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id="toc-Views_about_the_Buddhas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_Buddha_as_a_supreme_person" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Buddha_as_a_supreme_person"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 A Buddha as a supreme person </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Buddha_as_a_supreme_person-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Buddha_as_a_transcendent_and_supramundane_being" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Buddha_as_a_transcendent_and_supramundane_being"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 A Buddha as a transcendent and supramundane being </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Buddha_as_a_transcendent_and_supramundane_being-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhahood_in_Mahāyāna_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhahood_in_Mahāyāna_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Buddhahood in Mahāyāna Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhahood_in_Mahāyāna_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Buddha_as_just_a_wise_human" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Buddha_as_just_a_wise_human"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 The Buddha as just a wise human </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Buddha_as_just_a_wise_human-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_of_the_Buddha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_of_the_Buddha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Nature of the Buddha </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nature_of_the_Buddha-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nature of the Buddha subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nature_of_the_Buddha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_classic_superknowledges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_classic_superknowledges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 The classic superknowledges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_classic_superknowledges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miraculous_displays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miraculous_displays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Miraculous displays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miraculous_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ten_epithets_of_a_Buddha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ten_epithets_of_a_Buddha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ten epithets of a Buddha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ten_epithets_of_a_Buddha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acts_of_a_Buddha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acts_of_a_Buddha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Acts of a Buddha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acts_of_a_Buddha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attributes_of_a_Buddha_in_Mahāyāna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributes_of_a_Buddha_in_Mahāyāna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Attributes of a Buddha in Mahāyāna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attributes_of_a_Buddha_in_Mahāyāna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_Buddhas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_Buddhas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Lists of Buddhas </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lists_of_Buddhas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lists of Buddhas subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_Buddhas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Seven_Buddhas_of_Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Seven_Buddhas_of_Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 The Seven Buddhas of Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Seven_Buddhas_of_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_last_28_Buddhas_of_Theravāda_(aṭavīsi_Buddha)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_last_28_Buddhas_of_Theravāda_(aṭavīsi_Buddha)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 The last 28 Buddhas of Theravāda (aṭavīsi Buddha) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_last_28_Buddhas_of_Theravāda_(aṭavīsi_Buddha)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahāyāna_Buddhas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahāyāna_Buddhas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Mahāyāna Buddhas </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mahāyāna_Buddhas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mahāyāna Buddhas subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mahāyāna_Buddhas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Vajrayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Vajrayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 In Vajrayana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Vajrayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Five_Tathāgatas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_Tathāgatas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Five Tathāgatas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_Tathāgatas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adibuddha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adibuddha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Adibuddha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adibuddha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_Buddhas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_Buddhas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Female Buddhas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_Buddhas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fierce_Buddhas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fierce_Buddhas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Fierce Buddhas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fierce_Buddhas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions_of_the_Buddhas_in_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_of_the_Buddhas_in_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Depictions of the Buddhas in art </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Depictions_of_the_Buddhas_in_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Depictions of the Buddhas in art subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Depictions_of_the_Buddhas_in_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_characteristics_of_a_Buddha's_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_characteristics_of_a_Buddha's_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Special characteristics of a Buddha's body </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_characteristics_of_a_Buddha's_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hand-gestures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hand-gestures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Hand-gestures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hand-gestures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" > 21 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Будда – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Будда" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بوذوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوذوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_(%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF)" title="বুদ্ধ (উপাধি) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বুদ্ধ (উপাধি)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagka-Buddha" title="Pagka-Buddha – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagka-Buddha" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7" title="بوداساتوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوداساتوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhatva" title="Buddhatva – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Buddhatva" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%B2%98" title="부처 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부처" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="बुद्धत्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बुद्धत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebuddhaan" title="Kebuddhaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebuddhaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhitate" title="Buddhitate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Buddhitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhitaa" title="Buddhitaa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Buddhitaa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhas%C3%A1g" title="Buddhaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Buddhaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="बुद्धत्व – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बुद्धत्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93" title="ဗုဒ္ဓ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗုဒ္ဓ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%BB%8F" title="成仏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="成仏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="बुद्धत्ता – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बुद्धत्ता" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93" title="ဗုဒ္ဓ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဗုဒ္ဓ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="බුදුවරු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බුදුවරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%AA%D9%88" title="بدھتو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بدھتو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%ADt_th%C3%A0nh" title="Phật thành – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phật thành" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Condition of being fully spiritually awakened in Buddhism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the historical founder of Buddhism, see <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Buddhas" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Buddha_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Buddha (disambiguation)">Buddha (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/220px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/330px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/440px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2894" /></a><figcaption>Buddha <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Shakyamuni</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhist style</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1st–2nd century CE, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vajradhara7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Vajradhara7.jpg/220px-Vajradhara7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Vajradhara7.jpg/330px-Vajradhara7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Vajradhara7.jpg/440px-Vajradhara7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>A painting of the <a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">primordial Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajradhara" title="Vajradhara">Vajradhara</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, Buddha (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbuːdə, ˈbʊdə/</a>, which in classic <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indic languages</a> means "awakened one")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell200471-1">[1]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">title</a> for those who are <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">spiritually awake or enlightened</a>, and have thus attained the supreme <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">goal</a> of Buddhism, variously described as <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">nirvana</a> ("blowing out"), <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">bodhi</a> (awakening, enlightenment), and liberation (<a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">vimutti, vimoksa</a>). A Buddha is also someone who fully understands the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, the true nature of all things or <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomena</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">dharmas</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">ultimate truth</a>. Buddhahood (Sanskrit: buddhatva; <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: buddhatta or buddhabhāva; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 成佛) is the condition and state of a buddha.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> This highest spiritual state of being is also termed sammā-sambodhi (Sanskrit: samyaksaṃbodhi; "full, complete awakening") and is interpreted in many different ways across <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">schools of Buddhism</a>. The title of "Buddha" is most commonly used for <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, the historical founder of Buddhism, who is often simply known as "the Buddha". The title is also used for other beings who have achieved awakening and liberation (or <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">vimoksha</a>), such as the other human Buddhas who achieved enlightenment before Gautama; members of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Tathagatas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Tathagatas">Five Buddha Families</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitabha</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>, known as the "Buddha of the future who will attain awakening at a future time." In <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a>, a Buddha is commonly understood as a being with the deepest spiritual wisdom about the nature of reality who has transcended <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">rebirth</a> and all <a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">suffering</a>. He is also seen as having many <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">miraculous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">magical powers</a>. However, a living Buddha has the limitations of a physical body, will feel pain, get old and die. In <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a> however, a Buddha is considered to be a transcendent being, who is <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">all-knowing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Other_power" title="Other power">immeasurably powerful</a>, with an eternal lifespan. His wisdom light is said to pervade the cosmos, and his great compassion and <a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">skillful means</a> are limitless. This transcendent being is not understood as having a normal physical human body, instead, Mahayana defends a kind of <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">docetism</a>, in which the Buddha's life on earth (as Shakyamuni) was a magical display which only appeared to have a human body. A being who is on the path to become a Buddha is called a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, Buddhahood is the universal goal and all Mahayanists ultimately aim at becoming a Buddha, in order to benefit and liberate all sentient beings.<a href="#cite_note-gethin1998p224-3">[3]</a> Thus, Buddhahood is the goal for all the various spiritual paths found in the various <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> traditions (including <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">Pure land</a>). This contrasts with the common <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> goal of individual liberation, or <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhatship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gethin1998p224-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Buddhahood is the state of an awakened being, who, having found the path of cessation of <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> ("suffering", as created by attachment to desires and distorted perception and thinking) is in the state of "no-more-Learning".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> There is a broad spectrum of opinion on the nature of Buddhahood, its universality, and the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_paths_to_liberation" title="Buddhist paths to liberation">method of attaining Buddhahood</a> among the various schools of Buddhism. The level to which this manifestation requires <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> practices varies from none at all to an absolute requirement, dependent on doctrine. While most schools accept the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> ideal, in which it takes aeons to reach Buddhahood, not all agree that everyone can become a Buddha, or that it must take aeons. In <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, Buddha refers to one who has reached awakening (bodhi) through their own efforts and insight, without a teacher to point out the dharma. A samyaksambuddha re-discovers the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">truths</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">path</a> to awakening on their own, and then teaches these to others after his awakening. A <a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">pratyekabuddha</a> also reaches nirvana through his own efforts, but is unable or unwilling to teach the dharma to others. An <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhat</a> needs to follow the teaching of a Buddha to attain Nirvana, and may also preach the dharma after attaining nirvana.<a href="#cite_note-Snelling,_John_1987_Page_81-8">[8]</a> In one instance the term buddha is also used in Theravada to refer to all who attain <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvana</a>, using the term <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81vakabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sāvakabuddha">sāvakabuddha</a> to designate an arhat, someone who depends on the teachings of a Buddha to attain Nirvana.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-9">[9]</a> In this broader sense it is equivalent to the arhat. In <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna Buddhism</a> meanwhile, a Buddha is seen as a transcendent being who has extensive powers, such as <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotence</a>, and whose awakened wisdom (buddha-jñana) is all pervasive.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hamar-2007-11">[11]</a> This view can be found in numerous Mahāyāna sources, like the <a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81vata%E1%B9%83saka_S%C5%ABtra" title="Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra">Avatamsaka sutra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hamar-2007-11">[11]</a> Mahāyāna buddhology mainly understands the Buddha through the "three bodies" (<a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">trikaya</a>) framework.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In this framework, the historical Buddha or other Buddhas who appear human are understood <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">docetically</a> as magical "transformation bodies" (<a href="/wiki/Nirm%C4%81%E1%B9%87ak%C4%81ya" title="Nirmāṇakāya">nirmanakaya</a>). Meanwhile, the real or ultimate Buddha is the <a href="/wiki/Dharmak%C4%81ya" title="Dharmakāya">Dharmakaya</a>, the body of ultimate reality. Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Ratnagotravibh%C4%81ga" title="Ratnagotravibhāga">Ratnagotravibhāga</a> (Analysis of the Jeweled Lineage), a key Mahāyāna treatise, defines the Buddha as "the uncompounded (asamskrta), and spontaneous (anabhoga) Dharmakaya" and as "self-enlightened and self-arisen wisdom (jñana), compassion and power for the benefit of others."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> This ultimate awakened reality is understood and interpreted in numerous different ways by the different Mahayana schools. The <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a> doctrines of Mahayana Buddhism also consider Buddhahood to be a universal and innate property which is immanent in all beings. Most Buddhists do not consider Gautama Buddha to have been the only Buddha. The <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a> refers to many previous ones (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_named_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the named Buddhas">list of the named Buddhas</a>), while the Mahayana tradition additionally has many Buddhas of celestial origin (see <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a> as examples. For lists of many thousands of Buddha names see <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taishō Tripiṭaka</a> numbers 439–448). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_about_the_Buddhas">Views about the Buddhas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Views about the Buddhas">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_Buddha_as_a_supreme_person">A Buddha as a supreme person</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: A Buddha as a supreme person">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukhothai,_Buddha,_Stupas,_Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sukhothai%2C_Buddha%2C_Stupas%2C_Thailand.jpg/220px-Sukhothai%2C_Buddha%2C_Stupas%2C_Thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sukhothai%2C_Buddha%2C_Stupas%2C_Thailand.jpg/330px-Sukhothai%2C_Buddha%2C_Stupas%2C_Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sukhothai%2C_Buddha%2C_Stupas%2C_Thailand.jpg/440px-Sukhothai%2C_Buddha%2C_Stupas%2C_Thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A classic <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a> style Buddha statue</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhist tradition generally sees the Buddha as a supreme person who is neither a God in the <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theistic</a> sense, nor a <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">deva</a>, nor a regular <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a>. Thus, the Buddha is seen as a very special and unique class of persons called a "great person" (mahāpurisa).<a href="#cite_note-Dhammika-2005-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Andrew Skilton writes that the Buddha was never historically regarded by Buddhist traditions as being merely human. Instead, he is seen as having many supranormal powers (<a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">siddhi</a>), such as the superknowledges (<a href="/wiki/Abhijna" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhijna">abhijna</a>), the capacity for a very long lifespan, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">thirty-two marks of a great man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Skilton-2004-16">[16]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pāli Canon</a>, the Buddha is depicted as someone between a human and a divine being. He has a human body that decays and dies, and he was born from human parents (though some sources depict this as a miraculous birth). The most important element of a Buddha is that they have attained the supreme spiritual goal: <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">nirvana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dhammika-2005-14">[14]</a> This is what makes him supreme and what grants him special powers. This view of the Buddhas a supreme person with many superpowers, but which has a physical body that has many limitations of a human form was also shared by other early Buddhist schools like the <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvastivada</a> school, and the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a>. In the Pāli Canon, the Buddha is asked whether he was a <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">deva</a> or a human, and he replies that he had eliminated the deep-rooted unconscious traits that would make him either one, and should instead be called a Buddha: one who had grown up in the world but had now gone beyond it, as a lotus grows from the water but blossoms above it, unsoiled.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The Pāli Canon also states that Gautama Buddha is known as being a "teacher of the gods and humans," superior to both the gods (devas) and humans since he has attained the highest liberation, whereas the gods are still subject to anger, fear, and sorrow.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In the Madhupindika Sutta (MN 18), Buddha is described in powerful terms as the Lord of the Dhamma and the bestower of immortality.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Similarly, in the Anuradha Sutta (SN 44.2), Gautama Buddha is described as the "supreme man" and the "attainer of the superlative attainment".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Because he has attained the highest spiritual knowledge, the Buddha is also identified with the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dhamma</a> (the most fundamental reality) In the Vakkali Sutta (SN 22.87).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_Buddha_as_a_transcendent_and_supramundane_being">A Buddha as a transcendent and supramundane being</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A Buddha as a transcendent and supramundane being">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_Floor,_Cave_No._6,_Ajanta_Caves_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Upper_Floor%2C_Cave_No._6%2C_Ajanta_Caves_-_1.jpg/220px-Upper_Floor%2C_Cave_No._6%2C_Ajanta_Caves_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Upper_Floor%2C_Cave_No._6%2C_Ajanta_Caves_-_1.jpg/330px-Upper_Floor%2C_Cave_No._6%2C_Ajanta_Caves_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Upper_Floor%2C_Cave_No._6%2C_Ajanta_Caves_-_1.jpg/440px-Upper_Floor%2C_Cave_No._6%2C_Ajanta_Caves_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3006" data-file-height="2403" /></a><figcaption>Buddha statue on the upper floor of Ajanta Cave No.6. The <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta caves</a> are associated with the Mahāsāṃghika school.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist schools</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%83ghika" title="Mahāsāṃghika">Mahāsāṃghika</a> branch regarded the buddhas as being characterized primarily by their supramundane (<a href="/wiki/Lokottarav%C4%81da" title="Lokottaravāda">lokottara</a>) nature. The Mahāsāṃghikas advocated the transcendental and supramundane nature of the buddhas and bodhisattvas and the fallibility of arhats.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1b-23">[23]</a> Of the 48 special theses attributed by the Indian scholar Vasumitra to the Mahāsāṃghika sects of <a href="/wiki/Ekavy%C4%81vah%C4%81rika" title="Ekavyāvahārika">Ekavyāvahārika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lokottarav%C4%81da" title="Lokottaravāda">Lokottaravāda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kukku%E1%B9%ADika" title="Kukkuṭika">Kukkuṭika</a>, 20 points concern the supramundane nature of buddhas and bodhisattvas.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> According to Vasumitra, these four groups held that the Buddha is able to know all dharmas in a single moment of the mind.<a href="#cite_note-Yao,_Zhihua_2005._p._11-25">[25]</a> Yao Zhihua writes:<a href="#cite_note-Yao,_Zhihua_2005._p._11-25">[25]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In their view, the Buddha is equipped with the following supernatural qualities: transcendence (lokottara), lack of defilements, all of his utterances <a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">preaching his teaching</a>, expounding all his teachings in a single utterance, all of his sayings being true, his physical body being limitless, his power (prabhāva) being limitless, the length of his life being limitless, never tiring of enlightening sentient beings and awakening pure faith in them, having no sleep or dreams, no pause in answering a question, and always in meditation (<a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samādhi</a>).</blockquote> A doctrine ascribed to the Mahāsāṃghikas is, "The power of the tathāgatas is unlimited, and the life of the buddhas is unlimited."<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> According to Guang Xing, two main aspects of the Buddha can be seen in Mahāsāṃghika teachings: the true Buddha who is <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a> and immeasurably powerful, and the manifested forms through which he liberates sentient beings through skillful means.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> For the Mahāsaṃghikas, the historical Gautama Buddha was one of these transformation bodies (Skt. <a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">nirmāṇakāya</a>), while the essential real Buddha is equated with the <a href="/wiki/Dharmak%C4%81ya" title="Dharmakāya">Dharmakāya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> As in Mahāyāna traditions, the Mahāsāṃghikas held the doctrine of the existence of many contemporaneous buddhas throughout the ten directions.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated65-29">[29]</a> In the Mahāsāṃghika Lokānuvartana Sūtra, it is stated, "The Buddha knows all the <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">dharmas</a> of the countless buddhas of the ten directions."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated65-29">[29]</a> It is also stated, "All buddhas have one body, the body of the Dharma."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated65-29">[29]</a> The concept of many bodhisattvas simultaneously working toward Buddhahood is also found among the Mahāsāṃghika tradition, and further evidence of this is given in the Samayabhedoparacanacakra, which describes the doctrines of the Mahāsāṃghikas.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Guang Xing writes that the Acchariyābbhūtasutta of the <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Majjhima Nikāya">Majjhimanikāya</a> along with its Chinese <a href="/wiki/Madhyama_Agama" title="Madhyama Agama">Madhyamāgama</a> parallel is the most ancient source for the Mahāsāṃghika view. The sutra mentions various miracles performed by the Buddha before his birth and after. The Chinese version even calls him <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a>, which suggests the idea that the Buddha was already awakened before descending down to earth to be born.<a href="#cite_note-Xing-2004-31">[31]</a> Similarly, the idea that the lifespan of a Buddha is limitless is also based on ancient ideas, such as the Mahāparinirvānasūtra's statement that the Buddha's lifespan is as long as an eon (<a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">kalpa</a>) but that he voluntarily allowed his life to end.<a href="#cite_note-Xing-2004-31">[31]</a> Another early source for the Mahāsāṃghika view that a Buddha was a transcendent being is the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">thirty-two major marks</a> of a Buddha's body.<a href="#cite_note-Xing-2004-31">[31]</a> Furthermore, the Simpsapa sutta states that the Buddha had way more knowledge than what he taught to his disciples. The Mahāsāṃghikas took this further and argued that the Buddha knew the dharmas of innumerable other Buddhas of the ten directions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhahood_in_Mahāyāna_Buddhism">Buddhahood in Mahāyāna Buddhism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Buddhahood in Mahāyāna Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg/220px-Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg/330px-Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg/440px-Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A Ming Bronze of the supreme cosmic Buddha Vairocana ("The Illuminator"). The bronze depicts the cosmic body of Vairocana (which is equal to the universe itself) and also depicts the numerous manifestations (nirmanakayas) of Vairocana (the small Buddhas covering his body).</figcaption></figure> Mahāyāna Buddhism generally follows the Mahāsāṃghika ideal of the Buddha being a transcendent and all-knowing (sarvajña) being with unlimited spiritual powers. Guang Xing describes the Buddha in Mahāyāna as an <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotent</a> and almighty <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a> "endowed with numerous supernatural attributes and qualities".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Mahāyāna cosmology also includes innumerable Buddhas who reside in innumerable buddha fields (buddha kshetra).<a href="#cite_note-Williams-2008a-33">[33]</a> The Mahāyāna <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a>, for example, says the lifespan of the Buddha is immeasurable. It also says that the Buddha actually achieved Buddhahood countless eons (kalpas) ago and has already been teaching the Dharma through his numerous manifestations (nirmana) for eons.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In spite of this transcendent nature, Mahāyāna also affirms the <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanent</a> nature of Buddhahood in all beings (through the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a>, which is seen as something that all beings have). This view of an immanent Buddha essence in all normal human beings is common throughout <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yampolsky1990-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The myriad Buddhas are also seen as active in the world, guiding all sentient beings to Buddhahood. Paul Williams writes that the Buddha in Mahāyāna is "a spiritual king, relating to and caring for the world".<a href="#cite_note-Williams-2008b-40">[40]</a> This view entails a kind of <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">docetism</a> regarding the "historical" Buddha, <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Shakyamuni</a>. His life and death were a "mere appearance," like a magic show; in reality, the Buddha still exists and is constantly helping living beings.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-2008b-40">[40]</a> Because of this transcendental view, Mahāyāna Buddhologies have sometimes been compared to various types of <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theism</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>) by different scholars. There is disagreement among scholars regarding this issue, as well on the general relationship between <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and God">Buddhism and theism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zappulli-2022-41">[41]</a> Since Buddhas remain accessible, a Mahāyānist can direct prayers to them, as well as experience visions and revelations from them. This has been very influential in the history of Mahāyāna Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Furthermore, a Mahāyāna devotee can also aspire to be reborn in a Buddha's Pure Land or Buddha field (<a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">buddhakṣetra</a>), where they can strive towards Buddhahood in the best possible conditions. This practice is the central element of East Asian <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Buddha_as_just_a_wise_human">The Buddha as just a wise human</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Buddha as just a wise human">edit</a>]</div> Some modern Buddhists have argued that the Buddha was just a human being, albeit a very wise one.<a href="#cite_note-Skilton-2004-16">[16]</a> This is a common view in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a>, which sought to teach a form of Buddhism that was <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> One figure who sees Buddha as mainly human is <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> tradition, who states that "Buddha was not a god. He was a human being like you and me, and he suffered just as we do."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In a similar fashion, Jack Maguire, a Western monk of the <a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_Rivers_Order" title="Mountains and Rivers Order">Mountains and Rivers Order</a> in New York, writes that Buddha is inspirational based on his humanness: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A fundamental part of Buddhism's appeal to billions of people over the past two and a half millennia is the fact that the central figure, commonly referred to by the title "Buddha", was not a god, or a special kind of spiritual being, or even a prophet or an emissary of one. On the contrary, he was a human being like the rest of us who quite simply woke up to full aliveness.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature_of_the_Buddha">Nature of the Buddha</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nature of the Buddha">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Gyeongju-Silla_Art_and_Science_Museum-Seokguram_model-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Korea-Gyeongju-Silla_Art_and_Science_Museum-Seokguram_model-01.jpg/220px-Korea-Gyeongju-Silla_Art_and_Science_Museum-Seokguram_model-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Korea-Gyeongju-Silla_Art_and_Science_Museum-Seokguram_model-01.jpg/330px-Korea-Gyeongju-Silla_Art_and_Science_Museum-Seokguram_model-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Korea-Gyeongju-Silla_Art_and_Science_Museum-Seokguram_model-01.jpg/440px-Korea-Gyeongju-Silla_Art_and_Science_Museum-Seokguram_model-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Seated Shakyamuni Buddha, <a href="/wiki/Seokguram" title="Seokguram">Seokguram cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>.</figcaption></figure> The various Buddhist schools hold some varying interpretations on the nature of Buddha. All Buddhist traditions hold that a Buddha is fully awakened and has completely purified his mind of the <a href="/wiki/Three_poisons" title="Three poisons">three poisons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">craving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dvesha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvesha (Buddhism)">aversion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">ignorance</a>. A Buddha is no longer bound by <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a>, and has ended the <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">suffering</a> which unawakened people experience in life. Most schools of Buddhism have also held that the Buddha was <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a>. However, the early texts contain explicit repudiations of making this claim of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Mahāyāna buddhology expands the powers of a Buddha exponentially, seeing them as having unlimited lifespan and all-pervasive omniscient wisdom, as omnipotent, and as able to produce an infinite number of magical manifestations (nirmanakayas) as well as being able to produce pure lands (heaven-like realms for bodhisattvas). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_classic_superknowledges">The classic superknowledges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The classic superknowledges">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a> (and other later sources as well) contain a classic list of "<a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">supernormal knowledges</a>" (Skt. abhijñā, <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>: abhiññā) that a Buddha has attained through spiritual practice.<a href="#cite_note-EB-49">[49]</a> There is an ancient list of "six classes of superknowledge" (Pali: chalabhiññā, Skt. ṣaḍabhijña) that Buddhas have which are found in various Buddhist sources. These are:<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <ol><li>"<a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Addhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṛddhi">Higher powers</a>" (P: iddhi, S: ṛddhi), such as walking on water and through walls; flight, becoming invisible and creating mind made bodies.</li> <li>"Divine ear" (Pali: dibbasota), that is, <a href="/wiki/Clairaudience" title="Clairaudience">clairaudience</a> which extends in the human realm as well as into the other realms, like the realms of the gods (devas).</li> <li>"Mind-penetrating knowledge" (cetopariyañāṇa), that is, <a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a>;</li> <li>"Remember one's former abodes" (pubbenivāsanussati), recalling one's own <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">past lives</a> stretching back eons into the past.</li> <li>"Divine eye" (dibbacakkhu), that is, knowing others' <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">karmic</a> destinations (where they will be reborn); and,</li> <li>"Knowledge of the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Asava" title="Asava">the mental pollutants</a>" (āsavakkhaya), which is the eradication of all negative mental states and the ending of suffering. This knowledge is the "liberation of the mind" (Pali: cetovimutti, Skt. cittavimukti).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miraculous_displays">Miraculous displays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Miraculous displays">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_013.jpg/220px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_013.jpg/330px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_013.jpg/440px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Shakyamuni Buddha demonstrating control over the fire and water elements. <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, 3rd century CE.</figcaption></figure> Buddhist texts include numerous stories of the Buddha's <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a>, which include displays of the abhiññās, healings, elemental magic (such as manipulating fire and water), and various other supernatural phenomena, traveling to higher realms of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Buddhist cosmology</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-Keown-2013-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nyanaponika-2012-52">[52]</a> One of the most famous of these miracles was the <a href="/wiki/The_Twin_Miracle" title="The Twin Miracle">Twin Miracle at Sāvatthī</a>, in which the Buddha emitted fire from the top of his body and water from his lower body simultaneously, before alternating them and then expanding them to illuminate the cosmos.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strong-2009-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Howard-2014-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a> contain even more extensive miracles. In the <a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakirti Sutra</a>, the Buddha display the true pure nature of his "<a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">buddha field</a>" to everyone on earth, who suddenly beholds the world as a perfect world filled with jewels and other majestic features.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Likewise, in the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a>, the Buddha shakes the earth and shines a beam of light which illuminates thousands of "buddha-fields".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ten_epithets_of_a_Buddha">Ten epithets of a Buddha</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ten epithets of a Buddha">edit</a>]</div> Some Buddhists meditate on (or contemplate) the Buddha as having ten characteristics (Ch./Jp. 十號). These characteristics are frequently mentioned in the Pāli Canon as well as in other early Buddhist sources as well as in <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana texts</a>, and are chanted daily in many Buddhist monasteries. The ten epithets are:<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <ol><li>Thus gone, thus come (Skt: <a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">tathāgata</a>)</li> <li>Worthy one (Skt: <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhat</a>)</li> <li>Perfectly self-enlightened (Skt: samyak-saṃbuddha)</li> <li>Perfected in knowledge and conduct (Skt: vijya-carana-sampanno )</li> <li>Well gone (Skt: sugato)</li> <li>Knower of the world (Skt: lokavidu)</li> <li>Unsurpassed leader of persons to be tamed (Skt: anuttaro-puriṣa-damma-sārathi)</li> <li>Teacher of the gods and humans (Skt: śaththa deva-manuṣsāṇaṃ)</li> <li>The Enlightened One (Skt: buddha)</li> <li>The Blessed One or fortunate one (Skt: bhagavat)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li></ol> The tenth epithet is sometimes listed as "The World Honored Enlightened One" (Skt. Buddha-Lokanatha) or "The Blessed Enlightened One" (Skt. Buddha-Bhagavan).<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acts_of_a_Buddha">Acts of a Buddha</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Acts of a Buddha">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birth_of_Buddha_at_Lumbini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Birth_of_Buddha_at_Lumbini.jpg/220px-Birth_of_Buddha_at_Lumbini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Birth_of_Buddha_at_Lumbini.jpg/330px-Birth_of_Buddha_at_Lumbini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Birth_of_Buddha_at_Lumbini.jpg/440px-Birth_of_Buddha_at_Lumbini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1941" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption>A painting of the miraculous birth of the Buddha</figcaption></figure> According to various Buddhist texts, upon reaching Buddhahood each Buddha performs various acts (buddhacarita) during his life to complete his duty as a Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The Mahayana tradition generally follows the list of "Twelve Great Buddha Acts" (Skt. dvadaśabuddhakārya). These are:<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <ol><li>A Buddha must descend from <a href="/wiki/Tushita" title="Tushita">Tushita</a> heaven and transfer his throne to the next future Buddha.</li> <li>A Buddha must enter his mothers womb.</li> <li>A Buddha must be born (generally accompanied by miracles).</li> <li>A Buddha must master numerous arts and skills in his youth.</li> <li>A Buddha must live in the palace and enjoy his life with his wife.</li> <li>A Buddha must make a <a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">great departure</a> from his palace and become a renunciant (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">sramana</a>).</li> <li>A Buddha must practice <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>.</li> <li>A Buddha must sit under a buddha tree (like the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">bodhi tree</a>) on a <a href="/wiki/Bodhima%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da" title="Bodhimaṇḍa">bodhimanda</a> (place of awakening)</li> <li>A Buddha must defeat the demonic forces of <a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Mara</a>.</li> <li>A Buddha must attain and manifest full awakening.</li> <li>A Buddha must give his <a href="/wiki/Dhammacakkappavattana_Sutta" title="Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta">first sermon</a>, and thus turn the wheel of the <abbr>Dharma.</abbr></li> <li>A Buddha must die and pass into Nirvana, demonstrating liberation and impermanence.</li></ol> The Pali suttas do not have such a list, but the Theravada <a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">commentarial tradition</a> lists 30 obligatory acts of a Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attributes_of_a_Buddha_in_Mahāyāna">Attributes of a Buddha in Mahāyāna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Attributes of a Buddha in Mahāyāna">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%96%B9%E4%BE%BF%E6%B3%95%E8%BA%AB%E5%B0%8A%E5%BD%B1-Amida_Manifesting_in_the_Dharma-body_of_Expedient_Means_MET_18_146_1_O3_sf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E6%96%B9%E4%BE%BF%E6%B3%95%E8%BA%AB%E5%B0%8A%E5%BD%B1-Amida_Manifesting_in_the_Dharma-body_of_Expedient_Means_MET_18_146_1_O3_sf.jpg/220px-%E6%96%B9%E4%BE%BF%E6%B3%95%E8%BA%AB%E5%B0%8A%E5%BD%B1-Amida_Manifesting_in_the_Dharma-body_of_Expedient_Means_MET_18_146_1_O3_sf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E6%96%B9%E4%BE%BF%E6%B3%95%E8%BA%AB%E5%B0%8A%E5%BD%B1-Amida_Manifesting_in_the_Dharma-body_of_Expedient_Means_MET_18_146_1_O3_sf.jpg/330px-%E6%96%B9%E4%BE%BF%E6%B3%95%E8%BA%AB%E5%B0%8A%E5%BD%B1-Amida_Manifesting_in_the_Dharma-body_of_Expedient_Means_MET_18_146_1_O3_sf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E6%96%B9%E4%BE%BF%E6%B3%95%E8%BA%AB%E5%B0%8A%E5%BD%B1-Amida_Manifesting_in_the_Dharma-body_of_Expedient_Means_MET_18_146_1_O3_sf.jpg/440px-%E6%96%B9%E4%BE%BF%E6%B3%95%E8%BA%AB%E5%B0%8A%E5%BD%B1-Amida_Manifesting_in_the_Dharma-body_of_Expedient_Means_MET_18_146_1_O3_sf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amida</a> Manifesting in the Dharma-body of <a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">Expedient Means</a>", Japanese painting, at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Met</a>.</figcaption></figure> Various <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a> and treatises contain explanations of the nature of a Buddha and the various attributes which Buddhas are said to have. These attributes are significantly different and more exalted than the way a Buddha is understood in non-Mahayana Buddhism. Some of the key attributes of Buddhahood in Mahayana buddhology include: <ul><li>Triple body (<a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">Trikāya</a>): This is the central Mahayana buddhological theory which states that a Buddha has three aspects, or functions (Sanskrit: vṛṭṭis): the <a href="/wiki/Dharmak%C4%81ya" title="Dharmakāya">Dharmakāya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> body, the <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_reality" title="Ultimate reality">ultimate reality</a>, the true nature of all things), the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83bhogak%C4%81ya" title="Saṃbhogakāya">Sambhogakāya</a> (the body of self-enjoyment, a blissful divine body with infinite forms and powers) and the <a href="/wiki/Nirm%C4%81%E1%B9%87ak%C4%81ya" title="Nirmāṇakāya">Nirmāṇakāya</a> (manifestation body, the body which appears in the everyday world and presents the semblance of a <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a>).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">Immutability</a>: In its ultimate aspect (i.e. Dharmakāya), Buddhahood is said to be unchanging, <a href="/wiki/Anutpada" title="Anutpada">non-arising</a>, un-created, eternal, permanent (nitya) and unceasing.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-67">[67]</a> Various sources like the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> also indicate the Buddha's lifespan (ayus) is also immeasurable or eternal ("ever enduring, never perishing").<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Furthermore, in Mahayana, Buddhahood is also understood as timeless, beyond any concept of past, present or future, since any concept of time is a mental construction.</li> <li>Beyond thought: A Buddha has no <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thoughts</a> or ordinary <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samjna_(concept)" title="Samjna (concept)">samjña</a>), he does not plan, <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">conceptualize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">think</a> (amanasikāra). His mind is beyond all mental proliferation (nis<a href="/wiki/Conceptual_proliferation" title="Conceptual proliferation">prapañca</a>). Instead, Buddhahood naturally and spontaneously manifests myriad <a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">skillful means</a> to benefit all beings in an automatic manner without any thought or planning.<a href="#cite_note-:1-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-71">[71]</a> Thus he is said to have a mind which is <a href="/wiki/No-mind" title="No-mind">no-mind</a> (Sanskrit: acitta) or without discrimination (nirvikalpa).<a href="#cite_note-:6-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li>Wordless Teaching: Various sutras, like the <a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gataguhya_S%C5%ABtra" title="Tathāgataguhya Sūtra">Tathāgataguhya Sūtra</a>, state that the Buddha "has never once uttered a single word" since Buddha is always in a state of meditative <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In spite of this, the Buddha manifests innumerable skillful means that magically appears to all sentient beings as various teachings appropriate specifically for them, in whatever language or sound they can understand.<a href="#cite_note-:3-75">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">All-knowing</a> wisdom: Buddha's knowledge and wisdom is said to be all-knowing (Sanskrit: sarvajña), i.e. omniscient.<a href="#cite_note-:0-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-76">[76]</a> This is because a Buddha knows the true nature of all reality as well as all phenomena (dharmas).</li> <li>All-pervasive: Sutras like the <a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81vata%E1%B9%83saka_S%C5%ABtra" title="Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a> state that Buddha's light and wisdom is all pervasive and <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresent</a> throughout out the cosmos.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_Paul_page_122-78">[78]</a> As such, Buddhahood is present everywhere, including in the minds of all beings as <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">buddha-nature</a>. However, most beings do not detect Buddha's presence, because their minds are deluded and clouded over by <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">defilements</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_power" title="Other power">Measureless Power</a>: Buddha's power (anubhāva, adhiṣṭhāna) is said to be immeasurably vast, though not claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotent</a> per se. This power is able to influence and help liberate sentient beings in different ways.<a href="#cite_note-:12-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-80">[80]</a> Furthermore, the "power of the [Buddha's] past vows" (pūrva-praṇidhāna-vaśa) can help living beings who call on the Buddha's aid by helping them be reborn in a <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">Pure Land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-81">[81]</a> This idea, also called "other-power", is central to <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>.</li> <li>Great Compassion: Buddha's great compassion (<a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">mahākaruṇā</a>) and kindness (<a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">maitrī</a>) is universal and embraces all beings in the universe. It is due to this great compassion that the Buddha works to liberate all beings, and will unceasingly continue to manifest immeasurable numbers of emanation bodies (<a href="/wiki/Nirm%C4%81%E1%B9%87ak%C4%81ya" title="Nirmāṇakāya">nirmāṇakāyas</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">skillful means</a> in order to save all beings.<a href="#cite_note-:0-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">Skillful Means (Upaya)</a>: Buddha's compassion and love manifests as Buddha's skillful means which take immeasurably many forms. For example, Buddha may appear as a human, any deva, animal, etc. In order to liberate all different types of beings, the Buddha also teaches many paths to awakening (such as the <a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">three vehicles</a>), many teachings (such as the <a href="/wiki/Three_Turnings_of_the_Wheel_of_Dharma" title="Three Turnings of the Wheel of Dharma">three turnings</a>) and many methods of spiritual cultivation.</li> <li>Inconceivability: In numerous sources, the Buddha is seen as being inconceivable (acintya), beyond all concepts, indescribable by language, unable to grasped by thought or intellectual understanding.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> One of the names of the Buddha <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitabha</a> is Acintyaprabha, "Inconceivable Light".</li> <li>Purity: Buddhahood is totally beyond the <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">defilements</a> (kleśa) and thus perfectly pure (viśuddhi), unstained (<a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">anāśrava</a>), and undefiled (akleśa).</li> <li>Non-dual: While Buddhahood is said to transcend the suffering of <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">samsara</a> (the conditioned world), it is also not separate from samsara either, and thus is <a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">non-dual</a> (advaya) with the world of suffering.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> This due to the Mahayana doctrine of "<a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)#In_Mahayana_Buddhism" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">non-abiding nirvana</a>" (apratiṣṭhita-nirvana, also "not-fixed" or "non-localized"), which holds that nirvana is not a state of total transcendence separated from the world, but is also able to freely operate in the world of suffering, ecompassing the entire cosmos and being <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanent</a> within it.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_Buddhas">Lists of Buddhas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lists of Buddhas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:022_Stupas_and_Bodhi_Trees_representing_the_Seven_Buddhas_(33772342726).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/022_Stupas_and_Bodhi_Trees_representing_the_Seven_Buddhas_%2833772342726%29.jpg/220px-022_Stupas_and_Bodhi_Trees_representing_the_Seven_Buddhas_%2833772342726%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/022_Stupas_and_Bodhi_Trees_representing_the_Seven_Buddhas_%2833772342726%29.jpg/330px-022_Stupas_and_Bodhi_Trees_representing_the_Seven_Buddhas_%2833772342726%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/022_Stupas_and_Bodhi_Trees_representing_the_Seven_Buddhas_%2833772342726%29.jpg/440px-022_Stupas_and_Bodhi_Trees_representing_the_Seven_Buddhas_%2833772342726%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5751" data-file-height="1767" /></a><figcaption>"The Seven Buddhas", at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> (1st century BCE/CE). Six Buddhas of the past are represented, together with the current Buddha, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, with his <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a> (at the extreme right). In the central section are three <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> alternating with four trees with thrones in front of them, adored by figures both human and divine. These represent six Buddhas of the past (namely: <a href="/wiki/Vipass%C4%AB_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassī Buddha">Vipassī Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikh%C4%AB_Buddha" title="Sikhī Buddha">Sikhī Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vessabh%C5%AB_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vessabhū Buddha">Vessabhū Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakusandha_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakusandha Buddha">Kakusandha Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Koṇāgamana Buddha">Koṇāgamana Buddha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kassapa_Buddha" title="Kassapa Buddha">Kassapa Buddha</a>). Three are symbolized by their stupas, and four by the trees under which each respectively attained enlightenment. The tree on the extreme right is the <a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">pipal</a> tree of Gautama Buddha and the one next to it is the <a href="/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan">banyan</a> tree of Kassapa Buddha. The identification of the others is less certain.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall_46-87">[87]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Seven_Buddhas_of_Antiquity">The Seven Buddhas of Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Seven Buddhas of Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> In the earliest strata of <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Pali Buddhist texts</a>, especially in the first four <a href="/wiki/Nik%C4%81ya" title="Nikāya">Nikayas</a>, only the following seven Buddhas, The Seven Buddhas of Antiquity (Saptatathāgata), are explicitly mentioned and named (see for example <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83yutta_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Saṃyutta Nikāya">SN</a> 12.4 to SN 12.10). Four of these are from the current <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)">kalpa</a> (Pali: kappa, meaning eon or "age") called the good eon (bhaddakappa) and three are from past eons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilkvon_HinüberEltschingerBowring2019110-111-88">[88]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Vipass%C4%AB" title="Vipassī">Vipassī</a> (lived ninety-one kalpas ago)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh%C4%AB_Buddha" title="Sikhī Buddha">Sikhī</a> (lived thirty-one kalpas ago)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessabh%C5%AB" title="Vessabhū">Vessabhū</a> (lived thirty-one kalpas ago in the same kalpa as Sikhī)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakusandha" title="Kakusandha">Kakusandha</a> (the first Buddha of the current good eon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Koṇāgamana Buddha">Koṇāgamana</a> (the second Buddha of the current eon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassapa_Buddha" title="Kassapa Buddha">Kassapa</a> (the third Buddha of the current eon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama</a> (the fourth and present Buddha of the current eon)</li></ol> One sutta called Chakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta from an early Buddhist text called the <a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">Digha Nikaya</a> also mentions that following the Seven Buddhas of Antiquity, a Buddha named <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a> is predicted to arise in the world.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> However, according to a text in the Theravada Buddhist tradition from a later stratum (between 1st and 2nd century BCE) called the <a href="/wiki/Buddhavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavamsa">Buddhavamsa</a>, twenty-one more Buddhas were added to the list of seven names in the early texts.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Theravada tradition maintains that there can be up to five Buddhas in a <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)">kalpa</a> or world age and that the current kalpa has had four Buddhas, with the current Buddha, Gotama, being the fourth and the future Buddha <a href="/wiki/Metteyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Metteyya">Metteyya</a> being the fifth and final Buddha of the kalpa. This would make the current aeon a bhadrakalpa (fortunate aeon). In some Sanskrit and northern Buddhist traditions however, a bhadrakalpa has up to 1,000 Buddhas, with the Buddhas Gotama and Metteyya also being the fourth and fifth Buddhas of the kalpa respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilkvon_HinüberEltschingerBowring2019110-111-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Budhasa_Konaakamanasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Budhasa_Konaakamanasa.jpg/220px-Budhasa_Konaakamanasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Budhasa_Konaakamanasa.jpg/330px-Budhasa_Konaakamanasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Budhasa_Konaakamanasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="83" /></a><figcaption>"Budha-sa Konākamana-sa" ("Of the <a href="/wiki/Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Koṇāgamana Buddha">Kanakamuni Buddha</a>") inscription in <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Nigali_Sagar" title="Nigali Sagar">Nigali Sagar</a>, 250 BCE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/220px-Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/330px-Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/440px-Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>The words "<a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Bu-dhe</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Sakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakyamuni">Sa-kya-mu-nī</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>, on the Rummindei pillar of Ashoka.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Koṇāgamana Buddha">Koṇāgamana Buddha</a>, is mentioned in a 3rd-century BCE inscription by <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nigali_Sagar" title="Nigali Sagar">Nigali Sagar</a>, in today's <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. There is an <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Ashoka pillar</a> at the site today. Ashoka's inscription in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> is on the fragment of the pillar still partly buried in the ground. The inscription made when <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Emperor Asoka</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nigali_Sagar" title="Nigali Sagar">Nigali Sagar</a> in 249 BCE records his visit, the enlargement of a stupa dedicated to the Kanakamuni Buddha, and the erection of a pillar.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, Koṇāgamana's relics were held in a stupa in <a href="/wiki/Nigali_Sagar" title="Nigali Sagar">Nigali Sagar</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu District</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The historical Buddha, Gautama, also called Shakyamuni ("Sage of the <a href="/wiki/Shakyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyas">Shakyas</a>"), is mentioned epigraphically on the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Pillar of Ashoka</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rummindei" class="mw-redirect" title="Rummindei">Rummindei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> inscription on the pillar gives evidence that <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>, visited the place in 3rd-century BCE and identified it as the birth-place of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When King Devānāmpriya Priyadasin had been anointed twenty years, he came himself and worshipped (this spot) because the <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Shakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Shakyamuni">Buddha Shakyamuni</a> was born here. (He) both caused to be made a stone bearing a horse (?) and caused a stone pillar to be set up, (in order to show) that the Blessed One was born here. (He) made the village of Lummini free of taxes, and paying (only) an eighth share (of the produce).<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The <a href="/wiki/Rummindei" class="mw-redirect" title="Rummindei">Rummindei</a> Edict, one of the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Pillar_Edicts" title="Minor Pillar Edicts">Minor Pillar Edicts</a> of Ashoka.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_last_28_Buddhas_of_Theravāda_(aṭavīsi_Buddha)">The last 28 Buddhas of Theravāda (aṭavīsi Buddha)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The last 28 Buddhas of Theravāda (aṭavīsi Buddha)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:28Buddhas-01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/28Buddhas-01.JPG/220px-28Buddhas-01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/28Buddhas-01.JPG/330px-28Buddhas-01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/28Buddhas-01.JPG/440px-28Buddhas-01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3925" data-file-height="2354" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> men at the <a href="/wiki/Sule_Pagoda" title="Sule Pagoda">Sule Pagoda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Myanmar</a>, paying homage to the 29 Buddhas described in Chapter 27 of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavamsa">Buddhavamsa</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Pali literature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a> tradition includes tales of 28 previous Buddhas. In countries where <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda Buddhism</a> is practiced by the majority of people, such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a>, it is customary for <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> to hold elaborate festivals, especially during the fair weather season, paying homage to the last 28 Buddhas described in the <a href="/wiki/Buddhavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavamsa">Buddhavamsa</a>. The Buddhavamsa is a text which describes the life of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> and the 27 <a href="/wiki/Buddha_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha (title)">Buddhas</a> who preceded him, along with the future <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya</a> Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-Morris1882-97">[97]</a> The Buddhavamsa is part of the <a href="/wiki/Khuddaka_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuddaka Nikaya">Khuddaka Nikāya</a>, which in turn is part of the <a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutta Pitaka">Sutta Piṭaka</a>. The Sutta Piṭaka is one of three main sections of the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a>. The first three of these <a href="/wiki/Buddha_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha (title)">Buddhas</a>—Taṇhaṅkara, Medhaṅkara, and Saraṇaṅkara—lived before the time of <a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABpankara_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīpankara Buddha">Dīpankara Buddha</a>. The fourth Buddha, Dīpankara, is especially important, as he was the Buddha who gave niyatha vivarana (prediction of future Buddhahood) to the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> youth who would in the distant future become the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> Gautama Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-Huntington-98">[98]</a> After Dīpankara, 25 more noble people (<a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of enlightenment">ariya-puggala</a>) would attain <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a> before Gautama, the historical Buddha. Many Buddhists also pay homage to the future Buddha, Metteyya. According to <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist scripture</a>, Metteyya will be a successor of Gautama who will appear on Earth, achieve complete enlightenment, and teach the pure <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a>. The prophecy of the arrival of Metteyya is found in the canonical literature of all Buddhist sects (<a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>), and is accepted by most Buddhists as a statement about an event that will take place when the Dharma will have been forgotten on <a href="/wiki/Jambudvipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambudvipa">Jambudvipa</a> (the terrestrial realm, where ordinary human beings live). <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Pāli name<a href="#cite_note-Malalasekera294-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davids1878-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horner1975-101">[101]</a> </th> <th>Sanskrit name </th> <th>Birthplace<a href="#cite_note-Davids1878-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horner1975-101">[101]</a> </th> <th>Parents (father - mother)<a href="#cite_note-Davids1878-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horner1975-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-VipassanaMetteyya-102">[102]</a> </th> <th>Bodhirukkha (tree of enlightenment)<a href="#cite_note-Davids1878-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horner1975-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malalasekera319-103">[103]</a> </th> <th>Incarnation of Gautama<a href="#cite_note-Horner1975-101">[101]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87ha%E1%B9%85kara" title="Taṇhaṅkara">Taṇhaṅkara</a> </td> <td>Tṛṣṇaṃkara </td> <td>Puppavadī </td> <td>Sunanda - Sunandā </td> <td>Rukkaththana </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medha%E1%B9%85kara_Buddha" title="Medhaṅkara Buddha">Medhaṅkara</a> </td> <td>Medhaṃkara </td> <td>Yaghara </td> <td>Sudeva - Yasodharā </td> <td>Kaela </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sara%E1%B9%87a%E1%B9%85kara_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraṇaṅkara Buddha">Saraṇaṅkara</a> </td> <td>Śaraṇaṃkara </td> <td>Vipula </td> <td>Sumaṅgala - Yasavatī </td> <td>Pulila </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABpankara_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīpankara Buddha">Dīpaṃkara</a> </td> <td>Dīpaṃkara </td> <td>Rammavatī </td> <td>Sudeva - Sumedhā </td> <td>Pipphala </td> <td>Sumedha (also Sumati or Megha Mānava)<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh1987-104">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaundinya Buddha">Koṇḍañña</a> </td> <td>Kauṇḍinya </td> <td>Rammavatī </td> <td>Sunanda - Sujātā </td> <td>Salakalyana </td> <td>Vijitawi (a Chakravarti in Chandawatinagara of Majjhimadesa) </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%85gala_Buddha" title="Maṅgala Buddha">Maṅgala</a> </td> <td>Maṃgala </td> <td>Uttara (Majhimmadesa) </td> <td>Uttara - Uttarā </td> <td>Nāga (<a href="/wiki/Mesua_ferrea" title="Mesua ferrea">Mesua ferrea</a>) </td> <td>Suruchi (in Siribrahmano) </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumana_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumana Buddha (page does not exist)">Sumana</a> </td> <td>Sumanas </td> <td>Mekhala </td> <td>Sudassana - <dfn>Sirimā</dfn> </td> <td>Nāga (<a href="/wiki/Mesua_ferrea" title="Mesua ferrea">Mesua ferrea</a>) </td> <td>King Atulo, a <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Naga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revata_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revata Buddha (page does not exist)">Revata</a><a href="#cite_note-Malalasekera754-105">[105]</a> </td> <td>Raivata </td> <td>Sudhaññavatī </td> <td>Vipula - Vipulā </td> <td>Nāga (<a href="/wiki/Mesua_ferrea" title="Mesua ferrea">Mesua ferrea</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobhita_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobhita Buddha (page does not exist)">Sobhita</a> </td> <td>Śobhita </td> <td>Sudhamma </td> <td>Sudhamma - Sudhammā </td> <td>Nāga (<a href="/wiki/Mesua_ferrea" title="Mesua ferrea">Mesua ferrea</a>) </td> <td>Sujata (in Rammavati) </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anomadassi_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomadassi Buddha">Anomadassi</a> </td> <td>Anavamadarśin </td> <td>Candavatī </td> <td>Yasava - Yasodharā </td> <td>Ajjuna </td> <td>A Yaksha king </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paduma_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paduma Buddha (page does not exist)">Paduma</a><a href="#cite_note-Malalasekera131-106">[106]</a> </td> <td>Padma </td> <td>Campaka </td> <td>Asama - Asamā </td> <td>Salala </td> <td>A lion </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81rada_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nārada Buddha (page does not exist)">Nārada</a> </td> <td>Nārada </td> <td>Dhaññavatī </td> <td>Raja Sudeva - Anomā </td> <td>Sonaka </td> <td>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapaso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapaso (page does not exist)">tapaso</a> in the Himalayas </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Padumuttara_Buddha" title="Padumuttara Buddha">Padumuttara</a><a href="#cite_note-Malalasekera136-107">[107]</a> </td> <td>Padmottara </td> <td>Haṁsavatī </td> <td>Ānanda - Sujātā </td> <td>Salala </td> <td>Jatilo, an ascetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumedha_Buddha" title="Sumedha Buddha">Sumedha</a> </td> <td>Sumedha </td> <td>Sudassana </td> <td>Sumedha - Sumedhā </td> <td>Nipa </td> <td>Native of Uttaro </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suj%C4%81ta_Buddha" title="Sujāta Buddha">Sujāta</a> </td> <td>Sujāta </td> <td>Sumaṅgala </td> <td>Uggata - Pabhāvatī </td> <td>Welu </td> <td>A chakravarti </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piyadassi_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piyadassi Buddha (page does not exist)">Piyadassi</a><a href="#cite_note-Malalasekera207-108">[108]</a> </td> <td>Priyadarśin </td> <td>Sudhañña </td> <td>Sudinna/Sudatta - Sucandā </td> <td>Kakudha </td> <td>Kassapa (at Siriwattanagara) </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atthadassi_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atthadassi Buddha (page does not exist)">Atthadassi</a> </td> <td>Arthadarśin </td> <td>Sobhana </td> <td>Sāgara - Sudassanā </td> <td>Champa </td> <td>Susino, </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhammadass%C4%AB_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhammadassī Buddha (page does not exist)">Dhammadassī</a> </td> <td>Dharmadarśin </td> <td>Saraṇa </td> <td>Saraṇa - Sunandā </td> <td>Bimbajala </td> <td>Indra </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddhattha_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siddhattha Buddha (page does not exist)">Siddhattha</a> </td> <td>Siddhārtha </td> <td>Vebhāra </td> <td>Udena - Suphassā </td> <td>Kanihani </td> <td>Mangal </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tissa_Buddha" title="Tissa Buddha">Tissa</a> </td> <td>Tiṣya </td> <td>Khemaka </td> <td>Janasandha - Padumā </td> <td>Assana </td> <td>King Sujata of Yasawatinagara </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phussa_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Phussa Buddha">Phussa</a><a href="#cite_note-Malalasekera257-109">[109]</a> </td> <td>Puṣya </td> <td>Kāsika </td> <td>Jayasena - Sirimā </td> <td>Amalaka </td> <td>Vijitavi </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vipass%C4%AB_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassī Buddha">Vipassī</a> </td> <td>Vipaśyin </td> <td>Bandhumatī </td> <td>Bandhumā - Bandhumatī </td> <td>Pāṭalī (<a href="/wiki/Stereospermum_chelonoides" title="Stereospermum chelonoides">Stereospermum chelonoides</a>) </td> <td>King Atula </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikh%C4%AB_Buddha" title="Sikhī Buddha">Sikhī</a> </td> <td>Śikhin </td> <td>Aruṇavatī </td> <td>Aruṇa - Pabhāvatī </td> <td>Puṇḍarīka (<a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mangifera indica</a>) </td> <td>Arindamo (at Paribhuttanagara) </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vessabh%C5%AB_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vessabhū Buddha">Vessabhū</a> </td> <td>Viśvabhū </td> <td>Anoma </td> <td>Suppatīta - Yasavatī </td> <td>Sāla (<a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">Shorea robusta</a>) </td> <td>Sadassana (in Sarabhavatinagara) </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kakusandha_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakusandha Buddha">Kakusandha</a> </td> <td>Krakucchanda </td> <td>Khemāvatī </td> <td>Aggidatta - Visākhā </td> <td>Sirīsa (<a href="/wiki/Albizia_lebbeck" title="Albizia lebbeck">Albizia lebbeck</a>) </td> <td>King Khema<a href="#cite_note-jatakaonline-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Koṇāgamana Buddha">Koṇāgamana</a> </td> <td>Kanakamuni<a href="#cite_note-Barua2008-111">[111]</a> </td> <td>Sobhavatī </td> <td>Yaññadatta - Uttarā </td> <td>Udumbara (<a href="/wiki/Ficus_racemosa" title="Ficus racemosa">Ficus racemosa</a>) </td> <td>King Pabbata of a mountainous area in Mithila </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kassapa_Buddha" title="Kassapa Buddha">Kassapa</a><a href="#cite_note-Cunningham1880-112">[112]</a> </td> <td>Kāśyapa </td> <td>Bārāṇasī </td> <td>Brahmadatta - Dhanavatī </td> <td>Nigrodha (<a href="/wiki/Ficus_benghalensis" title="Ficus benghalensis">Ficus benghalensis</a>) </td> <td>Jotipala (at Vappulla) </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gotama</a> </td> <td>Gautama (current) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavatthu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā</a> </td> <td>Assattha (<a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Ficus religiosa</a>) </td> <td>Gautama, the Buddha </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metteyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Metteyya">Metteyya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>(next) </td> <td>Ketumatī (<a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Bārāṇasi</a>) </td> <td>Subrahmā -Brahmavatī </td> <td>Nāga (<a href="/wiki/Mesua_ferrea" title="Mesua ferrea">Mesua ferrea</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mahāyāna_Buddhas">Mahāyāna Buddhas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mahāyāna Buddhas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg/220px-Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg/330px-Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg/440px-Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_Daibutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakura Daibutsu">The Great Buddha of Kamakura</a>, a Japanese statue of Amida (<a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a>), 13th-century.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a> Buddhists venerate numerous Buddhas that are not found in early Buddhism or in Theravada Buddhism. They are generally seen as living in other realms, known as buddha-fields (Sanskrit: buddhakṣetra) or <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">pure lands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Ch</a>: 淨土; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">p</a>: Jìngtǔ) in <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>. They are sometimes called "celestial Buddhas" since they are not from this earth. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:35_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/35_Buddha.jpg/220px-35_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/35_Buddha.jpg/330px-35_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/35_Buddha.jpg/440px-35_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2277" /></a><figcaption>A Mahayana illustration of 35 Confession Buddhas</figcaption></figure> Some of the key Mahāyāna Buddhas are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya</a> ("the Imperturbable"), appears in various sutras like the <a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakirti sutra</a>. His buddha-field is <a href="/wiki/Abhirati" title="Abhirati">Abhirati</a> (lit. "The Joyous").</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a> (Amida Buddha, ."Infinite Light"), the principal Buddha of <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>. His buddha-field is called <a href="/wiki/Sukhavati" title="Sukhavati">Sukhāvatī</a> ("Blissful").</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghasiddhi" title="Amoghasiddhi">Amoghasiddhi</a> ("Infallible Success")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaiṣajyaguru</a> ("Medicine guru") also known as "Medicine Buddha", the healing Buddha. His pure land is Vaiḍūryanirbhāsa ("Pure Beryl Light").</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnasambhava" title="Ratnasambhava">Ratnasambhava</a> ("Jewel Born")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a> ("the Illuminator"), a key figure in the <a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vairocan%C4%81bhisa%E1%B9%83bodhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sūtra">Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sūtra</a>. He is the central Buddha in <a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a> Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a>. His pure land is known as the Padmagarbhalokadhātu (the lotus treasury world) and also as "Densely Arrayed <a href="/wiki/Akani%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADha" title="Akaniṣṭha">Akaniṣṭha</a>" (Ghanavyūhakaniṣṭha).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhutaratna" title="Prabhutaratna">Prabhūtaratna</a> ("Many Treasures"), an ancient Buddha who appears in the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a>, a Buddha who is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Ak%E1%B9%A3ayamatinirde%C5%9Ba_S%C5%ABtra" title="Akṣayamatinirdeśa Sūtra">Akṣayamatinirdeśa Sūtra</a>, which states that the bodhisattva <a href="/wiki/Ak%E1%B9%A3ayamati" title="Akṣayamati">Akṣayamati</a> is said to be from the Buddha field of Samantabhadra.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokesvararaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokesvararaja">Lokeśvararāja</a>, a past Buddha who is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Larger_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger Sutra">Larger Sutra of Immeasurable Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a> (Jp: Hotei), the fat <a href="/wiki/Laughing_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Laughing Buddha">laughing Buddha</a>, usually seen in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and often mistaken as the Buddha in western culture. This figure is believed to be a representation of a medieval Chinese monk who is associated with <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>, the future Buddha.</li></ul> Some <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahāyāna sutras</a> also contain long lists of Buddhas which are used in different ways. One popular list of Buddhas is the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-five_Confession_Buddhas" title="Thirty-five Confession Buddhas">Thirty-Five Confession Buddhas</a> which is found in the Sutra of the Three Heaps (Sanskrit: Triskandhadharmasutra). This sutra is popular in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> rites of confession.<a href="#cite_note-HimalayanArt1-115">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bhadrakalpika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Bhadrakalpika Sūtra">Bhadrakalpikasūtra</a> contains a list of one thousand and four Buddhas and discusses their deeds. Most of these are Buddhas of the future. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Vajrayana">In Vajrayana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In Vajrayana">edit</a>]</div> In Tantric Buddhism (<a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>, Esoteric Buddhism) which includes <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Indo-Tibetan Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepalese Buddhism</a>, one finds some of the same Mahayana Buddhas along with other strictly tantric Buddha figures that are unique to Vajrayana. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Five_Tathāgatas">Five Tathāgatas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Five Tathāgatas">edit</a>]</div> There are <a href="/wiki/Five_Tathagatas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Tathagatas">five primary Buddhas</a> known as the "Five Tathagathas": Vairocana, Aksobhya, Ratnasambhava, Amitābha, and Amoghasiddhi. Each is associated with a different consort, direction, aggregate (or, aspect of the personality), emotion, element, color, symbol, and mount.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The Five Tathagatas and some of their associated elements are: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Buddha (Skt) </th> <th>Main bodhisattva </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">Buddha-field</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/B%C4%ABja" title="Bīja">Seed syllable</a> </th> <th>Color </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C5%ABta" title="Mahābhūta">Element</a> </th> <th>Family and Symbol </th> <th>Poison (<a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">kleśa</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a> </td> <td>central pure land <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akanistha_Ghanavyuha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akanistha Ghanavyuha (page does not exist)">Akanistha Ghanavyuha</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vam (page does not exist)">Vam</a> </td> <td>White </td> <td>Space </td> <td>Buddha family, Wheel </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moha_(Buddhism)" title="Moha (Buddhism)">delusion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a> </td> <td>eastern pure land <a href="/wiki/Abhirati" title="Abhirati">Abhirati</a> </td> <td>Hum </td> <td>Blue </td> <td>Water </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">Vajra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%AAr%E1%B9%A3y%C4%81" title="Īrṣyā">envy, jealousy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> </td> <td>western pure land <a href="/wiki/Sukhavati" title="Sukhavati">Sukhavati</a> </td> <td>Hrih </td> <td>Red </td> <td>Fire </td> <td>Lotus (Padma) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">craving</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ratnasambhava" title="Ratnasambhava">Ratnasaṃbhava</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratnapani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratnapani (page does not exist)">Ratnapani</a> </td> <td>southern pure land <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shrimat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shrimat (page does not exist)">Shrimat</a> </td> <td>Tram </td> <td>Gold/Yellow </td> <td>Earth </td> <td>Jewel (Ratna) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81na" title="Māna">pride, greed</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amoghasiddhi" title="Amoghasiddhi">Amoghasiddhi</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vi%C5%9Bvap%C4%81ni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viśvapāni (page does not exist)">Viśvapāni</a> </td> <td>northern pure land <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prakuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prakuta (page does not exist)">Prakuta</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakuta" class="extiw" title="es:Prakuta">es</a>] </td> <td>Ah </td> <td>Green </td> <td>Air </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%9Bvavajra" class="mw-redirect" title="Viśvavajra">Double vajra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dvesha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvesha (Buddhism)">aggression, aversion</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vajrayogini_from_Thangka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vajrayogini_from_Thangka.jpg/220px-Vajrayogini_from_Thangka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vajrayogini_from_Thangka.jpg/330px-Vajrayogini_from_Thangka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vajrayogini_from_Thangka.jpg/440px-Vajrayogini_from_Thangka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Vajrayoginī (Dorjé Neljorma), a female Buddha in Tibetan Buddhism.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adibuddha">Adibuddha</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Adibuddha">edit</a>]</div> There is also the Vajrayana idea of the <a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">Adi-Buddha</a>, the "first Buddha" to attain Buddhahood. Variously named as <a href="/wiki/Vajradhara" title="Vajradhara">Vajradhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a> and Vairocana, the first Buddha is also associated with the concept of <a href="/wiki/Dharmakaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmakaya">Dharmakaya</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Female_Buddhas">Female Buddhas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Female Buddhas">edit</a>]</div> Buddhist Tantra also includes several female Buddhas, such as <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a>, the most popular female Buddha in Tibetan Buddhism, who comes in many forms and colors. In several tantric sources, each of the main five Buddhas is paired with a vidyarajñi (wisdom queen) or <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">prajña</a> consort. They are:<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <ul><li>Ākāśadhātvīśvarī ("The Sovereign Lady of the Sphere of Infinite Space"), the prajñā of Vairocana</li> <li>Locanā, the prajñā of Akṣobhya</li> <li>Māmakī ("Mine-maker"), the prajñā of Ratnasambhava</li> <li>Paṇḍāravāsinī ("White Robed One"), the prajñā of Amitabha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a> ('Star"), sometimes associated with Amoghasiddhi, sometimes Amitabha</li></ul> There are also feminine counterparts to the Adi-buddha figure, and both are often depicted in union (<a href="/wiki/Yab-Yum" title="Yab-Yum">yab-yum</a>). As such, in the Nyingma school for example, the Adi-buddha Samantabhadra is paired with a vidya called <a href="/wiki/Samantabhadri" title="Samantabhadri">Samantabhadri</a>, and in Sarma schools, Vajradhara is paired with a supreme female Buddha as well (<a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_Dev%C4%AB" title="Prajñāpāramitā Devī">Prajñaparamita</a>, Vajradhatu Ishvari, or Vajrayogini).<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fierce_Buddhas">Fierce Buddhas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fierce Buddhas">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Buddhism)">Buddhist tantras</a>, there are various <a href="/wiki/Fierce_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Fierce deities">fierce deities</a> which are tantric forms of the Buddhas. These may be fierce (Tibetan: trowo, Sanskrit: krodha) Buddha forms or semi-fierce, and may appear in sexual union with a female Buddha or as a "solitary hero". The <a href="/wiki/Heruka" title="Heruka">Herukas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tb</a>. khrag 'thung, lit. "blood drinker") are enlightened masculine beings who adopt fierce forms to help beings. They include <a href="/wiki/Yamantaka" title="Yamantaka">Yamantaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cakrasa%E1%B9%83vara_Tantra" title="Cakrasaṃvara Tantra">Cakrasamvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hevajra" title="Hevajra">Hevajra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81la" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahākāla">Mahākāla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABla_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kīla (Buddhism)">Vajrakilaya</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">Dakinis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tb</a>. khandroma, "sky-goer") are their feminine counterparts, sometimes depicted with a heruka and sometimes as independent deities. The most prevalent wrathful <a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">dakinis</a> are <a href="/wiki/Vajrayogini" title="Vajrayogini">Vajrayogini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajrav%C4%81r%C4%81h%C4%AB" title="Vajravārāhī">Vajravārāhī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nairatmya" title="Nairatmya">Nairatmya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurukull%C4%81" title="Kurukullā">Kurukullā</a>. During the tantric period, Buddhist mythology overlapped with Hindu mythology. Akshobhya, for example, acquires a fierce Tantric form that is reminiscent of the fierce form of the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala">Mahakala</a>; in this form he became known by the Buddhist names Heruka, Hevajra, or Samvara. He is known in Japan in this guise as Fudō ("Imperturbable"). The Indian god <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a>, a fierce bull-headed divinity, was adopted by Tantric Buddhists as Vajrabhairava. Also called Yamantaka ("Slayer of Death") and identified as the fierce expression of the gentle Manjushri, he was accorded quasi-buddha rank. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> Some historical figures are also seen as Buddhas, such as the Buddhist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a>, Tibetan historical figures like <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kukai</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_of_the_Buddhas_in_art">Depictions of the Buddhas in art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Depictions of the Buddhas in art">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Statues_in_Pindaya_Caves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Buddha_Statues_in_Pindaya_Caves.jpg/220px-Buddha_Statues_in_Pindaya_Caves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Buddha_Statues_in_Pindaya_Caves.jpg/330px-Buddha_Statues_in_Pindaya_Caves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Buddha_Statues_in_Pindaya_Caves.jpg/440px-Buddha_Statues_in_Pindaya_Caves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Various types of <a href="/wiki/Buddharupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddharupa">Buddha statues</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pindaya_Caves" title="Pindaya Caves">Pindaya caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20191113_Longhua_Temple_large_Buddha_statues-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20191113_Longhua_Temple_large_Buddha_statues-2.jpg/220px-20191113_Longhua_Temple_large_Buddha_statues-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20191113_Longhua_Temple_large_Buddha_statues-2.jpg/330px-20191113_Longhua_Temple_large_Buddha_statues-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20191113_Longhua_Temple_large_Buddha_statues-2.jpg/440px-20191113_Longhua_Temple_large_Buddha_statues-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Buddha statues at <a href="/wiki/Longhua_Temple" title="Longhua Temple">Longhua Temple</a></figcaption></figure> Buddhas are frequently represented in the form of statues and paintings. Commonly seen postures include: <ul><li>The Seated Buddha in the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li> <li>Buddha seated on a throne</li> <li>The Reclining Buddha (usually depicts his final nirvana)</li> <li>The Standing Buddha</li> <li>A walking Buddha with one step forward</li> <li>The emaciated Buddha, which shows Siddhartha Gautama during his extreme ascetic practice of starvation.</li> <li>The baby Buddha (usually pointing upwards).</li></ul> In Theravada Buddhism, the Buddha is always depicted as a monastic shown with hair and he is always shown wearing the simple monk's robe (called a <a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">kāṣāya</a>). In Mahayana Buddhism, a Buddha is often also depicted with monastic robes, however some Buddhas are also depicted with different forms of clothing, such as princely or kingly attire, which can include crowns and jewels. It is common to depict the Buddha accompanied by other figures. In Theravada, it is common to have him flanked by his two main disciples, <a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Moggallana</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sariputta</a>. In Mahayana Buddhism, it is more common to have him surrounded by bodhisattvas, like <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteshvara</a>. The Buddha may also be depicted with various accessories, such as a victory banner (<a href="/wiki/Dhvaja" title="Dhvaja">dhvaja</a>), a lotus seat, and a begging bowl. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_characteristics_of_a_Buddha's_body">Special characteristics of a Buddha's body</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Special characteristics of a Buddha's body">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Victoria_%26_Albert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Buddha_Victoria_%26_Albert.jpg/220px-Buddha_Victoria_%26_Albert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Buddha_Victoria_%26_Albert.jpg/330px-Buddha_Victoria_%26_Albert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Buddha_Victoria_%26_Albert.jpg/440px-Buddha_Victoria_%26_Albert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>A Buddha's head, showing an uṣṇīṣa at the top of the head and an ūrṇā between the eyes</figcaption></figure> Most depictions of a Buddha contain a certain number of "marks" (<a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">lakṣaṇa</a>), which are considered the signs of his nobility and his enlightenment. The exactly design and style of these features vary regionally but most often they are elements of list of thirty-two <a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">physical characteristics of the Buddha</a> called "the signs of a great man" (Skt. mahāpuruṣa lakṣaṇa). Some of the most obvious features which can be found in many <a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">buddha statues</a> include: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ushnisha" title="Ushnisha">uṣṇīṣa</a>, a protuberance on the top of the head which symbolizes superb wisdom.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Urna" title="Urna">ūrṇā</a>, or ūrṇākośa, a spiral tuft of hair or <a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">circular dot</a> between the eyebrows.</li> <li>Dharma wheels on the soles of his feet and on his hands</li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">auspicious symbols</a> on his body (such as lotuses, <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastikas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endless_knot" title="Endless knot">endless knots</a>, etc.)</li> <li>Long earlobes, symbolizing denoting superb perception</li> <li>Unnaturally long arms and long thin fingers</li> <li>Golden skin</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hand-gestures">Hand-gestures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hand-gestures">edit</a>]</div> The poses and hand-gestures of these statues, known respectively as <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a>, are significant to their overall meaning. The popularity of any particular mudra or asana tends to be region-specific, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">Vajra</a> (or Chi Ken-in) mudra, which is popular in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhist_sculpture" title="Korean Buddhist sculpture">Korea</a> but rarely seen in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Others are more common; for example, the Varada (Wish-Granting) mudra is common among standing statues of the Buddha, particularly when coupled with the Abhaya (Fearlessness and Protection) mudra. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Buddha" title="Eternal Buddha">Eternal Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddha_claimants" title="List of Buddha claimants">List of Buddha claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">List of bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of named Buddhas">List of named Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bodhisattas" title="Ten Bodhisattas">Ten Bodhisattas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-five_Confession_Buddhas" title="Thirty-five Confession Buddhas">Thirty-five Confession Buddhas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell200471-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell200471_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswell2004">Buswell 2004</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> buddhatva, बुद्धत्व. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=buddhatva&trans=%E7%BF%BB%E8%A8%B3&direction=AU">Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102121429/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=buddhatva&trans=%E7%BF%BB%E8%A8%B3&direction=AU">Archived</a> 2017-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (accessed: January 10, 2016) </li> <li id="cite_note-gethin1998p224-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gethin1998p224_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gethin1998p224_3-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGethin1998" class="citation book cs1">Gethin, Rupert (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe/page/224">The foundations of Buddhism</a> (1st publ. paperback ed.). Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe/page/224">224–234</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-289223-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-289223-1"><bdi>0-19-289223-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+foundations+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Oxford+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pages=224-234&rft.edition=1st+publ.+paperback&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-289223-1&rft.aulast=Gethin&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundationsofbud00rupe%2Fpage%2F224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGethin1998" class="citation book cs1">Gethin, Rupert (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe/page/32">The foundations of Buddhism</a> (1. publ. paperback ed.). Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-289223-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-289223-1"><bdi>0-19-289223-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+foundations+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Oxford+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pages=32&rft.edition=1.+publ.+paperback&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-289223-1&rft.aulast=Gethin&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundationsofbud00rupe%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeownPrebish2013" class="citation book cs1">Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of Buddhism</a>. Routledge. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-98588-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-98588-1"><bdi>978-1-136-98588-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060832/https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2016-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-98588-1&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft.au=Prebish%2C+Charles+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFpcAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarma-raṅ-byuṅ-kun-khyab-phrin-las1986" class="citation book cs1">Karma-raṅ-byuṅ-kun-khyab-phrin-las, Rinpoche (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N4wVW91BLAYC">The Dharma: That Illuminates All Beings Impartially Like the Light of the Sun and Moon</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-156-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-156-1"><bdi>978-0-88706-156-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dharma%3A+That+Illuminates+All+Beings+Impartially+Like+the+Light+of+the+Sun+and+Moon&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-156-1&rft.aulast=Karma-ra%E1%B9%85-byu%E1%B9%85-kun-khyab-phrin-las&rft.aufirst=Rinpoche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN4wVW91BLAYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988">; Quote: "There are various ways of examining the Complete Path. For example, we can speak of Five Paths constituting its different levels: the Path of Accumulation, the Path of Application, the Path of Seeing, the Path of Meditation and the Path of No More Learning, or Buddhahood." </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellGimello1990" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E.; Gimello, Robert M. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hu0oIf0n87IC">Paths to liberation: the Mārga and its transformations in Buddhist thought</a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1253-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1253-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-1253-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+to+liberation%3A+the+M%C4%81rga+and+its+transformations+in+Buddhist+thought&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1253-9&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Gimello%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhu0oIf0n87IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Snelling,_John_1987_Page_81-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Snelling,_John_1987_Page_81_8-0">^</a> Snelling, John (1987), The Buddhist handbook. A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice. London: Century Paperbacks. p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-9"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-0">^</a> Udana Commentary. Translation Peter Masefield, volume I, 1994. Pali Text Society. p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Williams, Paul (2008). Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations. p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamar-2007-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamar-2007_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamar-2007_11-1">b</a> Hamar, Imre (2007). "The Manifestation of the Absolute in the Phenomenal World: Nature Origination in Huayan Exegesis". Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient. 94: 229–250. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.2007.6070">10.3406/befeo.2007.6070</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Snelling, John (1987), The Buddhist handbook. A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice, p. 100. London: Century Paperbacks </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Hookham, S. K. (1991), The Buddha within : Tathagatagarbha doctrine according to the Shentong interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, pp. 186–190, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0358-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0358-7">978-0-7914-0358-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhammika-2005-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dhammika-2005_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhammika-2005_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhammika2005" class="citation book cs1">Dhammika, Shravasti (2005). The Buddha and His Disciples. Buddhist Publication Society. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-24-0280-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-24-0280-7"><bdi>978-955-24-0280-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddha+and+His+Disciples&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Buddhist+Publication+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-955-24-0280-7&rft.aulast=Dhammika&rft.aufirst=Shravasti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangharakshita1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sangharakshita" title="Sangharakshita">Sangharakshita</a> (1996). A Guide to the Buddhist Path. Windhorse Publications. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899579-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-899579-04-4"><bdi>978-1-899579-04-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Buddhist+Path&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Windhorse+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-899579-04-4&rft.au=Sangharakshita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skilton-2004-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skilton-2004_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skilton-2004_16-1">b</a> Skilton, Andrew. A Concise History of Buddhism. 2004. pp. 64–65 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Peter Harvey, An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History, and Practices. Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJootla" class="citation web cs1">Jootla, Susan Elbaum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/jootla/wheel414.html">"Teacher of the Devas"</a>. www.accesstoinsight.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190127200934/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/jootla/wheel414.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-27. Retrieved 2023-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.accesstoinsight.org&rft.atitle=Teacher+of+the+Devas&rft.aulast=Jootla&rft.aufirst=Susan+Elbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fauthors%2Fjootla%2Fwheel414.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.018.than.html">"Madhupindika Sutta: The Ball of Honey"</a>. www.accesstoinsight.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005160928/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.018.than.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2022-10-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.accesstoinsight.org&rft.atitle=Madhupindika+Sutta%3A+The+Ball+of+Honey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fmn%2Fmn.018.than.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn44/sn44.002.than.html">"Anuradha Sutta: To Anuradha"</a>. www.accesstoinsight.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005160921/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn44/sn44.002.than.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-05. 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The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition. 2005. p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Tanaka, Kenneth. The Dawn of Chinese Pure Land Buddhist Doctrine. 1990. p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Guang Xing. The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory. 2004. p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra. 2008. pp. 59–60 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated65-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated65_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated65_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated65_29-2">c</a> Guang Xing. The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory. 2004. p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Guang Xing. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-31789-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-31789-2"><bdi>978-1-315-31789-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Japanese+Buddhist+sect+to+global+citizenship%3A+Soka+Gakkai+past+and+future&rft.btitle=Visioning+New+and+Minority+Religions%3A+Projecting+the+Future&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-31789-2&rft.aulast=Mette+Fisker-Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpiglDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnichiren%2Bgohonzon%2Bten%2Bworlds%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimazono2003" class="citation book cs1">Shimazono, Susumu (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dXMBhF_lhk8C&q=soka+gakkai&pg=PA435">"29: Soka Gakkai and the Modern Reformation of Buddhism"</a>. 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Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1944-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1944-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1944-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=29%3A+Soka+Gakkai+and+the+Modern+Reformation+of+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Buddhist+spirituality%3A+later+China%2C+Korea%2C+Japan%2C+and+the+modern+world&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=445&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1944-3&rft.aulast=Shimazono&rft.aufirst=Susumu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdXMBhF_lhk8C%26q%3Dsoka%2Bgakkai%26pg%3DPA435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yampolsky1990-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Yampolsky1990_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYampolsky,_Philip_Boas1990" class="citation book cs1">Yampolsky, Philip Boas, ed. 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(2008), The Making of Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, pp. 1–10. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195183276.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183276.001.0001</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518327-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518327-6">978-0-19-518327-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNhất_Hạnh1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Nhất Hạnh, Thích</a> (1999). 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Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/31">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8"><bdi>978-1-59339-837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-837-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia2009ency%2Fpage%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Dalai Lama, Thubten Chodron (2014). Buddhism: One Teacher, Many Traditions, pp. 93–101. Wisdom Publications. </li> <li id="cite_note-Keown-2013-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Keown-2013_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2013" class="citation book cs1">Keown, Damien (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of Buddhism</a>. Routledge. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-98588-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-98588-1"><bdi>978-1-136-98588-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702052821/https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-02. 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Simon and Schuster. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-864-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-864-1"><bdi>978-0-86171-864-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924124422/http://promienie.net/images/dharma/books/sutras_great-disciples-of-the-buddha.pdf#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-24. Retrieved 2019-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Disciples+of+the+Buddha%3A+Their+Lives%2C+Their+Works%2C+Their+Legacy&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-864-1&rft.au=Nyanaponika&rft.au=Hecker%2C+Hellmuth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPbfmHoSYVQAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel1995" class="citation book cs1">Vogel, Jean Philippe (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC">Indian Serpent-lore: Or, The Nāgas in Hindu Legend and Art</a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1071-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1071-2"><bdi>978-81-206-1071-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180327123216/https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-27. 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Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 140–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4416-3432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4416-3432-0"><bdi>978-1-4416-3432-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/527853452">527853452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddha+%3A+a+beginner%27s+guide&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=140-143&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F527853452&rft.isbn=978-1-4416-3432-0&rft.au=Strong%2C+John%2C+1948%E2%80%93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard-2014-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Howard-2014_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowardVignato2014" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Angela; Vignato, Giuseppe (2014-11-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LiWeBQAAQBAJ">Archaeological and Visual Sources of Meditation in the Ancient Monasteries of Kuča</a>. BRILL. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27939-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27939-1"><bdi>978-90-04-27939-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318225313/https://books.google.com/books?id=LiWeBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-18. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026640-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026640-0"><bdi>978-0-19-026640-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318223916/https://books.google.com/books?id=5xx5BgAAQBAJ&q=miracles+of+the+buddha+mahayana&pg=PT245">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-18. Retrieved 2020-10-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Asceticism%3A+Power%2C+Violence%2C+and+Play&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-03-03&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026640-0&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5xx5BgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmiracles%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bbuddha%2Bmahayana%26pg%3DPT245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forums.nexopia.com/blogs/in-theravada-buddhisms-canonical-buddhavamsa-6-the-ten-perfections-dasa-p%C4%81ramiyo-are-original-terms-in-pali.3489786/">"In Theravada Buddhism's canonical Buddhavamsa[6] the Ten Perfections (dasa pāramiyo) are (original terms in Pali): | Nexopia – Lifestyle and Community Forums"</a>. forums.nexopia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185735/https://forums.nexopia.com/blogs/in-theravada-buddhisms-canonical-buddhavamsa-6-the-ten-perfections-dasa-p%C4%81ramiyo-are-original-terms-in-pali.3489786/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forums.nexopia.com&rft.atitle=In+Theravada+Buddhism%27s+canonical+Buddhavamsa%5B6%5D+the+Ten+Perfections+%28dasa+p%C4%81ramiyo%29+are+%28original+terms+in+Pali%29%3A+%26%23124%3B+Nexopia+%E2%80%93+Lifestyle+and+Community+Forums&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforums.nexopia.com%2Fblogs%2Fin-theravada-buddhisms-canonical-buddhavamsa-6-the-ten-perfections-dasa-p%25C4%2581ramiyo-are-original-terms-in-pali.3489786%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Japanese-English Buddhist Dictionary (Daitō shuppansha) 147a/163 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.tientai.net/teachings/dharma/buddha/10titles.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530200825/http://www.tientai.net/teachings/dharma/buddha/10titles.htm">Archived</a> 2012-05-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, also see <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cleary" title="Thomas Cleary">Thomas Cleary</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._C._Cleary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. C. Cleary (page does not exist)">J. C. Cleary</a> The Blue Cliff Record, p. 553. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong2009" class="citation book cs1">Strong, John (2009). The Buddha : a beginner's guide. 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London: Century Paperbacks </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations. Routledge, 2008, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_67-2">c</a> Xing, Guang (2005). The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikāya Theory, p. 90. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-33344-3. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Hurvitz, Leon (1976). Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma: The Lotus Sutra (1st ed.), p. 239. New York: Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231037891" title="Special:BookSources/9780231037891">ISBN 978-0231037891</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-69"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_69-0">^</a> Lai, Whalen W. 'A Clue to the Authorship of the Awakening of Faith: "Siksananda's" Redaction of the Word "Nien"*' Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Volume 3, 1980, Number 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://84000.co/translation/toh555#UT22084-089-012-chapter-3">"The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light (1) / 84000 Reading Room"</a>. 84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha. 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Oxford University Press, Apr 21, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Shingan, Shaku (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/view/shingans-portal/s%C5%ABtra-translations">The Secrets of the Tathāgata A Mahāyāna Sūtra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224141133/https://sites.google.com/view/shingans-portal/s%C5%ABtra-translations">Archived</a> 2021-12-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 38. Kamakura. 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Delhi, India: New Bharatiya Book Corporation. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8315-096-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8315-096-5"><bdi>978-81-8315-096-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C4%ABgha-Nik%C4%81ya%3A+romanize+P%C4%81li+text+with+English+translation&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=New+Bharatiya+Book+Corporation&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8315-096-5&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cunningham1880-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Cunningham1880_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1880" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Cunningham, A.</a> (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/reporttoursinga00cunngoog#page/n80/mode/1up">"XVIII: Tandwa"</a>. Report of Tours in the Gangetic Provinces from Badaon to Bihar, in 1875–76 and 1877–78. Calcutta, India: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. pp. 70–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XVIII%3A+Tandwa&rft.btitle=Report+of+Tours+in+the+Gangetic+Provinces+from+Badaon+to+Bihar%2C+in+1875%E2%80%9376+and+1877%E2%80%9378&rft.place=Calcutta%2C+India&rft.pages=70-8&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Superintendent+of+Government+Printing&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Freporttoursinga00cunngoog%23page%2Fn80%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.26.0.than.html">"Cakkavatti Sutta: The Wheel-turning Emperor"</a>. www.accesstoinsight.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112002530/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.26.0.than.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2020-09-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.accesstoinsight.org&rft.atitle=Cakkavatti+Sutta%3A+The+Wheel-turning+Emperor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fdn%2Fdn.26.0.than.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> The Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra "The Teaching of Akṣayamati" Āryākṣayamatinirdeśanāmamahāyānasūtra. Toh 175 Degé Kangyur, vol. 60 (mdo sde, ma), folios 79.a–174.b. Translated by Jens Braarvig and David Welsh, University of Oslo under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. First published 2020. Current version v 1.0.9 (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://read.84000.co/translation/toh175.html">https://read.84000.co/translation/toh175.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214521/https://read.84000.co/translation/toh175.html">Archived</a> 2021-06-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-HimalayanArt1-115"><a href="#cite_ref-HimalayanArt1_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Watt" title="Jeff Watt">Watt, Jeff</a> (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=660">"Thirty-five Confession Buddhas Main Page"</a>. Himalayan Art Resources. Retrieved 2016-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Himalayan+Art+Resources&rft.atitle=Thirty-five+Confession+Buddhas+Main+Page&rft.date=2011-07&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.himalayanart.org%2Fsearch%2Fset.cfm%3FsetID%3D660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Nathaniel DeWitt Garson; Penetrating the Secret Essence Tantra: Context and Philosophy in the Mahayoga System of rNying-ma Tantra, page 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Vessantara (2014), Female Deities in Buddhism. Windhorse Publications. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visiblemantra.org/mantra.html">"Buddhist Mantras - Mantras of Buddhas, Bodhisattvas and other archetypal figures, plus miscellaneous mantras and chants"</a>. www.visiblemantra.org. Retrieved 2023-12-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.visiblemantra.org&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Mantras+-+Mantras+of+Buddhas%2C+Bodhisattvas+and+other+archetypal+figures%2C+plus+miscellaneous+mantras+and+chants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visiblemantra.org%2Fmantra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/460573">"Buddhist deity Vajradhara in union with his consort Prajnaparamita | probably Chinese or Tibetan"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2024-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Buddhist+deity+Vajradhara+in+union+with+his+consort+Prajnaparamita+%7C+probably+Chinese+or+Tibetan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F460573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Lama Yeshe. Becoming Vajrasattva: The Tantric Path of Purification, p. 28. Simon and Schuster, 2004. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refBeal1875" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beal" title="Samuel Beal">Beal, S.</a> (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023164209#page/n5/mode/2up">The romantic legend of Sâkya Buddha: from the Chinese-Sanscrit</a>. London, England: Trubner & Company, Ludgate Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+romantic+legend+of+S%C3%A2kya+Buddha%3A+from+the+Chinese-Sanscrit&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Trubner+%26+Company%2C+Ludgate+Hill&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924023164209%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refMalalasekera2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gunapala_Piyasena_Malalasekera" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera">Malalasekera, G.P.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Au_lIP1ZnQC">Dictionary of Pāli proper names</a>. Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3020-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3020-2"><bdi>978-81-208-3020-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+P%C4%81li+proper+names&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers+Private+Limited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3020-2&rft.aulast=Malalasekera&rft.aufirst=G.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Au_lIP1ZnQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell2004" class="citation cs2">Buswell, Robert, ed. (2004), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, MacMillan reference USA</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=MacMillan+reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refBuswell2014" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, R.E. Jr.; Lopez, D.S. Jr. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&q=Buddhas+of+the+present+kalpa&pg=PA106">The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</a> (1st ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 106, 776. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3"><bdi>978-0-691-15786-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=106%2C+776&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15786-3&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=R.E.+Jr.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+D.S.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ%26q%3DBuddhas%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpresent%2Bkalpa%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilkvon_HinüberEltschingerBowring2019" class="citation cs2">Silk, Jonathan A.; von Hinüber, Oskar; Eltschinger, Vincent; Bowring, Richard; Radich, Michael (2019), Brill's encyclopedia of Buddhism Vol Two, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29937-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29937-5"><bdi>978-90-04-29937-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/909251257">909251257</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+encyclopedia+of+Buddhism+Vol+Two&rft.place=Leiden%2C+South+Holland&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F909251257&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29937-5&rft.aulast=Silk&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A.&rft.au=von+Hin%C3%BCber%2C+Oskar&rft.au=Eltschinger%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Bowring%2C+Richard&rft.au=Radich%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhahood" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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