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Separation of prescribing and dispensing - Wikipedia
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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Separation of prescribing and dispensing</b>, also called <b>dispensing separation</b>, is a practice in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">pharmacy</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> who provides a <a href="/wiki/Medical_prescription" title="Medical prescription">medical prescription</a> is independent from the <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacist</a> who provides the <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drug</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> there are centuries of tradition for separating pharmacists from physicians. In Asian countries it is traditional for physicians to also provide drugs. </p><p>Contemporary research indicates that separation of prescribing and dispensing lowers expenditure on drugs,<sup id="cite_ref-Stacherl2023_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stacherl2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muller2023_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is explained by the fact physician-prescribing gives doctors an incentive to over-prescribe. This is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest_in_the_healthcare_industry" title="Conflict of interest in the healthcare industry">conflict of interest in the healthcare industry</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_health_care" title="Unnecessary health care">unnecessary health care</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_prescribing_and_dispensing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many Western jurisdictions such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacists</a> are regulated separately from <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a>. These jurisdictions also usually specify that <i>only</i> pharmacists may supply scheduled <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceuticals</a> to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business <a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">partnerships</a> with physicians or give them "kickback" payments. In other words, the diagnosing physicians' role is supposed to extend only as far as providing proper prescriptions to patients, who are then entitled to purchase the prescribed drugs at the pharmacies of their choice.<sup id="cite_ref-Latham_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latham-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> (AMA) Code of Ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation and patients have the right to a written prescription that can be filled elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 7 to 10 percent of American physicians practices reportedly dispense drugs on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some rural areas in the United Kingdom, there are dispensing physicians<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their practices. The law requires that the GP practice be located in a designated rural area and that there is also a specified, minimum distance (currently 1 mile; 1.6 kilometres) between a patient's home and the nearest retail pharmacy. See <a href="/wiki/Dispensing_Doctors%27_Association" title="Dispensing Doctors' Association">Dispensing Doctors' Association</a>. </p><p>This law also exists in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> for general physicians if the nearest pharmacy is more than 4 kilometers (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> miles) away, or where none is registered in the city. <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> also allows dispensing physicians in several Kantons.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharmacy_in_Mexico_City,_March_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pharmacy_in_Mexico_City%2C_March_2010.jpg/220px-Pharmacy_in_Mexico_City%2C_March_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pharmacy_in_Mexico_City%2C_March_2010.jpg/330px-Pharmacy_in_Mexico_City%2C_March_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pharmacy_in_Mexico_City%2C_March_2010.jpg/440px-Pharmacy_in_Mexico_City%2C_March_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>One of a chain of pharmacies in Mexico City, Mexico, named "Doctor Discount," March 2010.</figcaption></figure> <p>In other <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> (particularly in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> countries such as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>), <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctors</a> are allowed to dispense <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">drugs</a> themselves and the practice of pharmacy is sometimes integrated with that of the <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>, particularly in traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese medicine">Chinese medicine</a>. </p><p>In Canada it is common for a medical clinic and a pharmacy to be located together and for the ownership in both enterprises to be common, but licensed separately. </p><p>The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient. Such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse effect (medicine)">side-effects</a>. This system reflects much similarity to the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A campaign for separation has begun in many countries and has already been successful (as in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>). As many of the remaining nations move towards separation, resistance and lobbying from dispensing doctors who have pecuniary interests may prove a major stumbling block (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experience_in_Asian_countries">Experience in Asian countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_prescribing_and_dispensing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Experience in Asian countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many Asian countries there is not a traditional separation between physician and pharmacist.<sup id="cite_ref-Chou_2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chou_2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, a plan initiated in March 1997 experimented with separating doctors who prescribe from pharmacists who fulfill prescriptions on the theory that this would reduce <a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_health_care" title="Unnecessary health care">unnecessary health care</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chou_2003_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chou_2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan had mixed results.<sup id="cite_ref-Chou_2003_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chou_2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> government passed a law in 2000 which separated drug prescribing from dispensing.<sup id="cite_ref-Kwon_2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwon_2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passing of the law achieved some of its intentions and also caused problems in unexpected ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Kwon_2003_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwon_2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> also is experimenting with separation of prescribing and dispensing. In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, as of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_prescribing_and_dispensing&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, separation of prescribing and dispensing only occurs in government hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-Tong_2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tong_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_prescribing_and_dispensing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stacherl2023-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stacherl2023_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStacherlRennerWeber2023" class="citation journal cs1">Stacherl, Barbara; Renner, Anna-Theresa; Weber, Daniela (1 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2023.115791">"Financial incentives and antibiotic prescribing patterns: Evidence from dispensing physicians in a public healthcare system"</a>. <i>Social Science & Medicine</i>. <b>321</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2023.115791">10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115791</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=Financial+incentives+and+antibiotic+prescribing+patterns%3A+Evidence+from+dispensing+physicians+in+a+public+healthcare+system&rft.volume=321&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2023.115791&rft.aulast=Stacherl&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Renner%2C+Anna-Theresa&rft.au=Weber%2C+Daniela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.socscimed.2023.115791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+prescribing+and+dispensing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muller2023-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muller2023_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüllerSchmidGerfin2023" class="citation journal cs1">Müller, Tobias; Schmid, Christian; Gerfin, Michael (1 January 2023). "Rents for Pills: Financial incentives and physician behavior". <i>Journal of Health Economics</i>. <b>87</b>: 102711. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhealeco.2022.102711">10.1016/j.jhealeco.2022.102711</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F264037">10419/264037</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Health+Economics&rft.atitle=Rents+for+Pills%3A+Financial+incentives+and+physician+behavior&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=102711&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F264037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhealeco.2022.102711&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Christian&rft.au=Gerfin%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+prescribing+and+dispensing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latham-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Latham_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatham2001" class="citation book cs1">Latham, Stephen R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlnkFoWsPCkC&pg=PA287">"Conflict of Interest in Medical Practice"</a>. In Davis, Michael; Stark, Andrew (eds.). <i>Conflict of Interest in the Professions</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 279–301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195344073" title="Special:BookSources/9780195344073"><bdi>9780195344073</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conflict+of+Interest+in+Medical+Practice&rft.btitle=Conflict+of+Interest+in+the+Professions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=279-301&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780195344073&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUlnkFoWsPCkC%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+prescribing+and+dispensing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ethics/prescribing-dispensing-drugs-devices">"Prescribing & Dispensing Drugs & Devices"</a>. American Medical Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prescribing+%26+Dispensing+Drugs+%26+Devices&rft.pub=American+Medical+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ama-assn.org%2Fdelivering-care%2Fethics%2Fprescribing-dispensing-drugs-devices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+prescribing+and+dispensing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Association of State Compensation Insurance Funds, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aascif.org/public/jul_aug_sep06/drugs.htm">Prepackaged Drugs in Workers' Compensation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Medical Association, briefing on dispensing doctors, 30 January 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bma.org.uk/employmentandcontracts/independent_contractors/general_medical_services_contract/Dispdoctors.jsp">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Der Hausarzt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patientenapotheke.ch/uploads/wirtschaftlich-patientenfreundlich.pdf">Wirtschaftlich und patientenfreundlich - In der Schweiz geben Ärzte selbst Medikamente ab</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chou_2003-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chou_2003_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chou_2003_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chou_2003_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChouYipLeeHuang2003" class="citation journal cs1">Chou, YJ; Yip, WC; Lee, CH; Huang, N; Sun, YP; Chang, HJ (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fheapol%2Fczg038">"Impact of separating drug prescribing and dispensing on provider behaviour: Taiwan's experience"</a>. <i>Health Policy and Planning</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 316–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fheapol%2Fczg038">10.1093/heapol/czg038</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917273">12917273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Policy+and+Planning&rft.atitle=Impact+of+separating+drug+prescribing+and+dispensing+on+provider+behaviour%3A+Taiwan%27s+experience.&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=316-29&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fheapol%2Fczg038&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12917273&rft.aulast=Chou&rft.aufirst=YJ&rft.au=Yip%2C+WC&rft.au=Lee%2C+CH&rft.au=Huang%2C+N&rft.au=Sun%2C+YP&rft.au=Chang%2C+HJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fheapol%252Fczg038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+prescribing+and+dispensing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kwon_2003-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kwon_2003_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kwon_2003_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwon2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kwon, S (August 2003). "Pharmaceutical reform and physician strikes in Korea: separation of drug prescribing and dispensing". <i>Social Science & Medicine</i>. <b>57</b> (3): 529–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0277-9536%2802%2900378-7">10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00378-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12791494">12791494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=Pharmaceutical+reform+and+physician+strikes+in+Korea%3A+separation+of+drug+prescribing+and+dispensing.&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=529-38&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0277-9536%2802%2900378-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12791494&rft.aulast=Kwon&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+prescribing+and+dispensing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tong_2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tong_2016_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiongMaiGanJohnson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tiong, JJ; Mai, CW; Gan, PW; Johnson, J; Mak, VS (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fijpp.12244">"Separation of prescribing and dispensing in Malaysia: the history and challenges"</a>. <i>The International Journal of Pharmacy Practice</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 302–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fijpp.12244">10.1111/ijpp.12244</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26777986">26777986</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34885527">34885527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Pharmacy+Practice&rft.atitle=Separation+of+prescribing+and+dispensing+in+Malaysia%3A+the+history+and+challenges.&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=302-5&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34885527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26777986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fijpp.12244&rft.aulast=Tiong&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Mai%2C+CW&rft.au=Gan%2C+PW&rft.au=Johnson%2C+J&rft.au=Mak%2C+VS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fijpp.12244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+prescribing+and+dispensing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_prescribing_and_dispensing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrap1997" class="citation web cs1">Trap, B (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.who.int/icium/icium1997/posters/4b4_fin.html">"Practices of dispensing doctors - drug use and health economics"</a>. <i>archives.who.int</i>. World Health Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.who.int&rft.atitle=Practices+of+dispensing+doctors+-+drug+use+and+health+economics&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Trap&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.who.int%2Ficium%2Ficium1997%2Fposters%2F4b4_fin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+prescribing+and+dispensing" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_prescribing_and_dispensing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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title="Pharmacies in the United States">Pharmacies in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy_in_the_United_States" title="History of pharmacy in the United States">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmacy" title="Category:Pharmacy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed 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