CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Raymond Aron - Wikiquote</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikiquotemwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"58918f63-8b13-4766-90f6-b599a62745c4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Raymond_Aron","wgTitle":"Raymond Aron","wgCurRevisionId":3597339,"wgRevisionId":3597339,"wgArticleId":188438,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Academics from France","Philosophers from France","Sociologists from France","Political scientists","Journalists from France","Aphorists","Columnists","Cultural critics","Social critics","Anti-fascists","Humanists","Jews from France","People from Paris","1905 births","1983 deaths"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Raymond_Aron","wgRelevantArticleId":188438,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikiquote","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":6000,"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q160640","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.3"};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready" ,"user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Raymond_Aron_%281966%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="808"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Raymond_Aron_%281966%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="539"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="431"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Raymond Aron - Wikiquote"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikiquote.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&action=edit"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikiquote.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikiquote (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikiquote.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikiquote Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Raymond_Aron rootpage-Raymond_Aron skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiquote:Community_Portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-Village-pump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiquote:Village_pump"><span>Village pump</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random page [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random page</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="The place to find out"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-Contact-Wikiquote" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiquote:Contact_us"><span>Contact Wikiquote</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikiquote_links" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikiquote_links" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikiquote links </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-People" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_by_name"><span>People</span></a></li><li id="n-Literary-works" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_works"><span>Literary works</span></a></li><li id="n-Proverbs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Category:Proverbs"><span>Proverbs</span></a></li><li id="n-Films" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films"><span>Films</span></a></li><li id="n-TV-shows" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_shows"><span>TV shows</span></a></li><li id="n-Themes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Category:Themes"><span>Themes</span></a></li><li id="n-Categories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Category:Categories"><span>Categories</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikiquote.svg" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikiquote" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikiquote-wordmark-fr.svg" style="width: 4.8125em; height: 2.5em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikiquote [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikiquote" aria-label="Search Wikiquote" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikiquote [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikiquote.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Raymond+Aron" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Raymond+Aron" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikiquote.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Raymond+Aron" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Raymond+Aron" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Ehide\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"position:absolute; z-index:100; right:100px; top:-0px;\" class=\"metadata\" id=\"donate\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align:right; font-size:80%\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003EYour \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fundraising\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikimedia:Fundraising\"\u003Econtinued donations\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E keep Wikiquote running!\u003C/i\u003E\n\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Quotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Quotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotes_about_Aron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotes_about_Aron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Quotes about Aron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotes_about_Aron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Raymond Aron</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikiquote.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Raymond Aron" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikiquote.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Raymond Aron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="رمون آرون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رمون آرون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Raymond Aron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Raymond Aron" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Raymond Aron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raymond Aron" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikiquote.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Raymond Aron" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160640#sitelinks-wikiquote" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Raymond_Aron&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion about the content page (page does not exist) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Raymond_Aron" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Raymond_Aron" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&oldid=3597339" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Raymond_Aron&id=3597339&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikiquote.org%2Fwiki%2FRaymond_Aron"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikiquote.org%2Fwiki%2FRaymond_Aron"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Raymond+Aron"><span>Create a book</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Raymond_Aron&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Raymond_Aron" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikipedia mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron" hreflang="en"><span>Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160640" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikiquote</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raymond_Aron_(1966)_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Raymond_Aron_%281966%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg/220px-Raymond_Aron_%281966%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Raymond_Aron_%281966%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>Raymond Aron (1966)</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron" class="extiw" title="w:Raymond Aron">Raymond-Claude-Ferdinand Aron</a></b> (14 March 1905 – 17 October 1983) was a French philosopher, sociologist, journalist, and political scientist. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The optimism of the Left was created and maintained by a strong feeling: admiration for the power of reason, certainty that the application of science to industry would revolutionise the order of human society and the condition of its individual members. The ancestral aspiration towards human brotherhood was united with faith in practical science in order to inspire either nationalism or socialism or both. <ul><li><i>The Opium of Intellectuals</i> (1955), Conclusion: The End of the Ideological Age?</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The man who no longer expects miraculous changes either from a revolution or from an economic plan is not obliged to resign himself to the unjustifiable. It is because he likes individual human beings, participates in communities, and respects the truth, that he refuses to surrender his soul to an abstract ideal of humanity, a tyrannical party, and an absurd scholasticism. . . . If tolerance is born of doubt, let us teach everyone to doubt all the models and utopias, to challenge all the prophets of redemption and the heralds of catastrophe. If they can abolish fanaticism, let us pray for the advent of the sceptics. <ul><li><i>The Opium of Intellectuals</i> (1955)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The intellectual ... must try never to forget the arguments of the adversary, or the uncertainty of the future, or the faults of one’s own side, or the underlying fraternity of ordinary men everywhere. <ul><li><i>The Opium of Intellectuals</i> (1955)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes_about_Aron">Quotes about Aron</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Quotes about Aron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In short, Raymond Aron was a perfect <i>bourgeois</i>. I use the term invented by liberal democracy's critics and enemies to describe the kind of man typical of it. He was reasonable, immune to the great romantic longings in the light of which the present is denigrated and sensible calculation about the future is made to appear small-minded. Such a man is a reflective rather than a passionate patriot, a good husband and father whose attachment to the smaller community attaches him more securely to the larger one, and, above all, he believes in the liberating power of education. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Allan Bloom</a>, "Raymond Aron: last of the liberals", <i>The New Criterion</i> (September 1985)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>What strikes me as particularly undeniable is that the absence of the feeling of belonging to a class is characteristic of children of the bourgeoisie. People in a dominant class position do not notice that they are positioned, situated, within a specific world (just as someone who is white isn’t necessarily aware of being so, or someone heterosexual). Read in this light, Aron’s remark can be seen for what it is, the naive confession offered by a person of privilege who imagines he is writing sociology when all he is doing is describing his own social status. I only met him once in my life, and immediately felt a strong aversion towards him. The very moment I set eyes on him, I loathed his ingratiating smile, his soothing voice, his way of demonstrating how reasonable and rational he was, everything about him that displayed his bourgeois ethos of decorum and propriety, of ideological moderation. (In reality, his writings are filled with a violence that those at whom it is directed would not be able to avoid feeling were they ever to come across it. It suffices to read—but there are other choices too—the pages he wrote about the working-class strikes in the 1950s. People have praised his lucidity because he was anticommunist while others still blindly supported the Soviet Union. But this is wrong! He was anticommunist because of his hatred of the working class, and he set himself up as the political and ideological defender of the bourgeois establishment, defending against anything having to do with the aspirations or the political activities of the working class. Basically, his pen was for hire: he was a soldier in the service of those in power helping them to maintain their power. Sartre was right a thousand times over to insult him in May 1968. Aron had more than earned it. Let us salute the greatness of Sartre for daring to break with the conventions of polite academic “discussion”—which always works in favor of “orthodoxy,” and its reliance on “common sense” and what seems “self-evident” in its opposition to heterodoxy and to critical thought. Sartre did this at a moment when it had become important to “insult those who are the real insulters,” to recall a helpful reminder Genet offers us, a happy turn of phrase we should always be ready to take up as our motto.) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didier_Eridon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didier Eridon (page does not exist)">Didier Eridon</a>, <i>Returning to Reims</i> (2009) (Translated by Michael Lucey)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Like the Owl of Minerva, Aron brought wisdom to the French intellectual community in its twilight years; but the belated appreciation of his work and his long isolation have obscured the heroic scale of his contribution to French public life. Aron was no moralist. But his whole career constituted a bet on Reason against History, and to the extent that he has won he will in time be recognized as the greatest intellectual dissenter of his age and the man who laid the foundations for a fresh departure in French public debate. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a>, <i>The Burden of Responsibility: Blum, Camus, Aron, and the French Twentieth Century</i> (1998), "The Peripheral Insider: Raymond Aron and The Wages of Reason"</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4" align="center" colspan="3"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_and_political_philosophers" class="extiw" title="w:List of social and political philosophers">Social and political philosophers</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" class="extiw" title="w:Ancient philosophy">Classic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> • <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> • <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> • <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Xun_Zi" title="Xun Zi">Xun Zi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservative</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">de Benoist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> • <a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a> • <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a> • <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a> • <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Jouvenel" title="Bertrand de Jouvenel">de Jouvenel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">de Maistre</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a> • <a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Weaver" title="Richard Weaver">Weaver</a> • <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Erasmus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_James_Sumner_Maine" title="Henry James Sumner Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a> • <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a> • <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a> • <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anne_Louise_Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Anne Louise Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a> • <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> • <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religious</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamid_al-Ghazali" title="Abu Hamid al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a> • <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a> • <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dayanand_Saraswati" title="Dayanand Saraswati">Dayananda</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Dostoyevsky</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_of_Salisbury" title="John of Salisbury">John of Salisbury</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a> • <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a> • <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a> • <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Pizan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Teilhard de Chardin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a> • <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno">Adorno</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Aflaq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a> • <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a> • <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a> • <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a> • <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">London</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a> • <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a> • <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has an article about: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <p><br /> </p> <table id="authorityControl" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0.5em 0 0 0; padding:0; background:none; border-collapse:collapsed; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="catlinks" style="margin:0; padding:0 2px; font-size:90%; text-align:center;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority_control" class="extiw" title="w:Authority control">Authority control</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&q=Raymond+Aron">WorldCat search</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&oldid=3597339">https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&oldid=3597339</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academics_from_France" title="Category:Academics from France">Academics from France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_from_France" title="Category:Philosophers from France">Philosophers from France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociologists_from_France" title="Category:Sociologists from France">Sociologists from France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_scientists" title="Category:Political scientists">Political scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalists_from_France" title="Category:Journalists from France">Journalists from France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aphorists" title="Category:Aphorists">Aphorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Columnists" title="Category:Columnists">Columnists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_critics" title="Category:Cultural critics">Cultural critics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_critics" title="Category:Social critics">Social critics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-fascists" title="Category:Anti-fascists">Anti-fascists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Humanists" title="Category:Humanists">Humanists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_from_France" title="Category:Jews from France">Jews from France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Paris" title="Category:People from Paris">People from Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1905_births" title="Category:1905 births">1905 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1983_deaths" title="Category:1983 deaths">1983 deaths</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 October 2024, at 08:19.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy.</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikiquote:About">About Wikiquote</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikiquote:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiquote.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-9lqs2","wgBackendResponseTime":145,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.053","walltime":"0.151","ppvisitednodes":{"value":122,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":8345,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":98,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 8.281 1 -total"," 43.82% 3.629 1 Template:Authority_control"," 32.17% 2.664 1 Template:Wikipedia"," 22.11% 1.831 1 Template:Social_and_political_philosophers"," 17.38% 1.439 1 Template:Sisterproject"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-b87644b56-qngn4","timestamp":"20241128053443","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Raymond Aron","url":"https:\/\/en.wikiquote.org\/wiki\/Raymond_Aron","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q160640","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q160640","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2016-07-12T00:42:34Z","dateModified":"2024-10-14T08:19:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b4\/Raymond_Aron_%281966%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg","headline":"French philosopher, sociologist, journalist, and political scientist (1905\u20131983)"}</script> </body> </html>