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GitHub - ocaml/flexdll: a dlopen-like API for Windows
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2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 2.344-.938.475-.584.742-1.44.878-2.497Z"></path><path d="M14.5 14.25a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" 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2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon 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0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 px-lg-4"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_sponsors","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"github_sponsors_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="/sponsors"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center 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dlopen-like API for Windows\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-flexdll-an-implementation-of-a-dlopen-like-api-for-windows\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: FlexDLL: an implementation of a dlopen-like API for Windows\" href=\"#flexdll-an-implementation-of-a-dlopen-like-api-for-windows\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ci.appveyor.com/project/dra27/flexdll-7sptc\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/1cc29431e27e90c86f443924fd10b6349e578976844902f9d82b16fe3f67bbae/68747470733a2f2f63692e6170707665796f722e636f6d2f6170692f70726f6a656374732f7374617475732f6769746875622f6f63616d6c2f666c6578646c6c3f7376673d74727565\" alt=\"Build status\" data-canonical-src=\"https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/github/ocaml/flexdll?svg=true\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIntroduction\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-introduction\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Introduction\" href=\"#introduction\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUnder Windows, DLL (\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic-link_library\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDynamically-Linked Libraries\u003c/a\u003e) are generally\nused to improve code modularity and sharing. A DLL can be loaded\nautomatically when the program is loaded (if it requires the DLL).\nThe program can also explicitly request Windows to load a DLL at any\nmoment during runtime, using the \u003ca href=\"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/libloaderapi/nf-libloaderapi-loadlibraryw\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eLoadLibrary\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e function\nfrom the Win32 API.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis naturally suggests to use DLLs as a plugin mechanism. For instance,\na web server could load extensions modules stored in DLLs at runtime.\nBut Windows does not really make it easy to implement plugins that way.\nThe reason is that when you try to create a DLL from a set of object\nfiles, the linker needs to resolve all the symbols, which leads to the\nvery problem solved by FlexDLL:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWindows DLL cannot refer to symbols defined in the main application or\nin previously loaded DLLs.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSome usual solutions exist, but they are not very flexible. A notable\nexception is the \u003ca href=\"https://edll.sourceforge.net/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eedll\u003c/a\u003e library (its homepage also describes the usual\nsolutions), which follows a rather drastic approach; indeed, edll\nimplements a new dynamic linker which can directly load object files\n(without creating a Windows DLL).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFlexDLL is another solution to the same problem. Contrary to edll, it\nrelies on the native static and dynamic linkers. Also, it works both\nwith the Microsoft environment (MS linker, Visual Studio compilers) and\nwith Cygwin (GNU linker and compilers, in Cygwin or MinGW mode).\nActually, FlexDLL implements mostly the usual \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/functions/dlopen.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003edlopen\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e POSIX\nAPI, without trying to be fully conformant though (e.g. it does not\nrespect the official priority ordering for symbol resolution). This\nshould make it easy to port applications developed for Unix.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAbout\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-about\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: About\" href=\"#about\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFlexDLL is distributed under the terms of a zlib/libpng open source\n\u003ca href=\"/ocaml/flexdll/blob/master/LICENSE\"\u003elicense\u003c/a\u003e. The copyright holder is the Institut National de\nRecherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA). The project was\nstarted when I (= Alain Frisch) was working at INRIA. I'm now working\nfor \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexifi.com\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eLexiFi\u003c/a\u003e, which is kind enough to let me continue my work on\nFlexDLL. My office mate at INRIA, Jean-Baptiste Tristan, coined the name\nFlexDLL.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe runtime support library is written in C. The \u003ccode\u003eflexlink\u003c/code\u003e wrapper is\nimplemented in the wonderful \u003ca href=\"https://ocaml.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eOCaml\u003c/a\u003e language.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSupported toolchains\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-supported-toolchains\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Supported toolchains\" href=\"#supported-toolchains\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMSVC: the 32-bit C compiler from Microsoft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMSVC64: the 64-bit C compiler from Microsoft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCYGWIN64: the 64-bit gcc compiler shipped with Cygwin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMINGW: the 32-bit gcc compiler from the MinGW-w64 project, packaged in\nCygwin (as i686-w64-mingw32-gcc).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMINGW64: the 64-bit gcc compiler from the MinGW-w64 project, packaged in\nCygwin (as x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLD: an internal linker to produce .dll (only).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDownload\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-download\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Download\" href=\"#download\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/ocaml/flexdll/releases\"\u003eSource and binary releases\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/ocaml/flexdll\"\u003eDevelopment version\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/ocaml/flexdll/blob/master/CHANGES\"\u003eChangelog\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInstallation instructions:\u003c/strong\u003e Simply run the installer and add the\nresulting directory (e.g. \u003ccode\u003eC:\\Program Files\\flexdll\u003c/code\u003e or\n\u003ccode\u003eC:\\Program Files (x86)\\flexdll\u003c/code\u003e) to the PATH. You can also create this\ndirectory by hand and unzip the .zip file in it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompiling from sources:\u003c/strong\u003e To compile the code from sources, you'll\nneed a working installation of OCaml, GNU Make, and a C toolchain\n(compiler + linker) either the one from Microsoft (any version of Visual\nStudio should work), Cygwin, or MinGW. It is probably a good idea to use\na native version of ocamlopt (not the Cygwin port) to compile flexlink.\nBy default, the \u003ccode\u003eMakefile\u003c/code\u003e will compile support objects for the\nsupported toolchains; you can choose a subset with the \u003ccode\u003eCHAINS\u003c/code\u003e\nvariable, e.g.: \u003ccode\u003emake CHAINS=\"mingw msvc\"\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eOverview\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-overview\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Overview\" href=\"#overview\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFlexDLL has two components: a wrapper around the static linker, and a\ntiny runtime library to be linked with the main application. The wrapper\nmust be called in place of the normal linker when you want to produce a\nDLL or to link the main application. The runtime library relies\ninternally on the native \u003ccode\u003eLoadLibrary\u003c/code\u003e API to implement a dlopen-like\ninterface.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLet's see a simple example of a plugin. Here is the code for the main\nprogram (file \u003ccode\u003edump.c\u003c/code\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"#include \u0026lt;stdlib.h\u0026gt;\n#include \u0026quot;flexdll.h\u0026quot;\n\ntypedef void torun(void);\n\nvoid api(char *msg){ printf(\u0026quot;API: %s\\n\u0026quot;, msg); }\n\nint main(int argc, char **argv)\n{\n void *sym;\n void *handle;\n int i;\n torun *torun;\n\n for (i = 1; i \u0026lt; argc; i++) {\n handle = flexdll_dlopen(argv[i], FLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL);\n\n if (NULL == handle) { printf(\u0026quot;error: %s\\n\u0026quot;, flexdll_dlerror()); exit(2); }\n\n torun = flexdll_dlsym(handle, \u0026quot;torun\u0026quot;);\n if (torun) torun();\n }\n exit(0);\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e#include\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u0026lt;stdlib.h\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e#include\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"flexdll.h\"\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etypedef\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003etorun\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e);\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eapi\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003emsg\u003c/span\u003e){ \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"API: %s\\n\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003emsg\u003c/span\u003e); }\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003emain\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eargc\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eargv\u003c/span\u003e)\n{\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003esym\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ehandle\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003etorun\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003etorun\u003c/span\u003e;\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efor\u003c/span\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eargc\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e++\u003c/span\u003e) {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ehandle\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eflexdll_dlopen\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eargv\u003c/span\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e], \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eFLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL\u003c/span\u003e);\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eNULL\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e==\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ehandle\u003c/span\u003e) { \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"error: %s\\n\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eflexdll_dlerror\u003c/span\u003e()); \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eexit\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e); }\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003etorun\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eflexdll_dlsym\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ehandle\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"torun\"\u003c/span\u003e);\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003etorun\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003etorun\u003c/span\u003e();\n }\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eexit\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e);\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis application opens in turn all the DLLs given on its command line,\nusing the FlexDLL function \u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dlopen\u003c/code\u003e. For each DLL, the program\nlooks for a symbol named \u003ccode\u003etorun\u003c/code\u003e (which is supposed to refer to a\nfunction) and if the symbol is available in the DLL, the function is\ncalled. The program also provides a very simple API to its plugin: the\n\u003ccode\u003eapi\u003c/code\u003e function. The \u003ccode\u003eFLEX_RTLD_GLOBAL\u003c/code\u003e flag makes all the symbols\nexported by each DLL available for the DLL to be loaded later.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis main program can be compiled and linked like the commands below\n(the \u003ccode\u003e[...]\u003c/code\u003e refers to the directory where FlexDLL is installed).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"# MSVC\ncl /nologo /MD -I[...] -c dump.c\nflexlink -chain msvc -exe -o dump.exe dump.obj\n\n# MINGW\ni686-w64-mingw32-gcc -I[...] -c dump.c\nflexlink -chain mingw -exe -o dump.exe dump.o\n\n# CYGWIN\ngcc -I[...] -c dump.c\nflexlink -chain cygwin64 -exe -o dump.exe dump.o\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e MSVC\u003c/span\u003e\ncl /nologo /MD -I[...] -c dump.c\nflexlink -chain msvc -exe -o dump.exe dump.obj\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e MINGW\u003c/span\u003e\ni686-w64-mingw32-gcc -I[...] -c dump.c\nflexlink -chain mingw -exe -o dump.exe dump.o\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e CYGWIN\u003c/span\u003e\ngcc -I[...] -c dump.c\nflexlink -chain cygwin64 -exe -o dump.exe dump.o\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe compilation step is completely standard, but in order to link the\nmain application, you must call the \u003ccode\u003eflexlink\u003c/code\u003e tool, which is the\nwrapper around the linker. The \u003ccode\u003e-chain\u003c/code\u003e command line switch selects\nwhich linker to use, and the \u003ccode\u003e-exe\u003c/code\u003e option tells the wrapper that it\nmust produce a stand-alone application (not a DLL).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNow we can provide a first plugin (file \u003ccode\u003eplug1.c\u003c/code\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"int x = 3;\nvoid dump_x(void) { printf(\u0026quot;x=%i\\n\u0026quot;, x); }\nvoid torun(void) { api(\u0026quot;plug1.torun();\u0026quot;); }\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ex\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e;\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edump_x\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e) { \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"x=%i\\n\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ex\u003c/span\u003e); }\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003etorun\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e) { \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eapi\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"plug1.torun();\"\u003c/span\u003e); }\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that the plugin uses the \u003ccode\u003eapi\u003c/code\u003e symbol from the main application (it\nwould be cleaner to introduce it with an \u003ccode\u003eextern\u003c/code\u003e declaration). You can\ncompile and link this plugin (into a DLL) with the following commands:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"# MSVC\ncl /nologo /MD -c plug1.c\nflexlink -chain msvc -o plug1.dll plug1.obj\n\n# MINGW\ni686-w64-mingw32-gcc -c plug1.c\nflexlink -chain mingw -o plug1.dll plug1.o\n\n# CYGWIN\ngcc -D_CYGWIN_ -c plug1.c\nflexlink -chain cygwin64 -o plug1.dll plug1.o\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e MSVC\u003c/span\u003e\ncl /nologo /MD -c plug1.c\nflexlink -chain msvc -o plug1.dll plug1.obj\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e MINGW\u003c/span\u003e\ni686-w64-mingw32-gcc -c plug1.c\nflexlink -chain mingw -o plug1.dll plug1.o\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e CYGWIN\u003c/span\u003e\ngcc -D_CYGWIN_ -c plug1.c\nflexlink -chain cygwin64 -o plug1.dll plug1.o\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAnd now you can ask the main program to load the plugin:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-text-shell-session notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"$ ./dump plug1.dll\nAPI: plug1.torun();\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e$ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e./dump plug1.dll\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAPI: plug1.torun();\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHere is the code for a second plugin (file \u003ccode\u003eplug2.c\u003c/code\u003e) that refers to\nsymbols (a function and a global variable) defined in the first plugin:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"extern int x;\n\nvoid torun(void) {\n api(\u0026quot;plug2.torun();\u0026quot;);\n\n dump_x();\n x = 100;\n dump_x();\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eextern\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ex\u003c/span\u003e;\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003etorun\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e) {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eapi\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"plug2.torun();\"\u003c/span\u003e);\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edump_x\u003c/span\u003e();\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ex\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edump_x\u003c/span\u003e();\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSince the second plugin depends on the first one, you need to load both:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-text-shell-session notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"$ ./dump plug2.dll\nerror: Cannot resolve dump_x\n$ ./dump plug1.dll plug2.dll;\nAPI: plug1.torun();\nAPI: plug2.torun();\nx=3\nx=100\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e$ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e./dump plug2.dll\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eerror: Cannot resolve dump_x\u003c/span\u003e\n$ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e./dump plug1.dll plug2.dll\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAPI: plug1.torun();\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAPI: plug2.torun();\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ex=3\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ex=100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSimple, isn't it? No \u003ccode\u003edeclspec\u003c/code\u003e declaration, no import library to deal\nwith, …\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow it works\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-it-works\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How it works\" href=\"#how-it-works\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eObject files (.obj/.o) contain relocation information that explain to\nthe linker how some addresses in their code or data sections have to be\npatched, using the value of some global symbols. When the static linker\nis invoked to produce a DLL from a set of object files, it assumes that\nall the relocations can be performed: all the symbols which are used in\nrelocations must be defined in some the objects linked together.\nFlexDLL drops this constraint following a very simple idea: when a\nrelocation refers to a symbol which is not available, the relocation is\nturned into a piece of data that will be passed to the runtime support\nlibrary.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn the example above, the \u003ccode\u003eplug1.obj\u003c/code\u003e object refers to a symbol\n\u003ccode\u003eapi\u003c/code\u003e. When this object is turned into a DLL, FlexDLL produce a new\ntemporary object file derived from \u003ccode\u003eplug1.obj\u003c/code\u003e without the relocation\nthat mentions \u003ccode\u003eapi\u003c/code\u003e. Instead, it adds an “import table”, which is just a\npiece of data that tells the FlexDLL support library which address has\nto be patched with the value of a symbol called \u003ccode\u003eapi\u003c/code\u003e to be found\nsomewhere else. You can see the list of such imported symbols by adding\nthe \u003ccode\u003e-show-imports\u003c/code\u003e option to the \u003ccode\u003eflexlink\u003c/code\u003e command line:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-text-shell-session notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"$ ../flexlink -chain msvc -o plug1.dll plug1.obj -show-imports\n** Imported symbols for plug1.obj:\n_api\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e$ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e../flexlink -chain msvc -o plug1.dll plug1.obj -show-imports\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e** Imported symbols for plug1.obj:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_api\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen the \u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dlopen\u003c/code\u003e function opens this DLL, it will look for an\ninternal symbol that points to the import table, resolve the symbols and\npatch the code and data segments accordingly. The FlexDLL runtime\nlibrary must thus maintain a set of symbols together with their concrete\nvalues (addresses). In particular, it knows about the global symbols\ndefined in the main program. Indeed, when you link the main program with\n\u003ccode\u003eflexlink -exe\u003c/code\u003e, the wrapper produces a small fresh object file that\ncontains a symbol table, mapping symbol names to their addresses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-text-shell-session notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"$ ../flexlink -chain msvc -exe -o dump.exe dump.obj -show-exports\n** Exported symbols:\n_api\n_flexdll_dlclose\n_flexdll_dlerror\n_flexdll_dlopen\n_flexdll_dlsym\n_flexdll_dump_exports\n_flexdll_dump_relocations\n_main\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e$ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e../flexlink -chain msvc -exe -o dump.exe dump.obj -show-exports\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e** Exported symbols:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_api\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_flexdll_dlclose\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_flexdll_dlerror\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_flexdll_dlopen\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_flexdll_dlsym\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_flexdll_dump_exports\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_flexdll_dump_relocations\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_main\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs you can see, all the global symbols (including those that comes from\nFlexDLL itself) appear in the global symbol table. FlexDLL knows not\nonly about symbols that comes from the main program, but also about\nsymbols exported by the DLL it loads. This is needed to implement the\n\u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dlsym\u003c/code\u003e function, but also to deal with import tables that\nmention symbols defined in previously loaded DLLs (for which the\n\u003ccode\u003eFLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL\u003c/code\u003e was used). So the wrapper produces not only an\nimport table for DLLs, but also an export table:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-text-shell-session notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"$ ../flexlink -chain msvc -o plug1.dll plug1.obj -show-imports -show-exports\n** Imported symbols for plug1.obj:\n_api\n** Exported symbols:\n_dump_x\n_torun\n_x\n\n$ ../flexlink -chain msvc -o plug2.dll plug2.obj -show-imports -show-exports\n** Imported symbols for plug2.obj:\n_api\n_dump_x\n_x\n** Exported symbols:\n_torun\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e$ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e../flexlink -chain msvc -o plug1.dll plug1.obj -show-imports -show-exports\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e** Imported symbols for plug1.obj:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_api\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e** Exported symbols:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_dump_x\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_torun\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_x\u003c/span\u003e\n\n$ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e../flexlink -chain msvc -o plug2.dll plug2.obj -show-imports -show-exports\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e** Imported symbols for plug2.obj:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_api\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_dump_x\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_x\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e** Exported symbols:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e_torun\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow does FlexDLL determine which symbols are imported or exported? It\nuses an algorithm similar to the linker itself. The command line\nmentions a number of object and library files. In a first pass, the\nwrapper computed which objects embedded in those libraries will be used.\nTo do that, it looks at which symbols are used, and where they are\ndefined. Then the wrapper considers that all the global (external)\nsymbols are exported. Note that the \u003ccode\u003e/export\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003e__declspec(dllexport)\u003c/code\u003e\ndirectives are not used: all the symbols are exported. (In a future\nversion, FlexDLL will allow to control more precisely which symbols are\nexported). All the object files (given explicitly, or embedded in a\nlibrary) that need to import symbols must be rewritten. The \u003ccode\u003eflexlink\u003c/code\u003e\nwrapper will produce new temporary object files for them. If you want to\nunderstand better how FlexDLL works, you can use the \u003ccode\u003e-v\u003c/code\u003e and\n\u003ccode\u003e-save-temps\u003c/code\u003e command options to tell the wrapper to show you the linker\ncommand line and to preserve those temporary files alive (by default, they\nare removed automatically).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSome object files can mention default libraries (they correspond to the\n\u003ccode\u003e/defaultlib\u003c/code\u003e linker flag, which is often embedded in the object\n\u003ccode\u003e.drectve\u003c/code\u003e section). FlexDLL will parse those libraries, but only to see\nwhich symbols they define. Those symbols are not considered as being\nimported by the DLL, but they won't be exported either. A typical case\nof default libraries are import libraries that behave as interfaces to\n(normal, non-FlexDLL) DLLs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAdvanced topic: \u003ccode\u003e__declspec(dllimport)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-advanced-topic-__declspecdllimport\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Advanced topic: __declspec(dllimport)\" href=\"#advanced-topic-__declspecdllimport\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eC compilers under Windows support a special declaration of external\nsymbols. You can write:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"__declspec(dllimport) extern int mysymbol;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e__declspec(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edllimport\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eextern\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003emysymbol\u003c/span\u003e;\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eInternally, this declaration has the same effect as declaring:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"extern int *_imp__mysymbol;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eextern\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e_imp__mysymbol\u003c/span\u003e;\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eand using \u003ccode\u003e\u0026amp;x\u003c/code\u003e instead of \u003ccode\u003ex\u003c/code\u003e everywhere in the current unit. In other\nwords, even if your code seems to access \u003ccode\u003ex\u003c/code\u003e directly, each access\nactually goes through an extra indirection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFlexDLL knows about this convention. When a object refers to a symbol of\nthe form \u003ccode\u003e_imp__XXX\u003c/code\u003e which is not available in the objects that will\nform the DLL to be created, it resists the temptation of putting an\nentry for \u003ccode\u003e_imp__XXX\u003c/code\u003e in the import table. Instead, it adds the\nequivalent of the following declaration:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"void *_imp__XXX = \u0026amp;XXX;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e_imp__XXX\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eXXX\u003c/span\u003e;\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf the symbol \u003ccode\u003eXXX\u003c/code\u003e itself is not available, this will in turn produce\nan entry for \u003ccode\u003eXXX\u003c/code\u003e in the import table. All these new declarations are\nput in the same object file that contain the export table, which is\nglobal for the DLL to be produced. So, if all the external symbols in a\ngiven object files are accessed through this convention, the object file\nneed not be patched at all.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that you can define and use the \u003ccode\u003e_imp__XXX\u003c/code\u003e symbols by hand, you\ndon't have to use the \u003ccode\u003e__declspec(dllimport)\u003c/code\u003e notation (this is useful\nif you use a compiler that doesn't support this notation).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere \u003cem\u003eare\u003c/em\u003e compelling reasons to adopt this style.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA very small advantage might be that there will be fewer relocations at\nruntime and that more code pages can be shared amongst several instances\nof the same DLL used by different processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA big advantage on x86_64 systems is to avoid relocation errors like:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"Fatal error: cannot load shared library plug1\nReason: flexdll error: cannot relocate XXX\n RELOC_REL32, target is too far: FFFFFFFF2EDEC956 000000002EDEC956\"\u003e\u003cpre lang=\"text\" class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eFatal error: cannot load shared library plug1\nReason: flexdll error: cannot relocate XXX\n RELOC_REL32, target is too far: FFFFFFFF2EDEC956 000000002EDEC956\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWithout \u003ccode\u003e__declspec(dllimport)\u003c/code\u003e your symbol (ex. \u003ccode\u003eextern XXX\u003c/code\u003e) generates\nthe following pseudo-assembly:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-assembly notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"CALL XXX ; this is a 32-bit relative address\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eCALL\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003e XXX\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e ; this is a 32-bit relative address\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThese 32-bit relative addresses are restricted to 2GiB jumps, and there is\nno guarantee that your main programs and all its DLLs will reside in the same\n2GiB block of virtual memory. The more DLLs you have, and the bigger they\nare, the more likely you will encounter a \u003ccode\u003eRELOC_REL32\u003c/code\u003e error.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eflexdll will verify every 32-bit relative address \u003ccode\u003eCALL\u003c/code\u003e during\n\u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dlopen\u003c/code\u003e to ensure they are within 2GiB.\nHowever, the indirection introduced by \u003ccode\u003e__declspec(dllimport) extern\u003c/code\u003e makes\nthe pseudo-assembly instead:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-assembly notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"void *_imp__XXX = \u0026amp;XXX;\nCALL [_imp__XXX] ; this is a 64-bit indirect address\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003evoid \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003e_imp__XXX = \u0026amp;XXX\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eCALL\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003e_imp__XXX\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e ; this is a 64-bit indirect address\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ewhich works well with flexdll.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAdvanced topic: static constructors and the entry point\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-advanced-topic-static-constructors-and-the-entry-point\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Advanced topic: static constructors and the entry point\" href=\"#advanced-topic-static-constructors-and-the-entry-point\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA Windows DLL can define an optional entry point. When the DLL is\nloaded, this function is automatically called. (The same function is\ncalled when the DLL is unloaded, or when threads are spawned or\ndestroyed.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsually, the real entry point is provided by the C runtime library:\n\u003ccode\u003e_cygwin_dll_entry\u003c/code\u003e for Cygwin, \u003ccode\u003eDllMainCRTStartup\u003c/code\u003e for MinGW,\n\u003ccode\u003e_DllMainCRTStartup\u003c/code\u003e for MSVC. These functions perform various\ninitialization for the C runtime library, invoke the code that has to be\nrun automatically at load time (e.g for C++: constructors of static\nobjects, or right-hand sides of non-constant initializers for global\nvariables), and then call the function \u003ca href=\"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/dlls/dllmain\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eDllMain\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, which by\ndefault does nothing but can be overridden by the program to perform\ncustom initialization of the DLL.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFlexDLL must take control before any custom code (static constructors,\n\u003ccode\u003eDllMain\u003c/code\u003e) so as to perform relocations (in case this code refers to\nsymbols found in the main program or previously loaded DLLs). As a\nconsequence, FlexDLL defines its own entry point, which first asks the\nmain program to perform relocations and then calls the regular entry\npoint of the C runtime library. This behavior is implemented in the\n\u003ccode\u003eflexdll_initer.c\u003c/code\u003e file, and the corresponding object file (whose name\ndepends on the toolchain) is automatically included by \u003ccode\u003eflexlink\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt is possible to completely disable the DLL entry point with the\n\u003ccode\u003e-noentry\u003c/code\u003e option passed to \u003ccode\u003eflexlink\u003c/code\u003e. In this case, FlexDLL will\nperform relocations after the DLL has been opened.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe API\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-the-api\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: The API\" href=\"#the-api\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHere is the content of the \u003ccode\u003eflexdll.h\u003c/code\u003e file:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"#define FLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL 0x0001\n#define FLEXDLL_RTLD_LOCAL 0x0000\n#define FLEXDLL_RTLD_NOEXEC 0x0002\n\nvoid *flexdll_dlopen(const char *, int);\n#ifndef CYGWIN\nvoid *flexdll_wdlopen(const wchar_t *, int);\n#endif\nvoid *flexdll_dlsym(void *, const char *);\nvoid flexdll_dlclose(void *);\nchar *flexdll_dlerror(void);\n\nvoid flexdll_dump_exports(void *);\nvoid flexdll_dump_relocations(void *);\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e#define\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eFLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL\u003c/span\u003e 0x0001\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e#define\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eFLEXDLL_RTLD_LOCAL\u003c/span\u003e 0x0000\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e#define\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eFLEXDLL_RTLD_NOEXEC\u003c/span\u003e 0x0002\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eflexdll_dlopen\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003econst\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e);\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e#ifndef\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eCYGWIN\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eflexdll_wdlopen\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003econst\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ewchar_t\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e);\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e#endif\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eflexdll_dlsym\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003econst\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e);\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eflexdll_dlclose\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e);\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eflexdll_dlerror\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e);\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eflexdll_dump_exports\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e);\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eflexdll_dump_relocations\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e);\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dl*\u003c/code\u003e functions are mostly compatible with their POSIX\ncounterparts. Here is a short explanation of their semantics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe most important function is \u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dlopen\u003c/code\u003e. The first argument\ngives the filename of a DLL to be opened. This DLL must have been\nproduced by the \u003ccode\u003eflexlink\u003c/code\u003e wrapper. The function resolves the symbols\nmentioned in the DLL's import table and performs the relocations.\nThe second argument is a mode, made of flags that can be or'ed together.\nThe flag \u003ccode\u003eFLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL\u003c/code\u003e means that the symbols exported by the\nopened DLL can be used to resolve relocations for DLLs to be opened\nlater on. The flag \u003ccode\u003eFLEXDLL_RTLD_NOEXEC\u003c/code\u003e opens the DLL is a special\nmode, disabling the automatic loading of dependencies and the FlexDLL\nresolution pass. This is useful if you want to open a DLL only to check\nwhether it defines some symbol.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dlopen\u003c/code\u003e function returns a pointer to an opaque handle that\ncan be used as an argument to the other API functions. If the filename\nis \u003ccode\u003eNULL\u003c/code\u003e, the function returns a special handle which refers to the\nglobal unit: it includes all the static symbols, plus the symbols from\nthe DLLs opened with the \u003ccode\u003eFLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL\u003c/code\u003e flag. A given DLL will be\nopened only once, even if you call the function several times on the\nsame file. The \u003ccode\u003eFLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL\u003c/code\u003e flag is sticky: if one of the calls\nmentions it, it will stay forever, even if the corresponding handle is\nthen passed to \u003ccode\u003edlclose\u003c/code\u003e (this is because the same handle is actually\nreturned for all the calls). If an error occurs during the call to\n\u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dlopen\u003c/code\u003e, the functions returns \u003ccode\u003eNULL\u003c/code\u003e and the error message can\nbe retrieved using \u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dlerror\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe function \u003ccode\u003eflexdll_wdlopen\u003c/code\u003e is a wide-character version of\n\u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dlopen\u003c/code\u003e. The filename argument to \u003ccode\u003eflexdll_wdlopen\u003c/code\u003e is a\nwide-character string. \u003ccode\u003eflexdll_wdlopen\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dlopen\u003c/code\u003e behave\nidentically otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe second most important function is \u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dlsym\u003c/code\u003e which looks for a\nsymbol whose name is the second argument. The first argument can be\neither a regular handle returned by \u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dlopen\u003c/code\u003e (the symbol is\nsearched only in the corresponding DLL), the special handle for the\nglobal unit as return by a call to \u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dlopen(NULL,...)\u003c/code\u003e (the\nsymbol is searched amongst the static symbols plus the ones in the DLL\nopened with the flag \u003ccode\u003eFLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL\u003c/code\u003e), or \u003ccode\u003eNULL\u003c/code\u003e (the symbol is\nsearched only amongst the static symbols). If the symbol cannot be\nfound, the function returns \u003ccode\u003eNULL\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe same symbol name can be defined several times. The policy used to\nchoose amongst the various definitions is not specified. This applies\nboth to the automatic resolution that happens when you open a DLL and to\nthe explicit resolution performed by \u003ccode\u003edlsym\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe function \u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dlclose\u003c/code\u003e must be used with caution. It decrements\nthe reference counter for the given handle and releases the DLL from memory\nwhen the counter reaches 0. After that time, symbols defined in this DLL\nare no longer used for resolution. You most probably don't want to close\na DLL if you still hold pointers to some of its symbols.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe two functions \u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dump_exports\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eflexdll_dump_relocations\u003c/code\u003e\nare used to display (to the standard output) the internal tables\nassociated with a given DLL handle.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCommand line for the flexlink wrapper\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-command-line-for-the-flexlink-wrapper\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Command line for the flexlink wrapper\" href=\"#command-line-for-the-flexlink-wrapper\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"Usage:\n flexlink -o \u0026lt;result.dll/exe\u0026gt; file1.obj file2.obj ... -- \u0026lt;extra linker arguments\u0026gt;\n\n -o Choose the name of the output file\n -exe Link the main program as an exe file\n -maindll Link the main program as a dll file\n -noflexdllobj Do not add the Flexdll runtime object (for exe)\n -noentry Do not use the Flexdll entry point (for dll)\n -noexport Do not export any symbol\n -norelrelocs Ensure that no relative relocation is generated\n -base Specify base address (Win64 only)\n -pthread Pass -pthread to the linker\n -I \u0026lt;dir\u0026gt; Add a directory where to search for files\n -L \u0026lt;dir\u0026gt; Add a directory where to search for files\n -l \u0026lt;lib\u0026gt; Library file\n -chain {msvc|msvc64|cygwin64|mingw|mingw64|gnat|gnat64|ld}\n Choose which linker to use\n -use-linker \u0026lt;cmd\u0026gt; Choose an alternative linker to use\n -use-mt \u0026lt;cmd\u0026gt; Choose an alternative manifest tool to use\n -x64 (Deprecated)\n -defaultlib \u0026lt;obj\u0026gt; External object (no export, no import)\n -save-temps Do not delete intermediate files\n -implib Do not delete the generated import library\n -outdef Produce a def file with exported symbols\n -v Increment verbosity (can be repeated)\n -show-exports Show exported symbols\n -show-imports Show imported symbols\n -dry Show the linker command line, do not actually run it\n -dump Only dump the content of object files\n -patch Only patch the target image (to be used with -stack)\n -nocygpath Do not use cygpath (default for msvc, mingw)\n -cygpath Use cygpath (default for cygwin)\n -no-merge-manifest Do not merge the manifest (takes precedence over -merge-manifest)\n -merge-manifest Merge manifest to the dll or exe (if generated)\n -real-manifest Use the generated manifest (default behavior)\n -default-manifest Use the default manifest (default.manifest/default_amd64.manifest)\n -export \u0026lt;sym\u0026gt; Explicitly export a symbol\n -noreexport Do not reexport symbols imported from import libraries\n -where Show the FlexDLL directory\n -nounderscore Normal symbols are not prefixed with an underscore\n -nodefaultlibs Do not assume any default library\n -builtin Use built-in linker to produce a dll\n -explain Explain why library objects are linked\n -subsystem \u0026lt;id\u0026gt; Set the subsystem (default: console)\n -custom-crt Use a custom CRT\n -stack \u0026lt;int\u0026gt; Set the stack reserve in the resulting image\n -link \u0026lt;option\u0026gt; Next argument is passed verbatim to the linker\n -g (Ignored)\n -D \u0026lt;symbol\u0026gt; (Ignored)\n -U \u0026lt;symbol\u0026gt; (Ignored)\n -- Following arguments are passed verbatim to the linker\n -version Print linker version and FlexDLL directory and exit\n -vnum Print linker version number and exit\n -help Display this list of options\n --help Display this list of options\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eUsage:\n flexlink -o \u0026lt;result.dll/exe\u0026gt; file1.obj file2.obj ... -- \u0026lt;extra linker arguments\u0026gt;\n\n -o Choose the name of the output file\n -exe Link the main program as an exe file\n -maindll Link the main program as a dll file\n -noflexdllobj Do not add the Flexdll runtime object (for exe)\n -noentry Do not use the Flexdll entry point (for dll)\n -noexport Do not export any symbol\n -norelrelocs Ensure that no relative relocation is generated\n -base Specify base address (Win64 only)\n -pthread Pass -pthread to the linker\n -I \u0026lt;dir\u0026gt; Add a directory where to search for files\n -L \u0026lt;dir\u0026gt; Add a directory where to search for files\n -l \u0026lt;lib\u0026gt; Library file\n -chain {msvc|msvc64|cygwin64|mingw|mingw64|gnat|gnat64|ld}\n Choose which linker to use\n -use-linker \u0026lt;cmd\u0026gt; Choose an alternative linker to use\n -use-mt \u0026lt;cmd\u0026gt; Choose an alternative manifest tool to use\n -x64 (Deprecated)\n -defaultlib \u0026lt;obj\u0026gt; External object (no export, no import)\n -save-temps Do not delete intermediate files\n -implib Do not delete the generated import library\n -outdef Produce a def file with exported symbols\n -v Increment verbosity (can be repeated)\n -show-exports Show exported symbols\n -show-imports Show imported symbols\n -dry Show the linker command line, do not actually run it\n -dump Only dump the content of object files\n -patch Only patch the target image (to be used with -stack)\n -nocygpath Do not use cygpath (default for msvc, mingw)\n -cygpath Use cygpath (default for cygwin)\n -no-merge-manifest Do not merge the manifest (takes precedence over -merge-manifest)\n -merge-manifest Merge manifest to the dll or exe (if generated)\n -real-manifest Use the generated manifest (default behavior)\n -default-manifest Use the default manifest (default.manifest/default_amd64.manifest)\n -export \u0026lt;sym\u0026gt; Explicitly export a symbol\n -noreexport Do not reexport symbols imported from import libraries\n -where Show the FlexDLL directory\n -nounderscore Normal symbols are not prefixed with an underscore\n -nodefaultlibs Do not assume any default library\n -builtin Use built-in linker to produce a dll\n -explain Explain why library objects are linked\n -subsystem \u0026lt;id\u0026gt; Set the subsystem (default: console)\n -custom-crt Use a custom CRT\n -stack \u0026lt;int\u0026gt; Set the stack reserve in the resulting image\n -link \u0026lt;option\u0026gt; Next argument is passed verbatim to the linker\n -g (Ignored)\n -D \u0026lt;symbol\u0026gt; (Ignored)\n -U \u0026lt;symbol\u0026gt; (Ignored)\n -- Following arguments are passed verbatim to the linker\n -version Print linker version and FlexDLL directory and exit\n -vnum Print linker version number and exit\n -help Display this list of options\n --help Display this list of options\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe files given on the command line can be object files (.obj/.o),\nlibrary files (.a/.lib), or C files (.c). C files will be compiled using\nthe toolchain's C compiler and the resulting object will be used for the\nactual linking.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe argument for the \u003ccode\u003e-l\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003e-I\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e-L\u003c/code\u003e options does not need to be\nseparated by whitespace from the option (i.e. \u003ccode\u003e-LXXX\u003c/code\u003e is equivalent to\n\u003ccode\u003e-L XXX\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere is a single set of search directories for all kinds of files.\nThe \u003ccode\u003e-I\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e-L\u003c/code\u003e options are synonyms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs usual, object files included in libraries are linked in only if one\nof the symbol they export is needed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003e-export\u003c/code\u003e option explicitly exports a symbol. If this symbols is\nfound in a library, it will force the corresponding object file to be\nincluded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003e-defaultlib\u003c/code\u003e option is used to tell \u003ccode\u003eflexlink\u003c/code\u003e that some object\n(usually, a library) does not need any relocations (that is, all the\nsymbols it refers to are defined in one of the objects being linked) and\nthat we don't want to re-export the symbols exported by this object.\nThis is usually used for system libraries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003e-cygpath\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e-nocygpath\u003c/code\u003e options control whether \u003ccode\u003eflexlink\u003c/code\u003e uses\nthe \u003ccode\u003ecygpath\u003c/code\u003e command or not (default is: no under MSVC, yes under\nCygwin/MinGW if cygpath can be found in the PATH). When it uses\n\u003ccode\u003ecygpath\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eflexlink\u003c/code\u003e tries to resolve file names directly and otherwise\ncalls \u003ccode\u003ecygpath -m\u003c/code\u003e (to produce Windows paths from Cygwin paths) if\n\u003ccode\u003ecygpath\u003c/code\u003e is available in the path.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003e-maindll\u003c/code\u003e option is used to build a DLL that behaves as the main\nprogram from the point of view of FlexDLL. It cannot have unresolved\nsymbols.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy default, \u003ccode\u003eflexlink\u003c/code\u003e looks for FlexDLL's object files in the same\ndirectory as \u003ccode\u003eflexlink.exe\u003c/code\u003e itself. It is possible to specify another\ndirectory with the \u003ccode\u003eFLEXDIR\u003c/code\u003e environment variable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExtra arguments can be passed to \u003ccode\u003eflexlink.exe\u003c/code\u003e through the environment\nvariable \u003ccode\u003eFLEXLINKFLAGS\u003c/code\u003e. The arguments coming from this variable are\nparsed before those coming from the command line.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePerformance\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-performance\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Performance\" href=\"#performance\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFlexDLL performs relocations at runtime in the code of the DLL. The good\nconsequence is that there is no indirection: a function call or a\nreference to a global variable where the target symbol is not in the\ncurrent DLL be compiled as if it were. This might improve performance,\nespecially because an indirection would consume a register that might be\nbetter used for something more interesting. The bad consequence is that\nthe memory pages that contains relocations cannot be shared between\ndifferent processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eBugs, limitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-bugs-limitations\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Bugs, limitations\" href=\"#bugs-limitations\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFlexDLL relies on a parser and generator for COFF files. However, some\nfeatures are not very well specified, and some well specified features\nhave not been fully implemented. Normally, you should get some assertion\nfailure in these cases. Please report them, so that I can improve\nFlexDLL.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFlexDLL works for 32 and 64 bits version of Windows. The 32 bits version\nhas been tested under XP and Vista, with the three supported toolchains.\nThe 64 bits version has been tested under Windows Vista x64 with the\nMicrosoft Platform SDK and under Windows 7 64-bit with the Win7 SDK\ntoolchain (no Cygwin).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReal-world examples\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-real-world-examples\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Real-world examples\" href=\"#real-world-examples\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePlease let me know if you use FlexDLL!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDynamic loading for OCaml\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-dynamic-loading-for-ocaml\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Dynamic loading for OCaml\" href=\"#dynamic-loading-for-ocaml\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe initial motivation for FlexDLL was to add dynamic linking of native\ncode to Windows ports of \u003ca href=\"https://ocaml.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eOCaml\u003c/a\u003e (Cygwin, MinGW, MSVC). A side-effect\nwas to simplify the dynamic loading of C libraries (e.g. for the\ntoplevel) and to make it work under the Cygwin port, to simplify\nMakefiles of libraries (now shared between Unix and Windows ports), and\nto create a native toplevel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLinks\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-links\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Links\" href=\"#links\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/debug/pe-format\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eMicrosoft Portable Executable and Common Object File Format Specification\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://edll.sourceforge.net/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eEnhanced Dynamic Linking Library for MinGW under MS-Windows (edll)\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/functions/dlopen.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003edlopen\u003c/code\u003e (POSIX)\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/dlls/dllmain\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eDllMain\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"FlexDLL: an implementation of a dlopen-like API for Windows","anchor":"flexdll-an-implementation-of-a-dlopen-like-api-for-windows","htmlText":"FlexDLL: an implementation of a dlopen-like API for Windows"},{"level":2,"text":"Introduction","anchor":"introduction","htmlText":"Introduction"},{"level":2,"text":"About","anchor":"about","htmlText":"About"},{"level":2,"text":"Supported toolchains","anchor":"supported-toolchains","htmlText":"Supported toolchains"},{"level":2,"text":"Download","anchor":"download","htmlText":"Download"},{"level":2,"text":"Overview","anchor":"overview","htmlText":"Overview"},{"level":2,"text":"How it works","anchor":"how-it-works","htmlText":"How it works"},{"level":2,"text":"Advanced topic: __declspec(dllimport)","anchor":"advanced-topic-__declspecdllimport","htmlText":"Advanced topic: __declspec(dllimport)"},{"level":2,"text":"Advanced topic: static constructors and the entry point","anchor":"advanced-topic-static-constructors-and-the-entry-point","htmlText":"Advanced topic: static constructors and the entry point"},{"level":2,"text":"The API","anchor":"the-api","htmlText":"The API"},{"level":2,"text":"Command line for the flexlink wrapper","anchor":"command-line-for-the-flexlink-wrapper","htmlText":"Command line for the flexlink wrapper"},{"level":2,"text":"Performance","anchor":"performance","htmlText":"Performance"},{"level":2,"text":"Bugs, limitations","anchor":"bugs-limitations","htmlText":"Bugs, limitations"},{"level":2,"text":"Real-world examples","anchor":"real-world-examples","htmlText":"Real-world examples"},{"level":3,"text":"Dynamic loading for OCaml","anchor":"dynamic-loading-for-ocaml","htmlText":"Dynamic loading for OCaml"},{"level":2,"text":"Links","anchor":"links","htmlText":"Links"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Focaml%2Fflexdll"}},{"displayName":"LICENSE","repoName":"flexdll","refName":"master","path":"LICENSE","preferredFileType":"license","tabName":"License","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Focaml%2Fflexdll"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0}},"appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-7d7eb7c71814.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-708ec8ade250.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"copilot_workspace":null,"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":true,"react_blob_overlay":false,"accessible_code_button":true,"github_models_repo_integration":false}}}}</script> <div data-target="react-partial.reactRoot"><style 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aria-describedby=":Rmlab:-loading-announcement"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-tag" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1 7.775V2.75C1 1.784 1.784 1 2.75 1h5.025c.464 0 .91.184 1.238.513l6.25 6.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 2.474l-5.026 5.026a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-2.474 0l-6.25-6.25A1.752 1.752 0 0 1 1 7.775Zm1.5 0c0 .066.026.13.073.177l6.25 6.25a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l5.025-5.025a.25.25 0 0 0 0-.354l-6.25-6.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.177-.073H2.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM6 5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 jxTzTd"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 gqqBXN"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 dzXgxt"><!--$--><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 iWFGlI"><span class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 vcvyP TextInput-wrapper prc-components-TextInputWrapper-i1ofR prc-components-TextInputBaseWrapper-ueK9q" data-leading-visual="true" data-trailing-visual="true" aria-busy="false"><span class="TextInput-icon" id=":R2j5ab:" aria-hidden="true"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-search" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg></span><input type="text" aria-label="Go to file" role="combobox" aria-controls="file-results-list" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" autoCorrect="off" spellcheck="false" placeholder="Go to file" aria-describedby=":R2j5ab: :R2j5abH1:" data-component="input" class="prc-components-Input-Ic-y8" value=""/><span class="TextInput-icon" id=":R2j5abH1:" aria-hidden="true"></span></span></div><!--/$--></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 YUPas"><button type="button" class="prc-Button-ButtonBase-c50BI" 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fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></span><span data-component="text" class="prc-Button-Label-pTQ3x">Code</span><span data-component="trailingVisual" class="prc-Button-Visual-2epfX prc-Button-VisualWrap-Db-eB"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg></span></span></button><div 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data-hotkey="k"></button><h2 class="sr-only ScreenReaderHeading-module__userSelectNone--vW4Cq prc-Heading-Heading-6CmGO" data-testid="screen-reader-heading" id="folders-and-files">Folders and files</h2><table aria-labelledby="folders-and-files" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 fdROMU"><thead class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 jGKpsv"><tr class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 jdgHnn"><th colSpan="2" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bQivRW"><span class="text-bold">Name</span></th><th colSpan="1" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 ldkMIO"><span class="text-bold">Name</span></th><th class="hide-sm"><div title="Last commit message" class="Truncate__StyledTruncate-sc-23o1d2-0 liVpTx width-fit"><span class="text-bold">Last commit message</span></div></th><th colSpan="1" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 jMbWeI"><div title="Last commit date" class="Truncate__StyledTruncate-sc-23o1d2-0 liVpTx width-fit"><span class="text-bold">Last commit date</span></div></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 gpqjiB"><td colSpan="3" class="bgColor-muted p-1 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data-component="leadingVisual" class="prc-Button-Visual-2epfX prc-Button-VisualWrap-Db-eB"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-history" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path></svg></span><span data-component="text" class="prc-Button-Label-pTQ3x"><span class="fgColor-default">552 Commits</span></span></span></a><div class="d-sm-none"></div><div class="d-flex d-lg-none"><span role="tooltip" aria-label="552 Commits" id="history-icon-button-tooltip" class="Tooltip__TooltipBase-sc-17tf59c-0 hWlpPn tooltipped-n"><a 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1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title=".ocp-indent" aria-label=".ocp-indent, (File)" class="Link--primary" href="/ocaml/flexdll/blob/master/.ocp-indent">.ocp-indent</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" colSpan="1"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 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class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Compat.ml.in" aria-label="Compat.ml.in, (File)" class="Link--primary" href="/ocaml/flexdll/blob/master/Compat.ml.in">Compat.ml.in</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-commit-cell"><div class="Skeleton 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1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="README.md" aria-label="README.md, (File)" class="Link--primary" href="/ocaml/flexdll/blob/master/README.md">README.md</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-commit-cell"><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td><td><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td></tr><tr class="react-directory-row undefined" id="folder-row-9"><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-small-screen" colSpan="2"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="appveyor.yml" aria-label="appveyor.yml, (File)" class="Link--primary" href="/ocaml/flexdll/blob/master/appveyor.yml">appveyor.yml</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" colSpan="1"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="appveyor.yml" aria-label="appveyor.yml, (File)" class="Link--primary" href="/ocaml/flexdll/blob/master/appveyor.yml">appveyor.yml</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-commit-cell"><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td><td><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td></tr><tr class="react-directory-row truncate-for-mobile" id="folder-row-10"><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-small-screen" colSpan="2"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="appveyor_build.sh" aria-label="appveyor_build.sh, (File)" class="Link--primary" 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aria-label="coff.ml, (File)" class="Link--primary" href="/ocaml/flexdll/blob/master/coff.ml">coff.ml</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" colSpan="1"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="coff.ml" aria-label="coff.ml, 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1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM2 14a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Zm1-6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0ZM2 4a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 QkQOb js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned undefined" data-hpc="true"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">FlexDLL: an implementation of a dlopen-like API for Windows</h1><a id="user-content-flexdll-an-implementation-of-a-dlopen-like-api-for-windows" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: FlexDLL: an implementation of a dlopen-like API for Windows" href="#flexdll-an-implementation-of-a-dlopen-like-api-for-windows"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://ci.appveyor.com/project/dra27/flexdll-7sptc" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/1cc29431e27e90c86f443924fd10b6349e578976844902f9d82b16fe3f67bbae/68747470733a2f2f63692e6170707665796f722e636f6d2f6170692f70726f6a656374732f7374617475732f6769746875622f6f63616d6c2f666c6578646c6c3f7376673d74727565" alt="Build status" data-canonical-src="https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/github/ocaml/flexdll?svg=true" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Introduction</h2><a id="user-content-introduction" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Introduction" href="#introduction"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Under Windows, DLL (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic-link_library" rel="nofollow">Dynamically-Linked Libraries</a>) are generally used to improve code modularity and sharing. A DLL can be loaded automatically when the program is loaded (if it requires the DLL). The program can also explicitly request Windows to load a DLL at any moment during runtime, using the <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/libloaderapi/nf-libloaderapi-loadlibraryw" rel="nofollow"><code>LoadLibrary</code></a> function from the Win32 API.</p> <p dir="auto">This naturally suggests to use DLLs as a plugin mechanism. For instance, a web server could load extensions modules stored in DLLs at runtime. But Windows does not really make it easy to implement plugins that way. The reason is that when you try to create a DLL from a set of object files, the linker needs to resolve all the symbols, which leads to the very problem solved by FlexDLL:</p> <p dir="auto"><strong>Windows DLL cannot refer to symbols defined in the main application or in previously loaded DLLs.</strong></p> <p dir="auto">Some usual solutions exist, but they are not very flexible. A notable exception is the <a href="https://edll.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow">edll</a> library (its homepage also describes the usual solutions), which follows a rather drastic approach; indeed, edll implements a new dynamic linker which can directly load object files (without creating a Windows DLL).</p> <p dir="auto">FlexDLL is another solution to the same problem. Contrary to edll, it relies on the native static and dynamic linkers. Also, it works both with the Microsoft environment (MS linker, Visual Studio compilers) and with Cygwin (GNU linker and compilers, in Cygwin or MinGW mode). Actually, FlexDLL implements mostly the usual <a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/functions/dlopen.html" rel="nofollow"><code>dlopen</code></a> POSIX API, without trying to be fully conformant though (e.g. it does not respect the official priority ordering for symbol resolution). This should make it easy to port applications developed for Unix.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">About</h2><a id="user-content-about" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: About" href="#about"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">FlexDLL is distributed under the terms of a zlib/libpng open source <a href="/ocaml/flexdll/blob/master/LICENSE">license</a>. The copyright holder is the Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA). The project was started when I (= Alain Frisch) was working at INRIA. I'm now working for <a href="https://www.lexifi.com" rel="nofollow">LexiFi</a>, which is kind enough to let me continue my work on FlexDLL. My office mate at INRIA, Jean-Baptiste Tristan, coined the name FlexDLL.</p> <p dir="auto">The runtime support library is written in C. The <code>flexlink</code> wrapper is implemented in the wonderful <a href="https://ocaml.org/" rel="nofollow">OCaml</a> language.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Supported toolchains</h2><a id="user-content-supported-toolchains" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Supported toolchains" href="#supported-toolchains"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">MSVC: the 32-bit C compiler from Microsoft.</p> <p dir="auto">MSVC64: the 64-bit C compiler from Microsoft.</p> <p dir="auto">CYGWIN64: the 64-bit gcc compiler shipped with Cygwin.</p> <p dir="auto">MINGW: the 32-bit gcc compiler from the MinGW-w64 project, packaged in Cygwin (as i686-w64-mingw32-gcc).</p> <p dir="auto">MINGW64: the 64-bit gcc compiler from the MinGW-w64 project, packaged in Cygwin (as x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc).</p> <p dir="auto">LD: an internal linker to produce .dll (only).</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Download</h2><a id="user-content-download" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Download" href="#download"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://github.com/ocaml/flexdll/releases">Source and binary releases</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/ocaml/flexdll">Development version</a>.</li> <li><a href="/ocaml/flexdll/blob/master/CHANGES">Changelog</a>.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong>Installation instructions:</strong> Simply run the installer and add the resulting directory (e.g. <code>C:\Program Files\flexdll</code> or <code>C:\Program Files (x86)\flexdll</code>) to the PATH. You can also create this directory by hand and unzip the .zip file in it.</p> <p dir="auto"><strong>Compiling from sources:</strong> To compile the code from sources, you'll need a working installation of OCaml, GNU Make, and a C toolchain (compiler + linker) either the one from Microsoft (any version of Visual Studio should work), Cygwin, or MinGW. It is probably a good idea to use a native version of ocamlopt (not the Cygwin port) to compile flexlink. By default, the <code>Makefile</code> will compile support objects for the supported toolchains; you can choose a subset with the <code>CHAINS</code> variable, e.g.: <code>make CHAINS="mingw msvc"</code>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Overview</h2><a id="user-content-overview" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Overview" href="#overview"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">FlexDLL has two components: a wrapper around the static linker, and a tiny runtime library to be linked with the main application. The wrapper must be called in place of the normal linker when you want to produce a DLL or to link the main application. The runtime library relies internally on the native <code>LoadLibrary</code> API to implement a dlopen-like interface.</p> <p dir="auto">Let's see a simple example of a plugin. Here is the code for the main program (file <code>dump.c</code>):</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="#include <stdlib.h> #include "flexdll.h" typedef void torun(void); void api(char *msg){ printf("API: %s\n", msg); } int main(int argc, char **argv) { void *sym; void *handle; int i; torun *torun; for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) { handle = flexdll_dlopen(argv[i], FLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL); if (NULL == handle) { printf("error: %s\n", flexdll_dlerror()); exit(2); } torun = flexdll_dlsym(handle, "torun"); if (torun) torun(); } exit(0); }"><pre><span class="pl-k">#include</span> <span class="pl-s"><stdlib.h></span> <span class="pl-k">#include</span> <span class="pl-s">"flexdll.h"</span> <span class="pl-k">typedef</span> <span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-smi">torun</span>(<span class="pl-smi">void</span>); <span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-en">api</span>(<span class="pl-smi">char</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span><span class="pl-s1">msg</span>){ <span class="pl-en">printf</span>(<span class="pl-s">"API: %s\n"</span>, <span class="pl-s1">msg</span>); } <span class="pl-smi">int</span> <span class="pl-en">main</span>(<span class="pl-smi">int</span> <span class="pl-s1">argc</span>, <span class="pl-smi">char</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span><span class="pl-c1">*</span><span class="pl-s1">argv</span>) { <span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span><span class="pl-s1">sym</span>; <span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span><span class="pl-s1">handle</span>; <span class="pl-smi">int</span> <span class="pl-s1">i</span>; <span class="pl-smi">torun</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span><span class="pl-s1">torun</span>; <span class="pl-k">for</span> (<span class="pl-s1">i</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-c1">1</span>; <span class="pl-s1">i</span> <span class="pl-c1"><</span> <span class="pl-s1">argc</span>; <span class="pl-s1">i</span><span class="pl-c1">++</span>) { <span class="pl-s1">handle</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">flexdll_dlopen</span>(<span class="pl-s1">argv</span>[<span class="pl-s1">i</span>], <span class="pl-c1">FLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL</span>); <span class="pl-k">if</span> (<span class="pl-c1">NULL</span> <span class="pl-c1">==</span> <span class="pl-s1">handle</span>) { <span class="pl-en">printf</span>(<span class="pl-s">"error: %s\n"</span>, <span class="pl-en">flexdll_dlerror</span>()); <span class="pl-en">exit</span>(<span class="pl-c1">2</span>); } <span class="pl-s1">torun</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">flexdll_dlsym</span>(<span class="pl-s1">handle</span>, <span class="pl-s">"torun"</span>); <span class="pl-k">if</span> (<span class="pl-s1">torun</span>) <span class="pl-en">torun</span>(); } <span class="pl-en">exit</span>(<span class="pl-c1">0</span>); }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">This application opens in turn all the DLLs given on its command line, using the FlexDLL function <code>flexdll_dlopen</code>. For each DLL, the program looks for a symbol named <code>torun</code> (which is supposed to refer to a function) and if the symbol is available in the DLL, the function is called. The program also provides a very simple API to its plugin: the <code>api</code> function. The <code>FLEX_RTLD_GLOBAL</code> flag makes all the symbols exported by each DLL available for the DLL to be loaded later.</p> <p dir="auto">This main program can be compiled and linked like the commands below (the <code>[...]</code> refers to the directory where FlexDLL is installed).</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="# MSVC cl /nologo /MD -I[...] -c dump.c flexlink -chain msvc -exe -o dump.exe dump.obj # MINGW i686-w64-mingw32-gcc -I[...] -c dump.c flexlink -chain mingw -exe -o dump.exe dump.o # CYGWIN gcc -I[...] -c dump.c flexlink -chain cygwin64 -exe -o dump.exe dump.o"><pre><span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> MSVC</span> cl /nologo /MD -I[...] -c dump.c flexlink -chain msvc -exe -o dump.exe dump.obj <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> MINGW</span> i686-w64-mingw32-gcc -I[...] -c dump.c flexlink -chain mingw -exe -o dump.exe dump.o <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> CYGWIN</span> gcc -I[...] -c dump.c flexlink -chain cygwin64 -exe -o dump.exe dump.o</pre></div> <p dir="auto">The compilation step is completely standard, but in order to link the main application, you must call the <code>flexlink</code> tool, which is the wrapper around the linker. The <code>-chain</code> command line switch selects which linker to use, and the <code>-exe</code> option tells the wrapper that it must produce a stand-alone application (not a DLL).</p> <p dir="auto">Now we can provide a first plugin (file <code>plug1.c</code>):</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="int x = 3; void dump_x(void) { printf("x=%i\n", x); } void torun(void) { api("plug1.torun();"); }"><pre><span class="pl-smi">int</span> <span class="pl-s1">x</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-c1">3</span>; <span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-en">dump_x</span>(<span class="pl-smi">void</span>) { <span class="pl-en">printf</span>(<span class="pl-s">"x=%i\n"</span>, <span class="pl-s1">x</span>); } <span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-en">torun</span>(<span class="pl-smi">void</span>) { <span class="pl-en">api</span>(<span class="pl-s">"plug1.torun();"</span>); }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Note that the plugin uses the <code>api</code> symbol from the main application (it would be cleaner to introduce it with an <code>extern</code> declaration). You can compile and link this plugin (into a DLL) with the following commands:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="# MSVC cl /nologo /MD -c plug1.c flexlink -chain msvc -o plug1.dll plug1.obj # MINGW i686-w64-mingw32-gcc -c plug1.c flexlink -chain mingw -o plug1.dll plug1.o # CYGWIN gcc -D_CYGWIN_ -c plug1.c flexlink -chain cygwin64 -o plug1.dll plug1.o"><pre><span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> MSVC</span> cl /nologo /MD -c plug1.c flexlink -chain msvc -o plug1.dll plug1.obj <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> MINGW</span> i686-w64-mingw32-gcc -c plug1.c flexlink -chain mingw -o plug1.dll plug1.o <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> CYGWIN</span> gcc -D_CYGWIN_ -c plug1.c flexlink -chain cygwin64 -o plug1.dll plug1.o</pre></div> <p dir="auto">And now you can ask the main program to load the plugin:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-text-shell-session notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="$ ./dump plug1.dll API: plug1.torun();"><pre>$ <span class="pl-s1">./dump plug1.dll</span> <span class="pl-c1">API: plug1.torun();</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Here is the code for a second plugin (file <code>plug2.c</code>) that refers to symbols (a function and a global variable) defined in the first plugin:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="extern int x; void torun(void) { api("plug2.torun();"); dump_x(); x = 100; dump_x(); }"><pre><span class="pl-k">extern</span> <span class="pl-smi">int</span> <span class="pl-s1">x</span>; <span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-en">torun</span>(<span class="pl-smi">void</span>) { <span class="pl-en">api</span>(<span class="pl-s">"plug2.torun();"</span>); <span class="pl-en">dump_x</span>(); <span class="pl-s1">x</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-c1">100</span>; <span class="pl-en">dump_x</span>(); }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Since the second plugin depends on the first one, you need to load both:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-text-shell-session notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="$ ./dump plug2.dll error: Cannot resolve dump_x $ ./dump plug1.dll plug2.dll; API: plug1.torun(); API: plug2.torun(); x=3 x=100"><pre>$ <span class="pl-s1">./dump plug2.dll</span> <span class="pl-c1">error: Cannot resolve dump_x</span> $ <span class="pl-s1">./dump plug1.dll plug2.dll<span class="pl-k">;</span></span> <span class="pl-c1">API: plug1.torun();</span> <span class="pl-c1">API: plug2.torun();</span> <span class="pl-c1">x=3</span> <span class="pl-c1">x=100</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Simple, isn't it? No <code>declspec</code> declaration, no import library to deal with, …</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How it works</h2><a id="user-content-how-it-works" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How it works" href="#how-it-works"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Object files (.obj/.o) contain relocation information that explain to the linker how some addresses in their code or data sections have to be patched, using the value of some global symbols. When the static linker is invoked to produce a DLL from a set of object files, it assumes that all the relocations can be performed: all the symbols which are used in relocations must be defined in some the objects linked together. FlexDLL drops this constraint following a very simple idea: when a relocation refers to a symbol which is not available, the relocation is turned into a piece of data that will be passed to the runtime support library.</p> <p dir="auto">In the example above, the <code>plug1.obj</code> object refers to a symbol <code>api</code>. When this object is turned into a DLL, FlexDLL produce a new temporary object file derived from <code>plug1.obj</code> without the relocation that mentions <code>api</code>. Instead, it adds an “import table”, which is just a piece of data that tells the FlexDLL support library which address has to be patched with the value of a symbol called <code>api</code> to be found somewhere else. You can see the list of such imported symbols by adding the <code>-show-imports</code> option to the <code>flexlink</code> command line:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-text-shell-session notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="$ ../flexlink -chain msvc -o plug1.dll plug1.obj -show-imports ** Imported symbols for plug1.obj: _api"><pre>$ <span class="pl-s1">../flexlink -chain msvc -o plug1.dll plug1.obj -show-imports</span> <span class="pl-c1">** Imported symbols for plug1.obj:</span> <span class="pl-c1">_api</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">When the <code>flexdll_dlopen</code> function opens this DLL, it will look for an internal symbol that points to the import table, resolve the symbols and patch the code and data segments accordingly. The FlexDLL runtime library must thus maintain a set of symbols together with their concrete values (addresses). In particular, it knows about the global symbols defined in the main program. Indeed, when you link the main program with <code>flexlink -exe</code>, the wrapper produces a small fresh object file that contains a symbol table, mapping symbol names to their addresses.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-text-shell-session notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="$ ../flexlink -chain msvc -exe -o dump.exe dump.obj -show-exports ** Exported symbols: _api _flexdll_dlclose _flexdll_dlerror _flexdll_dlopen _flexdll_dlsym _flexdll_dump_exports _flexdll_dump_relocations _main"><pre>$ <span class="pl-s1">../flexlink -chain msvc -exe -o dump.exe dump.obj -show-exports</span> <span class="pl-c1">** Exported symbols:</span> <span class="pl-c1">_api</span> <span class="pl-c1">_flexdll_dlclose</span> <span class="pl-c1">_flexdll_dlerror</span> <span class="pl-c1">_flexdll_dlopen</span> <span class="pl-c1">_flexdll_dlsym</span> <span class="pl-c1">_flexdll_dump_exports</span> <span class="pl-c1">_flexdll_dump_relocations</span> <span class="pl-c1">_main</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">As you can see, all the global symbols (including those that comes from FlexDLL itself) appear in the global symbol table. FlexDLL knows not only about symbols that comes from the main program, but also about symbols exported by the DLL it loads. This is needed to implement the <code>flexdll_dlsym</code> function, but also to deal with import tables that mention symbols defined in previously loaded DLLs (for which the <code>FLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL</code> was used). So the wrapper produces not only an import table for DLLs, but also an export table:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-text-shell-session notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="$ ../flexlink -chain msvc -o plug1.dll plug1.obj -show-imports -show-exports ** Imported symbols for plug1.obj: _api ** Exported symbols: _dump_x _torun _x $ ../flexlink -chain msvc -o plug2.dll plug2.obj -show-imports -show-exports ** Imported symbols for plug2.obj: _api _dump_x _x ** Exported symbols: _torun"><pre>$ <span class="pl-s1">../flexlink -chain msvc -o plug1.dll plug1.obj -show-imports -show-exports</span> <span class="pl-c1">** Imported symbols for plug1.obj:</span> <span class="pl-c1">_api</span> <span class="pl-c1">** Exported symbols:</span> <span class="pl-c1">_dump_x</span> <span class="pl-c1">_torun</span> <span class="pl-c1">_x</span> $ <span class="pl-s1">../flexlink -chain msvc -o plug2.dll plug2.obj -show-imports -show-exports</span> <span class="pl-c1">** Imported symbols for plug2.obj:</span> <span class="pl-c1">_api</span> <span class="pl-c1">_dump_x</span> <span class="pl-c1">_x</span> <span class="pl-c1">** Exported symbols:</span> <span class="pl-c1">_torun</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">How does FlexDLL determine which symbols are imported or exported? It uses an algorithm similar to the linker itself. The command line mentions a number of object and library files. In a first pass, the wrapper computed which objects embedded in those libraries will be used. To do that, it looks at which symbols are used, and where they are defined. Then the wrapper considers that all the global (external) symbols are exported. Note that the <code>/export</code> or <code>__declspec(dllexport)</code> directives are not used: all the symbols are exported. (In a future version, FlexDLL will allow to control more precisely which symbols are exported). All the object files (given explicitly, or embedded in a library) that need to import symbols must be rewritten. The <code>flexlink</code> wrapper will produce new temporary object files for them. If you want to understand better how FlexDLL works, you can use the <code>-v</code> and <code>-save-temps</code> command options to tell the wrapper to show you the linker command line and to preserve those temporary files alive (by default, they are removed automatically).</p> <p dir="auto">Some object files can mention default libraries (they correspond to the <code>/defaultlib</code> linker flag, which is often embedded in the object <code>.drectve</code> section). FlexDLL will parse those libraries, but only to see which symbols they define. Those symbols are not considered as being imported by the DLL, but they won't be exported either. A typical case of default libraries are import libraries that behave as interfaces to (normal, non-FlexDLL) DLLs.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Advanced topic: <code>__declspec(dllimport)</code></h2><a id="user-content-advanced-topic-__declspecdllimport" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Advanced topic: __declspec(dllimport)" href="#advanced-topic-__declspecdllimport"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">C compilers under Windows support a special declaration of external symbols. You can write:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="__declspec(dllimport) extern int mysymbol;"><pre>__declspec(<span class="pl-s1">dllimport</span>) <span class="pl-k">extern</span> <span class="pl-smi">int</span> <span class="pl-s1">mysymbol</span>;</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Internally, this declaration has the same effect as declaring:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="extern int *_imp__mysymbol;"><pre><span class="pl-k">extern</span> <span class="pl-smi">int</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span><span class="pl-s1">_imp__mysymbol</span>;</pre></div> <p dir="auto">and using <code>&x</code> instead of <code>x</code> everywhere in the current unit. In other words, even if your code seems to access <code>x</code> directly, each access actually goes through an extra indirection.</p> <p dir="auto">FlexDLL knows about this convention. When a object refers to a symbol of the form <code>_imp__XXX</code> which is not available in the objects that will form the DLL to be created, it resists the temptation of putting an entry for <code>_imp__XXX</code> in the import table. Instead, it adds the equivalent of the following declaration:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="void *_imp__XXX = &XXX;"><pre><span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span><span class="pl-s1">_imp__XXX</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-c1">&</span><span class="pl-c1">XXX</span>;</pre></div> <p dir="auto">If the symbol <code>XXX</code> itself is not available, this will in turn produce an entry for <code>XXX</code> in the import table. All these new declarations are put in the same object file that contain the export table, which is global for the DLL to be produced. So, if all the external symbols in a given object files are accessed through this convention, the object file need not be patched at all.</p> <p dir="auto">Note that you can define and use the <code>_imp__XXX</code> symbols by hand, you don't have to use the <code>__declspec(dllimport)</code> notation (this is useful if you use a compiler that doesn't support this notation).</p> <p dir="auto">There <em>are</em> compelling reasons to adopt this style.</p> <p dir="auto">A very small advantage might be that there will be fewer relocations at runtime and that more code pages can be shared amongst several instances of the same DLL used by different processes.</p> <p dir="auto">A big advantage on x86_64 systems is to avoid relocation errors like:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="Fatal error: cannot load shared library plug1 Reason: flexdll error: cannot relocate XXX RELOC_REL32, target is too far: FFFFFFFF2EDEC956 000000002EDEC956"><pre lang="text" class="notranslate"><code>Fatal error: cannot load shared library plug1 Reason: flexdll error: cannot relocate XXX RELOC_REL32, target is too far: FFFFFFFF2EDEC956 000000002EDEC956 </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Without <code>__declspec(dllimport)</code> your symbol (ex. <code>extern XXX</code>) generates the following pseudo-assembly:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-assembly notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="CALL XXX ; this is a 32-bit relative address"><pre><span class="pl-k">CALL</span><span class="pl-en"> XXX</span><span class="pl-c"> ; this is a 32-bit relative address</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">These 32-bit relative addresses are restricted to 2GiB jumps, and there is no guarantee that your main programs and all its DLLs will reside in the same 2GiB block of virtual memory. The more DLLs you have, and the bigger they are, the more likely you will encounter a <code>RELOC_REL32</code> error.</p> <p dir="auto">flexdll will verify every 32-bit relative address <code>CALL</code> during <code>flexdll_dlopen</code> to ensure they are within 2GiB. However, the indirection introduced by <code>__declspec(dllimport) extern</code> makes the pseudo-assembly instead:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-assembly notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="void *_imp__XXX = &XXX; CALL [_imp__XXX] ; this is a 64-bit indirect address"><pre><span class="pl-en">void </span><span class="pl-s1">*</span><span class="pl-en">_imp__XXX = &XXX</span><span class="pl-c">;</span> <span class="pl-k">CALL</span><span class="pl-en"> </span><span class="pl-s1">[</span><span class="pl-en">_imp__XXX</span><span class="pl-s1">]</span><span class="pl-c"> ; this is a 64-bit indirect address</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">which works well with flexdll.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Advanced topic: static constructors and the entry point</h2><a id="user-content-advanced-topic-static-constructors-and-the-entry-point" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Advanced topic: static constructors and the entry point" href="#advanced-topic-static-constructors-and-the-entry-point"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A Windows DLL can define an optional entry point. When the DLL is loaded, this function is automatically called. (The same function is called when the DLL is unloaded, or when threads are spawned or destroyed.)</p> <p dir="auto">Usually, the real entry point is provided by the C runtime library: <code>_cygwin_dll_entry</code> for Cygwin, <code>DllMainCRTStartup</code> for MinGW, <code>_DllMainCRTStartup</code> for MSVC. These functions perform various initialization for the C runtime library, invoke the code that has to be run automatically at load time (e.g for C++: constructors of static objects, or right-hand sides of non-constant initializers for global variables), and then call the function <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/dlls/dllmain" rel="nofollow"><code>DllMain</code></a>, which by default does nothing but can be overridden by the program to perform custom initialization of the DLL.</p> <p dir="auto">FlexDLL must take control before any custom code (static constructors, <code>DllMain</code>) so as to perform relocations (in case this code refers to symbols found in the main program or previously loaded DLLs). As a consequence, FlexDLL defines its own entry point, which first asks the main program to perform relocations and then calls the regular entry point of the C runtime library. This behavior is implemented in the <code>flexdll_initer.c</code> file, and the corresponding object file (whose name depends on the toolchain) is automatically included by <code>flexlink</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">It is possible to completely disable the DLL entry point with the <code>-noentry</code> option passed to <code>flexlink</code>. In this case, FlexDLL will perform relocations after the DLL has been opened.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">The API</h2><a id="user-content-the-api" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: The API" href="#the-api"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Here is the content of the <code>flexdll.h</code> file:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="#define FLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL 0x0001 #define FLEXDLL_RTLD_LOCAL 0x0000 #define FLEXDLL_RTLD_NOEXEC 0x0002 void *flexdll_dlopen(const char *, int); #ifndef CYGWIN void *flexdll_wdlopen(const wchar_t *, int); #endif void *flexdll_dlsym(void *, const char *); void flexdll_dlclose(void *); char *flexdll_dlerror(void); void flexdll_dump_exports(void *); void flexdll_dump_relocations(void *);"><pre><span class="pl-k">#define</span> <span class="pl-c1">FLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL</span> 0x0001 <span class="pl-k">#define</span> <span class="pl-c1">FLEXDLL_RTLD_LOCAL</span> 0x0000 <span class="pl-k">#define</span> <span class="pl-c1">FLEXDLL_RTLD_NOEXEC</span> 0x0002 <span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span><span class="pl-en">flexdll_dlopen</span>(<span class="pl-k">const</span> <span class="pl-smi">char</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span>, <span class="pl-smi">int</span>); <span class="pl-k">#ifndef</span> <span class="pl-c1">CYGWIN</span> <span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span><span class="pl-en">flexdll_wdlopen</span>(<span class="pl-k">const</span> <span class="pl-smi">wchar_t</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span>, <span class="pl-smi">int</span>); <span class="pl-k">#endif</span> <span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span><span class="pl-en">flexdll_dlsym</span>(<span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span>, <span class="pl-k">const</span> <span class="pl-smi">char</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span>); <span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-en">flexdll_dlclose</span>(<span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span>); <span class="pl-smi">char</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span><span class="pl-en">flexdll_dlerror</span>(<span class="pl-smi">void</span>); <span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-en">flexdll_dump_exports</span>(<span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span>); <span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-en">flexdll_dump_relocations</span>(<span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span>);</pre></div> <p dir="auto">The <code>flexdll_dl*</code> functions are mostly compatible with their POSIX counterparts. Here is a short explanation of their semantics.</p> <p dir="auto">The most important function is <code>flexdll_dlopen</code>. The first argument gives the filename of a DLL to be opened. This DLL must have been produced by the <code>flexlink</code> wrapper. The function resolves the symbols mentioned in the DLL's import table and performs the relocations. The second argument is a mode, made of flags that can be or'ed together. The flag <code>FLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL</code> means that the symbols exported by the opened DLL can be used to resolve relocations for DLLs to be opened later on. The flag <code>FLEXDLL_RTLD_NOEXEC</code> opens the DLL is a special mode, disabling the automatic loading of dependencies and the FlexDLL resolution pass. This is useful if you want to open a DLL only to check whether it defines some symbol.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>flexdll_dlopen</code> function returns a pointer to an opaque handle that can be used as an argument to the other API functions. If the filename is <code>NULL</code>, the function returns a special handle which refers to the global unit: it includes all the static symbols, plus the symbols from the DLLs opened with the <code>FLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL</code> flag. A given DLL will be opened only once, even if you call the function several times on the same file. The <code>FLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL</code> flag is sticky: if one of the calls mentions it, it will stay forever, even if the corresponding handle is then passed to <code>dlclose</code> (this is because the same handle is actually returned for all the calls). If an error occurs during the call to <code>flexdll_dlopen</code>, the functions returns <code>NULL</code> and the error message can be retrieved using <code>flexdll_dlerror</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">The function <code>flexdll_wdlopen</code> is a wide-character version of <code>flexdll_dlopen</code>. The filename argument to <code>flexdll_wdlopen</code> is a wide-character string. <code>flexdll_wdlopen</code> and <code>flexdll_dlopen</code> behave identically otherwise.</p> <p dir="auto">The second most important function is <code>flexdll_dlsym</code> which looks for a symbol whose name is the second argument. The first argument can be either a regular handle returned by <code>flexdll_dlopen</code> (the symbol is searched only in the corresponding DLL), the special handle for the global unit as return by a call to <code>flexdll_dlopen(NULL,...)</code> (the symbol is searched amongst the static symbols plus the ones in the DLL opened with the flag <code>FLEXDLL_RTLD_GLOBAL</code>), or <code>NULL</code> (the symbol is searched only amongst the static symbols). If the symbol cannot be found, the function returns <code>NULL</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">The same symbol name can be defined several times. The policy used to choose amongst the various definitions is not specified. This applies both to the automatic resolution that happens when you open a DLL and to the explicit resolution performed by <code>dlsym</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">The function <code>flexdll_dlclose</code> must be used with caution. It decrements the reference counter for the given handle and releases the DLL from memory when the counter reaches 0. After that time, symbols defined in this DLL are no longer used for resolution. You most probably don't want to close a DLL if you still hold pointers to some of its symbols.</p> <p dir="auto">The two functions <code>flexdll_dump_exports</code> and <code>flexdll_dump_relocations</code> are used to display (to the standard output) the internal tables associated with a given DLL handle.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Command line for the flexlink wrapper</h2><a id="user-content-command-line-for-the-flexlink-wrapper" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Command line for the flexlink wrapper" href="#command-line-for-the-flexlink-wrapper"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="Usage: flexlink -o <result.dll/exe> file1.obj file2.obj ... -- <extra linker arguments> -o Choose the name of the output file -exe Link the main program as an exe file -maindll Link the main program as a dll file -noflexdllobj Do not add the Flexdll runtime object (for exe) -noentry Do not use the Flexdll entry point (for dll) -noexport Do not export any symbol -norelrelocs Ensure that no relative relocation is generated -base Specify base address (Win64 only) -pthread Pass -pthread to the linker -I <dir> Add a directory where to search for files -L <dir> Add a directory where to search for files -l <lib> Library file -chain {msvc|msvc64|cygwin64|mingw|mingw64|gnat|gnat64|ld} Choose which linker to use -use-linker <cmd> Choose an alternative linker to use -use-mt <cmd> Choose an alternative manifest tool to use -x64 (Deprecated) -defaultlib <obj> External object (no export, no import) -save-temps Do not delete intermediate files -implib Do not delete the generated import library -outdef Produce a def file with exported symbols -v Increment verbosity (can be repeated) -show-exports Show exported symbols -show-imports Show imported symbols -dry Show the linker command line, do not actually run it -dump Only dump the content of object files -patch Only patch the target image (to be used with -stack) -nocygpath Do not use cygpath (default for msvc, mingw) -cygpath Use cygpath (default for cygwin) -no-merge-manifest Do not merge the manifest (takes precedence over -merge-manifest) -merge-manifest Merge manifest to the dll or exe (if generated) -real-manifest Use the generated manifest (default behavior) -default-manifest Use the default manifest (default.manifest/default_amd64.manifest) -export <sym> Explicitly export a symbol -noreexport Do not reexport symbols imported from import libraries -where Show the FlexDLL directory -nounderscore Normal symbols are not prefixed with an underscore -nodefaultlibs Do not assume any default library -builtin Use built-in linker to produce a dll -explain Explain why library objects are linked -subsystem <id> Set the subsystem (default: console) -custom-crt Use a custom CRT -stack <int> Set the stack reserve in the resulting image -link <option> Next argument is passed verbatim to the linker -g (Ignored) -D <symbol> (Ignored) -U <symbol> (Ignored) -- Following arguments are passed verbatim to the linker -version Print linker version and FlexDLL directory and exit -vnum Print linker version number and exit -help Display this list of options --help Display this list of options"><pre class="notranslate"><code>Usage: flexlink -o <result.dll/exe> file1.obj file2.obj ... -- <extra linker arguments> -o Choose the name of the output file -exe Link the main program as an exe file -maindll Link the main program as a dll file -noflexdllobj Do not add the Flexdll runtime object (for exe) -noentry Do not use the Flexdll entry point (for dll) -noexport Do not export any symbol -norelrelocs Ensure that no relative relocation is generated -base Specify base address (Win64 only) -pthread Pass -pthread to the linker -I <dir> Add a directory where to search for files -L <dir> Add a directory where to search for files -l <lib> Library file -chain {msvc|msvc64|cygwin64|mingw|mingw64|gnat|gnat64|ld} Choose which linker to use -use-linker <cmd> Choose an alternative linker to use -use-mt <cmd> Choose an alternative manifest tool to use -x64 (Deprecated) -defaultlib <obj> External object (no export, no import) -save-temps Do not delete intermediate files -implib Do not delete the generated import library -outdef Produce a def file with exported symbols -v Increment verbosity (can be repeated) -show-exports Show exported symbols -show-imports Show imported symbols -dry Show the linker command line, do not actually run it -dump Only dump the content of object files -patch Only patch the target image (to be used with -stack) -nocygpath Do not use cygpath (default for msvc, mingw) -cygpath Use cygpath (default for cygwin) -no-merge-manifest Do not merge the manifest (takes precedence over -merge-manifest) -merge-manifest Merge manifest to the dll or exe (if generated) -real-manifest Use the generated manifest (default behavior) -default-manifest Use the default manifest (default.manifest/default_amd64.manifest) -export <sym> Explicitly export a symbol -noreexport Do not reexport symbols imported from import libraries -where Show the FlexDLL directory -nounderscore Normal symbols are not prefixed with an underscore -nodefaultlibs Do not assume any default library -builtin Use built-in linker to produce a dll -explain Explain why library objects are linked -subsystem <id> Set the subsystem (default: console) -custom-crt Use a custom CRT -stack <int> Set the stack reserve in the resulting image -link <option> Next argument is passed verbatim to the linker -g (Ignored) -D <symbol> (Ignored) -U <symbol> (Ignored) -- Following arguments are passed verbatim to the linker -version Print linker version and FlexDLL directory and exit -vnum Print linker version number and exit -help Display this list of options --help Display this list of options </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">The files given on the command line can be object files (.obj/.o), library files (.a/.lib), or C files (.c). C files will be compiled using the toolchain's C compiler and the resulting object will be used for the actual linking.</p> <p dir="auto">The argument for the <code>-l</code>, <code>-I</code> and <code>-L</code> options does not need to be separated by whitespace from the option (i.e. <code>-LXXX</code> is equivalent to <code>-L XXX</code>).</p> <p dir="auto">There is a single set of search directories for all kinds of files. The <code>-I</code> and <code>-L</code> options are synonyms.</p> <p dir="auto">As usual, object files included in libraries are linked in only if one of the symbol they export is needed.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>-export</code> option explicitly exports a symbol. If this symbols is found in a library, it will force the corresponding object file to be included.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>-defaultlib</code> option is used to tell <code>flexlink</code> that some object (usually, a library) does not need any relocations (that is, all the symbols it refers to are defined in one of the objects being linked) and that we don't want to re-export the symbols exported by this object. This is usually used for system libraries.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>-cygpath</code> and <code>-nocygpath</code> options control whether <code>flexlink</code> uses the <code>cygpath</code> command or not (default is: no under MSVC, yes under Cygwin/MinGW if cygpath can be found in the PATH). When it uses <code>cygpath</code>, <code>flexlink</code> tries to resolve file names directly and otherwise calls <code>cygpath -m</code> (to produce Windows paths from Cygwin paths) if <code>cygpath</code> is available in the path.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>-maindll</code> option is used to build a DLL that behaves as the main program from the point of view of FlexDLL. It cannot have unresolved symbols.</p> <p dir="auto">By default, <code>flexlink</code> looks for FlexDLL's object files in the same directory as <code>flexlink.exe</code> itself. It is possible to specify another directory with the <code>FLEXDIR</code> environment variable.</p> <p dir="auto">Extra arguments can be passed to <code>flexlink.exe</code> through the environment variable <code>FLEXLINKFLAGS</code>. The arguments coming from this variable are parsed before those coming from the command line.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Performance</h2><a id="user-content-performance" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Performance" href="#performance"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">FlexDLL performs relocations at runtime in the code of the DLL. The good consequence is that there is no indirection: a function call or a reference to a global variable where the target symbol is not in the current DLL be compiled as if it were. This might improve performance, especially because an indirection would consume a register that might be better used for something more interesting. The bad consequence is that the memory pages that contains relocations cannot be shared between different processes.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Bugs, limitations</h2><a id="user-content-bugs-limitations" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Bugs, limitations" href="#bugs-limitations"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">FlexDLL relies on a parser and generator for COFF files. However, some features are not very well specified, and some well specified features have not been fully implemented. Normally, you should get some assertion failure in these cases. Please report them, so that I can improve FlexDLL.</p> <p dir="auto">FlexDLL works for 32 and 64 bits version of Windows. The 32 bits version has been tested under XP and Vista, with the three supported toolchains. The 64 bits version has been tested under Windows Vista x64 with the Microsoft Platform SDK and under Windows 7 64-bit with the Win7 SDK toolchain (no Cygwin).</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Real-world examples</h2><a id="user-content-real-world-examples" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Real-world examples" href="#real-world-examples"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Please let me know if you use FlexDLL!</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Dynamic loading for OCaml</h3><a id="user-content-dynamic-loading-for-ocaml" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Dynamic loading for OCaml" href="#dynamic-loading-for-ocaml"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The initial motivation for FlexDLL was to add dynamic linking of native code to Windows ports of <a href="https://ocaml.org/" rel="nofollow">OCaml</a> (Cygwin, MinGW, MSVC). A side-effect was to simplify the dynamic loading of C libraries (e.g. for the toplevel) and to make it work under the Cygwin port, to simplify Makefiles of libraries (now shared between Unix and Windows ports), and to create a native toplevel.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Links</h2><a id="user-content-links" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Links" href="#links"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/debug/pe-format" rel="nofollow">Microsoft Portable Executable and Common Object File Format Specification</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://edll.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow">Enhanced Dynamic Linking Library for MinGW under MS-Windows (edll)</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/functions/dlopen.html" rel="nofollow"><code>dlopen</code> (POSIX)</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/dlls/dllmain" rel="nofollow"><code>DllMain</code></a>.</li> </ul> </article></div></div></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" 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