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id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zancleum" title="Zancleum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zancleum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A" title="الزانكلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الزانكلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zancleanu" title="Zancleanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Zancleanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zancle-k%C3%AE" title="Zancle-kî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Zancle-kî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zancli%C3%A0" title="Zanclià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zanclià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zancleum" title="Zancleum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zancleum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Ζάγκλεια βαθμίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζάγκλεια βαθμίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zancliense" title="Zancliense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zancliense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zankleano" title="Zankleano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zankleano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zancliar" title="Zancliar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zancliar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زانکلین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زانکلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zancl%C3%A9en" title="Zancléen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zancléen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zankleum" title="Zankleum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zankleum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zancleano" title="Zancleano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zancleano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanclien" title="Zanclien – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zanclien" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3" title="ザンクリアン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ザンクリアン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zancleum" title="Zancleum – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zancleum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zancleum" title="Zancleum – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Zancleum" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zankl" title="Zankl – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zankl" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zancliano" title="Zancliano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zancliano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Занклский ярус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Занклский ярус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zankl" title="Zankl – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zankl" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanklij" title="Zanklij – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zanklij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zancle" title="Zancle – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zancle" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ช่วงอายุซานเคลียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ช่วงอายุซานเคลียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Занклійський ярус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Занклійський ярус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A7ng_Zancle" title="Tầng Zancle – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tầng Zancle" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%9E%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%9F" title="赞克尔期 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赞克尔期" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q146094#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zanclean" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zanclean&params=37.3917_N_13.2806_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°23′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°16′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.3917°N 13.2806°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.3917; 13.2806</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Earliest age on the geologic time scale of the Pliocene era</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(255,255,179);">Zanclean</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">5.333 – 3.600 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:218.19498461538px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:none;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;min-width:23.65em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:32em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.57em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−24 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.79em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−22 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.40em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.01em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−20 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.62em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.23em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−18 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.83em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.44em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−16 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.05em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.66em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−14 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−12 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.49em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.10em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−10 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.71em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.32em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−8 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.93em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−6 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.14em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.75em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.36em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.97em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:7.5em;height:32em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000000"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(242,249,29);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:32.000em;left:0.000em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:16px;display:block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">C<br />e<br />n<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,154,82);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:1.778em;left:0.900em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene"><span style="line-height:9px;display:block;">P<br />g</span></a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,230,25);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.789em;height:28.334em;left:0.900em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-14.167em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:16px;display:block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N<br />e<br />o<br />g<br />e<br />n<br />e</a></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(249,249,127);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.789em;left:0.900em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.894em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Q</a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,192,122);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:1.778em;left:1.800em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene"><span style="line-height:11px;display:block;">O<br />C</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,0);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.607em;height:24.615em;left:1.800em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-12.308em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:14px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">M<br />i<br />o<br />c<br />e<br />n<br />e</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,153);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.789em;height:3.818em;left:1.800em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.909em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:8px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">P<br />l<br />i<br />o.</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,239,175);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.778em;left:1.800em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene"><span style="line-height:11px;display:block;">P<br />C</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,230,170);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:1.778em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Chattian" title="Chattian"><span style="font-size:90%">Chattian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,51);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:26.620em;height:3.503em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.751em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_(stage)" title="Aquitanian (stage)">Aquitanian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,65);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:20.402em;height:6.218em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.109em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Burdigalian" title="Burdigalian">Burdigalian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,77);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:17.412em;height:2.891em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.445em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Langhian" title="Langhian">Langhian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,89);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:14.352em;height:3.060em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.530em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Serravallian" title="Serravallian">Serravallian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,102);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:8.268em;height:5.984em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.992em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Tortonian" title="Tortonian">Tortonian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,115);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.607em;height:2.661em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.330em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Messinian" title="Messinian">Messinian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,179);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:3.196em;height:2.411em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.205em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zanclean</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,191);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:1.319em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.659em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Piacenzian" title="Piacenzian">Piacenzian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,237,179);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.778em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Gelasian" title="Gelasian"><span style="font-size:90%">Gelasian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.600em;height:0.072em;left:1.725em;width:5.775em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.036em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:0.070em;left:0.900em;width:6.600em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.035em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:0.070em;left:0.900em;width:6.600em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.035em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:32.000em;left:7.425em;width:0.075em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.25em;height:32em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:6.479em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis" title="Messinian salinity crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Krijgsman1996_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krijgsman1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:7.926em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;">North American <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> expands<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack1997_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;float:left;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:20.5em"><b>Subdivision of the Neogene according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>, as of 2021.</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Vertical axis: millions of years ago.<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Formerly part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> <a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">Period</a>/<a href="/wiki/System_(stratigraphy)" title="System (stratigraphy)">System</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Name formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Regional usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global (<a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time scale(s) used</th><td class="infobox-data">ICS Time Scale</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">Stage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time span formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">Base of the Thvera magnetic event (C3n.4n), which is only 96 ka (5 precession cycles) younger than the GSSP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">Heraclea Minoa section, <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattolica_Eraclea" title="Cattolica Eraclea">Cattolica Eraclea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zanclean&params=37.3917_N_13.2806_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°23′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°16′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.3917°N 13.2806°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.3917; 13.2806</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">2000<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Couvering_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Couvering-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">Base of Gauss/Gilbert (C2An/C2Ar) magnetic reversal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">Punta Piccola Section, <a href="/wiki/Porto_Empedocle" title="Porto Empedocle">Porto Empedocle</a>, Sicily, Italy<br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zanclean&params=37.2889_N_13.4933_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°17′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°29′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2889°N 13.4933°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2889; 13.4933</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1997<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etapa4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Etapa4.jpg/300px-Etapa4.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Etapa4.jpg/450px-Etapa4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Etapa4.jpg/600px-Etapa4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3242" data-file-height="2181" /></a><figcaption>Artistic interpretation of the flooding 5.3 mya of the Mediterranean through the Gibraltar Strait (A) and the Sicilian strait (F)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Zanclean</b> is the lowest <a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">stage</a> or earliest <a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geologic time scale</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>. It spans the time between 5.332 ± 0.005 <a href="/wiki/Annum" class="mw-redirect" title="Annum">Ma</a> (million years ago) and 3.6 ± 0.005 Ma. It is preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Messinian" title="Messinian">Messinian</a> Age of the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">Epoch</a>, and followed by the <a href="/wiki/Piacenzian" title="Piacenzian">Piacenzian</a> Age. </p><p>The Zanclean can be correlated with regionally used stages, such as the Opoitian of New Zealand,<sup id="cite_ref-Gradstein_et-al_2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gradstein_et-al_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Tabianian or Dacian of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. It also corresponds to the late <a href="/wiki/Hemphillian" title="Hemphillian">Hemphillian</a> to mid-<a href="/wiki/Blancan" title="Blancan">Blancan</a> <a href="/wiki/North_American_Land_Mammal_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Land Mammal Ages">North American Land Mammal Ages</a>. In <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, the Zanclean roughly corresponds to the middle part of the Delmontian stage.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanclean&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Zanclean Stage was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Seguenza" title="Giuseppe Seguenza">Giuseppe Seguenza</a> in 1868. It is named after <i><a href="/wiki/Zanclus" title="Zanclus">Zancle</a></i>, the pre-<a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman</a> name for the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. </p><p>The base of the Zanclean (and the Pliocene Series) lies with the top of magnetic chronozone Cr3 (about 100,000 years before the Thvera normal subchronozone C3n.4n). The base is also close to the <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> level of the calcareous <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">nanoplankton</a> species <i>Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus</i> (the base of <a href="/wiki/Biozone" title="Biozone">biozone</a> CN10b) and the first appearance of nanoplankton <i>Ceratolithus acutus</i>. The <a href="/wiki/GSSP" class="mw-redirect" title="GSSP">GSSP</a> for the Zanclean is in the vicinity of the ruins of the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Couvering_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Couvering-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The top of the Zanclean Stage (the base of the Piacenzian Stage) is at the base of magnetic chronozone C2An (the base of the Gauss chronozone and at the <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">planktonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Foram" class="mw-redirect" title="Foram">forams</a> <i>Globorotalia margaritae</i> and <i>Pulleniatina primalis</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_of_the_Zanclean">Events of the Zanclean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanclean&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Events of the Zanclean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Zanclean_flood" title="Zanclean flood">Zanclean flood</a> marked the beginning of the age and the end of the Messinian, as water poured in from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(prehistoric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deluge (prehistoric)">deluge</a> the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> and end the <a href="/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis" title="Messinian salinity crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</a>, a period about 5.96 Ma ago in the Messinian Age of the Miocene Epoch when the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> had evaporated partly or completely.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Deposits in the <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a> were deposited when high tropical water started to return in the late Zanclean.<sup id="cite_ref-book_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanclean&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanclean&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Krijgsman1996-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krijgsman1996_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKrijgsman,_W.Garcés,_M.Langereis,_C._G.Daams,_R.1996" class="citation journal cs1">Krijgsman, W.; Garcés, M.; Langereis, C. G.; Daams, R.; Van Dam, J.; Van Der Meulen, A. J.; Agustí, J.; Cabrera, L. (1996). "A new chronology for the middle to late Miocene continental record in Spain". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>142</b> (3–4): 367–380. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996E&PSL.142..367K">1996E&PSL.142..367K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-821X%2896%2900109-4">10.1016/0012-821X(96)00109-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=A+new+chronology+for+the+middle+to+late+Miocene+continental+record+in+Spain&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=367-380&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-821X%2896%2900109-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996E%26PSL.142..367K&rft.au=Krijgsman%2C+W.&rft.au=Garc%C3%A9s%2C+M.&rft.au=Langereis%2C+C.+G.&rft.au=Daams%2C+R.&rft.au=Van+Dam%2C+J.&rft.au=Van+Der+Meulen%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Agust%C3%AD%2C+J.&rft.au=Cabrera%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanclean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Retallack1997-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Retallack1997_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRetallack,_G._J.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Retallack, G. J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaios.sepmonline.org/content/12/4/380">"Neogene Expansion of the North American Prairie"</a>. <i>PALAIOS</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 380–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3515337">10.2307/3515337</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3515337">3515337</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PALAIOS&rft.atitle=Neogene+Expansion+of+the+North+American+Prairie&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=380-390&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3515337&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3515337%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Retallack%2C+G.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalaios.sepmonline.org%2Fcontent%2F12%2F4%2F380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanclean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2020-03.pdf">"ICS Timescale Chart"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.stratigraphy.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stratigraphy.org&rft.atitle=ICS+Timescale+Chart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2FICSchart%2FChronostratChart2020-03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanclean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Couvering-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Couvering_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Couvering_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_CouveringCastradoriCitaHilgen2000" class="citation journal cs1">Van Couvering, John; Castradori, Davide; Cita, Maria; Hilgen, Frederik; Rio, Domenico (September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/zanclean.pdf">"The base of the Zanclean Stage and of the Pliocene Series"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Episodes</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 179–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2000%2Fv23i3%2F005">10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i3/005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10836910">10836910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=The+base+of+the+Zanclean+Stage+and+of+the+Pliocene+Series&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=179-187&rft.date=2000-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2000%2Fv23i3%2F005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10836910%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Van+Couvering&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Castradori%2C+Davide&rft.au=Cita%2C+Maria&rft.au=Hilgen%2C+Frederik&rft.au=Rio%2C+Domenico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2Fgssps%2Ffiles%2Fzanclean.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanclean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastradoriD._RioF._J._HilgenL._J._Lourens1998" class="citation journal cs1">Castradori, D.; D. Rio; F. J. Hilgen; L. J. Lourens (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/piacenzian.pdf">"The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Episodes</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 88–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1998%2Fv21i2%2F003">10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/003</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=The+Global+Standard+Stratotype-section+and+Point+%28GSSP%29+of+the+Piacenzian+Stage+%28Middle+Pliocene%29&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=88-93&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1998%2Fv21i2%2F003&rft.aulast=Castradori&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=D.+Rio&rft.au=F.+J.+Hilgen&rft.au=L.+J.+Lourens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2Fgssps%2Ffiles%2Fpiacenzian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanclean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gradstein_et-al_2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gradstein_et-al_2012_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGradsteinOggSchmitzOgg2012" class="citation book cs1">Gradstein FM, Ogg JG, Schmitz MD, Ogg GM, eds. (2012). <i>The Geologic Timescale 2012</i>. Elsevier. pp. 936–937. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-44-459390-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-44-459390-0"><bdi>978-0-44-459390-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geologic+Timescale+2012&rft.pages=936-937&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-44-459390-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanclean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllaby,_AilsaMichael_Allaby1999" class="citation web cs1">Allaby, Ailsa; Michael Allaby (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-Delmontian.html">"Delmontian"</a>. <i>A Dictionary of Earth Sciences</i>. Encyclopedia.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 Dec</span> 2009</span>. <q>A stage in the Upper Tertiary of the west coast of N. America</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Dictionary+of+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Delmontian&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Allaby%2C+Ailsa&rft.au=Michael+Allaby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1O13-Delmontian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanclean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarco_RoveriAdele_BertiniDomenicoCosentinoAgata_Di_Stefano2008" class="citation journal cs1">Marco Roveri; Adele Bertini; DomenicoCosentino; Agata Di Stefano; Rocco Gennari; Elsa Gliozzi; Francesco Grossi; Silvia Maria Iaccarino; Stefano Lugli; Vinicio Manzi; Marco Tavian (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121052846/http://160.78.38.2/VM_file/PDF/Roveri_2008_Stratigraphy.pdf">"A high-resolution stratigraphic framework for the latest Messinian events in the Mediterranean area"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Stratigraphy</i>. <b>5</b> (3–4): 323–342, text-figures 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29041%2Fstrat.05.3.08">10.29041/strat.05.3.08</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://160.78.38.2/VM_file/PDF/Roveri_2008_Stratigraphy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stratigraphy&rft.atitle=A+high-resolution+stratigraphic+framework+for+the+latest+Messinian+events+in+the+Mediterranean+area&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=323-342%2C+text-figures+1-9&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29041%2Fstrat.05.3.08&rft.au=Marco+Roveri&rft.au=Adele+Bertini&rft.au=DomenicoCosentino&rft.au=Agata+Di+Stefano&rft.au=Rocco+Gennari&rft.au=Elsa+Gliozzi&rft.au=Francesco+Grossi&rft.au=Silvia+Maria+Iaccarino&rft.au=Stefano+Lugli&rft.au=Vinicio+Manzi&rft.au=Marco+Tavian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F160.78.38.2%2FVM_file%2FPDF%2FRoveri_2008_Stratigraphy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanclean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-book_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetuchRoberts2007" class="citation book cs1">Petuch, Edward J.; Roberts, Charles (18 April 2007). <i>The Geology of the Everglades and Adjacent Areas</i>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420045598" title="Special:BookSources/9781420045598"><bdi>9781420045598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geology+of+the+Everglades+and+Adjacent+Areas&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007-04-18&rft.isbn=9781420045598&rft.aulast=Petuch&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanclean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanclean&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Cenozoic#Neogene" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Cenozoic">Cenozoic#Neogene</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Castradori, D.; Rio, D.; Hilgen, F.J. & Lourens, L.J.</span>; <b>1998</b>: <i>The Global Standard Stratotype section and Point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene)</i>, Episodes, <b>21</b>(2): pp 88–93.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.</span> (<i>eds.</i>) (2005) <i>A Geologic Time Scale 2004</i> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-78142-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-78142-6">0-521-78142-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Giuseppe Seguenza</span>; <b>1868</b>: <i>La Formation Zancléenne, ou recherches sur une nouvelle formation tertiaire</i>, Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, séries 2, <b>25</b>: 465-485. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Van Couvering, J.A.; Castradori, D.; Cita, M.B.; Hilgen, F.J. & Rio, D.</span>; <b>2000</b>: <i>The base of the Zanclean Stage and of the Pliocene Series</i>, Episodes, <b>23</b>(3): pp 179–187.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanclean&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/geowhen/stages/Zanclean.html">Zanclean</a> at the <i>GeoWhen</i> database</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/charts/Timeslices/1_Neogene.pdf">Neogene timescale</a>, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518100615/http://norges.uio.no/timescale/F5a_Neo1.pdf">Neogene timescale</a> at the website of the Norwegian network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neogene_footer" title="Template:Neogene footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neogene_footer" title="Template talk:Neogene footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neogene_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neogene footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neogene_Period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene Period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;border: none;;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 3px 3px 3px; border-color:rgb(255,230,25); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene Epoch</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 3px 3px 3px; border-color:rgb(255,230,25); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene Epoch</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 3px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(255,230,25); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_(stage)" title="Aquitanian (stage)">Aquitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdigalian" title="Burdigalian">Burdigalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langhian" title="Langhian">Langhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serravallian" title="Serravallian">Serravallian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortonian" title="Tortonian">Tortonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messinian" title="Messinian">Messinian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 3px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(255,230,25); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zanclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piacenzian" title="Piacenzian">Piacenzian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(present–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <span class="nobold">(present–2.58 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (present–11.7 ka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene <span class="nobold">(2.58–23.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene <span class="nobold">(23.0–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(66.0–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous <span class="nobold">(66.0–145 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100–145 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <span class="nobold">(145–201 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145–164 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (164–174 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174–201 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic <span class="nobold">(201–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late (201–237 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early (247–252 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(252–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <span class="nobold">(252–299 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian (252–260 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <span class="nobold">(299–359 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian (323–359 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <span class="nobold">(359–419 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late (359–383 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle (383–393 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early (393–419 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <span class="nobold">(419–444 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli (419–423 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow (423–427 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock (427–433 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery (433–444 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <span class="nobold">(444–485 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late (444–458 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle (458–470 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early (470–485 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <span class="nobold">(485–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian (485–497 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2 (509–521 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic Eon<br /><span class="nobold">(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(539 Ma–1 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean Eon <span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean Eon <span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> = kiloannum (thousand years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> = megaannum (million years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a> = gigaannum (billion years ago).<br /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zanclean&params=37.3917_N_13.2806_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°23′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°16′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.3917°N 13.2806°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.3917; 13.2806</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img 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