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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Transport_Network&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Transport Network">Optical Transport Network</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standard for optical data packages</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:200G_function_diagram.drawio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/200G_function_diagram.drawio.png/220px-200G_function_diagram.drawio.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/200G_function_diagram.drawio.png/330px-200G_function_diagram.drawio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/200G_function_diagram.drawio.png/440px-200G_function_diagram.drawio.png 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>Function diagram 200 Gbit/s transponder/muxponder, aggregating 4x40 Gbit/s and 4x10 Gbit/s in to into a single 200 Gbit/s /OTU2C standard OTN trunk.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>optical transport network</b> (<b>OTN</b>) is a digital wrapper that encapsulates frames of data, to allow multiple data sources to be sent on the same channel. This creates an optical <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">virtual private network</a> for each client signal. </p><p><a href="/wiki/ITU_Telecommunication_Standardization_Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector">ITU-T</a> defines an optical transport network as a set of optical network elements (ONE) connected by <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> links, able to provide functionality of transport, multiplexing, switching, management, supervision and survivability of optical channels carrying client signals.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ONE may re-time, re-Amplify, re-shape (<a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing#Wavelength-converting_transponders" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">3R</a>) but it does not have to be 3R –  it can be purely photonic. Unless connected by optical fibre links, it shall not be OTN. Mere functionality of switching, management, supervision shall not make it OTN, unless the signals are carried through optical fibre. Unlike SONET/SDH, OTN provides a mechanism to manage multiplexed wavelengths in a <a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">DWDM</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparing_OTN_and_SONET/SDH"><span id="Comparing_OTN_and_SONET.2FSDH"></span>Comparing OTN and SONET/SDH</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_transport_network&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Comparing OTN and SONET/SDH"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>OTN </th> <th><a href="/wiki/SONET" class="mw-redirect" title="SONET">SONET</a>/<a href="/wiki/Synchronous_Digital_Hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous Digital Hierarchy">SDH</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Scaling </td> <td>400Gbit/s (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>40Gbit/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>Error correcting </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, <a href="/wiki/Forward_Error_Correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward Error Correction">Forward Error Correction</a>, <a href="/wiki/64b/66b_encoding" title="64b/66b encoding">64b/66b encoding</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=512B/513B_encoding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="512B/513B encoding (page does not exist)">512B/513B encoding</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1024B/1027B_encoding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1024B/1027B encoding (page does not exist)">1024B/1027B encoding</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, <a href="/wiki/Forward_Error_Correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward Error Correction">Forward Error Correction</a>, <a href="/wiki/BCH_code" title="BCH code">BCH code</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Timing </td> <td>Does not require </td> <td>Requires </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">Octet</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Block_(telecommunications)" title="Block (telecommunications)">block</a> <a href="/wiki/Frame_(networking)" title="Frame (networking)">frame</a> structure </td> <td>Fixed, 16300 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">Byte</a> </td> <td>Variable, 2430- 622 080 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">Byte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frame rate </td> <td>Variable (98.354 - 1.163 μs) </td> <td>125 μs </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_transport_network&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OTN_Hierachy_ODU.drawio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/OTN_Hierachy_ODU.drawio.png/220px-OTN_Hierachy_ODU.drawio.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/OTN_Hierachy_ODU.drawio.png/330px-OTN_Hierachy_ODU.drawio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/OTN_Hierachy_ODU.drawio.png/440px-OTN_Hierachy_ODU.drawio.png 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption>OTN multiplexing and mapping structures. Show the relationship between ODU Clients, ODU, ODU-Groups and OTU</figcaption></figure> <p>OTN was designed to provide higher throughput (currently 400G) than its predecessor <a href="/wiki/SONET" class="mw-redirect" title="SONET">SONET</a>/<a href="/wiki/Synchronous_Digital_Hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous Digital Hierarchy">SDH</a>, which stops at 40 Gbit/s, per channel. </p><p>ITU-T Recommendation <a href="/wiki/G.709" title="G.709">G.709</a> is commonly called Optical Transport Network (OTN) (also called <b>digital wrapper technology</b> or <b>optical channel wrapper</b>). As of December 2009, OTN has standardized the following line rates. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Signal </th> <th rowspan="2">Marketing data Rate (Gbit/s) </th> <th rowspan="2">True Signal rate (OTU) (Gbit/s) </th> <th rowspan="2">Applications </th> <th colspan="8">Maximum number of signals per channel </th></tr> <tr> <th># of ODU0, 1.2G </th> <th># of ODU1, 2.5G </th> <th># of ODU2, 10G </th> <th># of ODU2e, 10.4G </th> <th># of ODU25, 26.4G </th> <th># of ODU3, 40.3G </th> <th># of ODU50, 52.8G </th> <th># of ODU4, 104G </th></tr> <tr> <td>OTU1 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>2.66 </td> <td>Transports <a href="/wiki/SONET" class="mw-redirect" title="SONET">SONET</a> <a href="/wiki/OC-48" class="mw-redirect" title="OC-48">OC-48</a> or synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) <a href="/wiki/STM-16" class="mw-redirect" title="STM-16">STM-16</a> signal </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>OTU2 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10.7 </td> <td>Transports an <a href="/wiki/OC-192" class="mw-redirect" title="OC-192">OC-192</a>, <a href="/wiki/STM-64" class="mw-redirect" title="STM-64">STM-64</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">wide area network</a> (WAN) physical layer (PHY) for <a href="/wiki/10_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="10 Gigabit Ethernet">10 Gigabit Ethernet</a> (10GBASE-W) </td> <td>8 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>OTU2e<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>10.5 </td> <td>11.1 </td> <td>Transports a 10 Gigabit Ethernet <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> (LAN) PHY coming from IP/Ethernet switches and routers at full line rate (10.3 Gbit/s). This is specified in G.Sup43. </td> <td>8 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>OTU25 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>26.4 </td> <td>Transports a <a href="/wiki/25_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="25 Gigabit Ethernet">25 Gigabit Ethernet</a> signal </td> <td>20 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>OTU3 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>43 </td> <td>Transports an <a href="/wiki/OC-768" class="mw-redirect" title="OC-768">OC-768</a> or <a href="/wiki/STM-256" class="mw-redirect" title="STM-256">STM-256</a> signal or a <a href="/wiki/40_Gigabit_Ethernet" class="mw-redirect" title="40 Gigabit Ethernet">40 Gigabit Ethernet</a> signal.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>32 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>OTU3e1/2<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>41 </td> <td>44.5 </td> <td>develop for transport of 10G LAN PHY, and one for 10G WAN PHY, over SDH and OTN. </td> <td>32 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>OTU50 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>52.8 </td> <td>Transports a <a href="/wiki/50_Gigabit_Ethernet" class="mw-redirect" title="50 Gigabit Ethernet">50 Gigabit Ethernet</a> signal </td> <td>40 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>OTU4 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>111.8 </td> <td>Transports a <a href="/wiki/100_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="100 Gigabit Ethernet">100 Gigabit Ethernet</a> signal </td> <td>80 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>OTUCn </td> <td>n x 100 </td> <td>n x 105.2 </td> <td>n instances of a logically interleaved 100G (C=100) frame format </td> <td colspan="8">Total bandwidth / ODU size. e.g. 200G Channel support 4xODU3 and 4xODU2<sup id="cite_ref-FS_M6500-TMXP5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FS_M6500-TMXP5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The OTUk (k=1/2/2e/3/3e2/4) is an information structure into which another information structure called ODUk (k=1/2/2e/3/3e2/4) is mapped. The ODUk signal is the server layer signal for client signals. The following ODUk information structures are defined in ITU-T Recommendation <a href="/wiki/G.709" title="G.709">G.709</a> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Signal</th> <th>Data Rate (Gbit/s)</th> <th>Typical Applications </th></tr> <tr> <td>ODU0</td> <td>1.24416</td> <td>Transport of a timing transparent transcoded (compressed) <a href="/wiki/1000BASE-X" class="mw-redirect" title="1000BASE-X">1000BASE-X</a> signal<sup id="cite_ref-ODU0andODUflex_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODU0andODUflex-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a stream of packets (such as Ethernet, <a href="/wiki/Multiprotocol_Label_Switching" title="Multiprotocol Label Switching">MPLS</a> or IP) using <a href="/wiki/Generic_Framing_Procedure" title="Generic Framing Procedure">Generic Framing Procedure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ODU1</td> <td>2.49877512605042</td> <td>Transport of two ODU0 signals or a STS-48/STM-16 signal or a stream of packets (such as Ethernet, MPLS or IP) using <a href="/wiki/Generic_Framing_Procedure" title="Generic Framing Procedure">Generic Framing Procedure</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ODU2</td> <td>10.0372739240506</td> <td>Transport of up to eight ODU0 signals or up to four ODU1 signals or a STS-192/STM-64 signal or a <a href="/w/index.php?title=WAN_PHY_(10GBASE-W)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WAN PHY (10GBASE-W) (page does not exist)">WAN PHY (10GBASE-W)</a> or a stream of packets (such as Ethernet, MPLS or IP) using <a href="/wiki/Generic_Framing_Procedure" title="Generic Framing Procedure">Generic Framing Procedure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ODU2e</td> <td>10.3995253164557</td> <td>Transport of a <a href="/wiki/10_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="10 Gigabit Ethernet">10 Gigabit Ethernet</a> signal or a timing transparent transcoded (compressed) Fibre Channel <a href="/wiki/10GFC" class="mw-redirect" title="10GFC">10GFC</a> signal </td></tr> <tr> <td>ODU3</td> <td>40.3192189830509</td> <td>Transport of up to 32 ODU0 signals or up to 16 ODU1 signals or up to four ODU2 signals or a STS-768/STM-256 signal or a timing transparent transcoded <a href="/wiki/40_Gigabit_Ethernet" class="mw-redirect" title="40 Gigabit Ethernet">40 Gigabit Ethernet</a> signal or a stream of packets (such as Ethernet, MPLS or IP) using <a href="/wiki/Generic_Framing_Procedure" title="Generic Framing Procedure">Generic Framing Procedure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ODU3e2</td> <td>41.7859685595012</td> <td>Transport of up to four ODU2e signals </td></tr> <tr> <td>ODU4</td> <td>104.794445814978</td> <td>Transport of up to 80 ODU0 signals or up to 40 ODU1 signals or up to ten ODU2 signals or up to two ODU3 signals or a <a href="/wiki/100_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="100 Gigabit Ethernet">100 Gigabit Ethernet</a> signal </td></tr> <tr> <td>ODUflex (CBR)</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">239</span>⁄<span class="den">238</span></span> x client bit rate<sup id="cite_ref-ODU0andODUflex_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODU0andODUflex-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Transport of a <a href="/wiki/Constant_bitrate" title="Constant bitrate">constant bitrate</a> signal such as Fibre Channel <a href="/wiki/8GFC" class="mw-redirect" title="8GFC">8GFC</a>, <a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a> or <a href="/wiki/Common_Public_Radio_Interface" title="Common Public Radio Interface">Common Public Radio Interface</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ODUflex (GFP)</td> <td>any configured rate<sup id="cite_ref-ODU0andODUflex_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODU0andODUflex-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Transport of a stream of packets (such as Ethernet, MPLS or IP) using <a href="/wiki/Generic_Framing_Procedure" title="Generic Framing Procedure">Generic Framing Procedure</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_transport_network&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At a very high level, the typical signals processed by OTN equipment at the Optical Channel layer are: </p> <ul><li>SONET/SDH</li> <li>Ethernet/FibreChannel</li> <li>Packets</li> <li>OTN</li></ul> <p>A few of the key functions performed on these signals are: </p> <ul><li>Protocol processing of all the signals:- <ul><li>Mapping and de-mapping of non-OTN signals into and out of OTN signals</li> <li>Multiplexing and de-multiplexing of OTN signals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">Forward error correction</a> (FEC) on OTN signals</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Packet processing in conjunction with mapping/de-mapping of packet into and out of OTN signals</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switch_Fabric">Switch Fabric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_transport_network&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Switch Fabric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The OTN signals at all data-rates have the same frame structure but the frame period reduces as the data-rate increases. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Time-Slot_Interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-Slot Interchange">Time-Slot Interchange</a> (TSI) technique of implementing SONET/SDH switch fabrics is not directly applicable to OTN switch fabrics. OTN switch fabrics are typically implemented using Packet Switch Fabrics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FEC_Latency">FEC Latency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_transport_network&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: FEC Latency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On a point-to-point OTN link there is latency due to <a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">forward error correction</a> (FEC) processing. Hamming distance of the RS(255,239) code is 17 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_transport_network&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G.709" title="G.709">G.709</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_transport_network&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/2001-2004/com15/otn/definitions.html">ITU-T OTN definitions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.viavisolutions.com/en-us/literature/g709-optical-transport-network-otn-white-papers-books-en.pdf">"G.709 – The Optical Transport Network (White Paper)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. VIAVI Solutions Inc. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2024</span>. <q>The aim of the optical transport network (OTN) is to combine the benefits of SONET/SDH technology with the bandwidth expandability of DWDM.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G.709+%E2%80%93+The+Optical+Transport+Network+%28White+Paper%29&rft.pub=VIAVI+Solutions+Inc&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.viavisolutions.com%2Fen-us%2Fliterature%2Fg709-optical-transport-network-otn-white-papers-books-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+transport+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.709-202006-I/en">"G.709 : Interfaces for the optical transport network"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G.709+%3A+Interfaces+for+the+optical+transport+network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Frec%2FT-REC-G.709-202006-I%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+transport+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.Sup43">"G.Sup43 : Transport of IEEE 10GBASE-R in optical transport networks (OTN)"</a>. <i>www.itu.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.itu.int&rft.atitle=G.Sup43+%3A+Transport+of+IEEE+10GBASE-R+in+optical+transport+networks+%28OTN%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Frec%2FT-REC-G.Sup43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+transport+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networkworld.com/news/tech/2006/020606-techupdate.html">OTN offers transparent service delivery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510105007/http://www.networkworld.com/news/tech/2006/020606-techupdate.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved June 2, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/itu-t/recommendations/rec.aspx?id=11321">"ITU-T G Suppl. 43 (02/2011)"</a>. <i>ITU</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITU&rft.atitle=ITU-T+G+Suppl.+43+%2802%2F2011%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fitu-t%2Frecommendations%2Frec.aspx%3Fid%3D11321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+transport+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FS_M6500-TMXP5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FS_M6500-TMXP5_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.com/products/111049.html">"200G OTN Optical Transponder/Muxponder for DCI Network"</a>. <i>FS.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FS.com&rft.atitle=200G+OTN+Optical+Transponder%2FMuxponder+for+DCI+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.com%2Fproducts%2F111049.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+transport+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODU0andODUflex-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODU0andODUflex_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODU0andODUflex_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODU0andODUflex_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312045120/http://squiz.informatm.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/194623/ODU0_ODUflex_White_Paper_2010_02_15_v1_web.pdf">"ODU0 and ODUflex — A Future-Proof Solution for OTN Client Mapping"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. TPACK A/S. February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://squiz.informatm.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/194623/ODU0_ODUflex_White_Paper_2010_02_15_v1_web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ODU0+and+ODUflex+%E2%80%94+A+Future-Proof+Solution+for+OTN+Client+Mapping&rft.pub=TPACK+A%2FS&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsquiz.informatm.com%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0007%2F194623%2FODU0_ODUflex_White_Paper_2010_02_15_v1_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+transport+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_transport_network&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anritsu.com/en-US/Promotions/OTN">Anritsu Poster</a> - Details of all OTN areas including breakdown of the full frame <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517212643/http://www.anritsu.com/en%2DUS/Promotions/OTN/">Anritsu Poster - Details of all OTN areas including breakdown of the full frame</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2014-05-17)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com15/otn/OTNtutorial.pdf">Optical Transport Network (OTN) Tutorial</a>, ITU-T, only covers G.709 (2003/03)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/2017-2020/15/Documents/OFC2018-1-SG15-Hot-topics-OTN.pdf">[1]</a> Hot topics in Optical Transport Networks, Steve Trowbridge (Nokia), Chairman, ITU-T Study Group 15</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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