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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mid-career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ideas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organic_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Organic selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baldwin_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baldwin_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Baldwin effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baldwin_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">James Mark Baldwin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جيمس مارك بلدوين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس مارك بلدوين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="James Mark Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Марк Болдуин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс Марк Болдуин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Mark Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James Mark Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James Mark Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جیمز مارک بالدوین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز مارک بالدوین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Mark Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="James Mark Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A7%88%ED%81%AC_%EB%B3%BC%EB%93%9C%EC%9C%88" title="제임스 마크 볼드윈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 마크 볼드윈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James Mark Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Mark Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ג'יימס מרק בולדווין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס מרק בולדווין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جيمس بلدوين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس بلدوين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Mark Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Mark Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Mark Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Болдуин, Джеймс Марк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Болдуин, Джеймс Марк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="James Mark Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Mark Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22James+Mark+Baldwin%22">"James Mark Baldwin"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22James+Mark+Baldwin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22James+Mark+Baldwin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22James+Mark+Baldwin%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22James+Mark+Baldwin%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22James+Mark+Baldwin%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Mark_Baldwin_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/James_Mark_Baldwin_1917.jpg/220px-James_Mark_Baldwin_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/James_Mark_Baldwin_1917.jpg/330px-James_Mark_Baldwin_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/James_Mark_Baldwin_1917.jpg/440px-James_Mark_Baldwin_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4193" data-file-height="5299" /></a><figcaption>James Mark Baldwin in 1917</figcaption></figure> <p><b>James Mark Baldwin</b> (January 12, 1861, <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a> – November 8, 1934, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a> who was educated at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a> under the supervision of Scottish philosopher <a href="/wiki/James_McCosh" title="James McCosh">James McCosh</a> and who was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Department_of_Psychology" title="Princeton University Department of Psychology">Department of Psychology</a> at Princeton and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made important contributions to early <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, and to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mark_Baldwin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mark_Baldwin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baldwin was born and raised in Columbia, South Carolina. His father, who was from Connecticut, was an <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionist</a> and was known to purchase slaves in order to free them. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> his father moved north, but the family remained in their home until the time of <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman's March">Sherman's March</a>. Upon their return after the war, Baldwin's father was part of the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> government. Baldwin was sent north to receive his secondary education in New Jersey. As a result, he chose to attend the College of New Jersey (now <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>). </p><p>Baldwin started in theology under the tutelage of the college's president, <a href="/wiki/James_McCosh" title="James McCosh">James McCosh</a>, but soon switched to philosophy, completing a B.A. in 1884. He was awarded the Green Fellowship in Mental Science (named after his future father-in-law, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary" title="Princeton Theological Seminary">Princeton Theological Seminary</a>) and used it to study in Germany with <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a> at Leipzig and with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Paulsen" title="Friedrich Paulsen">Friedrich Paulsen</a> at Berlin during the following year. </p><p>In 1886 he became Instructor in French and German at the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary" title="Princeton Theological Seminary">Princeton Theological Seminary</a>. He translated <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odule-Armand_Ribot" title="Théodule-Armand Ribot">Théodule-Armand Ribot</a>'s <i>German Psychology of Today</i> and wrote his first paper "The Postulates of a Physiological Psychology". Ribot's work traced the origins of psychology from <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> through <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Herbart" title="Johann Friedrich Herbart">Johann Friedrich Herbart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Theodor_Fechner" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Theodor Fechner">Gustav Theodor Fechner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Hermann Lotze</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wundt</a>. </p><p>In 1887, while working as a professor of philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Forest_College" title="Lake Forest College">Lake Forest College</a>, he married Helen Hayes Green, the daughter of the president of the seminary, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Green" title="William Henry Green">William Henry Green</a>. At Lake Forest, he published the first part of his <i>Handbook of Psychology (Senses and Intellect)</i> in which he directed attention to the new experimental psychology of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Heinrich_Weber" title="Ernst Heinrich Weber">Ernst Heinrich Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Theodor_Fechner" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Theodor Fechner">Fechner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wundt</a>. He also completed his master's degree from Princeton.<sup id="cite_ref-Washburn1935_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washburn1935-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889, he completed his doctoral degree, also from Princeton.<sup id="cite_ref-Washburn1935_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washburn1935-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1890 he went to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> as the Chair of Logic and Metaphysics. His creation of a laboratory of experimental psychology at Toronto (which he claimed was the first in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>) coincided with the birth of his daughters Helen (1889) and Elizabeth (1891) which inspired the quantitative and experimental research on <a href="/wiki/Infant_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant development">infant development</a> that was to make such a vivid impression on <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a> through Baldwin's <i>Mental Development in the Child and the Race: Methods and Processes</i> (1894) dedicated to the subject. A second part of <i>Handbook of Psychology (Feeling and Will)</i> appeared in 1891. </p><p>During this creative phase Baldwin traveled to France (1892) to visit the important psychologists <a href="/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcot" title="Jean-Martin Charcot">Jean-Martin Charcot</a> (at the <a href="/wiki/Piti%C3%A9-Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re_Hospital" title="Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital">Salpêtrière</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bernheim" title="Hippolyte Bernheim">Hippolyte Bernheim</a> (at Nancy), and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-career">Mid-career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mark_Baldwin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mid-career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1893 he was called back to his alma mater, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, where he was offered the Stuart Chair in Psychology and the opportunity to establish a new psychology laboratory. He would stay at Princeton until 1903 working out the highlights of his career reflected in <i>Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development: A Study in Social Psychology</i> (1897) where he took his previous <i>Mental Development</i> to the critical stage in which it survived in the work of <a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Lev Vygotsky</a>, through Vygotsky in the crucial work of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Luria" title="Alexander Luria">Alexander Luria</a>, and in the synthesis of both by <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Leontyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksey Leontyev">Aleksey Leontyev</a>. He also edited the English editions of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Groos" title="Karl Groos">Karl Groos</a>'s <i>Play of Animals</i> (1898) and <i>Play of Men</i> (1901). </p><p>It was during this time that Baldwin wrote "A New Factor in Evolution" (June 1896/<i>The American Naturalist</i>) which later became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin Effect">Baldwin Effect</a>". But other important contributors should not be overlooked. <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Lloyd_Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conwy Lloyd Morgan">Conwy Lloyd Morgan</a> was perhaps closest to understanding the so-called "Baldwin Effect". In his <i>Habit and Instinct</i> (1896) he phrased a comparable version of the theory, as he did in an address to a session of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Academy_of_Sciences" title="New York Academy of Sciences">New York Academy of Sciences</a> (February 1896) in the presence of Baldwin. (1896/"Of modification and variation".<i> Science</i> 4(99) (November 20):733-739). As did <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Henry Fairfield Osborn</a> (1896/"A mode of evolution requiring neither natural selection nor the inheritance of acquired characteristics". <i>Transactions of the New York Academy of Science</i> 15:141-148). The "Baldwin Effect", building in part on the principle of "organic selection" proposed by Baldwin in "Mental Development" did only receive its name from <a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George Gaylord Simpson</a> in 1953. (in: <i>Evolution</i> 7:110-117) (see: David J. Depew in "Evolution and Learning" M.I.T. 2003) </p><p>Baldwin complemented his psychological work with philosophy, in particular <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> his contribution to which he presented in the presidential address to the American Psychological Association in 1897. By then the work on the <i>Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology</i> (1902) had been announced and a period of intense philosophical correspondence ensued with the contributors to the project: <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Josiah Royce</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="George Edward Moore">George Edward Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bosanquet_(philosopher)" title="Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)">Bernard Bosanquet</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattell" title="James McKeen Cattell">James McKeen Cattell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Titchener" title="Edward B. Titchener">Edward B. Titchener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_M%C3%BCnsterberg" title="Hugo Münsterberg">Hugo Münsterberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christine_Ladd-Franklin" title="Christine Ladd-Franklin">Christine Ladd-Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Meyer_(psychiatrist)" title="Adolf Meyer (psychiatrist)">Adolf Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Stout" title="George Stout">George Stout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Henry_Giddings" title="Franklin Henry Giddings">Franklin Henry Giddings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bagnall_Poulton" title="Edward Bagnall Poulton">Edward Bagnall Poulton</a> and others. </p><p>In 1897, Baldwin was also elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1899 Baldwin went to Oxford to supervise the completion of the <i>Dictionary</i>... (1902). He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Science at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>. (In the light of the foregoing, the deafening silence with which J. M. Baldwin was later treated in Oxford publications on the mind may well come to be regarded as one of the significant omissions in the history of ideas for the 20th century. Compare for example <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gregory" title="Richard Gregory">Richard Gregory</a>: <i>The Oxford Companion to the Mind</i>, first edition, 1987.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mark_Baldwin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1903, partly as a result of a dispute with Princeton president <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and in part due to an offer involving more pay and less teaching, he moved to a professorship of philosophy and psychology at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>. Here, he re-opened the experimental laboratory that had been founded by <a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a> in 1884 (but had closed with Hall's departure to take over the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Clark_University" title="Clark University">Clark University</a> in 1888). </p><p>In Baltimore Baldwin started to work on <i>Thoughts and Things: A Study of the Development and Meaning of Thought, Or Genetic Logic</i> (1906), a densely integrative rendering of his ideas culminating in <i>Genetic Theory of Reality: Being the Outcome of Genetic Logic as Issuing in the Aesthetic Theory of Reality called Pancalism</i> (1915). This book introduced the concept that knowledge grows through childhood in a series of distinct stages that involve interaction between innate abilities and environmental feedback, a proposal that was taken back by Piaget. He further stated that the initial physical development gives way to language and cognitive abilities such that the child emerges as a result of social and physical growth. </p><p>In Baltimore also Baldwin was arrested in a raid on a "colored" brothel (1908), a scandal that put an end to his American career. Forced to leave Johns Hopkins, he looked for residence in Paris. He was to reside in France till his death in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His first years (1908–1912) in France were interrupted by long stays in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> where he advised on university matters and lectured at the School of Higher Studies at the National University in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. His <i>Darwin and the Humanities</i> (1909) and <i>Individual and Society</i> (1911) date from this period. In 1912 he took permanent residence in Paris. </p><p>Baldwin's residence in France resulted in his pointing out the urgency of American non-neutral support for his new hosts on the French battlefields of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. He published <i>American Neutrality, Its Cause and Cure</i> (1916) for the purpose, and when in 1916 he survived a German torpedo attack on the <a href="/wiki/SS_Sussex" title="SS Sussex"><i>Sussex</i></a> in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> – on the return trip from a visit to <a href="/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">William Osler</a> at Oxford – his open telegram to the president of the United States on the affair became frontpage news (<i>New York Times</i>). With the entry of America in the war (1917) he helped to organize the Paris branch of the American Navy League, acting as its Chairman till 1922. In 1926 his memoirs <i>Between Two Wars (1861-1921)</i> were published. He died in Paris on November 8, 1934. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideas">Ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mark_Baldwin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baldwin was prominent among early experimental psychologists and was voted by his peers as the fifth most important psychologist in America in a 1903 survey conducted by <a href="/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattell" title="James McKeen Cattell">James McKeen Cattell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was his contributions to <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental psychology</a> that were the most important. His stepwise theory of cognitive development was a major influence on the later, and much more widely known, developmental theory of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a>. His ideas on the relationship of Ego and Alter were developed by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his stress on how "My sense of self grows by imitation of you...an imitative creation"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Mirror_stage" title="Mirror stage">mirror stage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His contributions to the young discipline's early journals and institutions were highly significant as well. Baldwin was a co-founder (with <a href="/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattell" title="James McKeen Cattell">James McKeen Cattell</a>) of <i><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Review" title="Psychological Review">Psychological Review</a></i> (which was founded explicitly to compete with <a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Psychology" title="American Journal of Psychology">American Journal of Psychology</a></i>), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_Monographs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychological Monographs (page does not exist)">Psychological Monographs</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_Index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychological Index (page does not exist)">Psychological Index</a>.</i> He was also the founding editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Bulletin" title="Psychological Bulletin">Psychological Bulletin</a></i>. </p><p>In 1892 he was vice-president of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Congress_of_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Congress of Psychology (page does not exist)">International Congress of Psychology</a> held in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, and in 1897–1898 president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>; he received a gold medal from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences_of_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences of Denmark (page does not exist)">Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences of Denmark</a> (1897), and was honorary president of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Congress_of_Criminal_Anthropology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Congress of Criminal Anthropology (page does not exist)">International Congress of Criminal Anthropology</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> in 1896. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_selection">Organic selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mark_Baldwin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organic selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of organic selection came from the interpretation of the observable data in Baldwin's experimental study of infant reaching and its role in <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disorder" title="Developmental disorder">mental development</a>. Every practice of the infant's movement intended to advance the integration of <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a> favorable to development in the experimental framework appeared to be selected from an excess of movement in the trial of imitation. </p><p>In further stages of development – the ones most critical to an understanding of the evolution of mind – this was graphically illustrated in the child's efforts to draw and learning to write. (<i>Mental Development in the Child and the Race</i>) </p><p>In later editions of <i>Mental Development</i> Baldwin changed the term "<i>organic</i> selection" into "<i>functional</i> selection". </p><p>So, from the outset the idea was well linked to the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a> Baldwin was emancipating from the models inspired by divine pre-establishment. (<a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinoza</a>) (Wozniak, 2001) </p><p>It is the communication of this insight into the practice-related nature of dynamogenic development, above all its integration as a creative factor in the fabric of society, that helped the students of Baldwin to understand what was left of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Lamarck's</a> signature. Singularly illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a> in <i>Mind and Nature</i> (1979) and reintegrated in contemporary studies by <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Deacon" title="Terrence Deacon">Terrence Deacon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Symbolic_Species" title="The Symbolic Species">The Symbolic Species</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Co-evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-evolution">co-evolution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a></i>, 1997) and other scholars of <a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">biosemiotics</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Human_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Human species">human species</a> the faculty of niche building is favored by a practical intelligence able to design the circumstances that will put its vital acquirements out of harm's way in terms of (linearly predicted) <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>. It is precisely in the fields of study relating to massive <a href="/wiki/Selection_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Selection pressure">selection pressures</a> against which other species seem to be without defenses – biological development in the face of novel <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemics</a> (<a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mad_cow_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mad cow disease">mad cow disease</a>) – that the arguments relative to the natural <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a> of intelligent acquirements have resurfaced in a way most challenging to science. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baldwin_effect">Baldwin effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mark_Baldwin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Baldwin effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></div> <p>Baldwin's most important theoretical legacy is the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a> or "Baldwinian evolution". Baldwin proposed, against the <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">neo-Lamarckians</a> of his day (most notably <a href="/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Edward Drinker Cope</a>), that there is a mechanism whereby <a href="/wiki/Epigenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenetic">epigenetic</a> factors come to shape the congenital endowment as much as – or more than – <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> pressures. In particular, human behavioral decisions made and sustained across generations as a set of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> practices ought to be considered among the factors shaping the human genome. </p><p>For example, the <a href="/wiki/Incest_taboo" title="Incest taboo">incest taboo</a>, if powerfully enforced, removes the natural <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">selection pressure</a> against the possession of incest-favoring instincts. After a few generations without this natural selection pressure, unless such genetic material were profoundly fixed, it would tend to diversify and lose its function. Humans would no longer be innately averse to incest, but would rely on their capacity to internalize such rules from cultural practices. </p><p>The opposite case can also be true: cultural practice might <a href="/wiki/Artificial_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial selection">selectively breed</a> humans to meet the fitness conditions of new environments, cultural and physical, which earlier hominids could not have survived. Baldwinian evolution might strengthen or weaken a genetic trait. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mark_Baldwin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baldwin's contribution to this field places him at the heart of contemporary controversies in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> and wider <a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">sociobiology</a>. Few people did more than Robert Wozniak, Professor of Psychology at <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College" title="Bryn Mawr College">Bryn Mawr College</a>, for the rediscovery of the significance of James Mark Baldwin in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ideas">history of ideas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mark_Baldwin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from articles in the <i><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Review" title="Psychological Review">Psychological Review</a></i>, Baldwin wrote: </p> <ul><li><i>Handbook of Psychology</i> (1890), translation of Ribot's <i>German Psychology of To-day</i> (1886);</li> <li><i>Elements of Psychology</i> (1893);</li> <li><i>Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development</i> (1898);</li> <li><i>Story of the Mind</i> (1898);</li> <li><i>Mental Development in the Child and the Race</i> (1896);</li> <li><i>Thought and Things</i> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, 1906).</li></ul> <p>He also largely contributed to the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_Philosophy_and_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology (page does not exist)">Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology</a></i> (1901–1905), of which he was <a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">editor</a> in-chief. </p> <table style="text-align: center; line-height: 90%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"> <caption><span id="dpp">To view</span> volumes of Baldwin's <i>Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology</i> at online archives: </caption> <tbody><tr> <td align="left" rowspan="2">  </td> <td rowspan="2">Online <br />browse </td> <td rowspan="2">Link <br />by </td> <td rowspan="2">Save </td> <td rowspan="2">Vol. I <br />(A-Laws) </td> <td rowspan="2">Vol. II <br />(Le-Z) </td> <td colspan="2">Vol. III (bibliog.) </td> <td rowspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>part I</td> <td>part II </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Internet Archive</i> </td> <td>Flipbook, DjVu,<br />DjVu's plaintext </td> <td>Book </td> <td>pdf, DjVu, & <br />.txt file </td> <td colspan="5"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=Dictionary%20of%20Philosophy%20and%20Psychology%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts">All 3 volumes</a> (but some hard to read) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-bottom:0.3em" align="left"><i>Google Book Search Beta</i> <br />(editions may not yet be fully <br />accessible outside USA.<span style="vertical-align:-0.2em"><sup id="cite_ref-Google_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>) </td> <td>Images & <br />plaintext </td> <td>Page </td> <td>pdf & <br />.txt file </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryphilo02baldgoog">Vol. I</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beginningthirdr00randgoog">Vol. II</a> </td> <td>Vol. III, <br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryphilo00baldgoog">part I</a> </td> <td>Vol. III, <br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryphilo03baldgoog">part II</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryphilo02baldgoog">All results</a><br />(not distinctly <br />labeled) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>The Virtual Laboratory</i> </td> <td>Images </td> <td>Page, <br /> Entry </td> <td>pdf (desired <br /> pages) </td> <td colspan="5"> <div align="center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit37401?">All 3 volumes</a></div> <div align="left"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/concepts/browse?source=Baldwin">Browse A-Z by headwords in Vols. I & II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Classics in the History of Psychology</i> </td> <td>html </td> <td>Letter/<br />Entry </td> <td>html </td> <td colspan="5" align="left"> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Baldwin/Dictionary/">A-O from Vols. I & II, transcribing</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mark_Baldwin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">George Herbert Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_history_theory" title="Life history theory">Life history theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">Orthogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangenesis" title="Pangenesis">Pangenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weismann_Barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Weismann Barrier">Weismann Barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mark_Baldwin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.distantcousin.com/cemetery/nj/mercer/princetoncem/b.html">Archive of Genealogical Data</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.distantcousin.com/cemetery/nj/mercer/princetoncem/_Photo.asp?Photo=790">Princeton Cemetery Gravemarker</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psych.utoronto.ca/our-department/psychology-department-museum">"Psychology Department Museum"</a>. <i>Department of Psychology</i>. 2019-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Psychology+Department+Museum&rft.date=2019-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psych.utoronto.ca%2Four-department%2Fpsychology-department-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Mark+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washburn1935-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Washburn1935_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Washburn1935_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashburn1935" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Floy_Washburn" title="Margaret Floy Washburn">Washburn, Margaret Floy</a> (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1416722">"James Mark Baldwin: 1861-1934"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 168–169. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1416722">1416722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=James+Mark+Baldwin%3A+1861-1934&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=168-169&rft.date=1935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1416722%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Washburn&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Floy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1416722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Mark+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=James+M.+Baldwin&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DJames%2BM.%2BBaldwin%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Mark+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hothersall, D. (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCattell1933" class="citation book cs1">Cattell, J. M. (1933). <i>American Men of Science</i>. New York: Science Press. pp. 1277–1278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Men+of+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1277-1278&rft.pub=Science+Press&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Cattell&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Mark+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllenberger1970" class="citation book cs1">Ellenberger, H. (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich/page/404"><i>The Discovery of the Unconscious</i></a></span>. New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich/page/404">404</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-01672-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-01672-3"><bdi>0-465-01672-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Unconscious&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-465-01672-3&rft.aulast=Ellenberger&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoveryofuncon00ellerich%2Fpage%2F404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Mark+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFEllenberger1970">Ellenberger (1970</a>, p. 404)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lacan, J., <i>Écrits</i> (1997), p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Google-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Google_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See official <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSands2006" class="citation web cs1">Sands, Ryan (November 9, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://booksearch.blogspot.com/2006/11/from-mail-bag-public-domain-books-and.html">"From the mail bag: Public domain books and downloads"</a>. <i>Inside Google Book Search</i>. Google.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Google+Book+Search&rft.atitle=From+the+mail+bag%3A+Public+domain+books+and+downloads&rft.date=2006-11-09&rft.aulast=Sands&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooksearch.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F11%2Ffrom-mail-bag-public-domain-books-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Mark+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mark_Baldwin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Psych/rwozniak/index.html">Robert H. Wozniak</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060815143214/http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Psych/rwozniak/index.html">Archived</a> 2006-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: <i>Development and Synthesis: An introduction to the Life and Work of James Mark Baldwin</i> Bryn Mawr College, 2001 in: History of American Thought – Thoemmes Continuum/The History of Ideas 14 September 2004</li> <li><i>Evolution and Learning: The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered</i> edited by Bruce H. Weber and David J. Depew: Cambridge, Massachusetts 2003 – The MIT Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a>: <i>Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity</i> New York, 1979 – E.P.Dutton</li> <li>Terrence Deacon: <i>The Symbolic Species: The <a href="/wiki/Co-evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-evolution">co-evolution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a></i> USA, 1997 – W.W. Norton / Great Britain, 1997 – Allan Lane The Penguin Press.</li> <li>Edward J. Steele, Robyn A. Lindley, Robert V. Blanden: "<i>Lamarck's Signature: How Retrogenes Are Changing Darwin's Natural Selection Paradigm</i>" Sydney, 1998 – Allan & Unwin Pty Ltd. In: Frontiers of Science – Series Editor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Paul Davies</a>.</li> <li>Hothersall, David (2004). <i>History of Psychology</i> (4th ed.). New York, NY; McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mark_Baldwin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Baldwin,_James_Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Baldwin, James Mark">Baldwin, James Mark</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Baldwin/murchison.htm">Autobiographical notes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909123018/http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Baldwin/documents.html">Mead Project: Basic Baldwin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060827122809/http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Baldwin/Baldwin_1906/Baldwin_1906_toc.html">"Mental Development in the Child and the Race", J.M.Baldwin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100519071912/http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/author.htm#b">J.M.Baldwin in texts at <i>Classics in the History of Psychology</i></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rossiter_Johnson" title="Rossiter Johnson">Johnson, Rossiter</a>, ed. (1906). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Biographical_Dictionary_of_America/Baldwin,_James_Mark" class="extiw" title="s:The Biographical Dictionary of America/Baldwin, James Mark">Baldwin, James Mark</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Biographical_Dictionary_of_America" title="The Biographical Dictionary of America">The Biographical Dictionary of America</a></i>. Vol. 1. Boston: American Biographical Society. p. 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baldwin%2C+James+Mark&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Dictionary+of+America&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=American+Biographical+Society&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Mark+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Edited program <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/christo/podcasts/TWITHOP-Jan07.mp3">MP3</a> and full interview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/christo/podcasts/TWITHOP-Jan07.add.mp3">MP3</a> of Robert Wozniak in conversation with Christopher Green, as they discuss the life and work of Baldwin, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/christo/podcasts/">This Week in the History of Psychology</a></li> <li>Documentary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNnj_15lXj8"><span class="plainlinks">film</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> describing the public controversy that swirled around the hiring of a new professor of philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> in 1889. The debate was focused on the prospect of an American, Baldwin, being hired over a Canadian competitor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Gibson_Hume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Gibson Hume (page does not exist)">James Gibson Hume</a>, who later headed the Toronto philosophy department for 30 years.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/9355">Works by James Mark Baldwin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Baldwin%2C%20James%20Mark%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Baldwin%2C%20James%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Baldwin%2C%20J%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20Mark%20Baldwin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20M%2E%20Baldwin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20M%2E%20Baldwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20Mark%20Baldwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20M%2E%20Baldwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20M%2E%20Baldwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Mark%20Baldwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Baldwin%2C%20James%20Mark%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Baldwin%2C%20James%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Baldwin%2C%20J%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Baldwin%2C%20J%2E%20Mark%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20Mark%20Baldwin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20M%2E%20Baldwin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20M%2E%20Baldwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20Mark%20Baldwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20M%2E%20Baldwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20M%2E%20Baldwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Baldwin%2C%20James%20Mark%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Baldwin%2C%20James%20M%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221861-1934%22%20AND%20Baldwin%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about James Mark Baldwin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/54915705">James Mark Baldwin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553132#P535" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Psychological_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:APA_Presidents" title="Template:APA Presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:APA_Presidents" title="Template talk:APA Presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:APA_Presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:APA Presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Psychological_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1892–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Trumbull_Ladd" title="George Trumbull Ladd">George Trumbull Ladd</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattell" title="James McKeen Cattell">James McKeen Cattell</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stuart_Fullerton" title="George Stuart Fullerton">George Stuart Fullerton</a> (1896)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Mark Baldwin</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_M%C3%BCnsterberg" title="Hugo Münsterberg">Hugo Münsterberg</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Josiah Royce</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Sanford" title="Edmund Sanford">Edmund Sanford</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lowe_Bryan" title="William Lowe Bryan">William Lowe Bryan</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Whiton_Calkins" title="Mary Whiton Calkins">Mary Whiton Calkins</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rowland_Angell" title="James Rowland Angell">James Rowland Angell</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rutgers_Marshall" title="Henry Rutgers Marshall">Henry Rutgers Marshall</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Stratton" title="George M. Stratton">George M. Stratton</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hubbard_Judd" title="Charles Hubbard Judd">Charles Hubbard Judd</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bowers_Pillsbury" title="Walter Bowers Pillsbury">Walter Bowers Pillsbury</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Seashore" title="Carl Seashore">Carl Seashore</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_C._Warren" title="Howard C. Warren">Howard C. Warren</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Woodworth" title="Robert S. Woodworth">Robert S. Woodworth</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Dodge" title="Raymond Dodge">Raymond Dodge</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yerkes" title="Robert Yerkes">Robert Yerkes</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wallace_Baird" title="John Wallace Baird">John Wallace Baird</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Dill_Scott" title="Walter Dill Scott">Walter Dill Scott</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Ivory_Franz" title="Shepherd Ivory Franz">Shepherd Ivory Franz</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Floy_Washburn" title="Margaret Floy Washburn">Margaret Floy Washburn</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Dunlap" title="Knight Dunlap">Knight Dunlap</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman" title="Lewis Terman">Lewis Terman</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._Madison_Bentley" title="I. Madison Bentley">I. Madison Bentley</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_A._Carr" title="Harvey A. Carr">Harvey A. Carr</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Levi_Hollingworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Levi Hollingworth">Harry Levi Hollingworth</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Boring" title="Edwin Boring">Edwin Boring</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lashley" title="Karl Lashley">Karl Lashley</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Langfeld" title="Herbert Langfeld">Herbert Langfeld</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Samuel_Hunter" title="Walter Samuel Hunter">Walter Samuel Hunter</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Richard_Miles" title="Walter Richard Miles">Walter Richard Miles</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leon_Thurstone" title="Louis Leon Thurstone">Louis Leon Thurstone</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Peterson_(psychologist)" title="Joseph Peterson (psychologist)">Joseph Peterson</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Poffenberger" title="Albert Poffenberger">Albert Poffenberger</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Tolman" title="Edward C. Tolman">Edward C. Tolman</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dashiell" title="John Dashiell">John Dashiell</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Carmichael" title="Leonard Carmichael">Leonard Carmichael</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Woodrow" title="Herbert Woodrow">Herbert Woodrow</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Perry_Stone" title="Calvin Perry Stone">Calvin Perry Stone</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Edward Anderson (psychologist)">John Edward Anderson</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Murphy" title="Gardner Murphy">Gardner Murphy</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Ray_Guthrie" title="Edwin Ray Guthrie">Edwin Ray Guthrie</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" title="Henry Garrett (psychologist)">Henry Garrett</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Marquis_(psychologist)" title="Donald Marquis (psychologist)">Donald Marquis</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Richardson_Sears" title="Robert Richardson Sears">Robert Richardson Sears</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._McVicker_Hunt" title="J. McVicker Hunt">J. McVicker Hunt</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurance_F._Shaffer" title="Laurance F. Shaffer">Laurance F. Shaffer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orval_Hobart_Mowrer" title="Orval Hobart Mowrer">Orval Hobart Mowrer</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lowell_Kelly" title="E. Lowell Kelly">E. Lowell Kelly</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Newcomb" title="Theodore Newcomb">Theodore Newcomb</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Cronbach" title="Lee Cronbach">Lee Cronbach</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler" title="Wolfgang Köhler">Wolfgang Köhler</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Meehl" title="Paul E. Meehl">Paul E. Meehl</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Osgood" title="Charles E. Osgood">Charles E. Osgood</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinn_McNemar" title="Quinn McNemar">Quinn McNemar</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hobbs" title="Nicholas Hobbs">Nicholas Hobbs</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Lindzey" title="Gardner Lindzey">Gardner Lindzey</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George Armitage Miller</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Albee" title="George Albee">George Albee</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_E._Tyler" title="Leona E. Tyler">Leona E. Tyler</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilbert_J._McKeachie" title="Wilbert J. McKeachie">Wilbert J. McKeachie</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._Blau" title="Theodore H. Blau">Theodore H. Blau</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Brewster_Smith" title="M. Brewster Smith">M. Brewster Smith</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Cummings" title="Nicholas Cummings">Nicholas Cummings</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Denmark" title="Florence Denmark">Florence Denmark</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Conger" title="John J. Conger">John J. Conger</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bevan_(psychologist)" title="William Bevan (psychologist)">William Bevan</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Siegel_(psychologist)" title="Max Siegel (psychologist)">Max Siegel</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Taylor_Spence" title="Janet Taylor Spence">Janet Taylor Spence</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Perloff" title="Robert Perloff">Robert Perloff</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_Wright" title="Logan Wright">Logan Wright</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Strickland" title="Bonnie Strickland">Bonnie Strickland</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Fowler" title="Raymond D. Fowler">Raymond D. Fowler</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Matarazzo" title="Joseph Matarazzo">Joseph Matarazzo</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Graham_(psychologist)" title="Stanley Graham (psychologist)">Stanley Graham</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spielberger" title="Charles Spielberger">Charles Spielberger</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wiggins_Jr." title="Jack Wiggins Jr.">Jack Wiggins Jr.</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Farley" title="Frank H. Farley">Frank H. Farley</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Fox" title="Ronald E. Fox">Ronald E. Fox</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Resnick" title="Robert J. Resnick">Robert J. Resnick</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cantor" title="Dorothy Cantor">Dorothy Cantor</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Abeles" title="Norman Abeles">Norman Abeles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Suinn" title="Richard Suinn">Richard Suinn</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_H._DeLeon" title="Patrick H. DeLeon">Patrick H. DeLeon</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norine_G._Johnson" title="Norine G. Johnson">Norine G. Johnson</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Philip Zimbardo</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sternberg" title="Robert Sternberg">Robert Sternberg</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_F._Halpern" title="Diane F. Halpern">Diane F. Halpern</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_F._Levant" title="Ronald F. Levant">Ronald F. Levant</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Koocher" title="Gerald Koocher">Gerald Koocher</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Brehm" title="Sharon Brehm">Sharon Brehm</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Alan E. Kazdin</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Bray" title="James H. Bray">James H. Bray</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_D._Goodheart" title="Carol D. Goodheart">Carol D. Goodheart</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melba_J._T._Vasquez" title="Melba J. T. Vasquez">Melba J. T. Vasquez</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Bennett_Johnson" title="Suzanne Bennett Johnson">Suzanne Bennett Johnson</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Bersoff" title="Donald N. Bersoff">Donald N. Bersoff</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadine_Kaslow" title="Nadine Kaslow">Nadine Kaslow</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_S._Anton" title="Barry S. Anton">Barry S. Anton</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_H._McDaniel" title="Susan H. McDaniel">Susan H. McDaniel</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Puente" title="Antonio Puente">Antonio Puente</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Henderson_Daniel" title="Jessica Henderson Daniel">Jessica Henderson Daniel</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosie_Phillips_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosie Phillips Davis (page does not exist)">Rosie Phillips Davis</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Shullman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra Shullman (page does not exist)">Sandra Shullman</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_F._Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer F. Kelly (page does not exist)">Jennifer F. Kelly</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Worrell" title="Frank C. Worrell">Frank C. Worrell</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thema_Bryant" title="Thema Bryant">Thema Bryant</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#BFD7FF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychology" title="Template:Psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychology" title="Template talk:Psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">Psychologist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" title="Basic science (psychology)">Basic <br />psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">Affective science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_psychology" title="Theoretical psychology">Theoretical</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psi-stylized.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stylized letter psi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/50px-Psi-stylized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/75px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/100px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied <br />psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_psychology" title="Coaching psychology">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Methodologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_research" title="Archival research">Archival research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavior epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_psychological_research" title="Qualitative psychological research">Qualitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychological_research" title="Quantitative psychological research">Quantitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-report_inventory" title="Self-report inventory">Self-report inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Statistical surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McClelland" title="David McClelland">David McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus" title="Richard Lazarus">Richard Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Schachter" title="Stanley Schachter">Stanley Schachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zajonc" title="Robert Zajonc">Robert Zajonc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Brown_(psychologist)" title="Roger Brown (psychologist)">Roger Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mischel" title="Walter Mischel">Walter Mischel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Aronson" title="Elliot Aronson">Elliot Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McEwen" title="Bruce McEwen">Bruce McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Squire" title="Larry Squire">Larry Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Nisbett" title="Richard E. Nisbett">Richard E. Nisbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Diener" title="Ed Diener">Ed Diener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_E._Taylor" title="Shelley E. Taylor">Shelley E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">John Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._Kessler" title="Ronald C. Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. LeDoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davidson" title="Richard Davidson">Richard Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Fiske" title="Susan Fiske">Susan Fiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Baumeister" title="Roy Baumeister">Roy Baumeister</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Research methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" title="List of psychological schools">Schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" title="Timeline of psychology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" title="Index of psychology articles">Topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:psychology">Wiktionary definition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:en:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:en:Psychology">Wiktionary category</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Psychology">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Psychology">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Psychology">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Psychology">Wikinews</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Psychology">Wikibooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011051402X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32058149">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/43217/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhMpYcQ68tMxVmW9Qfpfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117561436">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79110535">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12279185w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12279185w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35012680">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2002101204&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1216306">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/207145">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06831146X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Baldwin, James Mark, 1861-1934"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000280229&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199601465">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl036zb60ljzfbs">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810556339405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/312516">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007296893905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509938906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14358984">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:baldwin.james-mark">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/789585">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117561436.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/117561436">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031610072">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68w3hgw">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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