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<span>Modern use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_of_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_of_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Application of term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_of_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Figurative_impresarios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figurative_impresarios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Figurative impresarios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figurative_impresarios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Impresario" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF" title="رائد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رائد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mpresario" title="İmpresario – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İmpresario" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%80" title="Антрэпрэнёр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антрэпрэнёр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Импресарио – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Импресарио" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impres%C3%A1rio" title="Impresário – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Impresário" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Impresario" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Impresario" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressaario" title="Impressaario – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Impressaario" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ιμπρεσάριος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιμπρεσάριος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Impresario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Impresario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario_(op%C3%A9ra)" title="Impresario (opéra) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Impresario (opéra)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ympressario" title="Ympressario – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ympressario" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Impresario" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario_teatrale" title="Impresario teatrale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impresario teatrale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9F" title="אמרגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמרגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Антрепренер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антрепренер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%80" title="Антрепренёр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антрепренёр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Impresario" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Impresario" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA" title="インプレサリオ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インプレサリオ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Impresario" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Impresario" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antreprenyor" title="Antreprenyor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antreprenyor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Impresario" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Импресарио – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Импресарио" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%80" title="Антрепренёр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антрепренёр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Impresario" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressaari" title="Impressaari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Impressaari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressario" title="Impressario – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Impressario" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Антрепренер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антрепренер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A7u_s%C3%B4" title="Bầu sô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bầu sô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:InternetArchiveBot" class="mw-userlink" title="User:InternetArchiveBot" data-mw-revid="1243853925"><bdi>InternetArchiveBot</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:InternetArchiveBot" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:InternetArchiveBot">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/InternetArchiveBot" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/InternetArchiveBot">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots" title="Wikipedia:Bots">Bots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reviewing_pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes">Pending changes reviewers</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>5,352,355</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(45 intermediate revisions by 35 users not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Short description|Organizer and financier of concerts, plays, or operas}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">distinguish</del>|Empresario}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Distinguish</ins>|Empresario}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_4_2_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_3_0_lhs"></a>An '''impresario''' (from<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> the</del> Italian ''impresa'', <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>an enterprise or undertaking<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>)<ref name="ImpresarioImpressa"/> is a person who organizes and often finances [[concert]]s, [[Play (theatre)|plays]], or [[opera]]s, performing a role <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">similar</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to</del> that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[artist</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">manager]]</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or</del> a [[film producer|film]] or [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">television</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">production</del>|television producer]].<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> The term “impresario” was used by the Spanish, and then English-speaking settlers of the Pacific Northwest to describe, “one who brought a new community into being and managed affairs to ensure its prosperity.”</del></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{use list-defined references|date=July 2024}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_3_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_4_2_rhs"></a>An '''impresario''' (from Italian ''impresa'', <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</ins>an enterprise or undertaking<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</ins>)<ref name="ImpresarioImpressa"/> is a person who organizes and often finances [[concert]]s, [[Play (theatre)|plays]], or [[opera]]s, performing a role <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">stage arts</ins> that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">similar</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of</ins> a [[film producer|film]] or [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Television</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">show#Production</ins>|television producer]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>==History==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In 1823, Mexico’s authoritarian ruler Agustín de Iturbide enacted a colonization law authorizing the national government to enter into a contract granting land to an “empresario,” or promoter, who was required to recruit a minimum of two hundred families to settle the grant.<ref>{{Cite book|title=An Indigenous People’s History of the United States. |last=Dunbar-Ortiz |first=Roxanne |publisher=Beacon Press |year=2014 |isbn=978080705783 |location=Boston |pages=123}}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_11_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_8_0_rhs"></a>The term originated in the social and economic world of [[Italian opera]], in which from the mid-18th century to the 1830s, the impresario was the key figure in the organization of a lyric season.<ref name="Rosselli"/> The owners of the theatre, usually amateurs from the nobility, charged the impresario with hiring a [[composer]] (until the 1850s operas were expected to be new) and the orchestra, singers, costumes and sets, all while assuming considerable financial risk. In 1786 [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] satirized the stress and emotional mayhem in a single-act farce <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>[[Der Schauspieldirektor<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>'' (''The Impresario''). [[Antonio Vivaldi]] was unusual in acting as both impresario and composer; in 1714 he managed seasons at [[Teatro San Angelo]] in Venice, where his opera ''[[Orlando finto pazzo]]'' was followed by numerous others.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_14_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_10_0_rhs"></a>Alessandro Lanari (1787–1852), who began as the owner of a shop that produced costumes, eliminated the middleman in a series of successful seasons he produced for the [[Teatro <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">della</ins> Pergola]] in Florence<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">He</ins> presented the premieres of the first version of [[Giuseppe Verdi]]'s ''[[Macbeth (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Verdi</ins>)|Macbeth]]'', two of [[Vincenzo Bellini]]'s operas and five of [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gaetano </ins>Donizetti]]'s, including ''[[Lucia di Lammermoor]]''. [[Domenico Barbaia]] (1778–1841) began as a café waiter and made a fortune at [[La Scala]], in Milan, where he was also in charge of the gambling operation and introduced [[roulette]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_8_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_11_0_lhs"></a>The term originated in the social and economic world of [[Italian opera]], in which from the<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> mid-18th century to the 1830s, the impresario was the key figure in the organization of a lyric season.<ref name="Rosselli"/> The owners of the theatre, usually amateurs from the nobility, charged the impresario with hiring a [[composer]] (until the 1850s operas were expected to be new) and the orchestra, singers, costumes and sets, all while assuming considerable financial risk. In 1786 [[Wolfgang Amadeus <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mozart|</del>Mozart]] satirized the stress and emotional mayhem in a single-act farce [[Der Schauspieldirektor<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|''Der Schauspieldirektor</del>'' (''The Impresario'')<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>. [[Antonio Vivaldi]] was unusual in acting as both impresario and composer; in 1714 he managed seasons at [[Teatro San Angelo]] in Venice, where his opera ''[[Orlando finto pazzo]]'' was followed by numerous others.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Duchess Elisabeth Sophie of Mecklenburg]]<ref name=Porter /> was a [[harpsichordist]] who also presided over seventeenth-century North German court music as an impresario.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_10_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_14_0_lhs"></a>Alessandro Lanari (1787–1852), who began as the owner of a shop that produced costumes, eliminated the middleman in a series of successful seasons he produced for the [[Teatro <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">La</del> Pergola]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> in Florence<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which</del> presented the premieres of the first version of [[Giuseppe <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Verdi|</del>Verdi]]'s ''[[Macbeth (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">opera</del>)|Macbeth]]'', two of [[Vincenzo <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bellini|</del>Bellini]]'s operas and five of [[Donizetti]]'s, including ''[[Lucia di Lammermoor]]''. [[Domenico Barbaia]] (1778–1841) began as a café waiter and made a fortune at [[La Scala]], in Milan, where he was also in charge of the gambling operation and introduced [[roulette]].</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_40_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_15_1_lhs"></a><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Duchess Elisabeth Sophie of Mecklenburg]]</del><ref>{{Cite book|title=Five Lives in Music : Women Performers, Composers, and Impresarios from the Baroque to the Present. |last=Porter |first=Cecelia Hopkins |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780252037016 |location=Urbana<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |pages=</del>}}</ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> was a harpsichordist who also presided over seventeenth-century North German court music as an impresario.</del></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Modern use==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Modern use==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_19_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_17_0_rhs"></a>The traditional term is still used in the [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Entertainment#Industry|</ins>entertainment industry]] to refer to a producer of [[concert]]s, tours and other events in music, opera, [[theatre]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins><ref name="CraigThomas"/> and even [[rodeo]].<ref name="TimeRodeo1937"/> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{citation needed span|date=July 2024|text=</ins>Important modern impresarios in the traditional sense include [[Thomas Beecham]], [[Rudolf Bing]], [[Sergei Diaghilev]], [[Richard D'Oyly Carte]], [[Fortune Gallo]], [[Sol Hurok<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]], [[Sarah Caldwell</ins>]], [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], [[Aaron Richmond]], and jazz festival producer [[George Wein]]. [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham]], who produced music shows at [[The Fillmore]] Auditorium in San Francisco, was known as a rock music impresario.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_17_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_19_0_lhs"></a>The traditional term is still used in the [[entertainment industry]] to refer to a producer of [[concert]]s, tours and other events in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>music<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>opera<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>, [[theatre]]<ref name="CraigThomas"/> and even [[rodeo]].<ref name="TimeRodeo1937"/> Important modern impresarios in the traditional sense include [[Thomas Beecham]], [[Rudolf Bing]], [[Sergei Diaghilev]], [[Richard D'Oyly Carte]], [[Fortune Gallo]], [[Sol Hurok]], [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], [[Aaron Richmond]], and jazz festival producer [[George Wein]].<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham]], who produced music shows at [[The Fillmore]] Auditorium in San Francisco, was known as a rock music impresario.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>While the term is not often used for women, a modern example of a female impresario would be [[Vivienne Westwood|Vivianne Westwood]], who was largely responsible for bringing modern [[Punk fashion|punk]] and [[New wave music|new wave]] fashions into the mainstream.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/vivw/hd_vivw.htm|title=Vivienne Westwood (born 1941) and the Postmodern Legacy of Punk Style Source: Vivienne Westwood (born 1941) and the Postmodern Legacy of Punk Style|last=Bell-Price|first=Shannon|date=2010|website=Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Application of term==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Application of term==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_23_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_21_0_rhs"></a>The term is occasionally applied to others, such as independent art museum [[curator]]s<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins><ref name="TimeWhitney"/> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">event planners,</ins> and conference organizers<ref name="WurmanMedalistAIGA"/> who have a leading role in orchestrating events.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_21_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_23_0_lhs"></a>The term is occasionally applied to others, such as independent art museum [[curator]]s<ref name="TimeWhitney"/> and conference organizers<ref name="WurmanMedalistAIGA"/> who have a leading role in orchestrating events.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Figurative impresarios==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Figurative impresarios==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Jacques<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-Yves</del> Cousteau]] said of himself that he was an impresario of scientists<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BartlebyCouteau</del>"/><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> as an explorer and filmmaker who worked with scientists in underwater exploration.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> [[Nicholas Wade]] described [[James<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> D.</del> Watson]] and [[E. O. Wilson]] in ''The New York Times'' as impresarios of [[Charles Darwin]]'s works.<ref name="WadeNYT"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Jacques Cousteau]] said of himself that he was an impresario of scientists<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BartlebyCousteau</ins>"/> as an explorer and filmmaker who worked with scientists in underwater exploration. [[Nicholas Wade]] described [[James Watson]] and [[E. O. Wilson]] in ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>The New York Times<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>'' as impresarios of [[Charles Darwin]]'s works.<ref name="WadeNYT"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==See also==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==See also==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* {{Commons category-inline|Impresarios}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Entrepreneur]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Entrepreneurship|</ins>Entrepreneur]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Promoter (entertainment)]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Theatrical producer]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Artist manager]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Film producer]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Television producer]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==References==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==References==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reflist</del>|refs=</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Reflist|30em</ins>|refs=</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_36_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_34_0_rhs"></a><ref name="ImpresarioImpressa">''[[New Oxford American Dictionary]]''. ''Impresa'': enterprise; deed; company. ''[[Arnoldo Mondadori Editore|Mondadori]]'s Pocket Italian–English English–Italian [[Bilingual dictionary|Dictionary]]''. The term is sometimes misspelled ''impressario''.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_34_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_36_0_lhs"></a><ref name="ImpresarioImpressa">''[[New Oxford American Dictionary]]''. ''Impresa'': enterprise; deed; company.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> ''[[Arnoldo Mondadori Editore|Mondadori]]'s Pocket Italian–English English–Italian [[Bilingual dictionary|Dictionary]]''. The term is sometimes misspelled ''impressario''.</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div><ref name="Rosselli">Rosselli, John (1984). ''The Opera Industry in Italy from Cimarosa to Verdi: The Role of the Impresario''. Cambridge University Press. This history is summarized here.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div><ref name="Rosselli">Rosselli, John (1984). ''The Opera Industry in Italy from Cimarosa to Verdi: The Role of the Impresario''. Cambridge University Press. This history is summarized here.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_41_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_38_0_rhs"></a><ref name="CraigThomas">{{cite <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">magazine</ins> |url= http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/nations/0,8782,166488,00.html |title= Private Triumph |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</ins>= Thomas<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |first=</ins> Craig |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">magazine</ins>= [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Asiaweek</ins>]] |date= 13 July 2001 |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">archive-date</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 4 August 2001 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20010804142010/http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/nations/0,8782,166488,00.html</ins> }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_15_1_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_40_0_rhs"></a><ref<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> name=Porter</ins>>{{Cite book|title=Five Lives in Music : Women Performers, Composers, and Impresarios from the Baroque to the Present. |last=Porter |first=Cecelia Hopkins |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780252037016 |location=Urbana}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_38_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_41_0_lhs"></a><ref name="CraigThomas">{{cite <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">web</del> |url= http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/nations/0,8782,166488,00.html |title= Private Triumph<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">author</del>= Thomas<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Craig |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">work</del>= [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Asia Week</del>]] |date= 13 July 2001 |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">quote</del>= }}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ref name="TimeRodeo1937">{{cite magazine |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758293,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080602153043/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758293,00.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= June 2, 2008 |title= Broadway Rodeo |magazine= [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= 18 October 1937}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TimeRodeo1937</del>">{{cite <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">web</del> |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">758293</del>,00.html |title= <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Broadway</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Rodeo</del> |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">work</del>= [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">18</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">October 1937 |quote=</del> }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TimeWhitney</ins>">{{cite <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">magazine</ins> |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">844168</ins>,00.html<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071001015050/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844168,00.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= October 1, 2007</ins> |title= <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">New</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Impresario for the Showcase</ins> |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">magazine</ins>= [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">24</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">November</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1967</ins>}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_51_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_45_0_rhs"></a><ref name="WurmanMedalistAIGA">[http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/medalist-richardsaulwurman <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</ins>Champion of Explication Through Design and Design Conference Impresario<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</ins>]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514123801/http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/medalist-richardsaulwurman |date=14 May 2011 }},</ins> [[Richard Saul Wurman]], 2004 [[AIGA]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">medalist</ins>.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_51_2_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_47_0_rhs"></a><ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BartlebyCousteau</ins>"><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite book|chapter-url=</ins>http://www.bartleby.com/63/1/3101.html<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|url-status=dead|chapter=3101.</ins> Jacques-Yves Cousteau<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|title=Simpson's</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Contemporary Quotations</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">year=1988|editor=[[James B. Simpson]]|archive-</ins>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203061110/http://www.bartleby.com/63/1/3101.html|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">archive-</ins>date=2007-12-03<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|via=</ins>[[Bartleby.com]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><ref name="TimeWhitney">{{cite web |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844168,00.html |title= New Impresario for the Showcase |work= [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= 24 November 1967 |quote= }}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_51_4_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_49_0_rhs"></a><ref name="WadeNYT">{{cite <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">news</ins>|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/25/science/sciencespecial2/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">longago-rivals-are-dual-impresarios-of-darwins</ins>.html<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|access-date=July</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">16, 2024</ins>|title=Long-Ago Rivals Are Dual Impresarios of Darwin's Oeuvre |author= Nicholas Wade |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">author-link</ins>= <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Nicholas Wade|newspaper=</ins>[[The New York Times]]|date= October 25, 2005}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_45_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_51_0_lhs"></a><ref name="WurmanMedalistAIGA">[http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/medalist-richardsaulwurman Champion of Explication Through Design and Design Conference Impresario] [[Richard Saul Wurman]], 2004 [[AIGA]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Medalist</del>.</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_47_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_51_2_lhs"></a><ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BartlebyCouteau</del>"><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>http://www.bartleby.com/63/1/3101.html Jacques-Yves Cousteau<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{webarchive</del>|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203061110/http://www.bartleby.com/63/1/3101.html<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>|date=2007-12-03<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> }} on ''</del>[[Bartleby.com]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del></ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_49_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_51_4_lhs"></a><ref name="WadeNYT">{{cite <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">web </del>|url=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/25/science/sciencespecial2/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">25darw</del>.html |title=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Long-Ago Rivals Are Dual Impresarios of Darwin's Oeuvre |author= <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Nicholas Wade<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del> |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">work</del>= [[The New York Times]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>|date= October 25, 2005<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |quote= </del>}}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Portal bar|Opera|Theatre}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Commonscat|Impresarios}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Authority control}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Impresarios| ]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Impresarios| ]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 60:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 47:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Entertainment occupations]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Entertainment occupations]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Musical terminology]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Musical terminology]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Italian words and phrases]]</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 19:57, 3 September 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organizer and financier of concerts, plays, or operas</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Empresario" title="Empresario">Empresario</a>.</div> <p> An <b>impresario</b> (from Italian <i>impresa</i>, 'an enterprise or undertaking')<sup id="cite_ref-ImpresarioImpressa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImpresarioImpressa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a person who organizes and often finances <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concerts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a>, performing a role in stage arts that is similar to that of a <a href="/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">film</a> or <a href="/wiki/Television_show#Production" title="Television show">television producer</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impresario&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term originated in the social and economic world of <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a>, in which from the mid-18th century to the 1830s, the impresario was the key figure in the organization of a lyric season.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosselli_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosselli-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The owners of the theatre, usually amateurs from the nobility, charged the impresario with hiring a <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a> (until the 1850s operas were expected to be new) and the orchestra, singers, costumes and sets, all while assuming considerable financial risk. In 1786 <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> satirized the stress and emotional mayhem in a single-act farce <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Schauspieldirektor" title="Der Schauspieldirektor">Der Schauspieldirektor</a></i> (<i>The Impresario</i>). <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a> was unusual in acting as both impresario and composer; in 1714 he managed seasons at <a href="/wiki/Teatro_San_Angelo" title="Teatro San Angelo">Teatro San Angelo</a> in Venice, where his opera <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_finto_pazzo" title="Orlando finto pazzo">Orlando finto pazzo</a></i> was followed by numerous others. </p><p>Alessandro Lanari (1787–1852), who began as the owner of a shop that produced costumes, eliminated the middleman in a series of successful seasons he produced for the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_della_Pergola" title="Teatro della Pergola">Teatro della Pergola</a> in Florence. He presented the premieres of the first version of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi)">Macbeth</a></i>, two of <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Vincenzo Bellini</a>'s operas and five of <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Gaetano Donizetti</a>'s, including <i><a href="/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor" title="Lucia di Lammermoor">Lucia di Lammermoor</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Barbaia" title="Domenico Barbaia">Domenico Barbaia</a> (1778–1841) began as a café waiter and made a fortune at <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a>, in Milan, where he was also in charge of the gambling operation and introduced <a href="/wiki/Roulette" title="Roulette">roulette</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Duchess_Elisabeth_Sophie_of_Mecklenburg" title="Duchess Elisabeth Sophie of Mecklenburg">Duchess Elisabeth Sophie of Mecklenburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-Porter_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Harpsichordist" title="Harpsichordist">harpsichordist</a> who also presided over seventeenth-century North German court music as an impresario. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impresario&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional term is still used in the <a href="/wiki/Entertainment#Industry" title="Entertainment">entertainment industry</a> to refer to a producer of <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concerts</a>, tours and other events in music, opera, <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CraigThomas_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CraigThomas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even <a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">rodeo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TimeRodeo1937_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeRodeo1937-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Important modern impresarios in the traditional sense include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Thomas Beecham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bing" title="Rudolf Bing">Rudolf Bing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Sergei Diaghilev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_D%27Oyly_Carte" title="Richard D'Oyly Carte">Richard D'Oyly Carte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Gallo" title="Fortune Gallo">Fortune Gallo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sol_Hurok" title="Sol Hurok">Sol Hurok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Caldwell" title="Sarah Caldwell">Sarah Caldwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Richmond" title="Aaron Richmond">Aaron Richmond</a>, and jazz festival producer <a href="/wiki/George_Wein" title="George Wein">George Wein</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(promoter)" title="Bill Graham (promoter)">Bill Graham</a>, who produced music shows at <a href="/wiki/The_Fillmore" title="The Fillmore">The Fillmore</a> Auditorium in San Francisco, was known as a rock music impresario.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_of_term">Application of term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impresario&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Application of term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term is occasionally applied to others, such as independent art museum <a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">curators</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-TimeWhitney_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeWhitney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> event planners, and conference organizers<sup id="cite_ref-WurmanMedalistAIGA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WurmanMedalistAIGA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who have a leading role in orchestrating events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Figurative_impresarios">Figurative impresarios</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impresario&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Figurative impresarios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a> said of himself that he was an impresario of scientists<sup id="cite_ref-BartlebyCousteau_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BartlebyCousteau-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an explorer and filmmaker who worked with scientists in underwater exploration. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wade" title="Nicholas Wade">Nicholas Wade</a> described <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> as impresarios of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s works.<sup id="cite_ref-WadeNYT_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WadeNYT-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impresario&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Impresarios" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Impresarios">Impresarios</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impresario&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ImpresarioImpressa-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ImpresarioImpressa_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/New_Oxford_American_Dictionary" title="New Oxford American Dictionary">New Oxford American Dictionary</a></i>. <i>Impresa</i>: enterprise; deed; company. <i><a href="/wiki/Arnoldo_Mondadori_Editore" title="Arnoldo Mondadori Editore">Mondadori</a>'s Pocket Italian–English English–Italian <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_dictionary" title="Bilingual dictionary">Dictionary</a></i>. The term is sometimes misspelled <i>impressario</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosselli-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosselli_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosselli, John (1984). <i>The Opera Industry in Italy from Cimarosa to Verdi: The Role of the Impresario</i>. Cambridge University Press. This history is summarized here.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Porter_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPorter2012" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Cecelia Hopkins (2012). <i>Five Lives in Music : Women Performers, Composers, and Impresarios from the Baroque to the Present</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252037016" title="Special:BookSources/9780252037016"><bdi>9780252037016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Lives+in+Music+%3A+Women+Performers%2C+Composers%2C+and+Impresarios+from+the+Baroque+to+the+Present.&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780252037016&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Cecelia+Hopkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpresario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CraigThomas-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CraigThomas_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Thomas, Craig (13 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010804142010/http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/nations/0,8782,166488,00.html">"Private Triumph"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asiaweek" title="Asiaweek">Asiaweek</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/nations/0,8782,166488,00.html">the original</a> on 4 August 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asiaweek&rft.atitle=Private+Triumph&rft.date=2001-07-13&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaweek.com%2Fasiaweek%2Fmagazine%2Fnations%2F0%2C8782%2C166488%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpresario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimeRodeo1937-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TimeRodeo1937_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602153043/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758293,00.html">"Broadway Rodeo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 18 October 1937. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758293,00.html">the original</a> on 2 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Broadway+Rodeo&rft.date=1937-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C758293%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpresario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimeWhitney-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TimeWhitney_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001015050/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844168,00.html">"New Impresario for the Showcase"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 24 November 1967. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844168,00.html">the original</a> on 1 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=New+Impresario+for+the+Showcase&rft.date=1967-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C844168%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpresario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WurmanMedalistAIGA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WurmanMedalistAIGA_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/medalist-richardsaulwurman">"Champion of Explication Through Design and Design Conference Impresario"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514123801/http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/medalist-richardsaulwurman">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Saul_Wurman" title="Richard Saul Wurman">Richard Saul Wurman</a>, 2004 <a href="/wiki/AIGA" class="mw-redirect" title="AIGA">AIGA</a> medalist.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BartlebyCousteau-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BartlebyCousteau_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_B._Simpson1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Simpson" title="James B. Simpson">James B. Simpson</a>, ed. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203061110/http://www.bartleby.com/63/1/3101.html">"3101. Jacques-Yves Cousteau"</a>. <i>Simpson's Contemporary Quotations</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/63/1/3101.html">the original</a> on 3 December 2007 – via <a href="/wiki/Bartleby.com" title="Bartleby.com">Bartleby.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3101.+Jacques-Yves+Cousteau&rft.btitle=Simpson%27s+Contemporary+Quotations&rft.date=1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F63%2F1%2F3101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpresario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WadeNYT-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WadeNYT_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Wade2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wade" title="Nicholas Wade">Nicholas Wade</a> (25 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/25/science/sciencespecial2/longago-rivals-are-dual-impresarios-of-darwins.html">"Long-Ago Rivals Are Dual Impresarios of Darwin's Oeuvre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Long-Ago+Rivals+Are+Dual+Impresarios+of+Darwin%27s+Oeuvre&rft.date=2005-10-25&rft.au=Nicholas+Wade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F10%2F25%2Fscience%2Fsciencespecial2%2Flongago-rivals-are-dual-impresarios-of-darwins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpresario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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