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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mecca_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mecca (disambiguation)">Mecca (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Mecca (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmɛkə/</a>; officially Makkah al-Mukarramah,<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> commonly shortened to Makkah<a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a>) is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Mecca_Province" title="Mecca Province">Mecca Province</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region of western <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">holiest city according to Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> It is 70 km (43 mi) inland from <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, in a narrow valley 277 m (909 ft) above sea level. Its metropolitan population in 2022 was 2.4 million, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Saudi_Arabia_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Saudi Arabia by population">third-most populated city in Saudi Arabia</a> after <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> and Jeddah. Around 44.5% of the population are <a href="/wiki/Saudis" title="Saudis">Saudi citizens</a> and around 55.5% are <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim foreigners</a> from other countries.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> Pilgrims more than triple the population number every year during the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a> <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage#Islam" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>, observed in the twelfth <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a> month of <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhūl-Ḥijjah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> With over 10.8 million international visitors in 2023, Mecca was one of the ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_international_visitors" title="List of cities by international visitors">most visited cities</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Mecca</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>مكة‎</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>The Holy Capital <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(العاصمة المقدسة)</li><li>Mother of all Settlements <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(أم القرى)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Makkah al-Mukarramah <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(مكة المكرمة)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:202px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kabah_in_the_Grand_Mosque_of_Makkah_from_the_second_floor,_Saudi_Arabia_(8)_(52501956308).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Kabah_in_the_Grand_Mosque_of_Makkah_from_the_second_floor%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%288%29_%2852501956308%29.jpg/288px-The_Kabah_in_the_Grand_Mosque_of_Makkah_from_the_second_floor%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%288%29_%2852501956308%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Kabah_in_the_Grand_Mosque_of_Makkah_from_the_second_floor%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%288%29_%2852501956308%29.jpg/432px-The_Kabah_in_the_Grand_Mosque_of_Makkah_from_the_second_floor%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%288%29_%2852501956308%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Kabah_in_the_Grand_Mosque_of_Makkah_from_the_second_floor%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%288%29_%2852501956308%29.jpg/576px-The_Kabah_in_the_Grand_Mosque_of_Makkah_from_the_second_floor%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%288%29_%2852501956308%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3730" data-file-height="2623"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a> (Great Mosque of Mecca) and <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Makkah_Clock_Tower_at_night,_Saudi_Arabia_(1)_(52501885245).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Makkah_Clock_Tower_at_night%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%281%29_%2852501885245%29.jpg/95px-Makkah_Clock_Tower_at_night%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%281%29_%2852501885245%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Makkah_Clock_Tower_at_night%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%281%29_%2852501885245%29.jpg/143px-Makkah_Clock_Tower_at_night%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%281%29_%2852501885245%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Makkah_Clock_Tower_at_night%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%281%29_%2852501885245%29.jpg/190px-Makkah_Clock_Tower_at_night%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%281%29_%2852501885245%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/The_Clock_Towers" title="The Clock Towers">The Clock Towers</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads,_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/189px-Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/284px-Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/378px-Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">Mount Arafat</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jabbal_An-Nour_-_Makkah_(2241558560).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jabbal_An-Nour_-_Makkah_%282241558560%29.jpg/132px-Jabbal_An-Nour_-_Makkah_%282241558560%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jabbal_An-Nour_-_Makkah_%282241558560%29.jpg/198px-Jabbal_An-Nour_-_Makkah_%282241558560%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jabbal_An-Nour_-_Makkah_%282241558560%29.jpg/264px-Jabbal_An-Nour_-_Makkah_%282241558560%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour" title="Jabal al-Nour">Jabal al-Nour</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Haji_pilgrimage_mina_tent_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Haji_pilgrimage_mina_tent_city.jpg/152px-Haji_pilgrimage_mina_tent_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Haji_pilgrimage_mina_tent_city.jpg/228px-Haji_pilgrimage_mina_tent_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Haji_pilgrimage_mina_tent_city.jpg/304px-Haji_pilgrimage_mina_tent_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="1772"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Mina,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mina, Saudi Arabia">Mina</a> tent</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Makkah_Region_-_Makkah_Al_Mukarramah.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mecca governorate (green) within Mecca province"><img alt="Mecca governorate (green) within Mecca province" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Makkah_Region_-_Makkah_Al_Mukarramah.svg/250px-Makkah_Region_-_Makkah_Al_Mukarramah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Makkah_Region_-_Makkah_Al_Mukarramah.svg/375px-Makkah_Region_-_Makkah_Al_Mukarramah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Makkah_Region_-_Makkah_Al_Mukarramah.svg/500px-Makkah_Region_-_Makkah_Al_Mukarramah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2179" data-file-height="2209"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Mecca governorate (green) within Mecca province</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mecca is located in Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Mecca is located in Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg/250px-Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg/375px-Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg/500px-Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="1501"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.136%;left:25.795%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Mecca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mecca</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mecca&params=21_25_21_N_39_49_24_E_type:city(2385509)_region:SA">21°25′21″N 39°49′24″E / 21.42250°N 39.82333°E / 21.42250; 39.82333</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Saudi Arabia">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mecca_Province" title="Mecca Province">Mecca Province</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governorates_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of governorates of Saudi Arabia">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Capital_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Capital Governorate">Holy Capital Governorate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 18th century BCE (per Islamic tradition)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (traditionally claimed to have built The <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saleh_Al-Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saleh Al-Turki (page does not exist)">Saleh Al-Turki</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Provincial Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khalid_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud">Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,200 km2 (500 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">760 km2 (290 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">277 m (909 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022 census)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,385,509</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">3rd in Saudi Arabia</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,000/km2 (5,100/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,427,924 (Mecca Governorate)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Makki <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">مكي‎)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabian_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Standard Time">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+966-12</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hmm.gov.sa/">hmm.gov.sa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Mecca is generally considered "the fountainhead and cradle of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>".<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> Mecca is revered in Islam as the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hira_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Hira cave">Hira cave</a> atop the <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour" title="Jabal al-Nour">Jabal al-Nur</a> ("Mountain of Light"), just outside the city, is where Muslims believe the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> was first revealed to Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> Visiting Mecca for the Ḥajj is an obligation upon all able Muslims. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Great Mosque of Mecca</a>, known as the Masjid al-Haram, is home to the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Ka'bah</a>, believed by Muslims to have been built by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Abraham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ishmael</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Islam's holiest site</a> and the direction of prayer (<a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a>) for all Muslims worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> Muslim rulers from in and around the region long tried to take the city and keep it in their control, and thus, much like most of the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region, the city has seen several <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime changes</a>. The city was most recently conquered in the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_conquest_of_Hejaz" title="Saudi conquest of Hejaz">Saudi conquest of Hejaz</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a> and his allies in 1925. Since then, Mecca has seen a tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure, with newer, modern buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Abraj_Al_Bait" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraj Al Bait">Abraj Al Bait</a>, the world's fourth-tallest building and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_buildings_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest buildings in the world">third-largest by floor area</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> towering over the Great Mosque. The <a href="/wiki/Saudi_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi government">Saudi government</a> has also carried out the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">destruction of several historical structures and archaeological sites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-15">[13]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Ajyad_Fortress" title="Ajyad Fortress">Ajyad Fortress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-independent-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-18">[16]</a> However, many of the demolitions have officially been part of the continued expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a> at Mecca and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_al-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid al-Nabawi">Prophet's Mosque</a> in Medina and their auxiliary service facilities in order to accommodate the ever-increasing number of Muslims performing the pilgrimage (<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a>).<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Non-Muslims are <a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">prohibited from entering the city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-peters_206-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Under the Saudi government, Mecca is governed by the Mecca Regional Municipality, a municipal council of 14 locally elected members headed by the mayor (called Amin in Arabic) appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Saudi government</a>. In 2015, the mayor of the city was Osama bin Fadhel Al-Barr;<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-NG201410-23">[21]</a> as of January 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mecca&action=edit">[update]</a>, the mayor is Saleh Al-Turki.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> The City of Mecca <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Subdivisions of Saudi Arabia">amanah</a>, which constitutes Mecca and the surrounding region, is the capital of the Mecca Province, which includes the neighbouring cities of Jeddah and <a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a>, even though Jeddah is considerably larger in population than Mecca. <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Khalid_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud">Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud</a> has been the provincial governor of the province since 16 May 2007.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Bakkah">1.1 Bakkah</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Makkah,_Makkah_al-Mukarramah_and_Mecca">1.2 Makkah, Makkah al-Mukarramah and Mecca</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Other_names">1.3 Other names</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Prehistory">2.1 Prehistory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Early_history_(up_to_6th_century_CE)">2.2 Early history (up to 6th century CE)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Under_the_Quraish">2.3 Under the Quraish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Muhammad_and_the_conquest_of_Mecca">2.4 Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Medieval_and_pre-modern_times">2.5 Medieval and pre-modern times</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Ibn_Battuta's_description_of_Mecca">2.5.1 Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Modern_history">2.6 Modern history</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Significance_in_Islam">3 Significance in Islam</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Masjid_al-Haram">3.1 Masjid al-Haram</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Kaaba">3.1.1 Kaaba</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Hajr-e-Aswad_(The_Black_Stone)">3.1.2 Hajr-e-Aswad (The Black Stone)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Maqam_Ibrahim">3.1.3 Maqam Ibrahim</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Safa_and_Marwa">3.1.4 Safa and Marwa</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Hajj_and_'Umrah">3.2 Hajj and 'Umrah</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Jabal_an-Nur">3.3 Jabal an-Nur</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Hira'a_Cave">3.3.1 Hira'a Cave</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Geography">4 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Elevation">4.1 Elevation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Topography">4.2 Topography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Sources_of_water">4.3 Sources of water</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Climate">4.4 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Human_resources">6 Human resources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Demographics">7 Demographics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Culture">8 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Sports">8.1 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Architectural_landmarks">8.2 Architectural landmarks</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Communications">9 Communications</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Press_and_newspapers">9.1 Press and newspapers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Television">9.2 Television</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Radio">9.3 Radio</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Transportation">10 Transportation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Air">10.1 Air</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Roads">10.2 Roads</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Rapid_transit">10.3 Rapid transit</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Rail">10.4 Rail</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Intercity">10.4.1 Intercity</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Notes">12 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#References">13 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Bibliography">14 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Further_reading">15 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Online">15.1 Online</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#External_links">16 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Mecca has been referred to by many names. As with many Arabic words, its <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> is obscure.<a href="#cite_note-Versteeghp513-26">[24]</a> Widely believed to be a synonym for Makkah, it is said to be more specifically the early name for the valley located therein, while Muslim scholars generally use it to refer to the sacred area of the city that immediately surrounds and includes the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Ka'bah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Petersonp22-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bakkah">Bakkah</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></div> The Quran refers to the city as <a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Imran" title="Al Imran">Al Imran</a> (3), verse 96: "Indeed the first <a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">House [of worship]</a>, established for mankind was that at Bakkah". This is said to have been the name of the city at the time of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrahim</a> and it is also transliterated as Baca, Baka, Bakah, Bakka, Becca and Bekka, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Kipferp342-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glassep302-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Phippsp85-31">[29]</a> It was a name for the city in the ancient world.<a href="#cite_note-:2-32">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Makkah,_Makkah_al-Mukarramah_and_Mecca">Makkah, Makkah al-Mukarramah and Mecca</h3></div> Makkah is the official transliteration used by the Saudi government and is closer to the Arabic pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-Hamp76-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> The government adopted Makkah as the official spelling in the 1980s, but it is not universally known or used worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Hamp76-33">[31]</a> The full official name is Makkah al-Mukarramah (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مكة المكرمة, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Makkah the Honored').<a href="#cite_note-Hamp76-33">[31]</a> Makkah is used to refer to the city in the Quran in <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Fath" title="Al-Fath">Al-Fath</a> (48), verse 24.<a href="#cite_note-Versteeghp513-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hittip6-35">[33]</a> The word Mecca in English has come to be used to refer to any place that draws large numbers of people, and because of this some English-speaking Muslims have come to regard the use of this spelling for the city as offensive.<a href="#cite_note-Hamp76-33">[31]</a> Nonetheless, Mecca is the familiar form of the English transliteration for the Arabic name of the city. Macoraba, another ancient city name mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a> Felix' <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Felix" title="Arabia Felix">Arabia Felix</a>, was also claimed to be Mecca.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Some studies have questioned this association.<a href="#cite_note-Morris-37">[35]</a> Many etymologies have been proposed: the traditional one is that it is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_South_Arabian" title="Old South Arabian">Old South Arabian</a> root M-K-R-B which means "temple".<a href="#cite_note-Morris-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_names">Other names</h3></div> Another name used for Mecca in the Quran is at 6:92 where it is called Umm al-Qurā<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">أُمّ ٱلْقُرَى‎, meaning "Mother of all Settlements").<a href="#cite_note-Hittip6-35">[33]</a> The city has been called several other names in both the Quran and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">ahadith</a>. Another name used historically for Mecca is <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihāmah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> According to an Islamic suggestion, another name for Mecca, Fārān, is synonymous with the <a href="/wiki/Desert_of_Paran" title="Desert of Paran">Desert of Paran</a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vayeira" title="Vayeira">Genesis 21</a>:21.<a href="#cite_note-Khanp74-40">[38]</a> Arab and Islamic tradition holds that the wilderness of Paran, broadly speaking, is the <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah coastal plain</a> and the site where Ishmael settled was Mecca.<a href="#cite_note-Khanp74-40">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a>, the 12th-century Syrian geographer, wrote that Fārān was "an arabized Hebrew word, one of the names of Mecca mentioned in the Torah."<a href="#cite_note-Firestonep65-41">[39]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> In 2010, Mecca and the surrounding area became an important site for <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a> with respect to <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primate</a> evolution, with the discovery of a <a href="/wiki/Saadanius" title="Saadanius">Saadanius</a> fossil. Saadanius is considered to be a primate closely related to the common ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">Old World monkeys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apes" class="mw-redirect" title="Apes">apes</a>. The fossil habitat, near what is now the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia, was a damp forest area between 28 million and 29 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Paleontologists involved in the research hope to find further fossils in the area.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_(up_to_6th_century_CE)">Early history (up to 6th century CE)</h3></div> The early history of Mecca is still largely shrouded by a lack of clear sources. The city lies in the hinterland of the middle part of western Arabia of which there are sparse textual or archaeological sources available.<a href="#cite_note-Literary-44">[42]</a> This lack of knowledge is in contrast to both the northern and southern areas of western Arabia, specifically the Syro-Palestinian frontier and Yemen, where historians have various sources available such as physical remains of shrines, inscriptions, observations by Greco-Roman authors, and information collected by church historians. The area of <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> that surrounds Mecca was characterized by its remote, rocky, and inhospitable nature, supporting only meagre settled populations in scattered oases and occasional stretches of fertile land. The Red Sea coast offered no easily accessible ports and the oasis dwellers and bedouins in the region were illiterate.<a href="#cite_note-Literary-44">[42]</a> While one individual has suggested that Mecca’s population at the time of Muhammad was around 550,<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> research published by Binimad Al-Ateeqi in 2020 shows that the population was closer to 10,000 individuals, a figure extrapolated from data taken from historical records about the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a> and other <a href="/wiki/List_of_expeditions_of_Muhammad" title="List of expeditions of Muhammad">military expeditions</a>, emigrants to both <a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Abyssinia" title="Migration to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Madinah</a>, and Muhammad’s own household. Al-Ateeqi, a researcher from <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> who has written extensively about the early history of Mecca, also makes deductions about the numbers of women, children, servants, and slaves living in Mecca at the time, pointing out that some wealthy individuals, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_ibn_Jud%E2%80%99an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdullah ibn Jud’an (page does not exist)">Abdullah ibn Jud’an</a>, had as many as 100 slaves.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> The first clear reference to Mecca in non-Islamic literature appears in 741 CE, long after the death of Muhammad, in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle, though here the author places the region in Mesopotamia rather than the Hejaz.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47">[45]</a> Possible earlier mentions are not unambiguous. The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> writes about Arabia in the 1st century BCE in his work <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Bibliotheca historica</a>, describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians".<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Claims have been made this could be a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Ka%27bah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'bah">Ka'bah</a> in Mecca. However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of <a href="/wiki/Leuke_Kome" title="Leuke Kome">Leuke Kome</a>, within the former <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a> and the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of Macoraba. There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca. Historically, there has been a general consensus in scholarship that Macoraba mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> in the 2nd century CE is indeed Mecca, but more recently, this has been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Bowersock favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "Makkah" followed by the aggrandizing <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> adjective rabb (great). The Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of which can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis", the latter one meaning "holy city" potentially referring to the sanctuary of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Patricia Crone</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies" title="Revisionist school of Islamic studies">Revisionist school of Islamic studies</a> on the other hand, writes that "the plain truth is that the name Macoraba has nothing to do with that of Mecca [...] if Ptolemy mentions Mecca at all, he calls it Moka, a town in <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a>".<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>' 6th century statement that the <a href="/wiki/Ma%27ad_ibn_Adnan" title="Ma'ad ibn Adnan">Ma'ad</a> tribe possessed the coast of western Arabia between the <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarites</a> of the south supports the Arabic sources tradition that associates <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> as a branch of the Ma'add and Muhammad as a direct descendant of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27ad_ibn_Adnan" title="Ma'ad ibn Adnan">Ma'ad ibn Adnan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Patricia Crone</a> has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> However, other scholars such as Glen W. Bowersock disagree and assert that Mecca was a major trading outpost.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Crone later on disregarded some of her theories.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment. Mecca is mentioned in the following early Quranic manuscripts: <ul><li>Codex Is. 1615 I, folio 47v, <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dated</a> to 591–643 CE.</li> <li>Codex Ṣanʿāʾ DAM 01–29.1, folio 29a, radiocarbon dated between 633 and 665 CE.</li> <li>Codex Arabe 331, folio 40 v, radiocarbon dated between 652 and 765 CE.</li></ul> The earliest Muslim inscriptions are from the Mecca-<a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Islamic narrative <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Makkah_mentioned_in_Quranic_manuscript_Codex_Arabe_331dated_to_652-765_CE_with_95.4%25_probability.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Makkah_mentioned_in_Quranic_manuscript_Codex_Arabe_331dated_to_652-765_CE_with_95.4%25_probability.png/220px-Makkah_mentioned_in_Quranic_manuscript_Codex_Arabe_331dated_to_652-765_CE_with_95.4%25_probability.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Makkah_mentioned_in_Quranic_manuscript_Codex_Arabe_331dated_to_652-765_CE_with_95.4%25_probability.png/220px-Makkah_mentioned_in_Quranic_manuscript_Codex_Arabe_331dated_to_652-765_CE_with_95.4%25_probability.png" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Makkah_mentioned_in_Quranic_manuscript_Codex_Arabe_331dated_to_652-765_CE_with_95.4%25_probability.png/330px-Makkah_mentioned_in_Quranic_manuscript_Codex_Arabe_331dated_to_652-765_CE_with_95.4%25_probability.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Makkah_mentioned_in_Quranic_manuscript_Codex_Arabe_331dated_to_652-765_CE_with_95.4%25_probability.png/440px-Makkah_mentioned_in_Quranic_manuscript_Codex_Arabe_331dated_to_652-765_CE_with_95.4%25_probability.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mecca mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331 (<a href="/wiki/Q48:24" class="mw-redirect" title="Q48:24">Q48:24</a>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:OldmapofMecca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/OldmapofMecca.jpg/220px-OldmapofMecca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="368"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 324px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/OldmapofMecca.jpg/220px-OldmapofMecca.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="324" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/OldmapofMecca.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A 1787 <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Turkish map of <a href="/wiki/Al-Haram_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Haram Mosque">Al-Haram Mosque</a>, and related religious sites, such as Jabal al-Nour</div></div></div></div></div> In the Islamic view, the beginnings of Mecca are attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_people_in_Islam" title="Biblical people in Islam">Biblical figures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>. It was Adam himself who built the first God's house in Mecca according to a heavenly prototype but this building was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Noahic Flood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Literary-44">[42]</a> The civilization of Mecca is believed to have started after <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm</a> (Abraham) left his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife <a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Hājar</a> (Hagar) in the valley at <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>'s command.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some people from the Yemeni tribe of <a href="/wiki/Jurhum" title="Jurhum">Jurhum</a> settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing the first, on Ibrahim's advice. At least one man of the Jurhum helped Ismāʿīl and his father to construct or according to Islamic narratives, reconstruct, the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Ka'bah</a> ('Cube'),<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<a href="#cite_note-Glasse1991-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lings1983-66">[64]</a> Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage at the <a href="/wiki/Bakkah#Valley_of_the_Bakha" title="Bakkah">Valley of the Bakha</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> chapter <a href="/wiki/Psalm_84" title="Psalm 84">Psalm 84</a>:3–6 as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran at Surah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=96">3:96</a> In the Sharḥ al-Asāṭīr, a commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritan</a> <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrashic</a> chronology of the Patriarchs, of unknown date but probably composed in the 10th century CE, it is claimed that Mecca was built by the sons of <a href="/wiki/Nebaioth" title="Nebaioth">Nebaioth</a>, the eldest son of Ismāʿīl or <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Thamudic inscriptions Some <a href="/wiki/Thamudic" title="Thamudic">Thamudic</a> inscriptions which were discovered in the south <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> contained names of some individuals such as ʿAbd Mekkat (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">عَبْد مَكَّة‎, "Servant of Mecca").<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> There were also some other inscriptions which contained personal names such as Makki (مَكِّي, "Makkan, of Makkah"), but Jawwad Ali from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Baghdad" title="University of Baghdad">University of Baghdad</a> suggested that there's also a probability of a tribe named "Makkah".<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Quraish">Under the Quraish</h3></div> Sometime in the 5th century, the Ka'bah was a place of worship for the deities of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian mythology">Arabia's pagan tribes</a>. Mecca's most important <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> was <a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a>, which had been placed there by the ruling <a href="/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraish</a> tribe.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> and remained until the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 5th century, the Quraish took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders. In the 6th century, they joined the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>, since battles elsewhere were diverting <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> from dangerous sea routes to more secure overland routes. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> had previously controlled the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> had been increasing.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another previous route that ran through the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> rivers was also being threatened by exploitations from the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>, and was being disrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Lakhmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhmids">Lakhmids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a>. Mecca's prominence as a trading center also surpassed the cities of <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EIE-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-lapidus-14-75">[73]</a> The Sassanids however did not always pose a threat to Mecca, as in 575 CE they protected it from a Yemeni invasion, led by its Christian leader <a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a>. The tribes of southern Arabia asked the Persian king <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau I">Khosrau I</a> for aid, in response to which he came south to Arabia with foot-soldiers and a fleet of ships near Mecca.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> By the middle of the 6th century, there were three major settlements in northern <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>, all along the south-western coast that borders the Red Sea, in a habitable region between the sea and the Hejaz mountains to the east. Although the area around Mecca was completely barren, it was the wealthiest of the three settlements with abundant water from the renowned <a href="/wiki/Zamzam_Well" title="Zamzam Well">Zamzam Well</a> and a position at the crossroads of major <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">caravan</a> routes.<a href="#cite_note-world-13-77">[75]</a> The harsh conditions and terrain of the Arabian peninsula meant a near-constant state of conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">local tribes</a>, but once a year they would declare a truce and converge upon Mecca in an annual pilgrimage. Up to the 7th century, this journey was intended for religious reasons by the pagan Arabs to pay homage to their shrine, and to drink <a href="/wiki/Zamzam_Well" title="Zamzam Well">Zamzam</a>. However, it was also the time each year that disputes would be arbitrated, debts would be resolved, and trading would occur at Meccan fairs. These annual events gave the tribes a sense of common identity and made Mecca an important focus for the peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-lapidus-16-78">[76]</a> The Year of the Elephant (570 CE) The "<a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Elephant" title="Year of the Elephant">Year of the Elephant</a>" is the name in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> history for the year approximately equating to 570–572 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, when, according to Islamic sources such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a>, Abraha descended upon Mecca, riding an elephant, with a large army after building a <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">cathedral</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">San'aa</a>, named al-Qullays in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Negus" title="Negus">Negus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a>. It gained widespread fame, even gaining attention from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hajjah-79">[77]</a> Abraha attempted to divert the pilgrimage of the Arabs from the Ka'bah to al-Qullays, effectively converting them to Christianity. According to Islamic tradition, this was the year of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s birth.<a href="#cite_note-Hajjah-79">[77]</a> Abraha allegedly sent a messenger named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i to Mecca and <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a> with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols.<a href="#cite_note-Hajjah-79">[77]</a> When Muhammad ibn Khuza'i got as far as the land of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kinanah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Kinanah">Kinana</a>, the people of the lowland, knowing what he had come for, sent a man of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hudhayl" title="Banu Hudhayl">Hudhayl</a> called ʿUrwa bin Hayyad al-Milasi, who shot him with an arrow, killing him. His brother Qays who was with him, fled to Abraha and told him the news, which increased his rage and fury and he swore to raid the Kinana tribe and destroy the Ka'bah. Ibn Ishaq further states that one of the men of the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> tribe was angered by this, and going to Sana'a, entering the church at night and defiling it; widely assumed to have done so by <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecating</a> in it.<a href="#cite_note-DACB-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Muller-81">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a> marched upon the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Ka'bah</a> with a large army, which included one or more <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a>, intending to demolish it. When news of the advance of his army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinanah, <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khuza%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Khuza'a">Khuza'a</a> and Hudhayl united in the defense of the Ka'bah and the city. A man from the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite Kingdom</a> was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Ka'bah and if they resisted, they would be crushed. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Muttalib">Abdul Muttalib</a> told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he and some members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying: "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure he will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House."<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Abraha eventually attacked Mecca. However, the lead elephant, known as Mahmud,<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic such as by <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> The reference to the story in <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> is rather short. According to the 105th <a href="/wiki/Sura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura">Surah</a> of the Quran, <a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Al-Fil</a>, the next day, a dark cloud of small birds sent by Allah appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces, and smashed them to a state like that of eaten straw.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Economy Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy. Alliances were struck between the merchants in Mecca and the local nomadic tribes, who would bring goods – leather, livestock, and metals mined in the local mountains – to Mecca to be loaded on the caravans and carried to cities in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Shaam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-world-87">[85]</a> Historical accounts also provide some indication that goods from other continents may also have flowed through Mecca. Goods from Africa and the Far East passed through en route to Syria including spices, leather, medicine, cloth, and slaves; in return Mecca received money, weapons, cereals and wine, which in turn were distributed throughout Arabia. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Meccans signed treaties with both the Byzantines and the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>, and negotiated safe passages for caravans, giving them water and pasture rights. Mecca became the center of a loose confederation of client tribes, which included those of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Tamim" title="Banu Tamim">Banu Tamim</a>. Other regional powers such as the <a href="/wiki/Habesha_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Habesha people">Abyssinians</a>, Ghassanids, and Lakhmids were in decline leaving Meccan trade to be the primary binding force in Arabia in the late 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-lapidus-16-78">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammad_and_the_conquest_of_Mecca">Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Mecca" title="Muhammad in Mecca">Muhammad in Mecca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_expeditions_of_Muhammad" title="List of expeditions of Muhammad">List of expeditions of Muhammad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Site_of_the_birthplace_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad,_Mecca,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Site_of_the_birthplace_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad%2C_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/220px-Site_of_the_birthplace_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad%2C_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3297"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Site_of_the_birthplace_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad%2C_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/220px-Site_of_the_birthplace_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad%2C_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Site_of_the_birthplace_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad%2C_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/330px-Site_of_the_birthplace_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad%2C_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Site_of_the_birthplace_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad%2C_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/440px-Site_of_the_birthplace_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad%2C_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Makkah_Al_Mukarramah_Library" title="Makkah Al Mukarramah Library">Makkah Al Mukarramah Library</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mecca&params=21_25_30_N_39_49_48_E_type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA&title=Bayt+al-Mawlid+%2F+Makkah+Al+Mukarramah+Library">21°25′30″N 39°49′48″E / 21.42500°N 39.83000°E / 21.42500; 39.83000 (Bayt al-Mawlid / Makkah Al Mukarramah Library)</a>) is believed to stand on the spot where Muhammad was born, so it is also known as <a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Mawlid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Mawlid">Bayt al-Mawlid</a></figcaption></figure> Muhammad was <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">born</a> in Mecca in 570 CE, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with it ever since. He was born into the faction of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a> in the ruling tribe of <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>. It was in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour" title="Jabal al-Nour">Jabal al-Nour</a> that Muhammad began receiving divine <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelations</a> from God through the <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">archangel</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Jibreel</a> in 610 CE, according to Islamic tradition. Advocating his form of <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic monotheism</a> against Meccan paganism, and after enduring persecution from the pagan tribes for 13 years, Muhammad emigrated (<a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">hijrah</a>) in 622 CE with his companions, the <a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a>, to Yathrib (later renamed <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>). The conflict between the Quraysh and the Muslims is accepted to have begun at this point. Overall, Meccan efforts to annihilate Islam failed and proved to be costly and unsuccessful.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of the Trench</a> in 627 CE, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces (as the trench surrounding Muhammad's forces protected them from harm and a storm was sent to breach the Quraysh tribe).<a href="#cite_note-lapidus-32-88">[86]</a> In 628 CE, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca for pilgrimage, but were blocked by the Quraysh. Subsequently, Muslims and Meccans entered into the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a>, whereby the Quraysh and their allies promised to cease fighting Muslims and their allies and promised that Muslims would be allowed into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years; however, just two years later, the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Bakr" title="Banu Bakr">Banu Bakr</a>, allies of the Quraish, violated the truce by slaughtering a group of the Banu Khuza'ah, allies of the Muslims. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, marched into Mecca and conquered the city. The pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad's followers and the location <a href="/wiki/Islamized" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamized">Islamized</a> and rededicated to the worship of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> alone. Mecca was declared the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the center of Muslim pilgrimage (<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>), one of the Islamic faith's <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a>. Muhammad then returned to Medina, after assigning '<a href="/wiki/Attab_ibn_Asid" title="Attab ibn Asid">Attab ibn Asid</a> as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-EIE-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-lapidus-32-88">[86]</a> Muhammad died in 632 CE. Within the next few hundred years, the area under the banner of Islam stretched from North Africa into Asia and parts of Europe. As the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Islamic realm</a> grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims from all across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Mecca also attracted a year-round population of scholars, pious Muslims who wished to live close to the Kaaba, and local inhabitants who served the pilgrims. Due to the difficulty and expense of the Hajj, pilgrims arrived by boat at Jeddah, and came overland, or joined the annual caravans from Syria or Iraq.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_pre-modern_times">Medieval and pre-modern times</h3></div> Mecca was never the capital of any of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Islamic states</a>. Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep, such as during the reigns of '<a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> (r. 634–644 CE) and '<a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a> (r. 644–656 CE) when concerns of flooding caused the caliphs to bring in Christian engineers to build barrages in the low-lying quarters and construct dykes and embankments to protect the area around the Kaaba.<a href="#cite_note-EIE-74">[72]</a> Muhammad's return to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca and later even further away when '<a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, the fourth caliph, took power and chose <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> as his capital. The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in Syria and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, in modern-day Iraq, which remained the center of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a>, when it was held by <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr</a> and the Zubayrids.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mecca_(683)" title="Siege of Mecca (683)">683</a> CE and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mecca_(692)" title="Siege of Mecca (692)">692</a> CE, and for some time thereafter, the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by various other factions. In 930 CE, Mecca was <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mecca" title="Sack of Mecca">attacked and sacked</a> by <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'a</a> <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Isma'ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Muslim sect</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB-T%C4%81hir_Al-Jann%C4%81b%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū-Tāhir Al-Jannābī">Abū-Tāhir Al-Jannābī</a> and centered in eastern Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> hit Mecca in 1349 CE.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ibn_Battuta's_description_of_Mecca">Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca</h4></div> One of the most famous travelers to Mecca in the 14th century was a Moroccan scholar and traveler, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>. In his rihla (account), he provides a vast description of the city. Around the year 1327 CE or 729 AH, Ibn Battuta arrived at the holy city. Immediately, he says, it felt like a holy sanctuary, and thus he started the rites of the pilgrimage. He remained in Mecca for three years and left in 1330 CE. During his second year in the holy city, he says his caravan arrived "with a great quantity of alms for the support of those who were staying in Mecca and Medina". While in Mecca, prayers were made for (not to) the King of Iraq and also for <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Salaheddin al-Ayyubi</a>, Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Ka'bah. Battuta says the Ka'bah was large, but was destroyed and rebuilt smaller than the original. According to Ibn Battuta, the original Kaaba, prior to the conquest of Makkah by the Prophet, contained images of angels and prophets including Jesus (Isa in Islamic tradition), his mother Mary (Maryam in Islamic tradition), and many others - Ibn Battuta however states these were all destroyed by the Prophet in the year of victory. Battuta describes the Ka'bah in his time as an important part of Mecca due to the fact that many people make the pilgrimage to it. Battuta describes the people of the city as being humble and kind, and also willing to give a part of everything they had to someone who had nothing. The inhabitants of Mecca and the village itself, he says, were very clean. There was also a sense of elegance to the village.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Under the Ottomans<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Hajj_Mecca_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_Mecca_panorama.jpg/220px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_Mecca_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3566" data-file-height="2500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_Mecca_panorama.jpg/220px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_Mecca_panorama.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_Mecca_panorama.jpg/330px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_Mecca_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_Mecca_panorama.jpg/440px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_Mecca_panorama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Panorama of Mecca, 1845, from the <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Hajj_and_the_Arts_of_Pilgrimage" title="Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage">Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage</a></figcaption></figure>In 1517, the then Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliph</a> but retained a great degree of local autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> In 1803 the city was captured by the <a href="/wiki/First_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi State">First Saudi State</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> which held Mecca until 1813, destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a> (viceroy) and <a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">Wali</a> of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a>. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_return_of_Mecca_1813" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman return of Mecca 1813">in 1813</a>. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the <a href="/wiki/Second_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Saudi State">Second Saudi State</a> that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a> undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the Hajj (<a href="/wiki/Ludovico_di_Varthema" title="Ludovico di Varthema">Ludovico di Varthema</a> did this in 1503),<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> <a href="/wiki/Cholera_outbreaks_and_pandemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholera outbreaks and pandemics">outbreaks</a>. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makkah-1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Makkah-1910.jpg/220px-Makkah-1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="353"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Makkah-1910.jpg/220px-Makkah-1910.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Makkah-1910.jpg/330px-Makkah-1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Makkah-1910.jpg/440px-Makkah-1910.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mecca in 1910</figcaption></figure> Hashemite Revolt and subsequent control by the Sharifate of Mecca In <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Ottoman Empire was at war with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>. It had successfully repulsed an attack on <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a> and on Baghdad in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a>. The British intelligence agent <a href="/wiki/T.E._Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="T.E. Lawrence">T.E. Lawrence</a> conspired with the Ottoman governor, <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca">Hussain bin Ali</a>, the Sharif of Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mecca_(1916)" title="Battle of Mecca (1916)">1916 Battle of Mecca</a>. Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Hussein declared a new state, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a>, declaring himself the Sharif of the state and Mecca his capital. News reports in November 1916 via contact in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> with returning <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> pilgrims, stated that with the Ottoman Turkish authorities gone, the Hajj of 1916 was free of the previous massive extortion and monetary demands made by the Turks who were agents of the Ottoman government.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Saudi Arabian conquest and modern history Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mecca_(1924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mecca (1924)">1924 Battle of Mecca</a>, the Sharif of Mecca was overthrown by the Saud family, and Mecca was incorporated into Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-encarta-97">[95]</a> Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of the Saudi government fearing these sites might become sites of association in worship besides Allah (<a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a>). The city has been expanded to include several towns previously considered to be separate from the holy city and now is just a few kilometers outside the main sites of the Hajj, Mina, Muzdalifah and Arafat. Mecca is not served by any airport, due to concerns about the city's safety. It is instead served by the <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="King Abdulaziz International Airport">King Abdulaziz International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> (approx. 70 km away) internationally and the <a href="/wiki/Ta%27if_Regional_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if Regional Airport">Ta'if Regional Airport</a> (approx. 120 km away) for domestic flights.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The city today is at the junction of the two most important highways in all of the Saudi Arabian highway system, Highway 40, which connects the city to Jeddah in the west and the capital, <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a> in the east and Highway 15, which connects it to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabuk,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tabuk, Saudi Arabia">Tabuk</a> and onward to <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Abha" title="Abha">Abha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jizan" title="Jizan">Jizan</a> in the south. The Ottomans had planned to extend their railway network to the holy city, but were forced to abandon this plan due to their entry into the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. This plan was later carried out by the Saudi government, which connected the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca with the modern <a href="/wiki/Haramain_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain high-speed railway">Haramain high-speed railway</a> system which runs at 300 km/h (190 mph) and connects the two cities via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Economic_City" title="King Abdullah Economic City">King Abdullah Economic City</a> near Rabigh within two hours.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">haram area</a> of Mecca, in which the entry of non-Muslims is forbidden, is much larger than that of Medina. 1979 Grand Mosque seizure<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></div> On 20 November 1979, two hundred armed dissidents led by <a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Juhayman al-Otaibi">Juhayman al-Otaibi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_Seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Mosque Seizure">seized the Grand Mosque</a>, claiming the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a> and the Ka'bah, must be held by those of true faith. The rebels seized tens of thousands of pilgrims as hostages and barricaded themselves in the mosque. The siege lasted two weeks, and resulted in several hundred deaths and significant damage to the shrine, especially the <a href="/wiki/Al-Safa_and_Al-Marwah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Safa and Al-Marwah">Safa-Marwah</a> gallery. A multinational force was finally able to retake the mosque from the dissidents.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Since then, the Grand Mosque has been expanded several times, with many other expansions being undertaken in the present day. Destruction of Islamic heritage sites<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg/300px-Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1967"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg/300px-Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg/450px-Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg/600px-Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mecca, as seen from <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour" title="Jabal al-Nour">Jabal al-Nour</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abraj_Al_Bait" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraj Al Bait">Mecca Clock Tower</a> is visible in the skyline.</figcaption></figure> Under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985, about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.<a href="#cite_note-independent-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-99">[97]</a> It has been reported that there are now fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Some important buildings that have been destroyed include the house of <a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadijah</a>, the wife of Muhammad, the house of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, Muhammad's birthplace and the Ottoman-era <a href="/wiki/Ajyad_Fortress" title="Ajyad Fortress">Ajyad Fortress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The reason for much of the destruction of historic buildings has been for the construction of hotels, apartments, parking lots, and other infrastructure facilities for <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> pilgrims.<a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Incidents during pilgrimage<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incidents_during_the_Hajj" title="Incidents during the Hajj">Incidents during the Hajj</a></div> Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death in a <a href="/wiki/1990_Hajj_stampede" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Hajj stampede">stampede</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> On 24 September 2015, 700 pilgrims <a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">were killed</a> in a stampede at <a href="/wiki/Mina,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mina, Saudi Arabia">Mina</a> during the stoning-the-Devil ritual at Jamarat.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> 2027 total solar eclipse Mecca will experience a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_August_2,_2027" title="Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027">total solar eclipse</a> on Monday, 2 August 2027, for a duration of 5 minutes and 8 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Significance_in_Islam">Significance in Islam</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Mecque_pelerinage.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/La_Mecque_pelerinage.png/300px-La_Mecque_pelerinage.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="792"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 215px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/La_Mecque_pelerinage.png/300px-La_Mecque_pelerinage.png" data-width="300" data-height="215" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/La_Mecque_pelerinage.png/450px-La_Mecque_pelerinage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/La_Mecque_pelerinage.png/600px-La_Mecque_pelerinage.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> involves pilgrims visiting Al-Haram Mosque, but mainly camping and spending time in the plains of <a href="/wiki/Mina,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mina, Saudi Arabia">Mina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arafah" class="mw-redirect" title="Arafah">Arafah</a></figcaption></figure> Mecca holds an important place in Islam and is considered the holiest city in all branches of the religion. The city derives its importance from the role it plays in the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> and '<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a> and for its status as the birthplace of Muhammad. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masjid_al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</h3></div> The Masjid al-Haram is the site of two of the most important rites of both the Hajj and of the Umrah, the circumambulation around the Ka'bah (<a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">tawaf</a>) and the walking between the two mounts of Safa and Marwa (<a href="/wiki/Sa%27ee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ee">sa'ee</a>). The masjid is also the site of the <a href="/wiki/Zamzam_Well" title="Zamzam Well">Zamzam Well</a>. According to Islamic tradition, a prayer in the masjid is equal to 100,000 prayers in any other masjid around the world.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kaaba">Kaaba</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a></div> There is a difference of opinion between Islamic scholars upon who first built the <a href="/wiki/Ka%27bah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'bah">Ka'bah</a>, some believe it was built by the <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">angels</a> while others believe it was built by <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam</a>. Regardless, it was built several times before reaching its current state. The Ka'bah is also the common direction of prayer (<a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a>) for all Muslims. The surface surrounding the Ka'bah on which Muslims circumambulate it is known as the Mataf. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hajr-e-Aswad_(The_Black_Stone)">Hajr-e-Aswad (The Black Stone)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a></div> The Black Stone is a stone, considered by scientists to be a <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a> or of similar origin and believed by Muslims to be of divine origin. It is set in the eastern corner of the Ka'bah and it is <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> to touch and kiss the stone. The area around the stone is generally always crowded and guarded by policemen to ensure the pilgrims' safety. In Islamic tradition, the stone was sent down from Jannah (Paradise) and used to build the Ka'bah. It used to be a white stone (and was whiter than milk). Because of the worldly sins of man, it slowly changed color to black over the years after it was brought down to Earth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maqam_Ibrahim">Maqam Ibrahim</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maqam_Ibrahim,_Makkah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg/170px-Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1763" data-file-height="2333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg/170px-Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg/255px-Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg/340px-Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqam Ibrahim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Makkah">Makkah</a></figcaption></figure> This is the stone that Ibrahim (Abraham) stood on to build the higher parts of the Ka'bah. It contains two footprints that are comparatively larger than average modern-day human feet. The stone is raised and housed in a golden hexagonal chamber beside the Ka'bah on the Mataf plate. The stone inside the casing is square shaped and measures 40 cm (16 in) in length and width, and 20 cm (7.9 in) in height.<a href="#cite_note-madainmaqam-109">[107]</a> It used to be enclosed by a structure called the Maqsurat Ibrahim which was covered by a <a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">sitara</a>: an ornamental, embroidered curtain that was replaced annually.<a href="#cite_note-daralkiswa-110">[108]</a> Currently, it is placed inside a golden-metal enclosure. The outer casing has changed a number of times over the years; historic photographs show that the arch of the Banu Shaybah Gate stood next to it.<a href="#cite_note-madainshaiba-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Safa_and_Marwa">Safa and Marwa</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></div> Muslims believe that in the divine revelation to Muhammad, the Quran, Allah describes the mountains of Safa and Marwah as symbols of His divinity. Walking between the two mountains seven times, 4 times from Safa to Marwah and 3 times from Marwah interchangeably, is considered a mandatory pillar (<a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">rukn</a>) of '<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a>.<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1132px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of the al-Masjid al-Haram, also known as the Grand Mosque of Mecca, during the Hajj pilgrimage"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG/1124px-Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG" decoding="async" width="1124" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="972"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1124px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG/1124px-Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="1124" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG/1686px-Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG/2248px-Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG" title="File:Masjid al-Haram panorama.JPG"> </a></div>Panorama of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid al-Haram">al-Masjid al-Haram</a>, also known as the Grand Mosque of Mecca, during the Hajj pilgrimage</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hajj_and_'Umrah">Hajj and 'Umrah</h3></div> The Hajj pilgrimage, also called the greater pilgrimage, attracts millions of Muslims from all over the world and almost triples Mecca's population for one week in the twelfth and final Islamic month of <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhu al-Hijjah</a>. In 2019, the Hajj attracted 2,489,406 pilgrims to the holy city.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> The 'Umrah, or the lesser pilgrimage, can be done at anytime during the year. Every adult, healthy Muslim who has the financial and physical capacity to travel to Mecca must perform the Hajj at least once in a lifetime. Umrah, the lesser pilgrimage, is not obligatory, but is recommended in the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> In addition to the Masjid al-Haram, pilgrims also must visit the nearby towns of <a href="/wiki/Mina,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mina, Saudi Arabia">Mina/Muna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah" title="Muzdalifah">Muzdalifah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">Mount Arafat</a> for various rituals that are part of the Hajj. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jabal_an-Nur">Jabal an-Nur</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jabal_Nur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Jabal_Nur.JPG/220px-Jabal_Nur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Jabal_Nur.JPG/220px-Jabal_Nur.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Jabal_Nur.JPG/330px-Jabal_Nur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Jabal_Nur.JPG/440px-Jabal_Nur.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour" title="Jabal al-Nour">Jabal al-Nour</a>, the mountain atop which is the Hira cave, where it is believed Muhammad received his first revelation.</figcaption></figure>This is a mountain believed by Muslims to have been the place where Muhammad spent his time away from the bustling city of Mecca in seclusion.<a href="#cite_note-:0-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-115">[113]</a> The mountain is located on the eastern entrance of the city and is the highest point in the city at 642 meters (2,106 feet). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hira'a_Cave">Hira'a Cave</h4></div> Situated atop Jabal an-Nur, this is the cave where Muslims believe Muhammad received the first revelation from Allah through the archangel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Jibril</a> in Islamic tradition) at the age of 40.<a href="#cite_note-:0-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-115">[113]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mecca_seen_from_international_space_station.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mecca_seen_from_international_space_station.png/220px-Mecca_seen_from_international_space_station.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="3050"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mecca_seen_from_international_space_station.png/220px-Mecca_seen_from_international_space_station.png" data-width="220" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mecca_seen_from_international_space_station.png/330px-Mecca_seen_from_international_space_station.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mecca_seen_from_international_space_station.png/440px-Mecca_seen_from_international_space_station.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mecca as seen from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>. Haram is visible in the center while Mina is visible in the east.</figcaption></figure> Mecca is located in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz region</a>, a 200 km (124 mi) wide strip of mountains separating the <a href="/wiki/An_Nafud" class="mw-redirect" title="An Nafud">Nafud desert</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. The city is situated in a valley with the same name around 70 km (44 mi) east of the port city of <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>. Mecca is one of the lowest cities in elevation in the Hejaz region, located at an elevation of 277 m (909 ft) above sea level at 21º23' north latitude and 39º51' east longitude. Mecca is divided into 34 districts. The city centers on the al-Haram area, which contains the Masjid al-Haram. The area around the mosque is the old city and contains the most famous district of Mecca, Ajyad. The main street that runs to al-Haram is the Ibrahim al-Khalil Street, named after <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrahim</a>. Traditional, historical homes built of local rock, two to three stories long are still present within the city's central area, within view of modern hotels and shopping complexes. The total area of modern Mecca is over 1,200 km2 (460 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation">Elevation</h3></div> Mecca is at an elevation of 277 m (909 ft) above sea level, and approximately 70 km (44 mi) inland from the Red Sea.<a href="#cite_note-world-13-77">[75]</a> It is one of the lowest in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region, although some mountain peaks in Mecca reach 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in height. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3></div> The city center lies in a corridor between mountains, which is often called the "Hollow of Mecca". The area contains the valley of al-Taneem, the valley of Bakkah and the valley of Abqar.<a href="#cite_note-EIE-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117">[115]</a> This mountainous location has defined the contemporary expansion of the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_of_water">Sources of water</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg/220px-%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="2720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg/220px-%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg/330px-%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg/440px-%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The mouthpiece of the <a href="/wiki/Well_of_Zamzam" class="mw-redirect" title="Well of Zamzam">well of Zamzam</a></figcaption></figure> Due to Mecca's climatic conditions <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a> has been an issue throughout its history. In pre-modern Mecca, the city used a few chief sources of water. Among them were local wells, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zamzam_Well" title="Zamzam Well">Zamzam Well</a>, that produced generally brackish water. Finding a sustainable water source to supply Mecca's permanent population and the large number of annual pilgrims was an undertaking that began in the Abbasid era under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Zubaidah_bint_Ja%27far" title="Zubaidah bint Ja'far">Zubayda</a>, the wife of the caliph <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun ar-Rashid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[c]</a> She donated funds for the deepening of Zamzam Well and funded a massive construction project likely costing 1.75 million <a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">gold dinars</a>. The project encompassed the construction of an underground <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueduct</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: عين حنين, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: ʿAyn Ḥunayn, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Spring of <a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Hunayn</a>' and smaller water sources in the area to Mecca in addition to the construction of a waterworks on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">Mount Arafat</a> called <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: عين زبيدة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: ʿAyn Zubayda, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Spring of <a href="/wiki/Zubaidah_bint_Ja%27far" title="Zubaidah bint Ja'far">Zubayda</a>' using a separate conduit to connect it to Mecca and the Masjid al-Haram. Over time however the system deteriorated and failed to fulfil its function. Thus in 1245 CE, 1361 CE, 1400 CE, 1474 CE, and 1510 CE different rulers invested into extensive repairs of the system. In 1525 CE due to the system's troubles persisting however the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> began a construction project to rebuild the aqueduct in its entirety, the project took until 1571 CE to be completed. Its water quality was greatly lacking during the 19th century until a restoration and cleaning project by Osman Pasha began.<a href="#cite_note-Literary-44">[42]</a> Another source which sporadically provided water was rainfall which was stored by the people in small reservoirs or <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cisterns</a>. According to al-Kurdī, there had been 89 floods by 1965. In the last century, the most severe flood was that of 1942. Since then, dams have been built to ameliorate this problem.<a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117">[115]</a> In the modern day <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination facilities</a> have been constructed and are being constructed to provide suitable amounts of water fit for human consumption to the city.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mecca" title="Climate of Mecca">Climate of Mecca</a></div> Mecca features a <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: BWh), in three different <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">plant hardiness zones</a>: 10, 11 and 12.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> Like most Saudi Arabian cities, Mecca retains warm to hot temperatures even in winter, which can range from 19 °C (66 °F) at night to 30 °C (86 °F) in the afternoon. Summer temperatures are extremely hot and consistently break the 40 °C (104 °F) mark in the afternoon, dropping to 30 °C (86 °F) in the evening, but humidity remains relatively low, at 30–40%. Rain usually falls in Mecca in small amounts scattered between November and January, with heavy thunderstorms also common during the winter. Occasional summer rainfall is associated with the northward movement of the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a>. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Mecca (1991-2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0 (104.0) </td> <td style="background: #F20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.4 (108.3) </td> <td style="background: #D20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7 (112.5) </td> <td style="background: #920000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.4 (120.9) </td> <td style="background: #710000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51.8 (125.2) </td> <td style="background: #7C0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51.0 (123.8) </td> <td style="background: #890000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.0 (122.0) </td> <td style="background: #8C0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.8 (121.6) </td> <td style="background: #B30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.0 (116.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.2 (106.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4 (102.9) </td> <td style="background: #710000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">51.8 (125.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9 (87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4 (95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td> <td style="background: #F20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.4 (108.3) </td> <td style="background: #DD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.9 (111.0) </td> <td style="background: #E70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.2 (109.8) </td> <td style="background: #EB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.9 (109.2) </td> <td style="background: #EB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.9 (109.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4 (104.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.5 (101.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8 (82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3 (88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6 (94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 (97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 (97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9 (96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.2 (88.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9 (67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3 (84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8 (85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1 (86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3 (68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E0FFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (0.81) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 (0.10) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (0.20) </td> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (0.33) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 (0.10) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 (0.06) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 (0.23) </td> <td style="background: #F5FFF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (0.25) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (0.56) </td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (0.91) </td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 (0.97) </td> <td style="background: #F1FFF1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">104.6 (4.12) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (daily average) </th> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">260.4 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">245.8 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.1 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.0 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">303.8 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">321.0 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">313.1 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">297.6 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.0 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300.7 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">264.0 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248.0 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,400.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #F2F215; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> Jeddah Regional Climate Center<a href="#cite_note-JRCC-123">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (sunshine hours, 1986–2000)<a href="#cite_note-DWD-124">[121]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads,_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/220px-Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/220px-Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/330px-Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/440px-Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pilgrims are the driving force of Mecca's economy.</figcaption></figure> The Meccan economy has been heavily dependent on pilgrimages coming for Umrah and Hajj.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> Income generated through pilgrims not only powers the Meccan economy but has historically had far-reaching effects on the economy of the entire <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. The income was generated in a number of ways. One method was taxing the pilgrims. Taxes were especially increased during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, and many of these taxes existed to as late as 1972. Another way the Hajj generates income is through services to pilgrims. For example, the Saudi <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudia" title="Saudia">Saudia</a>, generates 12% of its income from the pilgrimage. Fares paid by pilgrims to reach Mecca by land also generate income; as do the hotels and lodging companies that house them.<a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117">[115]</a> The city takes in more than $100 million, while the Saudi government spends about $50 million on services for the Hajj. There are some industries and factories in the city, but Mecca no longer plays a major role in <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia's economy</a>, which is mainly based on oil exports.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> The few industries operating in Mecca include textiles, furniture, and utensils. The majority of the economy is service-oriented. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilton_Hotel_-_panoramio_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hilton_Hotel_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/220px-Hilton_Hotel_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hilton_Hotel_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/220px-Hilton_Hotel_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hilton_Hotel_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/330px-Hilton_Hotel_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hilton_Hotel_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/440px-Hilton_Hotel_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Hotels_%26_Resorts" title="Hilton Hotels & Resorts">Hilton Hotels & Resorts</a> in Mecca</figcaption></figure> Nevertheless, many industries have been set up in Mecca. Various types of enterprises that have existed since 1970 in the city include <a href="/wiki/Iron_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron mining">corrugated iron manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction" title="Copper extraction">copper extraction</a>, carpentry, <a href="/wiki/Upholstery" title="Upholstery">upholstery</a>, bakeries, farming and banking.<a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117">[115]</a> The city has grown substantially in the 20th and 21st centuries, as the convenience and affordability of <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet</a> travel has increased the number of pilgrims participating in the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>. Thousands of Saudis are employed year-round to oversee the Hajj and staff the hotels and shops that cater to pilgrims; these workers in turn have increased the demand for housing and services. The city is now ringed by freeways and contains shopping malls and skyscrapers.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> A new industrial city is being developed in Al Akashiya district of Makkah by the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Authority_for_Industrial_Cities_and_Technology_Zones" title="Saudi Authority for Industrial Cities and Technology Zones">Saudi Authority for Industrial Cities and Technology Zones</a>. It covers an area of 45 square kilometres (11,000 acres).<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Human_resources">Human resources</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Formal education started to be developed in the late Ottoman period continuing slowly into Hashemite times. The first major attempt to improve the situation was made by a Jeddah merchant, Muhammad ʿAlī Zaynal Riḍā, who founded the Madrasat al-Falāḥ in Mecca in 1911–12 that cost £400,000.<a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117">[115]</a> The school system in Mecca has many public and private schools for both males and females. As of 2005, there were 532 <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public</a> and private schools for males and another 681 public and private schools for female students.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> The medium of instruction in both public and private schools is Arabic with emphasis on English as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>, but some private schools founded by foreign entities such as International schools use the English language as the medium of instruction. Some of these are coeducational while other schools are not. For higher education, the city has only one university, <a href="/wiki/Umm_Al-Qura_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Al-Qura University">Umm Al-Qura University</a>, which was established in 1949 as a college and became a public university in 1981. Healthcare is provided by the Saudi government free of charge to all pilgrims. There are ten main hospitals in Mecca:<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> <ul><li>Ajyad Hospital (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">مُسْتَشْفَى أَجْيَاد‎)</li> <li>King Faisal Hospital (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">مُسْتَشْفَى ٱلْمَلِك فَيْصَل بِحَي ٱلشّشه‎)</li> <li>King Abdulaziz Hospital (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">مُسْتَشْفَى ٱلْمَلِك عَبْد ٱلْعَزِيْز بِحَي ٱلـزَّاهِر‎)</li> <li>Al Noor Specialist Hospital (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">مُسْتَشْفَى ٱلنُّوْر ٱلتَّخَصُّصِي‎)</li> <li>Hira'a Hospital (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">مُسْتَشْفَى حِرَاء‎)</li> <li>Maternity and Children's Hospital (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">مُسْتَشْفَى ٱلْوِلَادَة وَٱلْأَطْفَال‎)</li> <li>King Abdullah Medical City (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">مَدِيْنَة ٱلْمَلِك عَبْد ٱلله ٱلطِّبِيَّة‎)</li> <li>Khulais General Hospital (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">مُسْتَشْفَى خُلَيْص ٱلْعَام‎)</li> <li>Al Kamel General Hospital (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">مُسْتَشْفَى ٱلْكَامِل ٱلْعَام‎)</li> <li>Ibn Sina Hospital (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">مُسْتَشْفَى ابْن سِيْنَا بِحَدَاء / بَحْرَه‎)</li></ul> There are also many walk-in clinics available for both residents and pilgrims. Several temporary clinics are set up during the Hajj to tend to wounded pilgrims. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Mecca" title="List of neighbourhoods in Mecca">List of neighbourhoods in Mecca</a></div> Mecca is very densely populated. Most long-term residents live in the Old City, the area around the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Great Mosque</a> and many work to support pilgrims, known locally as the Hajj industry. 'Iyad Madani, the Saudi Arabian Minister for Hajj, was quoted saying, "We never stop preparing for the Hajj."<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Year-round, pilgrims stream into the city to perform the rites of '<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a>, and during the last weeks of eleventh Islamic month, <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qi%27dah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhu al-Qi'dah">Dhu al-Qi'dah</a>, on average 2–4 million Muslims arrive in the city to take part in the rites known as Hajj.<a href="#cite_note-ebmm-132">[129]</a> Pilgrims are from varying <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicities</a> and backgrounds, mainly <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa. Many of these pilgrims have remained and become residents of the city. By the 19th century, people of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> origin had come to constitute 20% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> The Burmese are an older, more established community who number roughly 250,000.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> Adding to this, the discovery of oil in the past 50 years has brought hundreds of thousands of working immigrants. Non-Muslims are not permitted to enter Mecca under <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Saudi law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-peters_206-20">[18]</a> and using fraudulent documents to do so may result in arrest and prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> The prohibition extends to <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadis</a>, as they are considered non-Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> Nevertheless, many non-Muslims and Ahmadis have visited the city as these restrictions are loosely enforced. The first such recorded example of a non-Muslim entering the city is that of <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_di_Varthema" title="Ludovico di Varthema">Ludovico di Varthema</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> in 1503.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>, the founder of Sikhism, is said to have visited Mecca<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> in December 1518.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> One of the most famous was <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> who traveled as a <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadiriyyah">Qadiriyya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in 1853. <a href="/wiki/Mecca_Province" title="Mecca Province">Mecca Province</a> is the only province where <a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Expatriates in Saudi Arabia">expatriates</a> outnumber <a href="/wiki/Saudis" title="Saudis">Saudis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_meca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_meca.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_meca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="898"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 274px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_meca.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_meca.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="274" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_meca.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_meca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_meca.jpg/440px-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_meca.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Al-Haram Mosque and the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a></figcaption></figure>Mecca's culture has been affected by the large number of pilgrims that arrive annually, and thus boasts a rich <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>. As a result of the vast numbers of pilgrims coming to the city each year, Mecca has become by far the most diverse city in the Muslim world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> In pre-modern Mecca, the most common sports were impromptu wrestling and foot races.<a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is now the most popular sport in Mecca and the kingdom, and the city hosts some of the oldest sport clubs in Saudi Arabia such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Wahda_(Mecca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Wahda (Mecca)">Al Wahda FC</a> (established in 1945). <a href="/wiki/King_Abdul_Aziz_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdul Aziz Stadium">King Abdulaziz Stadium</a> is the largest stadium in Mecca with a capacity of 38,000.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_landmarks">Architectural landmarks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_sites_in_Mecca" title="Sacred sites in Mecca">Sacred sites in Mecca</a></div> Adorning the southern facade of the Masjid al-Haram is the <a href="/wiki/Abraj_Al_Bait" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraj Al Bait">Abraj al-Bait Complex</a>; towering over the Great Mosque, it is a seven-building complex with the central clock tower having a length of 601 m (1,972 feet), making it the world's fourth-tallest building. All seven buildings in the complex also form the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_buildings_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest buildings in the world">third-largest building by floor area</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mecca_Gate" title="Mecca Gate">Mecca Gate</a>, known popularly as the Quran Gate, sits on the western entrance of the city, which is the route from Jeddah. Located on Highway 40, it marks the boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Haram area</a> where non-Muslims are prohibited from entering. The gate was designed in 1979 by an Egyptian architect, Samir Elabd, for the architectural firm IDEA Center. The structure is that of a book, representing the Quran, sitting on a <a href="/wiki/Rehal_(book_rest)" title="Rehal (book rest)">rehal</a>, or bookrest.<a href="#cite_note-Makkah_Gate_Design_-_elabdarchitecture.com-143">[140]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Communications">Communications</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press_and_newspapers">Press and newspapers</h3></div> The first press was brought to Mecca in 1885 by <a href="/wiki/Osman_Nuri_Pasha" title="Osman Nuri Pasha">Osman Nuri Pasha</a>, an Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">Wāli</a>. During the Hashemite period, it was used to print the city's official gazette, <a href="/wiki/Al_Qibla" title="Al Qibla">Al Qibla</a>. The Saudi regime expanded this press into a larger operation, introducing the new Saudi official gazette of Mecca, Umm al-Qurā.<a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117">[115]</a> Mecca also has its own paper owned by the city, <a href="/wiki/Al_Nadwa" title="Al Nadwa">Al Nadwa</a>. However, other Saudi newspapers are also provided in Mecca such as the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Gazette" title="Saudi Gazette">Saudi Gazette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Madinah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Madinah">Al Madinah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okaz" title="Okaz">Okaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Bilad_(Saudi_newspaper)" title="Al-Bilad (Saudi newspaper)">Al Bilad</a>, in addition to other international newspapers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3></div> Telecommunications in the city were emphasized early under the Saudi reign. King <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia">Abdulaziz</a> pressed them forward as he saw them as a means of convenience and better governance. While under <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca">Hussein bin Ali</a>, there were about 20 public telephones in the entire city; in 1936, the number jumped to 450, totaling about half the telephones in the country. During that time, telephone lines were extended to Jeddah and Ta'if, but not to the capital, <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>. By 1985, Mecca, like other Saudi cities, possessed modern telephone, telex, radio and television communications.<a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117">[115]</a> Many television stations serve the city area, including <a href="/wiki/Saudi_T.V._Channel_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi T.V. Channel 1">Saudi TV1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_T.V._Channel_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi T.V. Channel II">Saudi TV2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_TV_Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi TV Sports">Saudi TV Sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ekhbariya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ekhbariya">Al-Ekhbariya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Radio_and_Television_Network" title="Arab Radio and Television Network">Arab Radio and Television Network</a> and various cable, satellite and other specialty television providers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3></div> Limited radio communication was established within the Kingdom under the Hashemites. In 1929, wireless stations were set up in various towns in the region, creating a network that would become fully functional by 1932. Soon after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the existing network was greatly expanded and improved. Since then, radio communication has been used extensively in directing the pilgrimage and addressing the pilgrims. This practice started in 1950, with the initiation of broadcasts on the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Arafa">Day of 'Arafah</a> (9 Dhu al-Hijjah), and increased until 1957, at which time Radio Makkah became the most powerful station in the Middle East at 50 kW. Later, power was increased 9-fold to 450 kW. Music was not immediately broadcast, but gradually folk music was introduced.<a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117">[115]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3></div> The only airport near the city is the Mecca East airport, which is not active. Mecca is primarily served by <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="King Abdulaziz International Airport">King Abdulaziz International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> for international and regional connections and <a href="/wiki/Ta%27if_Regional_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if Regional Airport">Ta'if Regional Airport</a> for regional connections. To cater to the large number of Hajj pilgrims, Jeddah Airport has a Hajj Terminal, specifically for use during the Hajj season; the terminal can accommodate 47 planes simultaneously while receiving 3,800 pilgrims per hour during the Hajj season.<a href="#cite_note-opening1-144">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3rd_Ring_Road_makkah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/3rd_Ring_Road_makkah.jpg/220px-3rd_Ring_Road_makkah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/3rd_Ring_Road_makkah.jpg/220px-3rd_Ring_Road_makkah.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/3rd_Ring_Road_makkah.jpg/330px-3rd_Ring_Road_makkah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/3rd_Ring_Road_makkah.jpg/440px-3rd_Ring_Road_makkah.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>3rd Ring Road passing through Kudai Area</figcaption></figure> Mecca, similar to Medina, lies at the junction of two of the most important highways in Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Highway_40_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Highway 40 (Saudi Arabia)">Highway 40</a>, connecting it to the important port city of <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> in the west and the capital of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> and the other major port city, <a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a>, in the east. The other, Highway 15, connects Mecca to the other holy Islamic city of Medina approximately 400 km (250 mi) in the north and onward to <a href="/wiki/Tabuk,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tabuk, Saudi Arabia">Tabuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. While in the south, it connects Mecca to <a href="/wiki/Abha" title="Abha">Abha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jizan" title="Jizan">Jizan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> Mecca is served by four ring roads, and these are very crowded compared to the three ring roads of Medina. Mecca also has many tunnels.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapid_transit">Rapid transit</h3></div> Al Masha'er Al Muqaddassah Metro The <a href="/wiki/Al_Mashaaer_Al_Mugaddassah_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro">Al Masha'er Al Muqaddassah Metro</a> is a metro line in Mecca opened on 13 November 2010.<a href="#cite_note-opening2-148">[145]</a> The 18.1-kilometer (11.2-mile) elevated metro transports pilgrims to the holy sites of '<a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">Arafat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah" title="Muzdalifah">Muzdalifah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mina,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mina, Saudi Arabia">Mina</a> in the city to reduce congestion on the road and is only operational during the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> season.<a href="#cite_note-rgi20090624-149">[146]</a> It consists of nine stations, three in each of the aforementioned towns. Mecca Metro The <a href="/wiki/Mecca_Metro" title="Mecca Metro">Mecca Metro</a>, officially known as Makkah Mass Rail Transit, is a planned four-line <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> system for the city.<a href="#cite_note-approved-150">[147]</a> This will be in addition to<a href="#cite_note-approved-150">[147]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Al_Mashaaer_Al_Mugaddassah_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro">Al Masha'er Al Muqaddassah Metro</a> which carries pilgrims. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intercity">Intercity</h4></div> In 2018, a high speed intercity rail line, part of the <a href="/wiki/Haramain_High_Speed_Rail_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain High Speed Rail Project">Haramain High Speed Rail Project</a>, named the <a href="/wiki/Haramain_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain high-speed railway">Haramain high-speed railway</a> line entered operation, connecting the holy cities of Mecca and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> together via <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="King Abdulaziz International Airport">King Abdulaziz International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Economic_City" title="King Abdullah Economic City">King Abdullah Economic City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rabigh" title="Rabigh">Rabigh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rgi20090423-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arabnews-152">[149]</a> The railway consists of 35 <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">electric trains</a> and is capable of transporting 60 million passengers annually. Each train can achieve speeds of up to 300 kmh (190 mph), traveling a total distance of 450 km (280 mi), reducing the travel time between the two cities to less than two hours.<a href="#cite_note-arwmmcc-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arabnews-152">[149]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia" title="Portal:Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Mawlid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Mawlid">Bayt al-Mawlid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Makkah_Al_Mukarramah_Library" title="Makkah Al Mukarramah Library">house</a> where Muhammad is believed to have been born</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecca_Province" title="Mecca Province">Mecca Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masar_Destination" title="Masar Destination">Masar Destination</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مَكَّة ٱلْمُكَرَّمَة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Makkah al-Mukarramah, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Makkah the Noble', <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Hejazi Arabic pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic">[makːa almʊkarːama]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مَكَّة<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> Makkah (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Hejazi Arabic pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic">[ˈmakːa]</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Possibly following their pilgrimage in 805 CE and seeing the city's issues with its water supply. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dompetdhuafa.org/en/the-history-of-kaaba-construction-and-its-renovation-over-time/">"The History of Kaaba Construction and Its Renovation Over Time"</a>. Dompet Dhuafa. 15 May 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dompet+Dhuafa&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Kaaba+Construction+and+Its+Renovation+Over+Time&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dompetdhuafa.org%2Fen%2Fthe-history-of-kaaba-construction-and-its-renovation-over-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/">"Mecca Governorate"</a>. City Population. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Population&rft.atitle=Mecca+Governorate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fsaudiarabia%2Fmakkah%2F0201__makkah_al_mukarramah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/48?startingVerse=22">48:22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724">Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster. 2001. p. 724. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-546-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-546-9"><bdi>978-0-87779-546-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Geographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=724&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-546-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCo_VIPIJerIC%26pg%3DPA724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/">"Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information"</a>. City Population. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Population&rft.atitle=Makkah+%28Makkah+al-Mukarramah%2C+Mecca+Region%2C+Saudi+Arabia%29+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Charts%2C+Map%2C+Location%2C+Weather+and+Web+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fsaudiarabia%2Fmakkah%2Fmakkah_al_mukarramah%2F02002__makkah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/hajj-holy-pilgrimage">"Hajj The Holy Pilgrimage"</a>. Salamislam. 3 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531214408/https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/hajj-holy-pilgrimage">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salamislam&rft.atitle=Hajj+The+Holy+Pilgrimage&rft.date=2021-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsalamislam.com%2Farticles%2Fpractical-principles%2Fhajj-holy-pilgrimage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023">"Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…"</a>. Euromonitor. 13 December 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euromonitor&rft.atitle=Euromonitor+International%27s+report+reveals+world%27s+Top+100%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2023-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euromonitor.com%2Fpress%2Fpress-releases%2Fdec-2023%2Feuromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgle2015" class="citation book cs1">Ogle, Vanessa (2015). The Global Transformation of Time: 1870–1950. Harvard University Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-28614-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-28614-6"><bdi>978-0-674-28614-6</bdi></a>. <q>Mecca, "the fountainhead and cradle of Islam," would be the center of Islamic timekeeping.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Transformation+of+Time%3A+1870%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-28614-6&rft.aulast=Ogle&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2013" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Reynold A. (2013). Literary History Of The Arabs. Routledge. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-17016-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-17016-4"><bdi>978-1-136-17016-4</bdi></a>. <q>Mecca was the cradle of Islam, and Islam, according to Muhammad, is the religion of Abraham.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+History+Of+The+Arabs&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-17016-4&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Reynold+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan,_A_M2003" class="citation book cs1">Khan, A M (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26">Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith</a>. Global Vision Publishing Ho. pp. 26–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87746-47-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87746-47-8"><bdi>978-81-87746-47-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Value+Of+The+Qur+An+And+The+Hadith&rft.pages=26-&rft.pub=Global+Vision+Publishing+Ho&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-87746-47-8&rft.au=Khan%2C+A+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZcMHD5WWL7AC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Laithy,_Ahmed2005" class="citation book cs1">Al-Laithy, Ahmed (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61">What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an</a>. Garant. pp. 61–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-441-1774-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-441-1774-5"><bdi>978-90-441-1774-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Everyone+Should+Know+About+the+Qur%27an&rft.pages=61-&rft.pub=Garant&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-441-1774-5&rft.au=Al-Laithy%2C+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ShMqiiJbNYC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed</a> (2005). Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam. Aperture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89381-752-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89381-752-X"><bdi>0-89381-752-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mecca%2C+The+Blessed%2C+Medina%2C+The+Radiant%3A+The+Holiest+Cities+of+Islam&rft.pub=Aperture&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-89381-752-X&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayat2021" class="citation web cs1">Bayat, Ehsan (28 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehsanbayat.com/6-facts-you-need-to-know-about-the-abraj-al-bait-clock-tower/">"Dr. Ehsan Bayat - 6 Facts You Need to Know about the Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower"</a>. Dr. Ehsan Bayat. Retrieved 19 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Ehsan+Bayat&rft.atitle=Dr.+Ehsan+Bayat+-+6+Facts+You+Need+to+Know+about+the+Abraj+Al-Bait+Clock+Tower&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft.aulast=Bayat&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehsanbayat.com%2F6-facts-you-need-to-know-about-the-abraj-al-bait-clock-tower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi">"Wahhābī (Islamic movement)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> 9 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020. <q>Because <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhābism</a> prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early history of Islam</a>, such as the homes and graves of <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, were demolished under Saudi rule. <a href="/wiki/Preservationist" title="Preservationist">Preservationists</a> have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> have been razed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wahh%C4%81b%C4%AB+%28Islamic+movement%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWahhabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2011" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Jerome (24 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html">"Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Mecca+for+the+rich%3A+Islam%27s+holiest+site+%27turning+into+Vegas%27&rft.date=2011-09-24&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fmecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> (24 June 2010), Cairo. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-18"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_18-0">^</a> Fattah, Hassan M.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/20/international/middleeast/20mecca.html">Islamic Pilgrims Bring Cosmopolitan Air to Unlikely City</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924045207/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/20/international/middleeast/20mecca.html">Archived</a> 24 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (20 January 2005). </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cultural-genocide-of-Islamic-heritage-in-Saudi-Arabia-riles-Sunni-Sufis/articleshow/17564283.cms">"'Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 11 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=%27Cultural+genocide+of+Islamic+heritage%27+in+Saudi+Arabia+riles+Sunni+Sufis&rft.date=2013-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FCultural-genocide-of-Islamic-heritage-in-Saudi-Arabia-riles-Sunni-Sufis%2Farticleshow%2F17564283.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peters_206-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peters_206_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peters_206_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1994" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Francis E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete">The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places</a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206">206</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02619-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02619-0"><bdi>978-0-691-02619-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hajj%3A+The+Muslim+Pilgrimage+to+Mecca+and+the+Holy+Places&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02619-0&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Francis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhajjmuslimpilgri0000pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, John L.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25">What everyone needs to know about Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979413-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979413-3"><bdi>978-0-19-979413-3</bdi></a>. <q>Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+everyone+needs+to+know+about+Islam&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979413-3&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wSVQI3Ya2EC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904004403/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/sau_jeddah/n2015/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/mayor-of-makkah-receives-malaysian-consul-general?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fsau_jeddah%2Fn2015">"Mayor of Makkah Receives Malaysian Consul General"</a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malaysia. 28 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kln.gov.my/web/sau_jeddah/n2015/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/mayor-of-makkah-receives-malaysian-consul-general?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fsau_jeddah%2Fn2015">the original</a> on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mayor+of+Makkah+Receives+Malaysian+Consul+General&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kln.gov.my%2Fweb%2Fsau_jeddah%2Fn2015%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FME2g%2Fblog%2Fmayor-of-makkah-receives-malaysian-consul-general%3Fredirect%3D%252Fweb%252Fsau_jeddah%252Fn2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG201410-23"><a href="#cite_ref-NG201410_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Stone, Dan (3 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717031610/http://onward.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/03/the-growing-pains-of-the-ancient-hajj/">"The Growing Pains of the Ancient Hajj"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onward.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/03/the-growing-pains-of-the-ancient-hajj/">the original</a> on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+Growing+Pains+of+the+Ancient+Hajj&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonward.nationalgeographic.com%2F2014%2F10%2F03%2Fthe-growing-pains-of-the-ancient-hajj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia">"Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah"</a>. 29 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who%3A+Saleh+Al-Turki%2C+the+new+mayor+of+Makkah&rft.date=2022-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F2014476%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421">"Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region"</a>. Saudi Press Agency. 16 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prince+Khalid+Al+Faisal+appointed+as+governor+of+Makkah+region&rft.pub=Saudi+Press+Agency&rft.date=2007-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spa.gov.sa%2FEnglish%2Fdetails.php%3Fid%3D450421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Versteeghp513-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Versteeghp513_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Versteeghp513_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersteegh,_Kees2008" class="citation book cs1">Versteegh, Kees (2008). C.H.M. Versteegh; Kees Versteegh (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ">Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4</a> (Illustrated ed.). Brill. p. 513. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14476-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14476-7"><bdi>978-90-04-14476-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+language+and+linguistics%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=513&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14476-7&rft.au=Versteegh%2C+Kees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOWQOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_27-1">b</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=96">3:96</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersonp22-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Petersonp22_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson,_Daniel_C.2007" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Daniel C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9zpbEj0xA_sC&pg=PA47">Muhammad, prophet of God</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 22–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0754-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0754-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-0754-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad%2C+prophet+of+God&rft.pages=22-25&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Daniel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9zpbEj0xA_sC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kipferp342-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Kipferp342_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKipfer,_Barbara_Ann2000" class="citation book cs1">Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C&pg=PA342">Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology</a> (Illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46158-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46158-3"><bdi>978-0-306-46158-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+dictionary+of+archaeology&rft.pages=342&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46158-3&rft.au=Kipfer%2C+Barbara+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXneTstDbcC0C%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glassep302-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Glassep302_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassé,_CyrilSmith,_Huston2003" class="citation book cs1">Glassé, Cyril & Smith, Huston (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA302">The new encyclopedia of Islam</a> (Revised, illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rowman_Altamira" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman Altamira">Rowman Altamira</a>. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0190-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0190-6"><bdi>978-0-7591-0190-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=302&rft.edition=Revised%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6&rft.au=Glass%C3%A9%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Smith%2C+Huston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfocLrox-frUC%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phippsp85-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Phippsp85_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhipps,_William_E.1999" class="citation book cs1">Phipps, William E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip">Muhammad and Jesus: a comparison of the prophets and their teachings</a> (Illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip/page/85">85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1207-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1207-2"><bdi>978-0-8264-1207-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+and+Jesus%3A+a+comparison+of+the+prophets+and+their+teachings&rft.pages=85&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1207-2&rft.au=Phipps%2C+William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadjesuscom0000phip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-32"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Carrasco" title="David Carrasco">Carrasco, David</a>; Warmind, Morten; Hawley, John Stratton; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Reynolds_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Reynolds (academic) (page does not exist)">Reynolds, Frank</a>; Giarardot, Norman; <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan" title="Jaroslav Pelikan">Pelikan, Jaroslav</a>; Campo, Juan; Penner, Hans (1999). <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a> (ed.). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. p. 703. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=703&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.aulast=Carrasco&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Warmind%2C+Morten&rft.au=Hawley%2C+John+Stratton&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Frank&rft.au=Giarardot%2C+Norman&rft.au=Neusner%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Pelikan%2C+Jaroslav&rft.au=Campo%2C+Juan&rft.au=Penner%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamp76-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamp76_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamp76_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamp76_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamp76_33-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHam,_AnthonyBrekhus_Shams,_MarthaMadden,_Andrew2004" class="citation book cs1">Ham, Anthony; Brekhus Shams, Martha & Madden, Andrew (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA76">Saudi Arabia</a> (illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-667-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-667-1"><bdi>978-1-74059-667-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-667-1&rft.au=Ham%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Brekhus+Shams%2C+Martha&rft.au=Madden%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPddTr1X7hEgC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2005" class="citation book cs1">Long, David E. 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History. pp. I.xix.14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History&rft.pages=I.xix.14&rft.au=Procopius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-57"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_57-0">^</a> Crone, Patricia; Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam; 1987; p.7 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Holland, Tom (2012). In the Shadow of the Sword; Little, Brown; p. 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullah_Alwi_Haji_Hassan1994" class="citation book cs1">Abdullah Alwi Haji Hassan (1994). Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law. 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Mohr Siebeck. p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22">Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World,</a> Cambridge University Press. p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61">Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism</a>. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> G. Lankester Harding & Enno Littman, Some Thamudic Inscriptions from the Hashimite Kingdom of the Jordan (Leiden, Netherlands – 1952), p. 19, Inscription No. 112A </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Jawwad Ali, The Detailed History of Arabs before Islam (1993), Vol. 4, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawting,_G.R.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Hawting, G.R. (1980). "The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Ka'ba'". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 43 (1): 44–54 (44). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00110523">10.1017/S0041977X00110523</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/616125">616125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162654756">162654756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Disappearance+and+Rediscovery+of+Zamzam+and+the+%27Well+of+the+Ka%27ba%27&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-54+%2844%29&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162654756%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F616125%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00110523&rft.au=Hawting%2C+G.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#iw">Islamic World</a>, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-EIE-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EIE_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIE_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIE_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIE_74-3">d</a> "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods", Encyclopaedia of Islam </li> <li id="cite_note-lapidus-14-75"><a href="#cite_ref-lapidus-14_75-0">^</a> <a href="#Lapidus">Lapidus</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer,_S._Wise2010" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, S. 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Norton & Company. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05975-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05975-5"><bdi>978-0-393-05975-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+medieval+world%3A+from+the+conversion+of+Constantine+to+the+First+Crusade&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05975-5&rft.au=Bauer%2C+S.+Wise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1u2oP2RihIgC%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-world-13-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-world-13_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-world-13_77-1">b</a> <a href="#iw">Islamic World</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-lapidus-16-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lapidus-16_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lapidus-16_78-1">b</a> <a href="#Lapidus">Lapidus</a>, pp. 16–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hajjah-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hajjah_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hajjah_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hajjah_79-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajjah_Adil2002" class="citation book cs1">Hajjah Adil, Amina (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000adil">Prophet Muhammad</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_America" title="Islamic Supreme Council of America">ISCA</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930409-11-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-930409-11-7"><bdi>1-930409-11-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophet+Muhammad&rft.pub=ISCA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-930409-11-7&rft.aulast=Hajjah+Adil&rft.aufirst=Amina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadmessenge0000adil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DACB-80"><a href="#cite_ref-DACB_80-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html">"Abraha."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113213718/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html">Archived</a> 13 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dictionary of African Christian Biographies. 2007. 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Retrieved 26 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArgaamPlus&rft.atitle=MODON+begins+handover+of+45+mln+sqm+industrial+city+in+Makkah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.argaam.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Farticledetail%2Fid%2F1479634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Statistical information department of the ministry of education:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.sa/statscenter/tawzee.rar">Statistical summary for education in Saudi Arabia</a> (AR) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091009/http://www.moe.gov.sa/statscenter/tawzee.rar">Archived</a> 22 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moh.gov.sa/Sectors/Hospitals/Pages/default.aspx">"المستشفيات – قائمة المستشفيات"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209055324/http://www.moh.gov.sa/Sectors/Hospitals/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> 9 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. moh.gov.sa. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anisamehdi.com/projects/insidemecca/pressrelease.htm">"A new National Geographic Special on PBS 'Inside Mecca'"</a>. Anisamehdi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415162252/http://www.anisamehdi.com/projects/insidemecca/pressrelease.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+new+National+Geographic+Special+on+PBS+%27Inside+Mecca%27&rft.pub=Anisamehdi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anisamehdi.com%2Fprojects%2Finsidemecca%2Fpressrelease.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebmm-132"><a href="#cite_ref-ebmm_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Makkah al-Mukarramah and Medina". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>: Fifteenth edition. Vol. 23. 2007. pp. 698–699.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Makkah+al-Mukarramah+and+Medina&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+Fifteenth+edition&rft.pages=698-699&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiauddin_Sardar2014" class="citation book cs1">Ziauddin Sardar (2014). Mecca: The Sacred City. Bloomsbury. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62040-268-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62040-268-9"><bdi>978-1-62040-268-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mecca%3A+The+Sacred+City&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62040-268-9&rft.au=Ziauddin+Sardar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/sep/14/mecca-hajj-pilgrims-tourism">"After the hajj: Mecca residents grow hostile to changes in the holy city"</a>. The Guardian. 14 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161024024802/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/sep/14/mecca-hajj-pilgrims-tourism">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=After+the+hajj%3A+Mecca+residents+grow+hostile+to+changes+in+the+holy+city&rft.date=2016-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2016%2Fsep%2F14%2Fmecca-hajj-pilgrims-tourism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060426192447/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=32627">"Saudi embassy warns against entry of non-Muslims in Mecca"</a>. ABS-CBN News. 14 March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=32627">the original</a> on 26 April 2006. Retrieved 27 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+embassy+warns+against+entry+of+non-Muslims+in+Mecca&rft.date=2006-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs-cbnnews.com%2Fstorypage.aspx%3FStoryId%3D32627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_W._HefnerPatricia_Horvatich1997" class="citation book cs1">Robert W. Hefner; Patricia Horvatich (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kQ4yo-GIWUC&pg=PA198">Islam in an Era of Nation-States: Politics and Religious Renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia</a>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1957-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1957-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-1957-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+an+Era+of+Nation-States%3A+Politics+and+Religious+Renewal+in+Muslim+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1957-6&rft.au=Robert+W.+Hefner&rft.au=Patricia+Horvatich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_kQ4yo-GIWUC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113084034/http://saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197406/the.lure.of.mecca.htm">"The Lure Of Mecca"</a>. Saudi Aramco World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197406/the.lure.of.mecca.htm">the original</a> on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=The+Lure+Of+Mecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F197406%2Fthe.lure.of.mecca.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInderjit_Singh_Jhajj" class="citation book cs1">Inderjit Singh Jhajj. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GuruNanakAtMecca">Guru Nanak At Mecca</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Nanak+At+Mecca&rft.au=Inderjit+Singh+Jhajj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGuruNanakAtMecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer says that Mecca was not banned to non-Muslim till nineteenth century; Sikh History in 10 volumes, Sikh University Press, (2010–2012), vol. 1, pp. 181–182 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1853Burton.html">"Sir Richard Francis Burton: A Pilgrimage to Mecca, 1853"</a>. Fordham.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100412091714/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1853Burton.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Richard+Francis+Burton%3A+A+Pilgrimage+to+Mecca%2C+1853&rft.pub=Fordham.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2F1853Burton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/en-demographic-research-2016_2.pdf">"Demographics Survey 2016"</a> (PDF). Demographics Survey 2016. General Authority for Statistics. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Demographics+Survey+2016&rft.atitle=Demographics+Survey+2016&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.sa%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fen-demographic-research-2016_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fussballtempel.net/afc/listeafc.html">Asian Football Stadiums</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629224018/http://www.fussballtempel.net/afc/listeafc.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Stadium King Abdul Aziz </li> <li id="cite_note-Makkah_Gate_Design_-_elabdarchitecture.com-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Makkah_Gate_Design_-_elabdarchitecture.com_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208203337/http://elabdarchitecture.com/resume.htm">"IDEA Center Projects"</a>. Elabdar Architecture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elabdarchitecture.com/resume.htm">the original</a> on 8 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IDEA+Center+Projects&rft.pub=Elabdar+Architecture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felabdarchitecture.com%2Fresume.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> – Makkah Gate </li> <li id="cite_note-opening1-144"><a href="#cite_ref-opening1_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/aviation-and-transport/2014/08/28/Hajj-terminal-back-on-full-steam.html">"Saudi terminal can receive 3,800 pilgrims per hour"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>. 28 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108201350/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/aviation-and-transport/2014/08/28/Hajj-terminal-back-on-full-steam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+terminal+can+receive+3%2C800+pilgrims+per+hour&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Fbusiness%2Faviation-and-transport%2F2014%2F08%2F28%2FHajj-terminal-back-on-full-steam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150204075504/http://www.saudinf.com/main/g11.htm">"Roads"</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>. saudinf.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudia-online.com/newsnov01/news06.shtml">"The Roads and Ports Sectors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108182344/http://www.saudia-online.com/newsnov01/news06.shtml">Archived</a> 8 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. saudia-online.com. 5 November 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constructionweekonline.com/projects-tenders/article-22689-makkah-building-eight-tunnels-to-ease-congestion">"Makkah building eight tunnels to ease congestion"</a>. Construction Weekly. 30 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Construction+Weekly&rft.atitle=Makkah+building+eight+tunnels+to+ease+congestion&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constructionweekonline.com%2Fprojects-tenders%2Farticle-22689-makkah-building-eight-tunnels-to-ease-congestion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-opening2-148"><a href="#cite_ref-opening2_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203184240/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/hajj-pilgrims-take-the-metro-to-makkah.html">"Hajj pilgrims take the metro to Mecca"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a>. 15 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/hajj-pilgrims-take-the-metro-to-makkah.html">the original</a> on 3 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Hajj+pilgrims+take+the+metro+to+Mecca&rft.date=2010-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnc%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2Fhajj-pilgrims-take-the-metro-to-makkah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rgi20090624-149"><a href="#cite_ref-rgi20090624_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100228180304/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/makkah-metro-contracts-signed.html">"Mecca metro contracts signed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a>. 24 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//makkah-metro-contracts-signed.html">the original</a> on 28 February 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Mecca+metro+contracts+signed&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2F%2Fmakkah-metro-contracts-signed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-approved-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-approved_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-approved_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/jeddah-and-makkah-metro-plans-approved.html">"Jeddah and Makkah metro plans approved"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a>. 17 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143011/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/jeddah-and-makkah-metro-plans-approved.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Jeddah+and+Makkah+metro+plans+approved&rft.date=2012-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2Fjeddah-and-makkah-metro-plans-approved.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rgi20090423-151"><a href="#cite_ref-rgi20090423_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/high-speed-stations-for-a-high-speed-railway.html">"High speed stations for a high speed railway"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a>. 23 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619124828/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/high-speed-stations-for-a-high-speed-railway.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=High+speed+stations+for+a+high+speed+railway&rft.date=2009-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2F10%2Fhigh-speed-stations-for-a-high-speed-railway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arabnews-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arabnews_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arabnews_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414052459/http://www.arabnews.com/node/1386191/saudi-arabia">"Saudi Arabia's Haramain High-Speed Railway opens to public"</a>. Arab News. 11 October 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabnews.com/node/1386191/saudi-arabia">the original</a> on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Haramain+High-Speed+Railway+opens+to+public&rft.date=2018-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1386191%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arwmmcc-153"><a href="#cite_ref-arwmmcc_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/al-rajhi-wins-makkah-madinah-civils-contract.html">"Al Rajhi wins Makkah – Madinah civils contract"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a>. 9 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619124810/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/al-rajhi-wins-makkah-madinah-civils-contract.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Al+Rajhi+wins+Makkah+%E2%80%93+Madinah+civils+contract&rft.date=2009-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2F10%2Fal-rajhi-wins-makkah-madinah-civils-contract.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="iw" class="citation book cs1">What life was like in the lands of the prophet: Islamic world, AD 570–1405. Time-Life Books. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7835-5465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7835-5465-5"><bdi>978-0-7835-5465-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+life+was+like+in+the+lands+of+the+prophet%3A+Islamic+world%2C+AD+570%E2%80%931405&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7835-5465-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lapidus" class="citation book cs1">Lapidus, Ira M. (1988). A History of Islamic Societies. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22552-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22552-6"><bdi>978-0-521-22552-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22552-6&rft.au=Lapidus%2C+Ira+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mecca#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Mecca">Timeline of Mecca § Bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianca,_Stefano2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Bianca" title="Stefano Bianca">Bianca, Stefano</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218">"Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change"</a>. Urban Form in the Arab World. Zurich: <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7281-1972-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7281-1972-8"><bdi>978-3-7281-1972-8</bdi></a>. 0500282056.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Case+Study+1%3A+The+Holy+Cities+of+Islam+%E2%80%93+The+Impact+of+Mass+Transportation+and+Rapid+Urban+Change&rft.btitle=Urban+Form+in+the+Arab+World&rft.place=Zurich&rft.pub=ETH+Zurich&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-7281-1972-8&rft.au=Bianca%2C+Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtkq3a0bXBa0C%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth,_C._Edmund2007" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C. Edmund, ed. (2007). "Mecca". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninklijke Brill">Koninklijke Brill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mecca&rft.btitle=Historic+Cities+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumper,_Michael_R._T.Stanley,_Bruce_E.2008" class="citation book cs1">Dumper, Michael R. T.; Stanley, Bruce E., eds. (2008). "Makkah". Cities of the Middle East and North Africa. Santa Barbara, CA: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Makkah&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal,_FranzIbn_Khaldun1967" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Franz; <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1967). The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09797-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09797-8"><bdi>978-0-691-09797-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muqaddimah%3A+An+Introduction+to+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09797-8&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+Franz&rft.au=Ibn+Khaldun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008</li> <li>Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh">"Quraysh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online). 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quraysh&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Britannica+Concise+Encyclopedia+%28online%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F31568%2Fhistory-of-Arabia%2F45979%2FQuraysh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online">Online</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca">Mecca Saudi Arabia</a>, in Encyclopædia Britannica Online, by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html">Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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<div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 13 November 2024, at 05:06 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meukah" title="Meukah – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Meukah" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8A%AB" title="መካ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9" title="مكة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Meca" title="A Meca – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="A Meca" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D6%84%D5%A1" title="Մեքքա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մեքքա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="মক্কা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মক্কা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Meca" title="La Meca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="La Meca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मक्का – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मक्का" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ka" title="Méka – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Méka" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макка – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Макка" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99kk%C9%99" title="Məkkə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məkkə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%87" title="مکه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مکه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekkah" title="Mekkah – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mekkah" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="মক্কা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মক্কা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka" title="Makka – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Makka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BA%D3%99" title="Мәккә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәккә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мэка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0)" title="मक्का (शहर) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मक्का (शहर)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мека – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мека" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8D" title="མ་ཁ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མ་ཁ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Meca" title="La Meca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="La Meca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maka" title="Maka – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Maka" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9" title="مكة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مكة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A7" title="މައްކާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މައްކާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मक्का – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मक्का" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Μέκκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέκκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Мекка ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мекка ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Meca" title="La Meca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La Meca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekko" title="Mekko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mekko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Meca" title="La Meca – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="La Meca" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%87" title="مکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka" title="Makka – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Makka" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mecque" title="La Mecque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Mecque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Meche" title="La Meche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="La Meche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meice" title="Meice – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meice" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Meca" title="A Meca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="A Meca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макка – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Макка" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8A%A0" title="麥加 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="麥加" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE" title="મક્કા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મક્કા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EC%B9%B4" title="메카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkah" title="Makkah – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Makkah" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D6%84%D5%A1" title="Մեքքա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեքքա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0)" title="मक्का (शहर) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मक्का (शहर)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekkah" title="Mekkah – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Mekkah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkah" title="Makkah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Makkah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Меккæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Меккæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mecca" title="La Mecca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="La Mecca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%94" title="מכה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekah" title="Mekah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mekah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maka" title="Maka – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Maka" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE" title="ಮೆಕ್ಕಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆಕ್ಕಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90" title="მექა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მექა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%81%D9%95" title="مکہٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مکہٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Мекке – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мекке" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka" title="Makka – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Makka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meke" title="Meke – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Meke" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Меке – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Меке" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макка – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Макка" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/makax" title="makax – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="makax" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Meca" title="La Meca – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="La Meca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мека – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мека" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka_(Arabia_Saodita)" title="Meka (Arabia Saodita) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Meka (Arabia Saodita)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="മക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मक्का – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मक्का" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90" title="მექა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მექა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D9%87" title="مكه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مكه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%87" title="مکه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مکه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkah" title="Makkah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Makkah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯃꯦꯛꯀꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯦꯛꯀꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makah" title="Makah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Makah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meca" title="Meca – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Meca" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="မက္ကာဟ်မြို့တော် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မက္ကာဟ်မြို့တော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मक्का – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मक्का" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मक्का – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मक्का" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB" title="メッカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メッカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%AB" title="ߡߞߊ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߞߊ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макка – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Макка" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_M%C3%A8ca" title="La Mèca – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="La Mèca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka" title="Makka – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Makka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮੱਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੱਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%81" title="مکہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مکہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6" title="ម៉ិកកា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ិកកា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_M%C3%A8ke" title="El Mèke – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="El Mèke" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_M%C3%ABcca" title="La Mëcca – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="La Mëcca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meca" title="Meca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Meca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekke" title="Mekke – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mekke" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekke" title="Mekke – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mekke" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka" title="Makka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Makka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱢᱚᱠᱠᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱠᱠᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%81" title="مکہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مکہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B8" title="මක්කම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මක්කම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%AA%D9%88" title="مڪو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مڪو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka" title="Makka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Makka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%A9%DB%95" title="مەککە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەککە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мека – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мека" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekah" title="Mekah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mekah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecka" title="Mecka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mecka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="மக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka" title="Makka – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Makka" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27A_Mecca" title="'A Mecca – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="'A Mecca" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BA%D3%99" title="Мәккә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәккә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE" title="మక్కా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మక్కా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="มักกะฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มักกะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макка – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Макка" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekke" title="Mekke – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mekke" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekge" title="Mekge – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mekge" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%81" title="مکہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مکہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%83%D9%83%DB%95" title="مەككە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مەككە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81a_Meca" title="Ła Meca – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ła Meca" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekk" title="Mekk – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mekk" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4kk%C3%A4" title="Mäkkä – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mäkkä" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8A%A0" title="麥加 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="麥加" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%8A%A0" title="麦加 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="麦加" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%90" title="מעקא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעקא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%B9%CC%81kk%C3%A0" title="Mẹ́kkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mẹ́kkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8A%A0" title="麥加 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="麥加" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8A%A0" title="麥加 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="麥加" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokkah" title="Mokkah – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Mokkah" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokkah" title="Mokkah – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Mokkah" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99kk%C9%99" title="Məkkə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Məkkə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zdzzs","wgBackendResponseTime":287,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.302","walltime":"2.895","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18782,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":795288,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":42958,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":53,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":509839,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2328.686 1 -total"," 29.30% 682.282 2 Template:Reflist"," 26.62% 619.863 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 24.44% 569.073 1 Template:Infobox"," 11.57% 269.438 35 Template:Cite_web"," 8.05% 187.550 32 Template:Navbox"," 7.65% 178.046 44 Template:Cite_book"," 7.03% 163.776 16 Template:Lang"," 6.42% 149.564 1 Template:Ubl"," 6.34% 147.658 6 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