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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Assimilation_of_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debate_over_the_nature_of_Shinto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_over_the_nature_of_Shinto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Debate over the nature of Shinto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_over_the_nature_of_Shinto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assimilation_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Assimilation process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilation_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honji_suijaku_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honji_suijaku_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span><i>Honji suijaku</i> theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honji_suijaku_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shinbutsu_kakuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shinbutsu_kakuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Shinbutsu kakuri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shinbutsu_kakuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism_and_Shinto_after_the_Separation_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism_and_Shinto_after_the_Separation_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Buddhism and Shinto after the Separation Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism_and_Shinto_after_the_Separation_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Shinbutsu-shūgō</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinbutsu_sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu shūgō – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shinbutsu shūgō" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shinbutsu-shūgō" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="شینبوتسو-شوگو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شینبوتسو-شوگو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinbutsu_sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu shūgō – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shinbutsu shūgō" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EB%B6%88%EC%8A%B5%ED%95%A9" title="신불습합 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신불습합" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shinbutsu-shūgō" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinbutsu_sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu shūgō – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shinbutsu shūgō" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%BB%8F%E7%BF%92%E5%90%88" title="神仏習合 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神仏習合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synkretyzm_shint%C5%8D-buddyjski" title="Synkretyzm shintō-buddyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Synkretyzm shintō-buddyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Синто-буддийский синкретизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синто-буддийский синкретизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinbutsu_sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu shūgō – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shinbutsu shūgō" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%87" title="ชินบุตสึชูโง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชินบุตสึชูโง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Einbutsu-%C5%9Fuug%C5%8D" title="Şinbutsu-şuugō – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şinbutsu-şuugō" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Синто-буддистський синкретизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синто-буддистський синкретизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%B6%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="شنتو اور بدھ مت کا امتزاج ضدین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شنتو اور بدھ مت کا امتزاج ضدین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%BD%9B%E7%BF%92%E5%90%88" title="神佛習合 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="神佛習合" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#b0000f;"><span style="color:white">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shinto" title="Category:Shinto"> <span style="color:White;">a series</span></a> on</span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#b0000f;;font-size:150%; color:#b0000f"><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto"><span style="color:White;">Shinto</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shinto"><img alt="Shinto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg/90px-Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg/135px-Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg/180px-Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Animatism" title="Animatism">Animatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities" title="List of Japanese deities">List of deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sacred_objects_in_Japanese_mythology" title="List of sacred objects in Japanese mythology">Sacred objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">Sects and schools</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities#Major_kami" title="List of Japanese deities">Major kami</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ame-no-Uzume" title="Ame-no-Uzume">Ame-no-Uzume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_%C5%8Ckami" title="Inari Ōkami">Inari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izanagi" title="Izanagi">Izanagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izanami" title="Izanami">Izanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanoo-no-Mikoto" title="Susanoo-no-Mikoto">Susanoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto" title="Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto">Tsukuyomi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_texts" title="Shinto texts">Important literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 711 CE</span>)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i> (720 CE)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Fudoki" title="Fudoki">Fudoki</a></i> (713–723 CE)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Shoku_Nihongi" title="Shoku Nihongi">Shoku Nihongi</a></i> (797 CE)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Kogo_Sh%C5%ABi" title="Kogo Shūi">Kogo Shūi</a></i> (807 CE)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Kujiki" title="Kujiki">Kujiki</a></i> (807–936 CE)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Engishiki" title="Engishiki">Engishiki</a></i> (927 CE)</div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrines</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Shinto_Shrines" title="Association of Shinto Shrines">Association of Shinto Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichinomiya" title="Ichinomiya">Ichinomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shinto_shrines" title="List of Shinto shrines">List of Shinto shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_system_of_ranked_Shinto_shrines" title="Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines">Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_architecture" title="Shinto architecture">Shinto architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Two_Shrines" title="Twenty-Two Shrines">Twenty-Two Shrines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannushi" title="Kannushi">Kannushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">Miko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_music" title="Shinto music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagura" title="Kagura">Ritual dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norito" title="Norito">Ritual incantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogi" title="Misogi">Ritual purification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Shinto" title="Category:Shinto">See also</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Shinto" title="Glossary of Shinto">Glossary of Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shinto" title="History of Shinto">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko-Shint%C5%8D" title="Ko-Shintō">Ko-Shintō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_from_Japan" title="List of legendary creatures from Japan">Mythical creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Shrine_Theory" title="Secular Shrine Theory">Secular Shrine Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Special:EditPage/Shinbutsu-shūgō">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D%22">"Shinbutsu-shūgō"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inari-Jogyo-ji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Inari-Jogyo-ji.jpg/220px-Inari-Jogyo-ji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Inari-Jogyo-ji.jpg/330px-Inari-Jogyo-ji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Inari-Jogyo-ji.jpg/440px-Inari-Jogyo-ji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2378" data-file-height="3684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kitsune" title="Kitsune">Foxes</a> sacred to Shinto kami <a href="/wiki/Inari_%C5%8Ckami" title="Inari Ōkami">Inari</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">torii</a></i>, a Buddhist <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tō">stone pagoda</a>, and Buddhist figures together at Jōgyō-ji, <a href="/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakura, Kanagawa">Kamakura</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Shinbutsu-shūgō</b></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神仏習合</span></span>, "syncretism of <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a> and buddhas"), also called <i><b>Shinbutsu-konkō</b></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神仏混淆</span></span>, "jumbling up" or "contamination of kami and buddhas"), is the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a> that was Japan's main organized religion up until the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji period</a>. Beginning in 1868, the new <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Meiji government</a> approved a series of laws that separated Japanese native <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a> worship, on one side, from Buddhism which had assimilated it, on the other. </p><p>When Buddhism was introduced from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> (6th century), the Japanese tried to reconcile the new beliefs with the older <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> beliefs, assuming both were true. As a consequence, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan" title="Buddhist temples in Japan">Buddhist temples</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">寺</span></span>, <i>tera</i>) were <a href="/wiki/Jing%C5%AB-ji" title="Jingū-ji">attached</a> to local <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrines</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神社</span></span>, <i>jinja</i>) and vice versa and devoted to both <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhist figures</a>. The local religion and foreign Buddhism never fused into a single, unified religion, but remained inextricably linked to the present day through interaction. The depth of the influence from Buddhism on local religious beliefs can be seen in much of Shinto's conceptual vocabulary and even the types of Shinto shrines seen today. The large worship halls and religious images are themselves of Buddhist origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamura21_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamura21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formal <a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">separation of Buddhism from Shinto</a> took place only as recently as the end of the 19th century; however, in many ways, the blending of the two still continues.<sup id="cite_ref-sueki2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sueki2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>shinbutsu shūgō</i> itself was coined during the early modern era (17th century) to refer to the amalgamation of kami and buddhas in general, as opposed to specific currents within Buddhism which did the same, e.g. Ryōbu Shintō and Sannō Shintō.<sup id="cite_ref-inoue_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inoue-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term may have a negative connotation of bastardization and randomness.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Yojijukugo" title="Yojijukugo">yojijukugo</a> phrase. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assimilation_of_Buddhism">Assimilation of Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Assimilation of Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_over_the_nature_of_Shinto">Debate over the nature of Shinto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Debate over the nature of Shinto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no agreement among specialists as to the exact extent of fusion between the two religions.<sup id="cite_ref-BT4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some scholars (such as Hirai Naofusa in Japan and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kitagawa" title="Joseph Kitagawa">Joseph Kitagawa</a> in the US), Shinto is the indigenous religion of Japan, has existed as such continuously since its prehistory, and consists of all the uniquely Japanese rituals and beliefs shaped by Japanese history from prehistory to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-BT4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Shinto" itself was coined in the 6th century to differentiate the previously disparate local religious practices from imported Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-KG139_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KG139-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opposing view of Japanese historian <a href="/wiki/Toshio_Kuroda_(Shinto_professor)" title="Toshio Kuroda (Shinto professor)">Toshio Kuroda</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his supporters is that Shinto as an independent religion was born only in the modern period after emerging in the Middle Ages as an offshoot of Buddhism,<sup id="cite_ref-BT4_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rambelli_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rambelli-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that Shinto as a distinct religion is a Meiji era invention of Japanese nationalist ideologues.<sup id="cite_ref-BT4_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kuroda points out how the state formalization of <i><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a></i> rituals and the state ranking of shrines during the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> were not the emergence of Shinto as an independent religion, but an effort to explain local beliefs in Buddhist terms.<sup id="cite_ref-BT4_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also says that, while it is true that the two characters for "Shinto" appear very early in the historical record (for example in the <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a>), this does not mean today's Shinto already existed as a religion because the same word was originally used for <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> or even for religion in general.<sup id="cite_ref-BT4_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, according to Kuroda, many features of Shinto (for example the worshiping of mirrors and swords or the very structure of the <a href="/wiki/Ise_Grand_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ise Grand Shrine">Ise Grand Shrine</a>, Shinto's holiest and most important site) are typical of Taoism.<sup id="cite_ref-BT4_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Shinto" in old texts, therefore, does not necessarily indicate something uniquely Japanese. </p><p>Still, according to this view, Shinto's rise as an autonomous religion was gradual and started to become evident with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Yoshida_Kanetomo" title="Yoshida Kanetomo">Yoshida Kanetomo</a>'s sect, <a href="/wiki/Yoshida_Shint%C5%8D" title="Yoshida Shintō">Yoshida Shintō</a>. The term Shinto started to be used with today's meaning of <i>kami</i> worship only later during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grundbegriffe:Shinto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grundbegriffe:Shinto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same era, <a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a> theorists like <a href="/wiki/Motoori_Norinaga" title="Motoori Norinaga">Motoori Norinaga</a> tried to separate it intellectually from Buddhism, preparing the ground for the final schism of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>. </p><p>According to the first view, then, the two religions were at the time of their first meeting already formed and independent and thereafter just coexisted with non-essential exchanges. According to the second, Buddhism, meeting local kami beliefs in Japan, actually produced today's Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-sueki2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sueki2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rambelli_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rambelli-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kur7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kur7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANHS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANHS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assimilation_process">Assimilation process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Assimilation process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan,_Kamakura_period_-_Shotoku_Taishi_and_His_Sons_-_1964.278_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Japan%2C_Kamakura_period_-_Shotoku_Taishi_and_His_Sons_-_1964.278_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Japan%2C_Kamakura_period_-_Shotoku_Taishi_and_His_Sons_-_1964.278_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="450" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Japan%2C_Kamakura_period_-_Shotoku_Taishi_and_His_Sons_-_1964.278_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Japan%2C_Kamakura_period_-_Shotoku_Taishi_and_His_Sons_-_1964.278_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Japan%2C_Kamakura_period_-_Shotoku_Taishi_and_His_Sons_-_1964.278_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Japan%2C_Kamakura_period_-_Shotoku_Taishi_and_His_Sons_-_1964.278_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2445" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a>, an early proponent of Buddhism and instrumental in the defeat of the Mononobe Clan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The fusion of Buddhism with the local kami worship started as soon as the first arrived in Japan. <a href="/wiki/Mononobe_clan" title="Mononobe clan">Mononobe</a> no Okoshi wrote, "The kami of our land will be offended if we worship a foreign kami."<sup id="cite_ref-Tamura_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamura-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mononobe saw <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> as just another kami.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamura_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamura-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign kami were called <i>banshin</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">蕃神</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"barbarian gods"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> or <i>busshin</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">仏神</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"Buddhist gods"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, and understood to be more or less like local ones.<sup id="cite_ref-coka_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coka-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, therefore, the conflict between the two religions was political, and not religious, in nature, a struggle between the progressive <a href="/wiki/Soga_clan" title="Soga clan">Soga clan</a>, that wanted a more international outlook for the country, and the conservative Mononobe clan, that wanted the contrary.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamura_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamura-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddhism was not passive in the assimilation process, but was itself ready to assimilate and be assimilated. By the time it entered Japan, it was already syncretic, having adapted to and amalgamated with other religions and cultures in India, China, and the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-coka_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coka-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, already while in India, it had absorbed Hindu divinities like <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> (<i>Bonten</i> in Japanese) and <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> (<i>Taishakuten</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-coka_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coka-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it arrived in Japan, it already had a disposition towards producing the combinatory gods that the Japanese would call syncretic deities<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">習合神</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shūgōshin</i></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-coka_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coka-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Searching for the origins of a kami in Buddhist scriptures was felt to be nothing out of the ordinary.<sup id="cite_ref-coka_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coka-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, if monks didn't doubt the existence of kami, they certainly saw them as inferior to their buddhas.<sup id="cite_ref-scheid_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheid-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindu gods had already been treated analogously: they had been thought of as unenlightened and prisoners of <i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-scheid_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheid-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhist claims of superiority encountered resistance, and monks tried to overcome them by deliberately integrating kami into their belief system.<sup id="cite_ref-scheid_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheid-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several strategies to do this were developed and deployed.<sup id="cite_ref-scheid_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheid-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of amalgamation is usually divided into three stages.<sup id="cite_ref-BT95_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT95-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first articulation of the difference between Japanese religious ideas and Buddhism, and the first effort to reconcile the two is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a> (574–622), and the first signs that the differences between the two world views were beginning to become manifest to the Japanese in general appear at the time of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tenmu" title="Emperor Tenmu">Emperor Tenmu</a> (673–86).<sup id="cite_ref-Tamura_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamura-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, one of the first efforts to reconcile Shinto and Buddhism was made in the 8th century during the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> founding so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Jing%C5%AB-ji" title="Jingū-ji">jingū-ji</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神宮寺</span></span>)</span>, that is <i>shrine-temples</i>, complexes comprising both a shrine and a temple.<sup id="cite_ref-BT95_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT95-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EoS_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Behind the inclusion in a <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrine</a> of Buddhist religious objects was the idea that the kami were <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">lost beings in need of liberation</a> through Buddhism like any other <a href="/wiki/Sentient_beings_(Buddhism)" title="Sentient beings (Buddhism)">sentient beings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoS_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kami were thought to be subject to <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">karma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">reincarnation</a> like human beings, and early Buddhist stories tell how the task of helping suffering kami was assumed by <a href="/wiki/Dhutanga" title="Dhutanga">wandering monks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scheid_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheid-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A local kami would appear in a dream to the monk, telling him about his suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-scheid_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheid-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To improve the kami's karma through <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_merit" title="Transfer of merit">rites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">recitation of sutras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monks</a> would build Buddhist temples next to kami shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-scheid_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheid-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such groupings had been created by the 7th century, for example at <a href="/wiki/Usa_Jing%C5%AB" title="Usa Jingū">Usa Jingū</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyūshū</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-scheid_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheid-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where <a href="/wiki/Hachiman" title="Hachiman">Hachiman</a> was worshiped together with <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>. The building of temples at shrines produced <a href="/wiki/Jing%C5%AB-ji" title="Jingū-ji">shrine-temple</a> complexes, which in turn accelerated the amalgamation process.<sup id="cite_ref-BT95_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT95-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the creation of shrine-temple complexes, many shrines that had until then been just an open-air site became Buddhist style groupings of buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-NHoS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHoS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the same century, in what is considered the second stage of the amalgamation, the kami Hachiman was declared a <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">dharmapala</a> and, later, a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BT95_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT95-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shrines for him started to be built at temples (the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Chinjusha" title="Chinjusha">temple-shrines</a>"), marking an important step ahead in the process of amalgamation of kami and Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-BT95_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT95-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the great buddha at <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a> was built, there was also erected within the temple grounds a shrine for Hachiman – according to the legend because of a wish expressed by the kami himself.<sup id="cite_ref-scheid_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheid-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hachiman considered this his reward for having helped the temple find the gold and copper mines from which the metal for the great statue had come.<sup id="cite_ref-scheid_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheid-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, temples in the entire country adopted tutelary <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a> (chinju<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鎮守/鎮主</span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-BT95_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT95-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honji_suijaku_theory"><i>Honji suijaku</i> theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Honji suijaku theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Honji_suijaku" title="Honji suijaku">Honji suijaku</a></div> <p>The third and final stage of the fusion took place in the 9th century with the development of the <i><a href="/wiki/Honji_suijaku" title="Honji suijaku">honji suijaku</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">本地垂迹</span></span>)</span> theory according to which Japanese kami are emanations of <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">buddhas</a>, <i>bodhisattvas</i> or <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">devas</a> who mingle with human beings to lead them to the Buddhist Way.<sup id="cite_ref-BT95_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT95-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory was the keystone of the whole <i>shinbutsu shūgō</i> edifice and therefore the foundation of Japanese religion for many centuries. Because of it, most kami changed from potentially dangerous spirits to be improved through contact with the Buddhist law to local emanations of buddhas and bodhisattvas which possess wisdom of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-BT95_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT95-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhas and kami were now indivisible twins.<sup id="cite_ref-EoS_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The status of kami however changed dramatically according to the sect. At one extreme one was <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period#Shinto" title="Muromachi period">Ryōbu Shintō</a> thinkers, who considered kami and buddhas equivalent in power and dignity.<sup id="cite_ref-scheid2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheid2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not all kami were emanations of some buddha. Some, often called <i>jitsu no kami</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">実神</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">true kami</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, usually dangerous and angry, had no Buddhist counterpart. Among them were the <i><a href="/wiki/Tengu" title="Tengu">tengu</a></i>, or animals possessing magic, as the <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">fox</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kitsune" title="Kitsune">kitsune</a></i>) or <a href="/wiki/Japanese_raccoon_dog#In_folklore_and_tradition" title="Japanese raccoon dog">Japanese raccoon dog</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">狸</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tanuki</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>. Even these unholy and inferior "true kami" however attracted the attention of Ryōbu Shinto thinkers, which resulted in theories which declared them to be manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scheid2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheid2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a>, the primary Pure Land sect in Japan, was somewhat different because it at first renounced kami-worship due to the notion that kami were inferior to the buddhas.<sup id="cite_ref-scheid2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheid2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the two other <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a> schools of <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ippen" title="Ippen">Ji-shu</a> still encouraged the worship of kami despite the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nembutsu</a> and trust in Amida Buddha should be the primary practices. Furthermore, under the influence of Rennyo and other leaders, Jōdo Shinshū would later accept the mainstream honji suijaku beliefs and the spiritual relationship between kami and the buddhas and bodhisattvas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shinbutsu_kakuri">Shinbutsu kakuri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shinbutsu kakuri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_kakuri" title="Shinbutsu kakuri">Shinbutsu kakuri</a></div> <p>The two religions however never fused completely and, while overlapping here and there, kept their particular identity within a difficult, largely un-systematized and tense relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-sueki7_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sueki7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This relationship existed, rather than between two systems, between particular kami and particular buddhas.<sup id="cite_ref-sueki7_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sueki7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two were always perceived as parallel but separate entities.<sup id="cite_ref-ramte_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramte-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides <i>shinbutsu shūgō</i> there was always the other side of the coin of continued separation.<sup id="cite_ref-sueki7_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sueki7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fact, the term <i>shinbutsu kakuri</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神仏隔離</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">isolation of "<a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a>" from <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></i></span>)</span> in Japanese Buddhist terminology refers to the tendency that existed in Japan to keep some kami separate from Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-ramte_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramte-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some kami were integrated into Buddhism, others (or at times, even the same kami in a different context) were kept systematically away from Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-ramte_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramte-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phenomenon had significant consequences for Japanese culture as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-ramte_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramte-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It must not be confused with <i><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">shinbutsu bunri</a></i> ("separation of kami and buddhas") or with <i><a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">haibutsu kishaku</a></i> ("abolish buddhas and destroy Shākyamuni"), which are phenomena recurrent in Japanese history and usually due to political causes. While the first assumes the acceptance of Buddhism, the second and third actually oppose it. </p><p>The practice had in any case important consequences, among them the prevention of the complete assimilation of kami practices into Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-ramte_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramte-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the prohibition of Buddhism at the Ise and <a href="/wiki/Kamo_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamo Shrine">Kamo Shrines</a> allowed them to freely develop their theories about the nature of kami.<sup id="cite_ref-ramte_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramte-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism_and_Shinto_after_the_Separation_Order">Buddhism and Shinto after the Separation Order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Buddhism and Shinto after the Separation Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">Shinbutsu bunri</a></div> <p>During the <i>Shinbutsu bunri</i>, the attempt to separate Shinto from Buddhism, temples, and shrines were forcefully separated by law with the "Kami and Buddhism Separation Order"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神仏判然令</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shinbutsu Hanzenrei</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> of 1868. </p><p>However, despite more than a century of formal separation of the two religions, temples or shrines that do not separate them are still common, as proven for example by the existence of some important Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Inari_shrine" title="Inari shrine">Inari shrines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Meiji period, in order to help the spread of Shinto, shrines with temples (<i><a href="/wiki/Jing%C5%AB-ji" title="Jingū-ji">jingū-ji</a></i>) were destroyed while temples with shrines (<i><a href="/wiki/Chinjusha" title="Chinjusha">chinjusha</a></i>) were tolerated. As a result, shrines with temples within them are now rare (an extant example is <a href="/wiki/Seiganto-ji" title="Seiganto-ji">Seiganto-ji</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), but shrines contained within temples are common, and most temples still have at least a small one.<sup id="cite_ref-BT7_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent religious institutions in both camps still give evidence of integration of the two religions. The great <a href="/wiki/Kench%C5%8D-ji" title="Kenchō-ji">Kenchō-ji</a> temple, number one of the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura">Kamakura</a>'s great <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> temples (the <a href="/wiki/Five_Mountain_System" title="Five Mountain System">Five Mountain System</a>) includes two shrines. One of the islands in the right-side pond of <a href="/wiki/Tsurugaoka_Hachimang%C5%AB" title="Tsurugaoka Hachimangū">Tsurugaoka Hachimangū</a> in Kamakura hosts a sub shrine dedicated to goddess <a href="/wiki/Benzaiten" title="Benzaiten">Benzaiten</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamiya18_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamiya18-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the sub-shrine was removed in 1868 at the time of the <i>Shinbutsu Bunri</i>, but rebuilt in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamiya18_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamiya18-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shinto and Buddhism still have a symbiotic relationship of interdependence, particularly concerning funeral rites (entrusted to Buddhism) and <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Japan" title="Marriage in Japan">weddings</a> (usually left to Shinto or sometimes Christianity). The separation of the two religions is therefore considered only superficial, and <i>shinbutsu shūgō</i> is still an accepted practice. </p><p>Still, the separation of the two religions is felt to be real by the public. Scholar Karen Smyers comments, "The surprise of many of my informants regarding the existence of Buddhist Inari temples shows the success of the government's attempt to create separate conceptual categories regarding sites and certain identities, although practice remains multiple and nonexclusive".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_Shinto" title="Confucian Shinto">Confucian Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">Haibutsu kishaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">Shinbutsu bunri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_kakuri" title="Shinbutsu kakuri">Shinbutsu kakuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_teachings" title="Three teachings">Three teachings</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tamura21-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tamura21_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamura, page 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sueki2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sueki2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sueki2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sueki (2007:2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inoue-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inoue_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inoue (2004:67-68)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teeuwen & Rambelli (2002:49)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BT4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BT4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT4_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT4_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT4_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT4_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT4_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Breen and Teeuwen in <i>Breen and Teeuwen</i> (2000:4-5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KG139-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KG139_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kitagawa (1987:139)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKuroda1981" class="citation cs2">Kuroda, Toshio (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univie.ac.at/rel_jap/k/images/0/03/Kuroda_1981.pdf">"Shinto in the History of Japanese Religion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of Japanese Studies</i>, vol. 7, translated by Dobbins, James C.; et al.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shinto+in+the+History+of+Japanese+Religion&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Kuroda&rft.aufirst=Toshio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univie.ac.at%2Frel_jap%2Fk%2Fimages%2F0%2F03%2FKuroda_1981.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rambelli-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rambelli_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rambelli_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rambelli (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grundbegriffe:Shinto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grundbegriffe:Shinto_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheid,_Bernhard" class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shint%C5%8D%2C+Versuch+einer+Begriffsbestimmung&rft.au=Scheid%2C+Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligion-in-japan.univie.ac.at%2FHandbuch%2FGrundbegriffe%2FShinto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kur7-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kur7_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuroda (1981:7)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANHS-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANHS_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Breen2010" class="citation book cs1">John Breen, Mark Teeuwen (2010). <i>A new History of Shinto</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5516-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5516-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-5516-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+History+of+Shinto&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5516-8&rft.aulast=John+Breen&rft.aufirst=Mark+Teeuwen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tamura-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tamura_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamura_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamura_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamura_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamura, pages 26 to 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coka-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coka_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coka_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coka_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coka_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coka_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of Shinto, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/?id=9715">Combinatory Kami</a>, accessed on October 13, 2008. Quotation: "Buddhism was already product of a complex process of adaptation and amalgamation with other belief systems in India, China, and the Korean peninsula."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scheid-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scheid_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scheid_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scheid_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scheid_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scheid_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scheid_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scheid_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scheid_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scheid_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scheid_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheid" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheid, Bernhard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religion-in-japan.univie.ac.at/Handbuch/Geschichte/Honji_suijaku">"Honji suijaku: Die Angleichung von Buddhas und kami"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honji+suijaku%3A+Die+Angleichung+von+Buddhas+und+kami&rft.aulast=Scheid&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligion-in-japan.univie.ac.at%2FHandbuch%2FGeschichte%2FHonji_suijaku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BT95-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BT95_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT95_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT95_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT95_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT95_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT95_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT95_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT95_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Teeuwen in <i>Breen and Teeuwen</i> (2000:95-96)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoS-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoS_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoS_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoS_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Satō Makoto</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHoS-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NHoS_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen,_Teeuwen2010" class="citation book cs1">Breen, Teeuwen (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newhistoryshinto00bree_703"><i>A New History of Shinto</i></a></span>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newhistoryshinto00bree_703/page/n52">39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5516-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5516-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-5516-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Shinto&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5516-8&rft.au=Breen%2C+Teeuwen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewhistoryshinto00bree_703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scheid2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scheid2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scheid2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scheid2_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheid" class="citation web cs1">Scheid, Bernhard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religion-in-japan.univie.ac.at/Handbuch/Geschichte/Shinto_Mittelalter">"Shinto im Mittelalter"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shinto+im+Mittelalter&rft.aulast=Scheid&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligion-in-japan.univie.ac.at%2FHandbuch%2FGeschichte%2FShinto_Mittelalter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Doo Lee (2007), <i>The Prince and the Monk: Shotoku Worship in Shinran's Buddhism</i>; James C. Dobbins (1989), <i>Jodo Shinshu: Shin Buddhism in Medieval Japan</i>, pp. 142-143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sueki7-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sueki7_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sueki7_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sueki7_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sueki (2007:7-8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ramte-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ramte_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramte_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramte_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramte_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramte_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramte_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rambelli and Teeuwen (2002:21-22)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toyokawa-map.net/eng/inari.html">Toyokawa Inari</a> accessed on June 6, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=1126">"Jungūji"</a>. Encyclopedia of Shinto<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jung%C5%ABji&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+Shinto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feos.kokugakuin.ac.jp%2Fmodules%2Fxwords%2Fentry.php%3FentryID%3D1126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BT7-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BT7_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breen and Teeuwen in <i>Breen and Teeuwen</i> (2000:7)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamiya18-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamiya18_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamiya18_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamiya (2008: 18 - 19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smyers, pag. 219</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Breen_(scholar)" title="John Breen (scholar)">Breen, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Teeuwen" title="Mark Teeuwen">Teeuwen, Mark</a>, eds. (July 2000). <i>Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2363-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2363-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-2363-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shinto+in+History%3A+Ways+of+the+Kami&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2363-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbins1989" class="citation book cs1">Dobbins, James C. (1989). <i>Jodo Shinshu: Shin Buddhism in Medieval Japan</i> (First ed.). Bloomington, Illinois: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253331861" title="Special:BookSources/9780253331861"><bdi>9780253331861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jodo+Shinshu%3A+Shin+Buddhism+in+Medieval+Japan.&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Illinois&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780253331861&rft.aulast=Dobbins&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavens2006" class="citation book cs1">Havens, Norman (2006). "Shinto". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nanzanguidetojap0000unse"><i>Nanzan Guide to Japanese Religions</i></a></span> (First ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3002-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3002-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-3002-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shinto&rft.btitle=Nanzan+Guide+to+Japanese+Religions&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3002-1&rft.aulast=Havens&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnanzanguidetojap0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInoue_Nobutaka2004" class="citation book cs1">Inoue Nobutaka, ed. (August 10, 2004). <i>Shinto: A Short History</i>. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31913-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31913-3"><bdi>978-0-415-31913-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shinto%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=240&rft.date=2004-08-10&rft.isbn=978-0-415-31913-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamiya2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kamiya, Michinori (August 2000). <i>Fukaku Aruku - Kamakura Shiseki Sansaku Vol. 1</i> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakura, Kanagawa">Kamakura</a>: Kamakura Shunshūsha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7740-0340-9" title="Special:BookSources/4-7740-0340-9"><bdi>4-7740-0340-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fukaku+Aruku+-+Kamakura+Shiseki+Sansaku+Vol.+1&rft.place=Kamakura&rft.pub=Kamakura+Shunsh%C5%ABsha&rft.date=2000-08&rft.isbn=4-7740-0340-9&rft.aulast=Kamiya&rft.aufirst=Michinori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitagawa1987" class="citation book cs1">Kitagawa, Joseph (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onunderstandingj0000kita"><i>On Understanding Japanese Religion</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10229-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10229-0"><bdi>978-0-691-10229-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Understanding+Japanese+Religion&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10229-0&rft.aulast=Kitagawa&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonunderstandingj0000kita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2007" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Kenneth Doo (2007). <i>The Prince and the Monk: Shotoku Worship in Shinran's Buddhism</i>. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791470220" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791470220"><bdi>978-0791470220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince+and+the+Monk%3A+Shotoku+Worship+in+Shinran%27s+Buddhism&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0791470220&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Doo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuroda,_ToshioJames_DobbinsSuzanne_Gray1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toshio_Kuroda_(Shinto_professor)" title="Toshio Kuroda (Shinto professor)">Kuroda, Toshio</a>; James Dobbins; Suzanne Gray (1981). "Shinto in the History of Japanese Religion". <i>Journal of Japanese Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (1) (Journal of Japanese Studies ed.). Society for Japanese Studies: 1–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F132163">10.2307/132163</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/132163">132163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Shinto+in+the+History+of+Japanese+Religion&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F132163&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F132163%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Kuroda%2C+Toshio&rft.au=James+Dobbins&rft.au=Suzanne+Gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishiyama" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nishiyama, Shigeru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=1260">"Research on Shinto - 2. History (Middle Ages) Research"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Shinto</i>. Kokugakuin University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Research+on+Shinto+-+2.+History+%28Middle+Ages%29+Research&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Shinto&rft.pub=Kokugakuin+University&rft.aulast=Nishiyama&rft.aufirst=Shigeru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feos.kokugakuin.ac.jp%2Fmodules%2Fxwords%2Fentry.php%3FentryID%3D1260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatō2006" class="citation web cs1">Satō, Makoto (2006-12-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=826">"Shinto and Buddhism — Development of Shinbutsu Shūgō (Combinatory Religion of Kami and buddhas)—"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shinto+and+Buddhism+%E2%80%94+Development+of+Shinbutsu+Sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D+%28Combinatory+Religion+of+Kami+and+buddhas%29%E2%80%94&rft.date=2006-12-09&rft.aulast=Sat%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=Makoto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feos.kokugakuin.ac.jp%2Fmodules%2Fxwords%2Fentry.php%3FentryID%3D826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheid" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Scheid" title="Bernhard Scheid">Scheid, Bernhard</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religion-in-japan.univie.ac.at/Handbuch">"Religion-in-Japan"</a>. <i>Religion-in-Japan, ein digitales Handbuch</i> (in German). Austrian Academy od Sciences, since 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion-in-Japan%2C+ein+digitales+Handbuch&rft.atitle=Religion-in-Japan&rft.aulast=Scheid&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligion-in-japan.univie.ac.at%2FHandbuch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSueki,_Fumihiko2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Fumihiko_Sueki" title="Fumihiko Sueki">Sueki, Fumihiko</a> (2007). <i>Chūsei no kami to hotoke</i> (in Japanese). Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppansha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-634-54320-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-634-54320-1"><bdi>978-4-634-54320-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ch%C5%ABsei+no+kami+to+hotoke&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Yamakawa+Shuppansha&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-4-634-54320-1&rft.au=Sueki%2C+Fumihiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamura2000" class="citation book cs1">Tamura, Yoshiro (2000). "The Birth of the Japanese nation". <i>Japanese Buddhism - A Cultural History</i> (First ed.). Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Company. p. 232 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-333-01684-3" title="Special:BookSources/4-333-01684-3"><bdi>4-333-01684-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+the+Japanese+nation&rft.btitle=Japanese+Buddhism+-+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=232+pages&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Kosei+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=4-333-01684-3&rft.aulast=Tamura&rft.aufirst=Yoshiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyers,_Karen_Ann1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Ann_Smyers" title="Karen Ann Smyers">Smyers, Karen Ann</a> (1999). <i>The Fox and the Jewel: Shared and Private Meanings in Contemporary Japanese Inari Worship</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2102-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2102-5"><bdi>0-8248-2102-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231775156">231775156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fox+and+the+Jewel%3A+Shared+and+Private+Meanings+in+Contemporary+Japanese+Inari+Worship&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231775156&rft.isbn=0-8248-2102-5&rft.au=Smyers%2C+Karen+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fb20010715a2.html">Dismantling stereotypes surrounding Japan's sacred entities</a> by Fabio Rambelli, Japan Times, July 15, 2001, excerpted from Monumenta Nipponica, 56:2</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeeuwenRambelli2002" class="citation book cs1">Teeuwen, Mark; <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Rambelli" title="Fabio Rambelli">Rambelli, Fabio</a>, eds. (Dec 27, 2002). <i>Buddhas and Kami in Japan: Honji Suijaku as a Combinatory Paradigm</i>. 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