have always been judged and treated based on their race or where they were born. Brent Staples was among the renowned African American writers that fought against the negative stereotyping of black men in public spaces through his article, “Black Men and Public Space” in which he employs numerous rhetorical uses that add more appeal to his descriptions of experiences as a black man in public spaces. Staples’ article is a great example of how racism despite the progress made over the years, is still present. In writing this essay, Brent Staples reveals how black men, in spite of all their qualifications and achievements in life, are still discriminated against, for simply taking a walk. The author uses many examples of how different white Americans show racial stereotyping, from law enforcement to random people walking at night, which not only reveals how some Americans can be ignorant but also how they are likely to judge a person based on their skin color without considering other aspects of their life. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":112762174,"asset_id":35094724,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":28181026,"first_name":"Jessy","last_name":"Joseph","domain_name":"fia","page_name":"AcademicWriterElena","display_name":"Jessy Joseph","profile_url":"https://fia.academia.edu/AcademicWriterElena?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28181026/7970358/140759802/s65_jessy.joseph.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":885,"name":"English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Literature?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":51126,"name":"English Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Education?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38817946" data-work_id="38817946" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38817946/Hybrid_Englishes_and_the_Challenges_of_and_for_Translation_Identity_Mobility_and_Language_Change">Hybrid Englishes and the Challenges of and for Translation: Identity, Mobility and Language Change</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This volume aims above all to problematize the concept and practice of translation in an interconnected world in which English, despite its hegemonic status, can no longer be considered a coherent unified entity but rather a mobile... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38817946" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This volume aims above all to problematize the concept and practice of translation in an interconnected world in which English, despite its hegemonic status, can no longer be considered a coherent unified entity but rather a mobile negotiated resource (Blommaert 2010) subject to various kinds of hybridization. Drawing upon recent work in the domains of translation studies (e.g. Klinger 2015, Meylaerts 2006, Batchelor 2009), literary studies (Apter 2006, 2013), and (socio-)linguistics (Canagarajah 2013, Pennycook 2007, Blommaert 2010), it explores the centrality of translation as both a trope for the analysis of contemporary transcultural dynamics and as a concrete communication practice in the globalized world.  <br />The first section looks at the role played by translation in the construction of contemporary identities, both horizontally (through translingual processes) and vertically (through temporal transposition). In a world characterised by physical migrations and instantaneous data transmission, identity is increasingly hybrid and translingual, forged at the interface of cultures through an effort of will and memory. Whether English is experienced as an oppressive or liberating force, as a mediator between localized realities, or as a rich resource to be drawn upon at will, the variety used is likely to be tinged with the sounds and forms of other linguistic realities and punctuated with nodes of untranslatability. Indeed, exploring just what may or may not be rendered in English in this process of self-translation constitutes one of the central aims of this section. <br /> Hybrid identities continue to play an important role in the second section, but now the attention shifts to translation in the classic sense, namely, the difficulties faced by translators in their attempts to render the miscegenated discourse of translinguals in a third language. The issue is discussed both in broad terms, with reference to the ongoing debate about world literature and (un-)translatability, and also more specifically, in relation to concrete problems arising in particular texts. One innovative feature is the attention given to the role of the multilingual reader, whose communicative needs may differ considerably from those of the usual target reader of translations as conventionally conceived.<br /> The final section draws together these different understandings of ‘translation’ to explore the implications of it for language change in different cultural settings. The evidence suggests that the process is by no means unidirectional: for although English, as the prestige vehicle of global communication, undoubtedly leaves its mark upon all the languages with which it comes into contact, it is also being influenced by them too. The extent to which this may ultimately result in the breakdown of English into mutually unintelligible varieties, and the implications of such a development for the translation economy, particularly in the light of the new nationalisms of the Brexit/Trump era, form the subject of the book’s conclusion.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38817946" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="573e92af37eefe3212651c950fa5d265" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58910570,"asset_id":38817946,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58910570/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="896456" href="https://unl-pt.academia.edu/KarenBennett">Karen Bennett</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="896456" type="text/json">{"id":896456,"first_name":"Karen","last_name":"Bennett","domain_name":"unl-pt","page_name":"KarenBennett","display_name":"Karen Bennett","profile_url":"https://unl-pt.academia.edu/KarenBennett?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/896456/328911/757855/s65_karen.bennett.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38817946 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38817946"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38817946, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38817946", }); 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Drawing upon recent work in the domains of translation studies (e.g. Klinger 2015, Meylaerts 2006, Batchelor 2009), literary studies (Apter 2006, 2013), and (socio-)linguistics (Canagarajah 2013, Pennycook 2007, Blommaert 2010), it explores the centrality of translation as both a trope for the analysis of contemporary transcultural dynamics and as a concrete communication practice in the globalized world. \nThe first section looks at the role played by translation in the construction of contemporary identities, both horizontally (through translingual processes) and vertically (through temporal transposition). In a world characterised by physical migrations and instantaneous data transmission, identity is increasingly hybrid and translingual, forged at the interface of cultures through an effort of will and memory. 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One innovative feature is the attention given to the role of the multilingual reader, whose communicative needs may differ considerably from those of the usual target reader of translations as conventionally conceived.\n\tThe final section draws together these different understandings of ‘translation’ to explore the implications of it for language change in different cultural settings. The evidence suggests that the process is by no means unidirectional: for although English, as the prestige vehicle of global communication, undoubtedly leaves its mark upon all the languages with which it comes into contact, it is also being influenced by them too. The extent to which this may ultimately result in the breakdown of English into mutually unintelligible varieties, and the implications of such a development for the translation economy, particularly in the light of the new nationalisms of the Brexit/Trump era, form the subject of the book’s conclusion. \n\t\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58910570,"asset_id":38817946,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":896456,"first_name":"Karen","last_name":"Bennett","domain_name":"unl-pt","page_name":"KarenBennett","display_name":"Karen Bennett","profile_url":"https://unl-pt.academia.edu/KarenBennett?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/896456/328911/757855/s65_karen.bennett.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1186,"name":"Translation Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation_Studies?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":1712,"name":"Globalisation and cultural 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class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36307240" data-work_id="36307240" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36307240/The_Routledge_Companion_to_English_Language_Studies">The Routledge Companion to English Language Studies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">This book was provided at the following website:<br /><a href="https://www.pdfdrive.net/the-routledge-companion-to-english-language-studies-researchgate-d17024428.html" rel="nofollow">https://www.pdfdrive.net/the-routledge-companion-to-english-language-studies-researchgate-d17024428.html</a></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue 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class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40026761" data-work_id="40026761" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40026761/Betty_Schrampfer_Azar_BASIC_ENGLISH_GRAMMAR_3rd_edition">Betty Schrampfer Azar - BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR - 3rd edition</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40026761" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="625bd044d0032bb54b5b5eaa1bae0349" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60222760,"asset_id":40026761,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60222760/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25396584" href="https://iain-tulungagung.academia.edu/NadyaDewi">Nadya Dewi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25396584" type="text/json">{"id":25396584,"first_name":"Nadya","last_name":"Dewi","domain_name":"iain-tulungagung","page_name":"NadyaDewi","display_name":"Nadya Dewi","profile_url":"https://iain-tulungagung.academia.edu/NadyaDewi?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25396584/6930401/29116448/s65_nadya.dewi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40026761 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40026761"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40026761, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40026761", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40026761 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: 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Grammar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17282" type="text/json">{"id":17282,"name":"English Grammar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Grammar?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1160793" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basic_English">Basic English</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1160793" type="text/json">{"id":1160793,"name":"Basic English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basic_English?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40026761]'), work: {"id":40026761,"title":"Betty Schrampfer Azar - BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR - 3rd 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itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29073594" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LanaIlona">Lana Ilona</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29073594" type="text/json">{"id":29073594,"first_name":"Lana","last_name":"Ilona","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LanaIlona","display_name":"Lana Ilona","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LanaIlona?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29073594/9200676/10258990/s65_lana.ilona.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-12472656">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-12472656"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://upsc.academia.edu/METAMoldova">META Moldova</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-12472656'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-12472656').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12472656 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12472656"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12472656, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12472656", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12472656 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12472656; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12472656"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12472656 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12472656"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12472656; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12472656]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12472656").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12472656").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12472656"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3979" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language">English language</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3979" type="text/json">{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12472656]'), work: 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language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17114353" data-work_id="17114353" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17114353/New_Cutting_Edge_Intermediate_Students_Book">New Cutting Edge Intermediate Students Book</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17114353" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cf2c4aa3531972ffbc50953ff9a0ced0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39342152,"asset_id":17114353,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39342152/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36685589" href="https://mgu.academia.edu/ElizavetaFilatkina">Elizaveta Filatkina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36685589" type="text/json">{"id":36685589,"first_name":"Elizaveta","last_name":"Filatkina","domain_name":"mgu","page_name":"ElizavetaFilatkina","display_name":"Elizaveta Filatkina","profile_url":"https://mgu.academia.edu/ElizavetaFilatkina?f_ri=3979","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17114353 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17114353"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17114353, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17114353", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17114353 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17114353; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17114353"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17114353 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17114353"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17114353; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17114353]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17114353").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17114353").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17114353"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creative_Writing">Creative Writing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1" type="text/json">{"id":1,"name":"Creative Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creative_Writing?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3979" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language">English language</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3979" type="text/json">{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17114353]'), work: {"id":17114353,"title":"New Cutting Edge Intermediate Students Book","created_at":"2015-10-21T08:52:41.475-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17114353/New_Cutting_Edge_Intermediate_Students_Book?f_ri=3979","dom_id":"work_17114353","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39342152,"asset_id":17114353,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36685589,"first_name":"Elizaveta","last_name":"Filatkina","domain_name":"mgu","page_name":"ElizavetaFilatkina","display_name":"Elizaveta Filatkina","profile_url":"https://mgu.academia.edu/ElizavetaFilatkina?f_ri=3979","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1,"name":"Creative Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creative_Writing?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75875648" data-work_id="75875648" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75875648/English_Students_Perceptions_of_Using_WhatsApp_in_Paragraph_Writing_Class">English Students' Perceptions of Using WhatsApp in Paragraph Writing Class</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This research aims to investigate English students&#39; perceptions of using WhatsApp in paragraph writing class in one public university. Paragraph writing class is a part of language disciplines which may get some benefits from the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_75875648" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This research aims to investigate English students&#39; perceptions of using WhatsApp in paragraph writing class in one public university. Paragraph writing class is a part of language disciplines which may get some benefits from the usage of SNS. This qualitative research with a case study approach explores the perceptions of English students on the benefits and limitations of using WhatsApp during their learning activities. There were six participants in this research that the researcher got through purposive sampling; two students who got high, average, and low score of pre-test. The data were collected through questionnaire and interview. The data were analyzed in three major themes; 1. General background of the participants using WhatsApp, 2. Benefits of WhatsApp in paragraph writing class, and 3. Limitations of WhatsApp in paragraph writing class. The findings of the current research indicate that there were positive perceptions of the students in using WhatsApp in paragraph w...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75875648" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="100672429" href="https://independent.academia.edu/nurulfadilah246">nurul fadilah</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="100672429" type="text/json">{"id":100672429,"first_name":"nurul","last_name":"fadilah","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"nurulfadilah246","display_name":"nurul fadilah","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/nurulfadilah246?f_ri=3979","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75875648 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="75875648"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75875648, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_75875648", }); 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Paragraph writing class is a part of language disciplines which may get some benefits from the usage of SNS. This qualitative research with a case study approach explores the perceptions of English students on the benefits and limitations of using WhatsApp during their learning activities. There were six participants in this research that the researcher got through purposive sampling; two students who got high, average, and low score of pre-test. The data were collected through questionnaire and interview. The data were analyzed in three major themes; 1. General background of the participants using WhatsApp, 2. Benefits of WhatsApp in paragraph writing class, and 3. Limitations of WhatsApp in paragraph writing class. 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of non-English Web documents and user queries are becoming major issues for search engines. The main aim of this review paper is to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_62263563" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">With increasingly higher numbers of non-English language web searchers the problems of efficient handling of non-English Web documents and user queries are becoming major issues for search engines. The main aim of this review paper is to make researchers aware of the existing problems in monolingual non-English Web retrieval by providing an overview of open issues. 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data-work_id="79257826" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79257826/The_effect_of_right_and_left_brain_dominance_in_language_learning">The effect of right and left brain dominance in language learning</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79257826" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="00f80533d0d157a3aa213132cc122616" rel="nofollow" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/37281281/Heraldic_Sheets_Forename_Levels_of_20_Coats_of_Arms">Heraldic Sheets: Forename Levels of 20 Coats of Arms</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Elementary metaplasmic analyses of forename levels in twenty coats of arms: King Afonso of Algarve (Portuguese), Queen Petronilla of Aragon (Latin), King Ludwig of Bavaria (German), King Leopold of Belgium (French), Count Ramon of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37281281" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Elementary metaplasmic analyses of forename levels in twenty coats of arms: King Afonso of Algarve (Portuguese), Queen Petronilla of Aragon (Latin), King Ludwig of Bavaria (German), King Leopold of Belgium (French), Count Ramon of Barcelona (Latin), Franz Joseph of Bosnia-Herzegovina (German), Marquess João Carlos of Aracati (Portuguese), Emperor Pedro of Brasil (Portuguese), Queen Isabella of Spain (Spanish), Emperor Napoleon of France (French), Emperor Francis of the Holy Empire (German), Empress Victoria of India (English), King Umberto of Italy (Italian), King Godfrey of Jerusalem (French), Emperor Agustín of Mexico (Spanish), King Frederick of Prussia (Low German), King Carlos of Portugal (Portuguese), King Edward of Scotland (English), King Richard of England (English) and Mendes of Portugal (Portuguese).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37281281" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" 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u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35709847" data-work_id="35709847" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35709847/PROBLEMAS_PARA_EL_APRENDIZAJE_DE_INGLES_EN_LOS_ALUMNOS_DEL_SEGUNDO_SEMESTRE_DE_BACHILLERATO">PROBLEMAS PARA EL APRENDIZAJE DE INGLES EN LOS ALUMNOS DEL SEGUNDO SEMESTRE DE BACHILLERATO.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Este estudio pretende analizar la problemática que presentan alumnos del segundo semestre de bachillerato en el aprendizaje de Inglés como lengua extranjera. Este estudio se realizara con una muestra de 60 estudiantes, procedentes de... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35709847" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Este estudio pretende analizar la problemática que presentan alumnos del segundo semestre de bachillerato en el aprendizaje de Inglés como lengua extranjera. Este estudio se realizara con una muestra de 60 estudiantes,  procedentes de diferentes poblaciones de la región del Istmo que acuden a la población de San Pedro Comitancillo, Oaxaca, a estudiar el nivel Medio Superior en una institución de formación tecnológica agropecuaria. La institución educativa cuenta con los medios mínimos requeridos para lograr una clase interactiva de inglés, sin embargo actualmente se encuentra en condiciones austeras debido a las afectaciones generadas por el pasado terremoto que sacudió a la región.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35709847" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="842fa3ef6082cbdd406d45aa1681fab4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55582263,"asset_id":35709847,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55582263/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="70858175" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YadiSantiago1">Yadi Santiago</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="70858175" type="text/json">{"id":70858175,"first_name":"Yadi","last_name":"Santiago","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YadiSantiago1","display_name":"Yadi Santiago","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YadiSantiago1?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/70858175/24930939/23753949/s65_yadi.santiago.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35709847 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35709847"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35709847, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35709847", }); 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Variazioni di registro e stile nella trasposizione in italiano di "Der Park" di Botho Strauß</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19577491" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d51efa618c5480bbcde9848765a65fd9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40708017,"asset_id":19577491,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40708017/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37272673" href="https://unito.academia.edu/GAntonioli">Giorgio Antonioli</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37272673" type="text/json">{"id":37272673,"first_name":"Giorgio","last_name":"Antonioli","domain_name":"unito","page_name":"GAntonioli","display_name":"Giorgio Antonioli","profile_url":"https://unito.academia.edu/GAntonioli?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37272673/10948203/12218318/s65_giorgio.antonioli.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19577491 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19577491"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19577491, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19577491", }); 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Norwegian, English and Global Success</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Language has both a social and a cultural significance for a community of speakers. It inevitably undergoes constant changes in order to adapt to the requirements of a particular discursive practice (spoken or written communication,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44833137" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Language has both a social and a cultural significance for a community of speakers. It inevitably undergoes constant changes in order to adapt to the requirements of a particular discursive practice (spoken or written communication, face-to-face or online communication, specialized language, etc.). In addition to this, language is externally influenced by the borrowing of loanwords. Focusing on anglicisms in Norwegian, this paper analyses the use of borrowings and of code-switching in the informal speech of teenagers as it is depicted in the Norwegian teen drama web series 'Skam'. The gradual acknowledgment of English as an international language paved the way in Norway for the acceptance of this foreign language in various domains, especially in the academia, as a tool for increasing exposure and for internationalization practices. Due to the constant exposure to English both in the academic environment and in informal settings, younger generations in Norway tend to engage more often in language mixing and regard this international language as an essential part of their daily lives. The findings of this paper concluded that in addition to the use of anglicisms, two types of codeswitching – inter-sentential and intra-sentential code-switching) – were identified in episodes 9 and 10, season 4, of ‘Skam’. In this line of thought, the use of anglicisms in ‘Skam’ and the code-switching performed are iconic for today’s teenagers, as it testifies for the dominance of the western culture in their daily lives, and explains, at least partly, the wide success of this<br />drama series.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44833137" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="01619dc97028c8a1ff27e522a3b8abc2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65337461,"asset_id":44833137,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65337461/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9316271" href="https://ubbcluj.academia.edu/IoanaAndreeaMure%C8%99an">Ioana-Andreea Mureșan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9316271" type="text/json">{"id":9316271,"first_name":"Ioana-Andreea","last_name":"Mureșan","domain_name":"ubbcluj","page_name":"IoanaAndreeaMureșan","display_name":"Ioana-Andreea Mureșan","profile_url":"https://ubbcluj.academia.edu/IoanaAndreeaMure%C8%99an?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9316271/2982492/22014897/s65_ioana-andreea.mure_an.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-44833137">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-44833137"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ubbcluj.academia.edu/RalucaPop">Raluca Pop (Petrus)</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-44833137'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-44833137').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44833137 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44833137"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44833137; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44833137]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44833137").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44833137").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44833137"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3979" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language">English language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3979" type="text/json">{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="300344" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Norwegian_Language">Norwegian Language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="300344" type="text/json">{"id":300344,"name":"Norwegian Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Norwegian_Language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913166" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skam">Skam</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913166" type="text/json">{"id":913166,"name":"Skam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skam?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1182716" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anglicisms">Anglicisms</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1182716" type="text/json">{"id":1182716,"name":"Anglicisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anglicisms?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44833137]'), work: {"id":44833137,"title":"SKAM – The Language Terminator (Språkterminatoren)? Norwegian, English and Global Success","created_at":"2021-01-04T09:34:31.305-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44833137/SKAM_The_Language_Terminator_Spr%C3%A5kterminatoren_Norwegian_English_and_Global_Success?f_ri=3979","dom_id":"work_44833137","summary":"Language has both a social and a cultural significance for a community of speakers. It inevitably undergoes constant changes in order to adapt to the requirements of a particular discursive practice (spoken or written communication, face-to-face or online communication, specialized language, etc.). In addition to this, language is externally influenced by the borrowing of loanwords. Focusing on anglicisms in Norwegian, this paper analyses the use of borrowings and of code-switching in the informal speech of teenagers as it is depicted in the Norwegian teen drama web series 'Skam'. The gradual acknowledgment of English as an international language paved the way in Norway for the acceptance of this foreign language in various domains, especially in the academia, as a tool for increasing exposure and for internationalization practices. Due to the constant exposure to English both in the academic environment and in informal settings, younger generations in Norway tend to engage more often in language mixing and regard this international language as an essential part of their daily lives. The findings of this paper concluded that in addition to the use of anglicisms, two types of codeswitching – inter-sentential and intra-sentential code-switching) – were identified in episodes 9 and 10, season 4, of ‘Skam’. In this line of thought, the use of anglicisms in ‘Skam’ and the code-switching performed are iconic for today’s teenagers, as it testifies for the dominance of the western culture in their daily lives, and explains, at least partly, the wide success of this\ndrama series.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65337461,"asset_id":44833137,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9316271,"first_name":"Ioana-Andreea","last_name":"Mureșan","domain_name":"ubbcluj","page_name":"IoanaAndreeaMureșan","display_name":"Ioana-Andreea Mureșan","profile_url":"https://ubbcluj.academia.edu/IoanaAndreeaMure%C8%99an?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9316271/2982492/22014897/s65_ioana-andreea.mure_an.jpg"},{"id":35916234,"first_name":"Raluca","last_name":"Pop (Petrus)","domain_name":"ubbcluj","page_name":"RalucaPop","display_name":"Raluca Pop (Petrus)","profile_url":"https://ubbcluj.academia.edu/RalucaPop?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35916234/18590167/38867613/s65_raluca.pop_petrus_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":300344,"name":"Norwegian Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Norwegian_Language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":913166,"name":"Skam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skam?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":1182716,"name":"Anglicisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anglicisms?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19587260" data-work_id="19587260" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19587260/Reviews_A_Biography_of_the_English_Language_2d_ed_By_C_M_Millward_Fort_Worth_TX_Harcourt_Brace_1996_xvi_441_ISBN_01_550_1645_8">Reviews : A Biography of the English Language. 2d ed. By C. M. Millward. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace, 1996. xvi + 441. ISBN: 01-550-1645-8</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19587260" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5354692c6e0b2db616430930c566c539" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57859353,"asset_id":19587260,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57859353/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="23965078" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SonjaLanehart">Sonja Lanehart</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="23965078" type="text/json">{"id":23965078,"first_name":"Sonja","last_name":"Lanehart","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SonjaLanehart","display_name":"Sonja Lanehart","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SonjaLanehart?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/23965078/6469216/28324420/s65_sonja.lanehart.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19587260 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19587260"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19587260, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19587260", }); 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One of the latter is the process of strengthening the cooperation among universities in this part of the world. This... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_79979284" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publicationTransformations of education in changing Europe are multifaceted. One of the latter is the process of strengthening the cooperation among universities in this part of the world. This cooperation is carried out in many fields – from joint projects and researches – to joint analyses, discourses and publications. This monograph – a collection of reflections, thoughts and polemics deriving from theoretical and empirical researches, carried out as a part of a joint research project simultaneously undertaken at both these universities under the name “Problems and challenges of modern education” – constitutes one of the fruits of the cooperation between Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Cracow University and the University of Ljubljana</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79979284" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="39d69064d02d30f8c747544ab0857963" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86513327,"asset_id":79979284,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86513327/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4078046" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrejaHo%C4%8Devar">Andreja Hočevar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4078046" type="text/json">{"id":4078046,"first_name":"Andreja","last_name":"Hočevar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AndrejaHočevar","display_name":"Andreja Hočevar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndrejaHo%C4%8Devar?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4078046/1566993/1898601/s65_andreja.ho_evar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79979284 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79979284"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79979284, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79979284", }); 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type="text/json">{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25436" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stratification">Stratification</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25436" type="text/json">{"id":25436,"name":"Stratification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stratification?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="31276" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corticotropin_Releasing_Hormone">Corticotropin Releasing Hormone</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="31276" type="text/json">{"id":31276,"name":"Corticotropin Releasing Hormone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corticotropin_Releasing_Hormone?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24536822]'), 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type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Policy">Cultural Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1125" type="text/json">{"id":1125,"name":"Cultural Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Policy?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3979" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language">English language</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3979" 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Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Language-2?f_ri=3979"},{"id":983454,"name":"Multi Dimensional","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multi_Dimensional?f_ri=3979"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28958246" data-work_id="28958246" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28958246/INVERSIONS_pdf">INVERSIONS.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Inversions with negative and concessive adverbial structures are followed by an interrogative word order; the paper lists the most common adverbial phrases along with sample sentences.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28958246" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3779dcacf7f4e048c48970cc965ca100" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49398995,"asset_id":28958246,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49398995/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15473850" href="https://filoloskibg.academia.edu/KarlFazekas">Karl Lord Fazekas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15473850" type="text/json">{"id":15473850,"first_name":"Karl","last_name":"Lord Fazekas","domain_name":"filoloskibg","page_name":"KarlFazekas","display_name":"Karl Lord Fazekas","profile_url":"https://filoloskibg.academia.edu/KarlFazekas?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15473850/4177464/120584218/s65_karl.lord_fazekas.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28958246 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" 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data-has-card-for-ri="1007" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_as_a_Second_Language">Teaching English as a Second Language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1007" type="text/json">{"id":1007,"name":"Teaching English as a Second Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_as_a_Second_Language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3979" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language">English language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3979" type="text/json">{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6223" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English">English</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6223" type="text/json">{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17282" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Grammar">English Grammar</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17282" type="text/json">{"id":17282,"name":"English Grammar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Grammar?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28958246]'), work: {"id":28958246,"title":"INVERSIONS.pdf","created_at":"2016-10-06T05:15:21.035-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28958246/INVERSIONS_pdf?f_ri=3979","dom_id":"work_28958246","summary":"Inversions with negative and concessive adverbial structures are followed by an interrogative word order; the paper lists the most common adverbial phrases along with sample sentences.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49398995,"asset_id":28958246,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15473850,"first_name":"Karl","last_name":"Lord Fazekas","domain_name":"filoloskibg","page_name":"KarlFazekas","display_name":"Karl Lord Fazekas","profile_url":"https://filoloskibg.academia.edu/KarlFazekas?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15473850/4177464/120584218/s65_karl.lord_fazekas.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1007,"name":"Teaching English as a Second Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_as_a_Second_Language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":17282,"name":"English Grammar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Grammar?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":46596,"name":"English language teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language_teaching?f_ri=3979"},{"id":99517,"name":"English as a Foreign Language (EFL)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_as_a_Foreign_Language_EFL_?f_ri=3979"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43964136" data-work_id="43964136" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43964136/The_Role_of_Gender_in_Influencing_Public_Speaking_Anxiety">The Role of Gender in Influencing Public Speaking Anxiety</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study investigates the role of gender in influencing public speaking anxiety. Questionnaire survey was administered to the samples of the study. Technique of correlation and descriptive analysis will be further applied to the data... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43964136" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study investigates the role of gender in influencing public speaking anxiety. Questionnaire survey was administered to the samples of the study. Technique of correlation and descriptive analysis will be further applied to the data collected to determine the relationship between gender and public speaking anxiety. This study could serve as a guide to identify the effects of gender differences on public speaking anxiety and provide necessary advice on how to design a way of coping with or overcoming public speaking anxiety.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43964136" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="52235f2ee39a7bb3d9c9ffd9d9758fc5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86209257,"asset_id":43964136,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86209257/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30269399" href="https://nisantasi.academia.edu/FadilElmenfi">Fadil Elmenfi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30269399" type="text/json">{"id":30269399,"first_name":"Fadil","last_name":"Elmenfi","domain_name":"nisantasi","page_name":"FadilElmenfi","display_name":"Fadil Elmenfi","profile_url":"https://nisantasi.academia.edu/FadilElmenfi?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30269399/8763575/36130843/s65_fadil.elmenfi.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43964136 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43964136"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43964136, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43964136", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43964136]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43964136").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43964136").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43964136"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2846" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_and_Gender">Language and Gender</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2846" type="text/json">{"id":2846,"name":"Language and Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_and_Gender?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3979" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language">English language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3979" type="text/json">{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48850" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Language_Learners">English Language Learners</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48850" type="text/json">{"id":48850,"name":"English Language Learners","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Language_Learners?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="939364" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Speaking_Anxiety">Public Speaking Anxiety</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="939364" type="text/json">{"id":939364,"name":"Public Speaking Anxiety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Speaking_Anxiety?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43964136]'), work: {"id":43964136,"title":"The Role of Gender in Influencing Public Speaking Anxiety","created_at":"2020-08-27T10:46:49.284-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43964136/The_Role_of_Gender_in_Influencing_Public_Speaking_Anxiety?f_ri=3979","dom_id":"work_43964136","summary":"This study investigates the role of gender in influencing public speaking anxiety. Questionnaire survey was administered to the samples of the study. Technique of correlation and descriptive analysis will be further applied to the data collected to determine the relationship between gender and public speaking anxiety. This study could serve as a guide to identify the effects of gender differences on public speaking anxiety and provide necessary advice on how to design a way of coping with or overcoming public speaking anxiety.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86209257,"asset_id":43964136,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30269399,"first_name":"Fadil","last_name":"Elmenfi","domain_name":"nisantasi","page_name":"FadilElmenfi","display_name":"Fadil Elmenfi","profile_url":"https://nisantasi.academia.edu/FadilElmenfi?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30269399/8763575/36130843/s65_fadil.elmenfi.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2846,"name":"Language and Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_and_Gender?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":48850,"name":"English Language Learners","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Language_Learners?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":939364,"name":"Public Speaking Anxiety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Speaking_Anxiety?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73663977 coauthored" data-work_id="73663977" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73663977/%C4%B0ngilizce_E%C4%9Fitiminde_Dil_Bilgisi_%C3%96%C4%9Fretimi_%C5%9Eekli_Form_of_Grammar_Teaching_in_English_Education_Sefa_Sezer">İngilizce Eğitiminde Dil Bilgisi Öğretimi Şekli / Form of Grammar Teaching in English Education Sefa Sezer</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">İngilizce eğitimi sürecinde dil bilgisi (gramer) öğretimi sözcüklerin kurallı bir şekilde cümleler oluşturmak için bir araya getirilme çalışmalarında tartışmalara yer verilebilir. Bu genellikle “doğru İngilizce” hakkında tartışmalara yol... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73663977" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">İngilizce eğitimi sürecinde dil bilgisi (gramer) öğretimi sözcüklerin kurallı bir şekilde cümleler oluşturmak için bir araya getirilme çalışmalarında tartışmalara yer verilebilir. Bu genellikle “doğru İngilizce” hakkında tartışmalara yol açar ve insanların dil kullanımları bu “doğru” biçimden saparsa yargılanmalarına neden olabilmektedir. Dil sürekli değişim ve gelişim gösterebilmektedir. Bu değişiklik neyin “doğru” neyin “yanlış” olduğu konusunda net fikirlere sahip olmayı çok daha zorlaştırmaktadır. Bir kişinin hedef kitlesi için en uygun şekilde iletişim kurup kurmadığı işte dil gelişimi konusunda önem arz etmektedir. <br /> <br />Ülkemizde tarihsel bir süreç odaklı araştırma yapıldığında, batı dünyasında İngilizce öğretimi alanındaki değişim ve gelişme faaliyetleri Cumhuriyet öncesi dönemi ve sonrasında Türkiye'ye yansımış, İngilizce öğretimi programları bu gelişmeler ile tekrar düzenlenme çalışmalarına başlanmıştır. Cumhuriyet öncesi dönemde çeviri yapma ve metinleri okuma, konuşma, dinleme ve anlama becerilerinin kazandırılmasını hedefleyen “Gramer-Translation Method” ve sözel yeteneklerin (speaking-listening) kazandırılmasına yönelik faaliyetlerin ön planda olduğu Direct Method İngilizce öğretimine dâhil olmuştur. <br /> <br />Dil bilgisi öğretiminin değişiminin ve gelişiminin saptanması için aşağıdaki soruların elbette cevap bulması gerekmektedir; <br /> <br />Sınıf iklimi için dil bilgisi öğretimi çeşitlendirilmeli midir? <br />Öğretmenlerin sınıf içinde İngilizce dil bilgisinin öğretilmesinde gelişim ve değişime yönelik tutumları nelerdir? <br />İngilizce öğretiminde kullanılacak yöntem ve yaklaşımlarının sınıf içi dil bilgisi öğretimine ilişkin etkiler nelerdir? <br />İngilizce dersinde uygun dil bilgisi odaklı teknikler gelişime ve değişime açık olmalı mıdır?</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73663977" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="71c2f4712ed865316690b4a3d820effe" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82097441,"asset_id":73663977,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82097441/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="67601075" href="https://xn--frat-lza.academia.edu/SefaSezer">Sefa Sezer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="67601075" type="text/json">{"id":67601075,"first_name":"Sefa","last_name":"Sezer","domain_name":"xn--frat-lza","page_name":"SefaSezer","display_name":"Sefa Sezer","profile_url":"https://xn--frat-lza.academia.edu/SefaSezer?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/67601075/17580765/19797353/s65_sefa.sezer.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-73663977">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-73663977"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://inonu.academia.edu/SefaSezer">Sefa Sezer</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-73663977'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-73663977').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_73663977 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="73663977"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73663977; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73663977]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73663977").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73663977").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73663977"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1007" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_as_a_Second_Language">Teaching English as a Second Language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1007" type="text/json">{"id":1007,"name":"Teaching English as a Second Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_as_a_Second_Language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3979" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language">English language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3979" type="text/json">{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6223" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English">English</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6223" type="text/json">{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15439" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_As_A_Foreign_Language">Teaching English As A Foreign Language</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15439" type="text/json">{"id":15439,"name":"Teaching English As A Foreign Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_As_A_Foreign_Language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73663977]'), work: {"id":73663977,"title":"İngilizce Eğitiminde Dil Bilgisi Öğretimi Şekli / Form of Grammar Teaching in English Education Sefa Sezer","created_at":"2022-03-13T07:36:29.750-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73663977/%C4%B0ngilizce_E%C4%9Fitiminde_Dil_Bilgisi_%C3%96%C4%9Fretimi_%C5%9Eekli_Form_of_Grammar_Teaching_in_English_Education_Sefa_Sezer?f_ri=3979","dom_id":"work_73663977","summary":"İngilizce eğitimi sürecinde dil bilgisi (gramer) öğretimi sözcüklerin kurallı bir şekilde cümleler oluşturmak için bir araya getirilme çalışmalarında tartışmalara yer verilebilir. Bu genellikle “doğru İngilizce” hakkında tartışmalara yol açar ve insanların dil kullanımları bu “doğru” biçimden saparsa yargılanmalarına neden olabilmektedir. Dil sürekli değişim ve gelişim gösterebilmektedir. Bu değişiklik neyin “doğru” neyin “yanlış” olduğu konusunda net fikirlere sahip olmayı çok daha zorlaştırmaktadır. Bir kişinin hedef kitlesi için en uygun şekilde iletişim kurup kurmadığı işte dil gelişimi konusunda önem arz etmektedir.\r\n\r\nÜlkemizde tarihsel bir süreç odaklı araştırma yapıldığında, batı dünyasında İngilizce öğretimi alanındaki değişim ve gelişme faaliyetleri Cumhuriyet öncesi dönemi ve sonrasında Türkiye'ye yansımış, İngilizce öğretimi programları bu gelişmeler ile tekrar düzenlenme çalışmalarına başlanmıştır. Cumhuriyet öncesi dönemde çeviri yapma ve metinleri okuma, konuşma, dinleme ve anlama becerilerinin kazandırılmasını hedefleyen “Gramer-Translation Method” ve sözel yeteneklerin (speaking-listening) kazandırılmasına yönelik faaliyetlerin ön planda olduğu Direct Method İngilizce öğretimine dâhil olmuştur.\r\n\r\nDil bilgisi öğretiminin değişiminin ve gelişiminin saptanması için aşağıdaki soruların elbette cevap bulması gerekmektedir;\r\n\r\nSınıf iklimi için dil bilgisi öğretimi çeşitlendirilmeli midir?\r\nÖğretmenlerin sınıf içinde İngilizce dil bilgisinin öğretilmesinde gelişim ve değişime yönelik tutumları nelerdir?\r\nİngilizce öğretiminde kullanılacak yöntem ve yaklaşımlarının sınıf içi dil bilgisi öğretimine ilişkin etkiler nelerdir?\r\nİngilizce dersinde uygun dil bilgisi odaklı teknikler gelişime ve değişime açık olmalı mıdır?","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82097441,"asset_id":73663977,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":67601075,"first_name":"Sefa","last_name":"Sezer","domain_name":"xn--frat-lza","page_name":"SefaSezer","display_name":"Sefa Sezer","profile_url":"https://xn--frat-lza.academia.edu/SefaSezer?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/67601075/17580765/19797353/s65_sefa.sezer.png"},{"id":59622227,"first_name":"Sefa","last_name":"Sezer","domain_name":"inonu","page_name":"SefaSezer","display_name":"Sefa Sezer","profile_url":"https://inonu.academia.edu/SefaSezer?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/59622227/15914326/21040639/s65_sefa.sezer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1007,"name":"Teaching English as a Second Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_as_a_Second_Language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":15439,"name":"Teaching English As A Foreign Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_As_A_Foreign_Language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":17282,"name":"English Grammar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Grammar?f_ri=3979"},{"id":29522,"name":"English Language Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Language_Learning?f_ri=3979"},{"id":99517,"name":"English as a Foreign Language (EFL)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_as_a_Foreign_Language_EFL_?f_ri=3979"},{"id":122894,"name":"Teacher Education in Teaching English to Speakers of Second/Foreign Languages (TESOL)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Education_in_Teaching_English_to_Speakers_of_Second_Foreign_Languages_TESOL_?f_ri=3979"},{"id":244116,"name":"Dil Bilgisi Kuralları","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dil_Bilgisi_Kurallari?f_ri=3979"},{"id":330018,"name":"Arabic-English translation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic-English_translation?f_ri=3979"},{"id":780496,"name":"İNGİLİZCE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/INGILIZCE?f_ri=3979"},{"id":827606,"name":"English As a Second Language (ESL)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_As_a_Second_Language_ESL_?f_ri=3979"},{"id":867090,"name":"English Literature and Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Literature_and_Language?f_ri=3979"},{"id":1213225,"name":"Ingilizce Eğitimi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ingilizce_Egitimi?f_ri=3979"},{"id":1838800,"name":"Dil bilgisi öğretimi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dil_bilgisi_%C3%B6%C4%9Fretimi?f_ri=3979"},{"id":3317275,"name":"Türkçe Dil Bilgisi Öğretimi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e_Dil_Bilgisi_%C3%96%C4%9Fretimi?f_ri=3979"},{"id":3527914,"name":"İngilizce Öğretmenliği","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/%C4%B0ngilizce_%C3%96%C4%9Fretmenli%C4%9Fi?f_ri=3979"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5587883" data-work_id="5587883" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5587883/Shift_paradigm_Behaviorism">Shift paradigm Behaviorism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div 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class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7969792" href="https://independent.academia.edu/rghazali">rym ghazali</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7969792" type="text/json">{"id":7969792,"first_name":"rym","last_name":"ghazali","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"rghazali","display_name":"rym ghazali","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/rghazali?f_ri=3979","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5587883 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5587883"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new 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data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2524" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2524" type="text/json">{"id":2524,"name":"Sociolinguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociolinguistics?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3979" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language">English language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3979" type="text/json">{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4972" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4972" type="text/json">{"id":4972,"name":"Psycholinguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psycholinguistics?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5587883]'), work: {"id":5587883,"title":"Shift paradigm Behaviorism","created_at":"2014-01-02T19:32:34.783-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5587883/Shift_paradigm_Behaviorism?f_ri=3979","dom_id":"work_5587883","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32670347,"asset_id":5587883,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7969792,"first_name":"rym","last_name":"ghazali","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"rghazali","display_name":"rym ghazali","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/rghazali?f_ri=3979","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":2524,"name":"Sociolinguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociolinguistics?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":4972,"name":"Psycholinguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psycholinguistics?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":11834,"name":"Language and Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_and_Culture?f_ri=3979"},{"id":16005,"name":"TESL","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TESL?f_ri=3979"},{"id":19681,"name":"TEFL","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TEFL?f_ri=3979"},{"id":19833,"name":"Contrastive Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contrastive_Analysis?f_ri=3979"},{"id":30347,"name":"Translation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation?f_ri=3979"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76911018" data-work_id="76911018" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76911018/Digital_Games_Songs_and_Flashcards_and_their_Effects_on_Vocabulary_Knowledge_of_Iranian_Preschoolers">Digital Games, Songs and Flashcards and their Effects on Vocabulary Knowledge of Iranian Preschoolers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The study aimed to investigate (a) the effect of digital games, songs, and flashcards on vocabulary knowledge of Iranian EFL preschool learners and (b) the young learners&quot; performance on mid-course tests of vocabulary with different... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_76911018" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The study aimed to investigate (a) the effect of digital games, songs, and flashcards on vocabulary knowledge of Iranian EFL preschool learners and (b) the young learners&quot; performance on mid-course tests of vocabulary with different topics. The participants included 350 preschool female learners in Oshnaviyeh, a town in Western Azarbaijan Province and were divided into three tablet, song, and traditional groups. Pre and post-tests of vocabulary and four mid-course tests based, on the learnt vocabularies, were administered during the research. The materials also consisted of a digital game, 16 songs, a structured student book, a workbook, and 60 flashcards. The analysis of the data revealed that there was no significant difference in the vocabulary knowledge of preschool learners who learnt vocabularies via games, songs, and flashcards. The results also showed that there was a significant difference in the three groups&quot; mid-course tests with different topics. The findings r...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76911018" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3a04f0cf8ee8d7346e41edb3320b4104" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84447766,"asset_id":76911018,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84447766/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40372752" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MariaRavan">Maria Ravan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40372752" type="text/json">{"id":40372752,"first_name":"Maria","last_name":"Ravan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MariaRavan","display_name":"Maria Ravan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MariaRavan?f_ri=3979","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76911018 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76911018"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76911018, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76911018", }); 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performance on mid-course tests of vocabulary with different topics. The participants included 350 preschool female learners in Oshnaviyeh, a town in Western Azarbaijan Province and were divided into three tablet, song, and traditional groups. Pre and post-tests of vocabulary and four mid-course tests based, on the learnt vocabularies, were administered during the research. The materials also consisted of a digital game, 16 songs, a structured student book, a workbook, and 60 flashcards. The analysis of the data revealed that there was no significant difference in the vocabulary knowledge of preschool learners who learnt vocabularies via games, songs, and flashcards. The results also showed that there was a significant difference in the three groups\u0026quot; mid-course tests with different topics. The findings r...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84447766,"asset_id":76911018,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40372752,"first_name":"Maria","last_name":"Ravan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MariaRavan","display_name":"Maria Ravan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MariaRavan?f_ri=3979","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":885,"name":"English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Literature?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":2722,"name":"Arabic Language and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Language_and_Linguistics?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=3979","nofollow":false},{"id":5218,"name":"Iranian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Studies?f_ri=3979"},{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=3979"},{"id":7709,"name":"Applied Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Linguistics?f_ri=3979"},{"id":15076,"name":"Digital Games","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Games?f_ri=3979"},{"id":19060,"name":"Arabic English Translation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_English_Translation?f_ri=3979"},{"id":32812,"name":"Book of Song of Songs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Book_of_Song_of_Songs?f_ri=3979"},{"id":34485,"name":"Iranian Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Languages?f_ri=3979"},{"id":46596,"name":"English language teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language_teaching?f_ri=3979"},{"id":51126,"name":"English Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Education?f_ri=3979"},{"id":108819,"name":"Digital Game Based Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Game_Based_Learning?f_ri=3979"},{"id":620077,"name":"English Language Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Language_Teaching-1?f_ri=3979"},{"id":624707,"name":"English Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Language-2?f_ri=3979"},{"id":815140,"name":"Digital Games and Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Games_and_Education?f_ri=3979"},{"id":871382,"name":"English Vocabulary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Vocabulary?f_ri=3979"},{"id":1023348,"name":"Developing Conversation and Vocabulary Skills","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Conversation_and_Vocabulary_Skills?f_ri=3979"},{"id":2405140,"name":"Flashcards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flashcards?f_ri=3979"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73593750" data-work_id="73593750" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73593750/Language_Immersion_for_Low_Proficiency_Esl_Learners_The_Alemac_Project">Language Immersion for Low Proficiency Esl Learners: The Alemac Project</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper describes a program that was developed based on some of the principles of language immersion. The aim of the program was to provide a group of low proficiency ESL learners exposure to “fun ” language activities in order to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73593750" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper describes a program that was developed based on some of the principles of language immersion. The aim of the program was to provide a group of low proficiency ESL learners exposure to “fun ” language activities in order to motivate them to learn and use the English language. The activities as well as the two phases of the program are described. Results of a survey, interviews as well as the pre and post tests show the gains made in terms of student interest and motivation to improve their English language learning and use. Implications for pedagogy are drawn.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73593750" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="671798929b33fff98070222bf6ead706" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82055689,"asset_id":73593750,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82055689/download_file?st=MTczMzAwOTgxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="189384975" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FatimahHashim18">Fatimah Hashim</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="189384975" type="text/json">{"id":189384975,"first_name":"Fatimah","last_name":"Hashim","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FatimahHashim18","display_name":"Fatimah Hashim","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FatimahHashim18?f_ri=3979","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/189384975/52649420/40763372/s65_fatimah.hashim.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73593750 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73593750"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73593750, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73593750", }); 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