CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Anekantavada - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"043c2f16-cd4e-4de3-982c-ceb61cf6b2a6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Anekantavada","wgTitle":"Anekantavada","wgCurRevisionId":1258191293,"wgRevisionId":1258191293,"wgArticleId":2974488,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from December 2015","Use Indian English from December 2015","All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","Articles containing Sanskrit-language text","Articles containing Tamil-language text","CS1 Sanskrit-language sources (sa)","Webarchive template wayback links","Featured articles","Jain philosophical concepts","Religious pluralism","Relativism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Anekantavada","wgRelevantArticleId":2974488,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Syādvāda","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Anekantavada#Sy.C4.81dv.C4.81da","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1745997","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect", "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Anekantavada - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anekantavada#Sy.C4.81dv.C4.81da"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anekantavada#Sy.C4.81dv.C4.81da"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Anekantavada rootpage-Anekantavada skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anekantavada" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anekantavada" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anekantavada" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anekantavada" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Philosophical overview </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophical_overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Philosophical overview subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syādvāda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syādvāda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Syādvāda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syādvāda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nayavāda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nayavāda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Nayavāda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nayavāda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jiva,_the_changing_soul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jiva,_the_changing_soul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Jiva, the changing soul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jiva,_the_changing_soul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inclusivist_or_exclusivist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inclusivist_or_exclusivist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Inclusivist or exclusivist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inclusivist_or_exclusivist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History and development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History and development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parable_of_the_blind_men_and_an_elephant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parable_of_the_blind_men_and_an_elephant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Parable of the blind men and an elephant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parable_of_the_blind_men_and_an_elephant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Medieval developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_Jain_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_Jain_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Role in Jain history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Jain_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Against_religious_intolerance_and_contemporary_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Against_religious_intolerance_and_contemporary_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Against religious intolerance and contemporary terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Against_religious_intolerance_and_contemporary_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_non-Jain_doctrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_non-Jain_doctrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Comparison with non-Jain doctrines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_non-Jain_doctrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hindu_philosophies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_philosophies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Hindu philosophies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_philosophies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nyaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nyaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Nyaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nyaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaisheshika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaisheshika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Vaisheshika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaisheshika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vedanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Vedanta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Buddhist philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-criticism_in_Jain_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-criticism_in_Jain_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Self-criticism in Jain scholarship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-criticism_in_Jain_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Anekantavada</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" > 18 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="أنيكانتفاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنيكانتفاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="অনেকান্তবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অনেকান্তবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="अनेकांतवाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अनेकांतवाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anekantavada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anekantavada" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="آئین‌چندگانگی‌نسبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آئین‌چندگانگی‌نسبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anekantavada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6" title="અનેકાંતવાદ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અનેકાંતવાદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="अनेकांतवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनेकांतवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anekantavada" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6" title="ಅನೇಕಾಂತವಾದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅನೇಕಾಂತವಾದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="അനേകാന്തവാദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനേകാന്തവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80" title="アネーカーンタヴァーダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アネーカーンタヴァーダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਅਨੇਕਾਂਤਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਨੇਕਾਂਤਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anekantavada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Анеканта-вада – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анеканта-вада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anek%C3%A1ntav%C3%A1da" title="Anekántaváda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anekántaváda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Анекантавада – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анекантавада" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1745997#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Anekantavada" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Anekantavada" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Anekantavada" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&oldid=1258191293" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Anekantavada&id=1258191293&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnekantavada%23Sy.C4.81dv.C4.81da">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnekantavada%23Sy.C4.81dv.C4.81da">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Anekantavada&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1745997" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Syādvāda">Syādvāda</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jain doctrine of many-sidedness</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jainism" title="Category:Jainism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/110px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/165px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/220px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ethics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of Jainism">Ethics of Jainism</a> <dl><dd>Mahavratas (major vows)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahiṃsā (non-violence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya#Jainism" title="Satya">Satya (truth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteya#Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteya">Asteya (non-stealing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya#In_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya (chastity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha (non-possession)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Anuvratas (further vows)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jain prayers</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micchami_Dukkadam" title="Micchami Dukkadam">Micchami Dukkadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navkar_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Navkar Mantra">Navkar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Ṇamōkāra mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Jinendra" title="Jai Jinendra">Jai Jinendra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">The 24 Tirthankaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Pārśva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasena" title="Siddhasena">Siddhasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Jain_monk)" title="Samantabhadra (Jain monk)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashovijaya" title="Yashovijaya">Yashovijaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major sects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Schools and Branches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra (Digambara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara (Digambara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Agama (Śvetāmbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravyasamgraha" title="Dravyasamgraha">Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%ABvaka_Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" title="Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi">Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valayapathi" title="Valayapathi">Valayapathi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Pilgrimages</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilwara_Temples" title="Dilwara Temples">Abu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girnar_Jain_temples" title="Girnar Jain temples">Girnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikharji" title="Shikharji">Shikharji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Jain symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasparopagraho_Jivanam" title="Parasparopagraho Jivanam">Parasparopagraho Jivanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics list</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:1px solid #F5DEB3;border-bottom:1px solid #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism" title="Template:Jainism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism" title="Template talk:Jainism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Anekāntavāda (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:अनेकान्तवाद">अनेकान्तवाद</a>, "many-sidedness", <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: பல்லுரை) is the <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> doctrine about metaphysical truths that emerged in ancient <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000325-326,_342-1">[1]</a> It states that the ultimate truth and reality is complex and has multiple aspects and viewpoints.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200480–84-2">[2]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, no single, specific statement can describe the nature of existence and the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">absolute truth</a>. This knowledge (<a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jnana</a>), it adds, is comprehended only by the <a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihants</a>. Other beings and their statements about absolute truth are incomplete, and at best a partial truth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini199891-3">[3]</a> All knowledge claims, according to the anekāntavāda doctrine must be qualified in many ways, including being affirmed and denied.<a href="#cite_note-kollerjurno2-4">[4]</a> Anekāntavāda is a fundamental doctrine of Jainism. The origins of anekāntavāda can be traced back to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahāvīra</a> (599–527 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>), the 24th Jain <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tīrthankara</a>, and the predecessor Tirthankars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal19812–3-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectical</a> concepts of syādvāda "conditioned viewpoints" and nayavāda "partial viewpoints" were expounded and illustrated from anekāntavāda in the medieval era, providing Jainism with more detailed logical structure and expression. The details of the doctrine emerged in Jainism in the 1st millennium CE, from debates between scholars of Jain, Buddhist and vedic schools of philosophies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal19811–2-6">[6]</a> Anekantavada has also been interpreted to mean non-absolutism, "intellectual Ahimsa",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000324-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200936-8">[8]</a> as well as a rejection of fanaticism that leads to terror attacks and mass violence.<a href="#cite_note-kollerjurno-9">[9]</a> Some scholars state that modern revisionism has attempted to reinterpret anekantavada with <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a>, openmindedness and pluralism.<a href="#cite_note-Hegewald2012p282-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000329–334-11">[11]</a> The word may be literally translated as “non-one-sidedness doctrine,” or “the doctrine of not-one-side.” <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word anekāntavāda is a compound of two <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> words: anekānta and vāda. The word anekānta itself is composed of three root words, "an" (not), "eka" (one) and "anta" (end, side), together it connotes "not one ended, sided", "many-sidedness", or "manifoldness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475–79-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229–231-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-grimes34-14">[14]</a> The word vāda means "doctrine, way, speak, thesis".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The term anekāntavāda is translated by scholars as the doctrine of "many-sidedness",<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> "non-onesidedness",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal19811-19">[19]</a> or "many pointedness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229–231-13">[13]</a> The term anekāntavāda is not found in early texts considered canonical by Svetambara tradition of Jainism. However, traces of the doctrines are found in comments of Mahavira in these Svetambara texts, where he states that the finite and infinite depends on one's perspective. The word anekantavada was coined by Acharya Siddhasen Divakar to denote the teachings of Mahavira that state truth can be expressed in infinite ways. The earliest comprehensive teachings of anekāntavāda doctrine is found in the <a href="/wiki/Tattvarthasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvarthasutra">Tattvarthasutra</a> by Acharya Umaswami, and is considered to be authoritative by all Jain sects. In the <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a> tradition texts, the <a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine#Jainism" title="Two truths doctrine">'two-truths theory'</a> of Kundakunda also provides the core of this doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229–231-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_overview">Philosophical overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophical overview">edit</a>]</div> The doctrine of anekāntavāda, also known as anekāntatva, states that truth and reality is complex and always has multiple aspects. Reality can be experienced, but it is not possible to totally express it with language. Human attempts to communicate are naya, or "partial expression of the truth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475–79-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229–231-13">[13]</a> Language is not truth, but a means and attempt to express it. From truth, according to Mahāvīra, language returns, and not the other way around.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475–79-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-iepmahav-20">[20]</a> For example, one can experience the truth of a taste, but cannot fully express that taste through language. Any attempts to express the experience are syāt, or valid "in some respect" but it still remains a "perhaps, just one perspective, incomplete".<a href="#cite_note-iepmahav-20">[20]</a> In the same way, spiritual truths are complex, they have multiple aspects, language cannot express their plurality, yet through effort and appropriate karma they can be experienced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475–79-12">[12]</a> The anekāntavāda premises of the Jains are ancient, as evidenced by mentions of them in Buddhist texts such as the Samaññaphala Sutta. The Jain āgamas suggest that Mahāvīra's approach to answering all metaphysical philosophical questions was a "qualified yes" (syāt).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal1990301–305-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz2015205–218-22">[22]</a> These texts identify anekāntavāda doctrine to be one of the key differences between the teachings of the Mahāvīra and those of the Buddha. The Buddha taught the Middle Way, rejecting the extremes of sense indulgence and self-mortification, and taking no sides in certain metaphysical questions, such as whether the Tathāgata exists after death or not, showing such questions to be based on wrong views and therefore invalid. The Mahāvīra, in contrast, taught his followers to accept both "it is" and "it is not", with "from a viewpoint" qualification and with reconciliation to understand the absolute reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal1998128–135-23">[23]</a> Syādvāda (predication <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>) and Nayavāda (perspective <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>) of Jainism expand on the concept of anekāntavāda. Syādvāda recommends the expression of anekānta by prefixing the epithet syād to every phrase or expression describing the nature of existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller2000400–407-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave200648-51-25">[25]</a> The Jain doctrine of anekāntavāda, according to Bimal Matilal, states that "no philosophic or metaphysical proposition can be true if it is asserted without any condition or limitation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal19812-26">[26]</a> For a metaphysical proposition to be true, according to Jainism, it must include one or more conditions (syadvada) or limitations (nayavada, standpoints).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal19812–3,_30–32,_52–54-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syādvāda">Syādvāda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Syādvāda">edit</a>]</div> Syādvāda (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: स्याद्वाद) is the theory of conditioned predication, the first part of which is derived from the Sanskrit word syāt (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: स्यात्), which is the third person singular of the optative tense of the Sanskrit verb as (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: अस्), 'to be', and which becomes syād when followed by a vowel or a voiced consonant, in accordance with sandhi. The optative tense in Sanskrit (formerly known as the 'potential') has the same meaning as the present tense of the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a> in most Indo-European languages, including Hindi, Latin, Russian, French, etc. It is used when there is uncertainty in a statement; not 'it is', but 'it may be', 'one might', etc. The subjunctive is very commonly used in Hindi, for example, in 'kya kahun?', 'what to say?'. The subjunctive is also commonly used in conditional constructions; for example, one of the few English locutions in the subjunctive which remains more or less current is 'were it ०, then ०', or, more commonly, 'if it were..', where 'were' is in the past tense of the subjunctive. Syat can be translated into English as meaning "perchance, may be, perhaps" (it is).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal198152–53-28">[28]</a> The use of the verb 'as' in the optative tense is found in the more ancient Vedic era literature in a similar sense. For example, sutra 1.4.96 of <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Panini</a>'s Astadhyayi explains it as signifying "a chance, maybe, probable".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal198152–53-28">[28]</a> In Jainism, however, syadvada and anekanta is not a theory of uncertainty, doubt or relative probabilities. Rather, it is "conditional yes or conditional approval" of any proposition, states Matilal and other scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal198152–53-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200481–83-29">[29]</a> This usage has historic precedents in classical Sanskrit literature, and particularly in other ancient Indian religions (Buddhism and Hinduism) with the phrase syad etat, meaning "let it be so, but", or "an answer that is 'neither yes nor no', provisionally accepting an opponent's viewpoint for a certain premise". This would be expressed in archaic English with the subjunctive: 'be it so', a direct translation of syad etat. Traditionally, this debate methodology was used by Indian scholars to acknowledge the opponent's viewpoint, but disarm and bound its applicability to certain context and persuade the opponent of aspects not considered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal198152–53-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-kollerjurno3-30">[30]</a> According to Charitrapragya, in Jain context syadvada does not mean a doctrine of doubt or skepticism, rather it means "multiplicity or multiple possibilities".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200481–83-29">[29]</a> Syat in Jainism connotes something different from what the term means in Buddhism and Hinduism. In Jainism, it does not connote an answer that is "neither yes nor no", but it connotes a "many sidedness" to any proposition with a sevenfold predication.<a href="#cite_note-kollerjurno3-30">[30]</a> Syādvāda is a theory of qualified predication, states Koller. It states that all knowledge claims must be qualified in many ways, because reality is many-sided.<a href="#cite_note-kollerjurno2-4">[4]</a> It is done so systematically in later Jain texts through saptibhaṅgīnaya or "<a href="/wiki/Jaina_seven-valued_logic" title="Jaina seven-valued logic">the theory of sevenfold scheme</a>".<a href="#cite_note-kollerjurno2-4">[4]</a> These saptibhaṅgī seem to have been first formulated in Jainism by the 5th or 6th century CE Svetambara scholar Mallavadin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002230-31">[31]</a> and they are:<a href="#cite_note-kollerjurno3-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-grimes-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain201629-33">[33]</a> <ol><li>Affirmation: syād-asti—in some ways, it is,</li> <li>Denial: syān-nāsti—in some ways, it is not,</li> <li>Joint but successive affirmation and denial: syād-asti-nāsti—in some ways, it is, and it is not,</li> <li>Joint and simultaneous affirmation and denial: syāt-asti-avaktavyaḥ—in some ways, it is, and it is indescribable,</li> <li>Joint and simultaneous affirmation and denial: syān-nāsti-avaktavyaḥ—in some ways, it is not, and it is indescribable,</li> <li>Joint and simultaneous affirmation and denial: syād-asti-nāsti-avaktavyaḥ—in some ways, it is, it is not, and it is indescribable,</li> <li>Joint and simultaneous affirmation and denial: syād-avaktavyaḥ—in some ways, it is indescribable.</li></ol> Each of these seven predicates state the Jain viewpoint of a multifaceted reality from the perspective of time, space, substance and mode.<a href="#cite_note-kollerjurno3-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-grimes-32">[32]</a> The phrase syāt declares the standpoint of expression – affirmation with regard to own substance (<a href="/wiki/Dravya_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravya (Jainism)">dravya</a>), place (kṣetra), time (kāla), and being (bhāva), and negation with regard to other substance (dravya), place (kṣetra), time (kāla), and being (bhāva). Thus, for a ‘jar’, in regard to substance (dravya) – earthen, it simply is; wooden, it simply is not. In regard to place (kṣetra) – room, it simply is; terrace, it simply is not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain201630-34">[34]</a> In regard to time (kāla) – summer, it simply is; winter, it simply is not. In regard to being (bhāva) – brown, it simply is; white, it simply is not. And the word ‘simply’ has been inserted for the purpose of excluding a sense not approved by the ‘nuance’; for avoidance of a meaning not intended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain201630-34">[34]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Acharya_Samantabhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Acharya Samantabhadra">Samantabhadra</a>'s text Āptamīmāṁsā (Verse 105), "Syādvāda, the doctrine of conditional predications, and kevalajñāna (omniscience), are both illuminators of the substances of reality. The difference between the two is that while kevalajñāna illumines directly, syādvāda illumines indirectly".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain2016163-35">[35]</a> Syadvada is indispensable and helps establish the truth, according to Samantabhadra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain2016174-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nayavāda">Nayavāda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nayavāda">edit</a>]</div> Nayavāda (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: नयवाद) is the theory of standpoints or viewpoints. Nayavāda is a compound of two <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> words—naya ("standpoint, viewpoint, interpretation") and vāda ("doctrine, thesis").<a href="#cite_note-Grimes202-37">[37]</a> Nayas are philosophical perspective about a particular topic, and how to make proper conclusions about that topic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2009125-38">[38]</a> According to Jainism, there are seven nayas or viewpoints through which one can make complete judgments about absolute reality using syadvada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002230–231-39">[39]</a> These seven naya, according to <a href="/wiki/Umaswati" title="Umaswati">Umaswati</a>, are:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2009125-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <ol><li>Naigama-naya: common sense or a universal view</li> <li>Samgraha-naya: generic or class view that classifies it</li> <li>Vyavahara-naya: pragmatic or a particular view assesses its utility</li> <li>Rijusutra-naya: linear view considers it in present time</li> <li>Sabda-naya: verbal view that names it</li> <li>Samabhirudha-naya: etymological view uses the name and establishes it nature</li> <li>Evambhuta-naya: actuality view considers its concrete particulars</li></ol> The naya theory emerged after about the 5th century CE, and underwent extensive development in Jainism. There are many variants of nayavada concept in later Jain texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2009125-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002230–231-39">[39]</a> A particular viewpoint is called a naya or a partial viewpoint. According to Vijay Jain, Nayavada does not deny the attributes, qualities, modes and other aspects; but qualifies them to be from a particular perspective. A naya reveals only a part of the totality, and should not be mistaken for the whole. A synthesis of different viewpoints is said to be achieved by the doctrine of conditional predications (syādvāda).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain201628-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jiva,_the_changing_soul">Jiva, the changing soul</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jiva, the changing soul">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahavra_1900_art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mahavra_1900_art.jpg/220px-Mahavra_1900_art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mahavra_1900_art.jpg/330px-Mahavra_1900_art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mahavra_1900_art.jpg/440px-Mahavra_1900_art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1806" data-file-height="1806" /></a><figcaption>Mahāvīra did not use the word anekāntavada, but his teachings contain the seeds of the concept (painting from <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, ca. 1900)</figcaption></figure> Ancient India, particularly the centuries in which the Mahāvīra and the Buddha lived, was a ground of intense intellectual debates, especially on the nature of reality and self or soul. Jain view of soul differs from those found in ancient Buddhist and Hindu texts, and Jain view about jiva and ajiva (self, matter) utilizes anekāntavāda.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-johnson232-44">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishadic</a> thought (Hindu) postulated the impermanence of matter and body, but the existence of an unchanging, eternal metaphysical reality of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a> (soul, self). The Buddhist thought also postulated impermanence, but denied the existence of any unchanging, eternal soul or self and instead posited the concept of <a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">anātman</a> (no-self).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200287–88-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley20042–5-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2013122–125-47">[47]</a> According to the Vedāntin (Upanishadic) conceptual scheme, the Buddhists were wrong in denying permanence and absolutism, and within the Buddhist conceptual scheme, the Vedāntins were wrong in denying the reality of impermanence. The two positions were contradictory and mutually exclusive from each other's point of view.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The Jains managed a synthesis of the two uncompromising positions with anekāntavāda.<a href="#cite_note-Ronald-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arvind-50">[50]</a> From the perspective of a higher, inclusive level made possible by the <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> of anekāntavāda and syādvāda, Jains do not see such claims as contradictory or mutually exclusive; instead, they are seen as ekantika or only partially true.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The Jain breadth of vision embraces the perspectives of both Vedānta which, according to Jainism, "recognizes substances but not process", and Buddhism, which "recognizes process but not substance". Jainism, on the other hand, pays equal attention to both substance (dravya) and process (paryaya).<a href="#cite_note-Burch-52">[52]</a> This philosophical syncretisation of paradox of change through anekānta has been acknowledged by modern scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Arvind Sharma</a>, who wrote:<a href="#cite_note-Arvind-50">[50]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Our experience of the world presents a profound paradox which we can ignore existentially, but not philosophically. This paradox is the paradox of change. Something – A changes and therefore it cannot be permanent. On the other hand, if A is not permanent, then what changes? In this debate between the "permanence" and "change", Hinduism seems more inclined to grasp the first horn of the dilemma and Buddhism the second. It is Jainism that has the philosophical courage to grasp both horns fearlessly and simultaneously, and the philosophical skill not to be gored by either.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inclusivist_or_exclusivist">Inclusivist or exclusivist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inclusivist or exclusivist">edit</a>]</div> Some Indian writers state that Anekantavada is an inclusivist doctrine positing that Jainism accepts "non-Jain teachings as partial versions of truth", a form of sectarian tolerance. Others scholars state this is incorrect and a reconstruction of Jain history because Jainism has consistently seen itself in "exclusivist term as the one true path".<a href="#cite_note-sethia123-53">[53]</a> Classical Jain scholars saw their premises and models of reality as superior to the competing spiritual traditions of Buddhism and Hinduism, both of which Jainism considered inadequate. For instance, the Jain text Uttaradhyayana Sutra in section 23.63 calls the competing Indian thought to be "heterodox and heretics" and that they "have chosen a wrong path, the right path is that taught by the <a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Jinas</a>".<a href="#cite_note-sethia123-53">[53]</a> Similarly, the early Jain scholar Haribhadra, who likely lived between the 6th and 8th century, states that those who do not follow the teachings of Jainism cannot be "approved or accommodated".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> John Koller states anekāntavāda to be "epistemological respect for view of others" about the nature of existence whether it is "inherently enduring or constantly changing", but "not relativism; it does not mean conceding that all arguments and all views are equal".<a href="#cite_note-koller89-55">[55]</a> In contemporary times, according to Paul Dundas, the Anekantavada doctrine has been interpreted by some Jains as intending to "promote a universal religious tolerance", and a teaching of "plurality" and "benign attitude to other [ethical, religious] positions". This is problematic and a misreading of Jain historical texts and Mahāvīra's teachings, states Dundas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002232–234-56">[56]</a> The "many pointedness, multiple perspective" teachings of the Mahāvīra is a doctrine about the nature of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute Reality</a> and human existence, and it is sometimes called "non-absolutism" doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESethia200486–91-57">[57]</a> However, it is not a doctrine about tolerating or condoning activities such as sacrificing or killing animals for food, violence against disbelievers or any other living being as "perhaps right".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002232–234-56">[56]</a> The Five vows for Jain monks and nuns, for example, are strict requirements and there is no "perhaps, just one perspective".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong200998–106-58">[58]</a> Similarly, since ancient times, Jainism co-existed with Buddhism and Hinduism, according to Dundas, but Jainism was highly critical of the knowledge systems and ideologies of its rivals, and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002233-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History and development">edit</a>]</div> The principle of anekāntavāda is one of the foundational <a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain philosophical</a> concepts. The development of anekāntavāda also encouraged the development of the dialectics of syādvāda (conditioned viewpoints) and nayavāda (partial viewpoints). According to Karl Potter, the Jain anekāntavāda doctrine emerged in a milieu that included Buddhists and Hindus in ancient and medieval India.<a href="#cite_note-potter114-60">[60]</a> The diverse Hindu schools such as Nyaya-Vaisheshika, Samkhya-Yoga and Mimamsa-Vedanta, all accepted the premise of <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> that "unchanging permanent soul, self exists and is self-evident", while various schools of early Buddhism denied it and substituted it with <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a> (no-self, no-soul). But the leading school of Buddhism named Shunyavada falls apart which says that there is no permanent soul or everything is Shunya (Empty) with argument that who is the witness of everything is Shunya (Emptiness). Further, for causation theories, Vedanta schools and Madhyamika Buddhists had similar ideas, while Nyaya-Vaisheshika and non-Madhyamika Buddhists generally agreed on the other side. Jainism, using its anekāntavāda doctrine occupied the center of this theological divide on soul-self (jiva) and causation theories, between the various schools of Buddhist and Hindu thought.<a href="#cite_note-johnson232-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-potter114-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> The origins of anekāntavāda are traceable in the teachings of Mahāvīra, who used it effectively to show the relativity of truth and reality. Taking a relativistic viewpoint, Mahāvīra is said to have explained the nature of the soul as both permanent, from the point of view of underlying substance, and temporary, from the point of view of its modes and modification.<a href="#cite_note-bhagvati-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> Early Jain texts were not composed in Vedic or classical Sanskrit, but in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200260–62-62">[62]</a> According to Matilal, the earliest Jain literature that present a developing form of a substantial anekantavada doctrine is found in Sanskrit texts, and after Jaina scholars had adopted Sanskrit to debate their ideas with Buddhists and Hindus of their era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal19811–3-63">[63]</a> These texts show a synthetic development, the existence and borrowing of terminology, ideas and concepts from rival schools of Indian thought but with innovation and original thought that disagreed with their peers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal19811–3-63">[63]</a> The early Svetambara canons and teachings do not use the terms anekāntavāda and syādvāda, but contain teachings in rudimentary form without giving it proper structure or establishing it as a separate doctrine. Śvētāmbara text, <a href="/wiki/Sutrakritanga" title="Sutrakritanga">Sutrakritanga</a> contains references to Vibhagyavāda, which, according to <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Hermann Jacobi</a>, is the same as syādvāda and saptibhaṅgī.<a href="#cite_note-sutra-64">[64]</a> For example, Jacobi in his 1895 translation interpreted vibhagyavada as syadvada, the former mentioned in the Svetambara Jain canonical text <a href="/wiki/Sutrakritanga" title="Sutrakritanga">Sutrakritanga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jacobi327-65">[65]</a> However, the Digambara Jains dispute this text is canonical or even authentic.<a href="#cite_note-britcanonjaina-66">[66]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> A monk should be modest, though he be of a fearless mind; he should expound the syādvāda, he should use the two permitted kinds of speech, living among virtuous men, impartial and wise. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sūtrakritānga, 14:22, A Svetambara text disputed by the Digambaras<a href="#cite_note-jacobi327-65">[65]</a></cite></div></blockquote> According to Upadhyaye, the Bhagvatisūtra (also called Vyākhyāprajñapti) mentions three primary predications of the saptibhaṅgīnaya.<a href="#cite_note-Upadhyaye-67">[67]</a> This too is a Svetambara text, and considered by Digambara Jains as unauthentic.<a href="#cite_note-britcanonjaina-66">[66]</a> The earliest comprehensive teachings of anekāntavāda doctrine is found in the <a href="/wiki/Tattvarthasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvarthasutra">Tattvarthasutra</a> of Umasvati, considered to be authoritative by all Jain sects including Svetambara and Digambara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229–231-13">[13]</a> The century in which Umaswati lived is unclear, but variously placed by contemporary scholars to sometime between 2nd and 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini199881-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-dundaspo395-70">[70]</a> The Digambara scholar <a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a>, in his mystical Jain texts, expounded on the doctrine of syādvāda and saptibhaṅgī in Pravacanasāra and <a href="/wiki/Pancastikayasara" title="Pancastikayasara">Pancastikayasāra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Upadhyaye-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229–231-13">[13]</a> Kundakunda also used nayas to discuss the essence of the <a href="/wiki/Self_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self (philosophy)">self</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samayasara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samayasara">Samayasāra</a>. Kundakunda is believed in the Digambara tradition to have lived about the 1st-century CE, but has been placed by early modern era scholars to 2nd or 3rd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In contrast, the earliest available secondary literature on Kundakunda appears in about the 10th century, which has led recent scholarship to suggest that he may have lived in or after 8th-century. This radical reassessment in Kundakunda chronology, if accurate, would place his comprehensive theories on anekantavada to the late 1st millennium CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002107–109-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parable_of_the_blind_men_and_an_elephant">Parable of the blind men and an elephant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parable of the blind men and an elephant">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg/220px-Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg/330px-Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg/440px-Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2463" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>Seven <a href="/wiki/Blind_men_and_an_elephant" title="Blind men and an elephant">blind men and an elephant</a> parable</figcaption></figure> The Jain texts explain the anekāntvāda concept using the parable of <a href="/wiki/Blind_men_and_an_elephant" title="Blind men and an elephant">blind men and an elephant</a>, in a manner similar to those found in both Buddhist and Hindu texts about limits of perception and the importance of complete context. The parable has several Indian variations, but broadly goes as follows:<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A group of blind men heard that a strange animal, called an elephant, had been brought to the town, but none of them were aware of its shape and form. Out of curiosity, they said: "We must inspect and know it by touch, of which we are capable". So, they sought it out, and when they found it they groped about it. In the case of the first person, whose hand landed on the trunk, said "This being is like a thick snake". For another one whose hand reached its ear, it seemed like a kind of fan. As for another person, whose hand was upon its leg, said, the elephant is a pillar like a tree-trunk. The blind man who placed his hand upon its side said, "elephant is a wall". Another who felt its tail, described it as a rope. The last felt its tusk, stating the elephant is that which is hard, smooth and like a spear.</blockquote> This parable is called Andha-gaja-nyaya maxim in Jain texts.<a href="#cite_note-Balcerowicz2003p40-75">[75]</a> Two of the Jain references to this parable are found in Tattvarthaslokavatika of Vidyanandi (9th century) and it appears twice in the Syādvādamanjari of Ācārya Mallisena (13th century).<a href="#cite_note-Balcerowicz2003p40-75">[75]</a> According to Mallisena, whenever anyone takes a partial, unconditional view of the ultimate reality, and denies the possibility of another aspect of that reality, it is an instance of the above parable and a defective view.<a href="#cite_note-Balcerowicz2003p40-75">[75]</a> Mallisena goes further in his second reference to the above parable and states that all reality has infinite aspects and attributes, all assertions can only be relatively true. This does not mean scepticism or doubt is the right path to knowledge, according to Mallisena and other Jain scholars, but that any philosophical assertion is only conditionally, partially true. Any and all viewpoints, states Mallisena, that do not admit an exception are false views.<a href="#cite_note-Balcerowicz2003p40-75">[75]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Blind_men_and_an_elephant" title="Blind men and an elephant">same parable</a> is found in Buddhist and Hindu texts to emphasize the need to be watchful for partial viewpoints of a complex reality, the Jain text apply it to isolated topic and all subjects.<a href="#cite_note-Ireland2007p9-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths2007p46-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> For example, the syadvada principle states that all the following seven predicates must be accepted as true for a cooking pot, according to Matilal:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal198154–56-79">[79]</a> <ul><li>from a certain point of view, or in a certain sense, the pot exists</li> <li>from a certain point of view, the pot does not exist</li> <li>from a certain point of view, the pot exists and does not exist</li> <li>from a certain point of view, the pot is inexpressible</li> <li>from a certain point of view, the pot both exists and is inexpressible</li> <li>from a certain point of view, the pot both does not exist and is inexpressible</li> <li>from a certain point of view, the pot exists, does not exist, and is also inexpressible</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_developments">Medieval developments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medieval developments">edit</a>]</div> Ācārya <a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a> (8th century CE) was one of the leading proponents of anekāntavāda. He wrote a <a href="/wiki/Doxography" title="Doxography">doxography</a>, a compendium of a variety of intellectual views. This attempted to contextualise Jain thoughts within the broad framework, rather than espouse narrow partisan views. It interacted with the many possible intellectual orientations available to Indian thinkers around the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Ācārya Amrtacandra starts his famous 10th century CE work Purusathasiddhiupaya with strong praise for anekāntavāda: "I bow down to the principle of anekānta, the source and foundation of the highest scriptures, the dispeller of wrong one-sided notions, that which takes into account all aspects of truth, reconciling diverse and even contradictory traits of all objects or entity."<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Ācārya Vidyānandi (11th century CE) provides the analogy of the ocean to explain the nature of truth in Tattvarthaslokavārtikka, 116:<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasovijaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasovijaya">Yaśovijaya Gaṇi</a>, a 17th-century Jain monk, went beyond anekāntavāda by advocating madhāyastha, meaning "standing in the middle" or "equidistance". This position allowed him to praise qualities in others even though the people were non-Jain and belonged to other faiths.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> There was a period of stagnation after Yasovijayaji, as there were no new contributions to the development of Jain philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain philosophical</a> concept of Anekantavada made important contributions to ancient <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>, in the areas of skepticism and relativity.<a href="#cite_note-McEvilley-p335-85">[85]</a> The epistemology of anekāntavāda and syādvāda also had a profound impact on the development of ancient Indian logic and philosophy. While employing anekāntavāda, the 17th century Jain scholar <a href="/wiki/Yasovijaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasovijaya">Yasovijaya</a> stated that it is not anābhigrahika (indiscriminate attachment to all views as being true), which is effectively a kind of misconceived relativism.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In Jain belief, anekāntavāda transcends the various traditions of Buddhism and Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_Jain_history">Role in Jain history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Role in Jain history">edit</a>]</div> Anekāntavāda played a role in the history of Jainism in India, during intellectual debates from <a href="/wiki/Saiva" title="Saiva">Śaivas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaiṣṇavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> at various times. According to John Koller, professor of <a href="/wiki/Asian_studies" title="Asian studies">Asian studies</a>, anekāntavāda allowed Jain thinkers to maintain the validity of their doctrine, while at the same time respectfully criticizing the views of their opponents.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In other cases, it was a tool used by Jaina scholars to confront and dispute Buddhist scholars in ancient India, or in the case of <a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a> justify the retaliation of the killing of his two nephews by Buddhist monks, with capital punishment for all Buddhist monks in the suspected monastery, according to the Buddhist version of Haribhadra's biography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000335–336,_338–339-89">[89]</a> There is historical evidence that along with intolerance of non-Jains, Jains in their history have also been tolerant and generous just like Buddhists and Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000336–337-90">[90]</a> Their texts have never presented a theory for holy war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000336–337-90">[90]</a> Jains and their temples have historically procured and preserved the classic manuscripts of Buddhism and Hinduism, a strong indicator of acceptance and plurality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000336–337-90">[90]</a> The combination of historic facts, states Cort, suggest that Jain history is a combination of tolerance and intolerance of non-Jain views, and that it is inappropriate to rewrite the Jainism past as a history of "benevolence and tolerance" towards others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000340–341-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi">Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_Juhu_May1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gandhi_Juhu_May1944.jpg/180px-Gandhi_Juhu_May1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gandhi_Juhu_May1944.jpg/270px-Gandhi_Juhu_May1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gandhi_Juhu_May1944.jpg/360px-Gandhi_Juhu_May1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Gandhi</a> used the Jain concept of Anekantavada to explain his views.<a href="#cite_note-ShermaSharma2008-92">[92]</a></figcaption></figure> Mahatma Gandhi mentioned Anekantavada and Syadvada in the journal <a href="/wiki/Young_India" title="Young India">Young India</a> – 21 Jan 1926. According to Jeffery D. Long – a scholar of Hindu and Jain studies, the Jain Syadvada doctrine helped Gandhi explain how he reconciled his commitment to the "reality of both the personal and impersonal aspects of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>", and his view of "Hindu religious pluralism":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2013169-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-hay-94">[94]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I am an <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaitist</a> and yet I can support <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaitism</a> (dualism). The world is changing every moment, and is therefore unreal, it has no permanent existence. But though it is constantly changing, it has a something about it which persists and it is therefore to that extent real. I have therefore no objection to calling it real and unreal, and thus being called an Anekāntavadi or a Syādvadi. But my Syādvāda is not the Syādvāda of the learned, it is peculiarly my own. I cannot engage in a debate with them. It has been my experience that I am always true from my point of view, and am often wrong from the point of view of my honest critics. I know that we are both right from our respective points of view. And this knowledge saves me from attributing motives to my opponents or critics. (...) My Anekāntavāda is the result of the twin doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahiṃsā</a>.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Against_religious_intolerance_and_contemporary_terrorism">Against religious intolerance and contemporary terrorism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Against religious intolerance and contemporary terrorism">edit</a>]</div> Referring to the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, John Koller states that the threat to life from religious violence in modern society mainly exists due to faulty epistemology and metaphysics as well as faulty ethics. A failure to respect the life of other human beings and other life forms, states Koller, is "rooted in dogmatic but mistaken knowledge claims that fail to recognize other legitimate perspectives". Koller states that anekāntavāda is a Jain doctrine that each side commit to accepting truths of multiple perspectives, dialogue and negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-Johnkoller-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_William_Jones2008-97">[97]</a> According to Sabine Scholz, the application of the Anekantavada as a religious basis for "intellectual Ahimsa" is a modern era reinterpretation, one attributed to the writings of A.B. Dhruva in 1933. This view states that Anekantavada is an expression of "religious tolerance of other opinions and harmony". In the 21st century, some writers have presented it as an intellectual weapon against "intolerance, fundamentalism and terrorism".<a href="#cite_note-Hegewald2012p282-10">[10]</a> Other scholars such as <a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John E. Cort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a> state that, while Jainism indeed teaches non-violence as the highest ethical value, the reinterpretation of Anekantavada as "religious tolerance of other opinions" is a "misreading of the original doctrine". In Jain history, it was a metaphysical doctrine and a philosophical method to formulate its distinct ascetic practice of liberation. Jain history shows, to the contrary, that it persistently was harshly critical and intolerant of Buddhist and Hindu spiritual theories, beliefs and ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000324–347-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hegewald2012p282-10">[10]</a> John Cort states that the Anekantavada doctrine in pre-20th century Jain literature had no relation to religious tolerance or "intellectual Ahimsa". Jain intellectual and social history toward non-Jains, according to Cort, has been contrary to the modern revisionist attempts, particularly by diaspora Jains, to present "Jains having exhibited a spirit of understanding and tolerance toward non-Jains", or that Jains were rare or unique in practicing religious tolerance in Indian intellectual history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000329–331-99">[99]</a> According to Padmanabha Jaini, states Cort, indiscriminate open mindedness and the approach of "accepting all religious paths as equally correct when in fact they are not" is an erroneous view in Jainism and not supported by the Anekantavada doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000333–334-100">[100]</a> According to Paul Dundas, in and after the 12th century, the persecution and violence against Jains by Muslim state caused Jain scholars to revisit their theory of <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> (non-violence). For example, Jinadatta Suri in 12th century, wrote during a time of widespread destruction of Jain temples and blocking of Jaina pilgrimage by Muslim armies, that "anybody engaged in a religious activity who was forced to fight and kill somebody" in self-defense would not lose any merit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002162–163-101">[101]</a> N.L. Jain, quoting Acarya Mahaprajna, states Anekantavada doctrine is not a principle that can be applied to all situations or fields. In his view, the doctrine has its limits and Anekantavada doctrine does not mean intellectual tolerance or acceptance of religious violence, terrorism, taking of hostages, proxy wars such as in Kashmir, and that "to initiate a conflict is as sinful as to tolerate or not oppose it".<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The reinterpretation of Anekantavada as a doctrine of religious tolerance is novel, popular but not unusual for contemporary Jains. It is a pattern of reinterpretation and reinvention to rebrand and reposition that is found in many religions, states Scholz.<a href="#cite_note-Hegewald2012p282-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_non-Jain_doctrines">Comparison with non-Jain doctrines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Comparison with non-Jain doctrines">edit</a>]</div> According to Bhagchandra Jain, one difference between the Buddhist and Jain views is that "Jainism accepts all statements to possess some relative (anekāntika) truth" while for Buddhism this is not the case.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In Jainism, states Jayatilleke, "no proposition could in theory be asserted to be categorically true or false, irrespective of the standpoint from which it was made, in Buddhism such categorical assertions were considered possible in the case of some propositions."<a href="#cite_note-Jayatilleke_1963,_p_280-104">[104]</a> Unlike Jainism, there are propositions that are categorically true in Buddhism, and there are others that are anekamsika (uncertain, indefinite). Examples of categorically true and certain doctrines are the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a>, while examples of the latter in Buddhism are the <a href="/wiki/The_unanswered_questions" class="mw-redirect" title="The unanswered questions">avyakata-theses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jayatilleke_1963,_p_280-104">[104]</a> Further, unlike Jainism, Buddhism does not have a Nayavāda doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> According to Karl Potter and other scholars, Hinduism developed various theory of relations such as satkaryavada, asatkaryavada, avirodhavada and others.<a href="#cite_note-potter114-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The anekantavada overlaps with two major theories found in Hindu and Buddhist thought, according to James Lochtefeld. The Anekantavada doctrine is satkaryavada in explaining causes, and the asatkaryavada in explaining qualities or attributes in the effects.<a href="#cite_note-potter114-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The different schools of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a> further elaborated and refined the theory of <a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">pramanas</a> and the theory of relations to establish correct means to structure propositions in their view.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Indologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Indologists">Indologists</a> such as professor <a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John E. Cort</a> state that anekāntavāda is a doctrine that was historically used by Jain scholars not to accept other viewpoints, but to insist on the Jain viewpoint. Jain monks used anekāntavāda and syādvāda as debating weapons to silence their critics and defend the Jain doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000324–347-98">[98]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a>, in Jain hands, this method of analysis became "a fearsome weapon of philosophical <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a> with which the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> could be pared down to their ideological bases of simple permanence and impermanence, respectively, and thus could be shown to be one-pointed and inadequate as the overall interpretations of reality they purported to be".<a href="#cite_note-Dundas192-109">[109]</a> The Jain scholars, however, considered their own theory of Anekantavada self-evident, immune from criticism, needing neither limitations nor conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Dundas192-109">[109]</a> The doctrines of anekāntavāda and syādavāda are often criticised to denying any certainty, or accepting incoherent contradictory doctrines. Another argument against it, posited by medieval era Buddhists and Hindus applied the principle on itself, that is if nothing is definitely true or false, is anekāntavāda true or false?<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> According to Karl Potter, the Anekantavada doctrine accepts the norm in Indian philosophies that all knowledge is contextual, that object and subject are interdependent. However, as a theory of relations, it does not solve the deficiencies in other progress philosophies, just "compounds the felony by merely duplicating the already troublesome notion of a dependence relation".<a href="#cite_note-Potter1991p145-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_philosophies">Hindu philosophies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hindu philosophies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nyaya">Nyaya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nyaya">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> school criticized the Jain doctrine of anekantavada, states Karl Potter, as "wanting to say one thing at one time, the other at another", thereby ignoring the principle of non-contradiction.<a href="#cite_note-Potter1991p145-112">[112]</a> The Naiyayikas states that it makes no sense to simultaneously say, "jiva and ajiva are not related" and "jiva and ajiva are related". Jains state that jiva attaches itself to karmic particles (ajiva) which means there is a relation between ajiva and jiva. The Jain theory of ascetic salvation teaches cleansing of karmic particles and destroying the bound ajiva to the jiva, yet, Jain scholars also deny that ajiva and jiva are related or at least interdependent, according to the Nyaya scholars. The Jain theory of anekantavada makes its theory of karma, asceticism and salvation incoherent, according to Nyaya texts.<a href="#cite_note-Potter1991p145-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vaisheshika">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> school scholar Vyomashiva criticized the Anekantavada doctrine because, according to him, it makes all moral life and spiritual pursuits for <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> meaningless. Any spiritually liberated person must be considered under Anekantavada doctrine to be [a] both liberated and not liberated from one point of view, and [b] simply not liberated from another point of view, since all assertions are to be qualified and conditional under it. In other words, states Vyomashiva, this doctrine leads to a paradox and circularity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal198157–58-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vedanta">Vedanta</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Vedanta">edit</a>]</div> Anekāntavāda was analyzed and critiqued by <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Śankarācārya</a> (~800 CE) in his bhasya on <a href="/wiki/Brahmasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmasutra">Brahmasutra</a> (2:2:33–36):<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> He stated that anekantavada doctrine when applied to philosophy suffers from two problems: virodha (contradictions) and samsaya (dubiety), neither of which it is able to reconcile with objectivity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal198157–58-113">[113]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> It is impossible that contradictory attributes such as being and non-being should at the same time belong to one and the same thing; just as observation teaches us that a thing cannot be hot and cold at the same moment. The third alternative expressed in the words — they either are such or not such — results in cognition of indefinite nature, which is no more a source of true knowledge than doubt is. Thus the means of knowledge, the object of knowledge, the knowing subject, and the act of knowledge become all alike indefinite. How can his followers act on a doctrine, the matter of which is altogether indeterminate? The result of your efforts is perfect knowledge and is not perfect knowledge. Observation shows that, only when a course of action is known to have a definite result, people set about it without hesitation. Hence a man who proclaims a doctrine of altogether indefinite contents does not deserve to be listened any more than a drunken or a mad man. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Adi Shankara, Brahmasutra, 2.2:33–36</cite></div></blockquote> Shankara's criticism of anekantavada extended beyond the arguments of it being incoherent epistemology in ontological matters. According to Shankara, the goal of philosophy is to identify one's doubts and remove them through reason and understanding, not get more confused.<a href="#cite_note-Potter1991p145-112">[112]</a> The problem with anekantavada doctrine is that it compounds and glorifies confusion. Further, states Shankara, Jains use this doctrine to be "certain that everything is uncertain".<a href="#cite_note-Potter1991p145-112">[112]</a> Contemporary scholars, states Piotr Balcerowicz, concur that the Jain doctrine of Anekantavada does reject some versions of the "law of non-contradiction", but it is incorrect to state that it rejects this law in all instances.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Buddhist philosophy">edit</a>]</div> The Buddhist scholar <a href="/wiki/Shantarakshita" class="mw-redirect" title="Shantarakshita">Śāntarakṣita</a>, and his student Kamalasila, criticized anekantavada by presenting his arguments that it leads to the Buddhist premise "jivas (souls) do not exist". That is, the two of the most important doctrines of Jainism are mutually contradictory premises.<a href="#cite_note-Potter1991p145-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal198157-116">[116]</a> According to Santaraksita, Jains state that "jiva is one considered collectively, and many considered distributively", but if so debates Santaraksita, "jiva cannot change". He then proceeds to show that changing jiva necessarily means jiva appear and disappear every moment, which is equivalent to "jiva don't exist".<a href="#cite_note-Potter1991p145-112">[112]</a> According to Karl Potter, the argument posited by Śāntarakṣita is flawed, because it commits what is called in the Western logic as the "fallacy of division".<a href="#cite_note-Potter1991p145-112">[112]</a> The Buddhist logician <a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a> critiqued anekāntavāda as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandya2001-117">[117]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">With the differentiation removed, all things have dual nature. Then, if somebody is implored to eat curd, then why he does not eat camel?" The insinuation is obvious; if curd exists from the nature of curd and does not exist from the nature of a camel, then one is justified in eating camel, as by eating camel, he is merely eating the negation of curd.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dharmakirti, Pramānavarttikakārika</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-criticism_in_Jain_scholarship">Self-criticism in Jain scholarship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Self-criticism in Jain scholarship">edit</a>]</div> The medieval era Jain logicians <a href="/wiki/Akalanka" title="Akalanka">Akalanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vidyananda_(8th-century_Jain_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidyananda (8th-century Jain monk)">Vidyananda</a>, who were likely contemporaries of Adi Shankara, acknowledged many issues with anekantavada in their texts. For example, Akalanka in his Pramanasamgraha acknowledges seven problems when anekantavada is applied to develop a comprehensive and consistent philosophy: dubiety, contradiction, lack of conformity of bases (vaiyadhi karanya), joint fault, infinite regress, intermixture and absence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal198157–58-113">[113]</a> Vidyananda acknowledged six of those in the Akalanka list, adding the problem of vyatikara (cross breeding in ideas) and apratipatti (incomprehensibility). <a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81candra" title="Prabhācandra">Prabhācandra</a>, who probably lived in the 11th century, and several other later Jain scholars accepted many of these identified issues in anekantavada application.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal198157–58-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Problem of universals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Degrees of truth">Degrees of truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Indian logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_epistemology" title="Jain epistemology">Jain epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaina_seven-valued_logic" title="Jaina seven-valued logic">Jaina seven-valued logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_disjunction" title="Logical disjunction">Logical disjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_equality" title="Logical equality">Logical equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical value">Logical value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplicities" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplicities">Multiplicities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-valued_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-valued logic">Multi-valued logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectivism" title="Perspectivism">Perspectivism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_bivalence" title="Principle of bivalence">Principle of bivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propositional_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Propositional logic">Propositional logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome_(philosophy)" title="Rhizome (philosophy)">Rhizome (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_pluralism" title="Value pluralism">Value pluralism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000325-326,_342-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2000325-326,_342_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCort2000">Cort 2000</a>, p. 325-326, 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200480–84-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200480–84_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharitrapragya2004">Charitrapragya 2004</a>, pp. 80–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini199891-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini199891_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaini1998">Jaini 1998</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-kollerjurno2-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kollerjurno2_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kollerjurno2_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kollerjurno2_4-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKoller2004" class="citation book cs1">Koller, John (2004). "Why is Anekāntavāda important?". In Tara Sethia (ed.). Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 90–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-2036-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-2036-3"><bdi>81-208-2036-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+is+Anek%C4%81ntav%C4%81da+important%3F&rft.btitle=Ahims%C4%81%2C+Anek%C4%81nta%2C+and+Jainism&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=90-92&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-208-2036-3&rft.aulast=Koller&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal19812–3-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal19812–3_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatilal1981">Matilal 1981</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal19811–2-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal19811–2_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatilal1981">Matilal 1981</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000324-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2000324_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCort2000">Cort 2000</a>, p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200936-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley200936_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiley2009">Wiley 2009</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-kollerjurno-9"><a href="#cite_ref-kollerjurno_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoller2004" class="citation book cs1">Koller, John (2004). "Why is Anekāntavāda important?". In Tara Sethia (ed.). Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 85–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-2036-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-2036-3"><bdi>81-208-2036-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+is+Anek%C4%81ntav%C4%81da+important%3F&rft.btitle=Ahims%C4%81%2C+Anek%C4%81nta%2C+and+Jainism&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=85-88&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-208-2036-3&rft.aulast=Koller&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hegewald2012p282-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hegewald2012p282_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hegewald2012p282_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hegewald2012p282_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hegewald2012p282_10-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabine_Scholz2012" class="citation book cs1">Sabine Scholz (2012). Julia A. B. Hegewald and Subrata K. Mitra (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZqHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA282">Re-Use-The Art and Politics of Integration and Anxiety</a>. SAGE Publications. pp. 282–284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0981-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0981-5"><bdi>978-81-321-0981-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-Use-The+Art+and+Politics+of+Integration+and+Anxiety&rft.pages=282-284&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-321-0981-5&rft.au=Sabine+Scholz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ZqHAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000329–334-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2000329–334_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCort2000">Cort 2000</a>, pp. 329–334. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475–79-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475–79_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475–79_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475–79_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475–79_12-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharitrapragya2004">Charitrapragya 2004</a>, pp. 75–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229–231-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229–231_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229–231_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229–231_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229–231_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229–231_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229–231_13-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 229–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-grimes34-14"><a href="#cite_ref-grimes34_14-0">^</a> Grimes, John (1996) p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Monier Monier-Williams (1899), "वाद", Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, pages 939-940 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_C._Almond1982" class="citation book cs1">Philip C. Almond (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CBSn4dR087YC">Mystical Experience and Religious Doctrine: An Investigation of the Study of Mysticism in World Religions</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3160-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3160-3"><bdi>978-90-279-3160-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystical+Experience+and+Religious+Doctrine%3A+An+Investigation+of+the+Study+of+Mysticism+in+World+Religions&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-90-279-3160-3&rft.au=Philip+C.+Almond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCBSn4dR087YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_F._Gier2000" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas F. Gier (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b0uIvu4aBuMC">Spiritual Titanism: Indian, Chinese, and Western Perspectives</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 80, 90–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4528-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4528-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-4528-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritual+Titanism%3A+Indian%2C+Chinese%2C+and+Western+Perspectives&rft.pages=80%2C+90-92&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4528-0&rft.au=Nicholas+F.+Gier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db0uIvu4aBuMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_R._Murphy2011" class="citation book cs1">Andrew R. Murphy (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2O9JlrJ1wwAC">The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 267–269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9131-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9131-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-9131-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Religion+and+Violence&rft.pages=267-269&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9131-9&rft.au=Andrew+R.+Murphy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2O9JlrJ1wwAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal19811-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal19811_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatilal1981">Matilal 1981</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-iepmahav-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iepmahav_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iepmahav_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Webb, Mark Owen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/jain/">"Jain Philosophy"</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2161-0002">2161-0002</a>. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jain+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.issn=2161-0002&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Mark+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fjain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal1990301–305-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal1990301–305_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatilal1990">Matilal 1990</a>, pp. 301–305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz2015205–218-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz2015205–218_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalcerowicz2015">Balcerowicz 2015</a>, pp. 205–218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal1998128–135-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal1998128–135_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatilal1998">Matilal 1998</a>, pp. 128–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller2000400–407-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoller2000400–407_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoller2000">Koller 2000</a>, pp. 400–407. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave200648-51-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave200648-51_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSangave2006">Sangave 2006</a>, p. 48-51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal19812-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal19812_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatilal1981">Matilal 1981</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal19812–3,_30–32,_52–54-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal19812–3,_30–32,_52–54_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatilal1981">Matilal 1981</a>, pp. 2–3, 30–32, 52–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal198152–53-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal198152–53_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal198152–53_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal198152–53_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal198152–53_28-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatilal1981">Matilal 1981</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200481–83-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200481–83_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200481–83_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharitrapragya2004">Charitrapragya 2004</a>, pp. 81–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-kollerjurno3-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kollerjurno3_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kollerjurno3_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kollerjurno3_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kollerjurno3_30-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoller2004" class="citation book cs1">Koller, John (2004). "Why is Anekāntavāda important?". In Tara Sethia (ed.). Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 93–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-2036-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-2036-3"><bdi>81-208-2036-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+is+Anek%C4%81ntav%C4%81da+important%3F&rft.btitle=Ahims%C4%81%2C+Anek%C4%81nta%2C+and+Jainism&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=93-95&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-208-2036-3&rft.aulast=Koller&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002230-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002230_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-grimes-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grimes_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grimes_32-1">b</a> Grimes, John (1996) p. 312 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain201629-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain201629_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVijay_K_Jain2016">Vijay K Jain 2016</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain201630-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain201630_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain201630_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVijay_K_Jain2016">Vijay K Jain 2016</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain2016163-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain2016163_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVijay_K_Jain2016">Vijay K Jain 2016</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain2016174-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain2016174_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVijay_K_Jain2016">Vijay K Jain 2016</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimes202-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Grimes202_37-0">^</a> Grimes, John (1996) p. 198, 202–03, 274, 301 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2009125-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2009125_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2009125_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2009125_38-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLong2009">Long 2009</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002230–231-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002230–231_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002230–231_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 230–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Grimes, John (1996) p. 119, 198–03, 274, 301 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain201628-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K_Jain201628_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVijay_K_Jain2016">Vijay K Jain 2016</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Benesch1997" class="citation book cs1">Walter Benesch (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4cEWDAAAQBAJ">An Introduction to Comparative Philosophy</a>. Springer. pp. 133–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59738-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59738-9"><bdi>978-0-230-59738-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Comparative+Philosophy&rft.pages=133-134&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-230-59738-9&rft.au=Walter+Benesch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4cEWDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_H._Potter1991" class="citation book cs1">Karl H. Potter (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presuppositionso0000pott">Presuppositions of India's Philosophies</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presuppositionso0000pott/page/145">145</a>–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0779-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0779-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0779-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presuppositions+of+India%27s+Philosophies&rft.pages=145-149&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0779-2&rft.au=Karl+H.+Potter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresuppositionso0000pott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson232-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnson232_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson232_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1995" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, W. J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vw8OUSfQbV4C">Harmless Souls: Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda</a>. Lala Sunder Lal Jain research series. Vol. 9. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 232–253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1309-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1309-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1309-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harmless+Souls%3A+Karmic+Bondage+and+Religious+Change+in+Early+Jainism+with+Special+Reference+to+Um%C4%81sv%C4%81ti+and+Kundakunda&rft.series=Lala+Sunder+Lal+Jain+research+series&rft.pages=232-253&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1309-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvw8OUSfQbV4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200287–88-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200287–88_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 87–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley20042–5-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley20042–5_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiley2004">Wiley 2004</a>, pp. 2–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2013122–125-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2013122–125_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLong2013">Long 2013</a>, pp. 122–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Koller, John (2004) p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ronald-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Ronald_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntington" class="citation web cs1">Huntington, Ronald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.chapman.edu/schweitzer/huntington.html">"Jainism and Ethics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819191651/http://www1.chapman.edu/schweitzer/huntington.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jainism+and+Ethics&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.chapman.edu%2Fschweitzer%2Fhuntington.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988">; Quote: "To counter the proponents of these diametrically opposed positions [Buddhist and Hindu], Jains developed a position knows as syadvada [seeud-VAH-duh], the way or path of "perhaps, maybe or somehow." Syadvada states simply that judgments resting on different points of view may differ without any of them being wholly wrong. [...] A limited and incomplete judgment is called a naya [nuh-yuh], and all human knowledge is a compilation of nayas, judgments resulting from different attitudes. The Jains were thus able to accept equally the Hindu views of "being" and Buddhist views of "becoming," but took neither in the sense that their partisan advocates desired or found comforting. [...] The Jain doctrine of syadvada is non-absolutist and stands firmly against all dogmatisms, even including any assertion that Jainism is the right religious path." </li> <li id="cite_note-Arvind-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arvind_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arvind_50-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Sharma, Arvind</a> (2001) Preface xii </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Sethia, Tara (2004) p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-Burch-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Burch_52-0">^</a> Burch, George (1964) pp. 68–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-sethia123-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sethia123_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sethia123_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dundas2004" class="citation book cs1">Paul Dundas (2004). Tara Sethia (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYdlKv8wBiYC">Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 123–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4"><bdi>978-81-208-2036-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahims%C4%81%2C+Anek%C4%81nta%2C+and+Jainism&rft.pages=123-125&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2036-4&rft.au=Paul+Dundas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYdlKv8wBiYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dundas2004" class="citation book cs1">Paul Dundas (2004). Tara Sethia (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYdlKv8wBiYC">Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 125–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4"><bdi>978-81-208-2036-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahims%C4%81%2C+Anek%C4%81nta%2C+and+Jainism&rft.pages=125-127&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2036-4&rft.au=Paul+Dundas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYdlKv8wBiYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-koller89-55"><a href="#cite_ref-koller89_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Koller2004" class="citation book cs1">John Koller (2004). Tara Sethia (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYdlKv8wBiYC">Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4"><bdi>978-81-208-2036-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahims%C4%81%2C+Anek%C4%81nta%2C+and+Jainism&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2036-4&rft.au=John+Koller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYdlKv8wBiYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002232–234-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002232–234_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002232–234_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 232–234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESethia200486–91-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESethia200486–91_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSethia2004">Sethia 2004</a>, pp. 86–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong200998–106-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong200998–106_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLong2009">Long 2009</a>, pp. 98–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002233-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002233_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-potter114-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-potter114_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-potter114_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-potter114_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-potter114_60-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_H._Potter1991" class="citation book cs1">Karl H. Potter (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presuppositionso0000pott">Presuppositions of India's Philosophies</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presuppositionso0000pott/page/114">114</a>–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0779-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0779-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0779-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presuppositions+of+India%27s+Philosophies&rft.pages=114-115&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0779-2&rft.au=Karl+H.+Potter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresuppositionso0000pott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhagvati-61"><a href="#cite_ref-bhagvati_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharitrapragya2004">Charitrapragya 2004</a>, p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200260–62-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200260–62_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 60–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal19811–3-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal19811–3_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal19811–3_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatilal1981">Matilal 1981</a>, pp. 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-sutra-64"><a href="#cite_ref-sutra_64-0">^</a> Jacobi, Hermann (1895) 14:21–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-jacobi327-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jacobi327_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jacobi327_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH_Jacobi1895" class="citation book cs1">H Jacobi (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt82AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA327">Gaina Sûtras</a>. Clarendon Press. pp. 327 with footnotes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaina+S%C3%BBtras&rft.pages=327+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1895&rft.au=H+Jacobi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMt82AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britcanonjaina-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britcanonjaina_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britcanonjaina_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jaina-canon">"Jaina canon | religious texts | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Jaina+canon+%26%23124%3B+religious+texts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FJaina-canon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Upadhyaye-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Upadhyaye_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upadhyaye_67-1">b</a> Upadhyaye, A. N. (2001) pp. 6136–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Slaje2008" class="citation book cs1">Walter Slaje (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fD0Ypvxmzj8C">Śāstrārambha: Inquiries Into the Preamble in Sanskrit</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 35 with footnote 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05645-8"><bdi>978-3-447-05645-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%9A%C4%81str%C4%81rambha%3A+Inquiries+Into+the+Preamble+in+Sanskrit&rft.pages=35+with+footnote+23&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05645-8&rft.au=Walter+Slaje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfD0Ypvxmzj8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini199881-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini199881_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaini1998">Jaini 1998</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-dundaspo395-70"><a href="#cite_ref-dundaspo395_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundas2006">Dundas 2006</a>, pp. 395–396 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotr_Balcerowicz2003" class="citation book cs1">Piotr Balcerowicz (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NcRpfZcIhLoC">Essays in Jaina Philosophy and Religion</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 280–282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1977-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1977-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1977-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Jaina+Philosophy+and+Religion&rft.pages=280-282&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1977-1&rft.au=Piotr+Balcerowicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNcRpfZcIhLoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002107–109-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002107–109_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 107–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Bruce_Goldstein2010" class="citation book cs1">E. Bruce Goldstein (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6M3NSNm6MlkC&pg=PA492">Encyclopedia of Perception</a>. SAGE Publications. p. 492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-4081-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-4081-8"><bdi>978-1-4129-4081-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Perception&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-4081-8&rft.au=E.+Bruce+Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6M3NSNm6MlkC%26pg%3DPA492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.R._SnyderCarol_E._Ford2013" class="citation book cs1">C.R. Snyder; Carol E. Ford (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bo7gBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">Coping with Negative Life Events: Clinical and Social Psychological Perspectives</a>. Springer Science. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-9865-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-9865-4"><bdi>978-1-4757-9865-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coping+with+Negative+Life+Events%3A+Clinical+and+Social+Psychological+Perspectives&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Springer+Science&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4757-9865-4&rft.au=C.R.+Snyder&rft.au=Carol+E.+Ford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBo7gBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balcerowicz2003p40-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balcerowicz2003p40_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balcerowicz2003p40_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balcerowicz2003p40_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balcerowicz2003p40_75-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotr_Balcerowicz2003" class="citation book cs1">Piotr Balcerowicz (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NcRpfZcIhLoC&pg=PA40">Essays in Jaina Philosophy and Religion</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 40–43 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1977-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1977-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1977-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Jaina+Philosophy+and+Religion&rft.pages=40-43+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1977-1&rft.au=Piotr+Balcerowicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNcRpfZcIhLoC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ireland2007p9-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Ireland2007p9_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_D._Ireland2007" class="citation book cs1">John D. Ireland (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIllG8k-OmIC">Udana and the Itivuttaka: Two Classics from the Pali Canon</a>. Buddhist Publication Society. pp. 9, 81–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-24-0164-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-24-0164-0"><bdi>978-955-24-0164-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Udana+and+the+Itivuttaka%3A+Two+Classics+from+the+Pali+Canon&rft.pages=9%2C+81-84&rft.pub=Buddhist+Publication+Society&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-955-24-0164-0&rft.au=John+D.+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkIllG8k-OmIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths2007p46-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths2007p46_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_J._Griffiths2007" class="citation book cs1">Paul J. Griffiths (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7jRKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">An Apology for Apologetics: A Study in the Logic of Interreligious Dialogue</a>. Wipf and Stock. pp. 46–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55635-731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55635-731-2"><bdi>978-1-55635-731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Apology+for+Apologetics%3A+A+Study+in+the+Logic+of+Interreligious+Dialogue&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55635-731-2&rft.au=Paul+J.+Griffiths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7jRKAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Bruce_Goldstein2010" class="citation book cs1">E. Bruce Goldstein (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6M3NSNm6MlkC&pg=PA492">Encyclopedia of Perception</a>. SAGE Publications. p. 492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-4081-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-4081-8"><bdi>978-1-4129-4081-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Perception&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-4081-8&rft.au=E.+Bruce+Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6M3NSNm6MlkC%26pg%3DPA492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal198154–56-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal198154–56_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatilal1981">Matilal 1981</a>, pp. 54–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Dundas, Paul (2002) p. 228 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Jain, J. P. (2006) Verse no. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> T. W. Rhys Davids (1980) pp. 576 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Dundas, Paul (2004) p. 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Jain, J. C. (2001) p. 1487 </li> <li id="cite_note-McEvilley-p335-85"><a href="#cite_ref-McEvilley-p335_85-0">^</a> McEvilley, Thomas (2002) p. 335 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Dundas, Paul (2004) pp. 131–132 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, J. C. (2000). "Reviewed work(s): Jaina Theory of Multiple Facets of Reality and Truth (Anekāntavāda) by Nagin J. Shah". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 63 (3). London: Cambridge University Press: 435–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0041977x00008594">10.1017/s0041977x00008594</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1559507">1559507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161116916">161116916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=Reviewed+work%28s%29%3A+Jaina+Theory+of+Multiple+Facets+of+Reality+and+Truth+%28Anek%C4%81ntav%C4%81da%29+by+Nagin+J.+Shah&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=435-37&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161116916%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1559507%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0041977x00008594&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Koller2004" class="citation book cs1">John Koller (2004). Tara Sethia (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYdlKv8wBiYC">Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4"><bdi>978-81-208-2036-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahims%C4%81%2C+Anek%C4%81nta%2C+and+Jainism&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2036-4&rft.au=John+Koller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYdlKv8wBiYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000335–336,_338–339-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2000335–336,_338–339_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCort2000">Cort 2000</a>, pp. 335–336, 338–339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000336–337-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2000336–337_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2000336–337_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2000336–337_90-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCort2000">Cort 2000</a>, pp. 336–337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000340–341-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2000340–341_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCort2000">Cort 2000</a>, pp. 340–341. </li> <li id="cite_note-ShermaSharma2008-92"><a href="#cite_ref-ShermaSharma2008_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.D._Long2008" class="citation book cs1">J.D. Long (2008). Rita Sherma and Arvind Sharma (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x4eXRvwyvtMC">Hermeneutics and Hindu Thought: Toward a Fusion of Horizons</a>. Springer Science. pp. 193–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8192-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8192-7"><bdi>978-1-4020-8192-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hermeneutics+and+Hindu+Thought%3A+Toward+a+Fusion+of+Horizons&rft.pages=193-194&rft.pub=Springer+Science&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8192-7&rft.au=J.D.+Long&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx4eXRvwyvtMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2013169-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2013169_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLong2013">Long 2013</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-hay-94"><a href="#cite_ref-hay_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay1970" class="citation book cs1">Hay, Stephen N. (1970). "Jain Influences on Gandhi's Early Thought". In Sibnarayan Ray (ed.). Gandhi India and the World. Bombay: Nachiketa Publishers. pp. 14–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jain+Influences+on+Gandhi%27s+Early+Thought&rft.btitle=Gandhi+India+and+the+World&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pages=14-23&rft.pub=Nachiketa+Publishers&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Stephen+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnkoller-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnkoller_95-0">^</a> Koller, John (2004) pp. 85–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroud2014" class="citation journal cs1">Stroud, Scott R. (3 July 2014). "Anekāntavāda and Engaged Rhetorical Pluralism: Explicating Jaina Views on Perspectivism, Violence, and Rhetoric". Advances in the History of Rhetoric. 17 (2): 131–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15362426.2014.933721">10.1080/15362426.2014.933721</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1536-2426">1536-2426</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145165187">145165187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+the+History+of+Rhetoric&rft.atitle=Anek%C4%81ntav%C4%81da+and+Engaged+Rhetorical+Pluralism%3A+Explicating+Jaina+Views+on+Perspectivism%2C+Violence%2C+and+Rhetoric&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-156&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145165187%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1536-2426&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15362426.2014.933721&rft.aulast=Stroud&rft.aufirst=Scott+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_William_Jones2008-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_William_Jones2008_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames_William_Jones2008">James William Jones 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000324–347-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2000324–347_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2000324–347_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCort2000">Cort 2000</a>, pp. 324–347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000329–331-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2000329–331_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCort2000">Cort 2000</a>, pp. 329–331. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2000333–334-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2000333–334_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCort2000">Cort 2000</a>, pp. 333–334. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002162–163-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002162–163_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 162–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN.L._Jain2008" class="citation book cs1">N.L. Jain (2008). Colette Caillat and Nalini Balbir (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecKCrO6nLiAC">Jaina Studies</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 82–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3247-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3247-3"><bdi>978-81-208-3247-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina+Studies&rft.pages=82-84&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3247-3&rft.au=N.L.+Jain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DecKCrO6nLiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Bhagchandra Jain; The Rudiments Of Anekāntavāda In Early Pali Literature </li> <li id="cite_note-Jayatilleke_1963,_p_280-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jayatilleke_1963,_p_280_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayatilleke_1963,_p_280_104-1">b</a> Jayatilleke; Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Publisher: George Allen and Unwin, 1963, pp. 279-280. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Jayatilleke; Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Publisher: George Allen and Unwin, 1963, p. 280 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_King1995" class="citation book cs1">Richard King (3 August 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3ekXTZMZ_sC">Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism: The Mahayana Context of the Gaudapadiya-Karika</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 194–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0904-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0904-7"><bdi>978-1-4384-0904-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Advaita+Vedanta+and+Buddhism%3A+The+Mahayana+Context+of+the+Gaudapadiya-Karika&rft.pages=194-203&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1995-08-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-0904-7&rft.au=Richard+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl3ekXTZMZ_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 133, see Causal Models. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=133%2C+see+Causal+Models&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulius_Lipner1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Lipner" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Lipner">Julius Lipner</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HjR2xuu4L8EC">The Face of Truth: A Study of Meaning and Metaphysics in the Vedantic Theology of Ramanuja</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 82–89, 133–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-038-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-038-0"><bdi>978-0-88706-038-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Face+of+Truth%3A+A+Study+of+Meaning+and+Metaphysics+in+the+Vedantic+Theology+of+Ramanuja&rft.pages=82-89%2C+133-136&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-038-0&rft.au=Julius+Lipner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHjR2xuu4L8EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dundas192-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dundas192_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dundas192_109-1">b</a> Dundas, Paul (2002) p. 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Webb, Mark Owen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/j/jain.htm#H4">"The Jain Philosophy"</a>. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302171025/http://www.iep.utm.edu/j/jain.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jain+Philosophy&rft.btitle=The+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Mark+Owen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fj%2Fjain.htm%23H4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Pandya, V. (2001) p. 5210 </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter1991p145-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potter1991p145_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter1991p145_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter1991p145_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter1991p145_112-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter1991p145_112-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter1991p145_112-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter1991p145_112-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter1991p145_112-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_H._Potter1991" class="citation book cs1">Karl H. Potter (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presuppositionso0000pott">Presuppositions of India's Philosophies</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presuppositionso0000pott/page/145">145</a>–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0779-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0779-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0779-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presuppositions+of+India%27s+Philosophies&rft.pages=145-149&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0779-2&rft.au=Karl+H.+Potter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresuppositionso0000pott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal198157–58-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal198157–58_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal198157–58_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal198157–58_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal198157–58_113-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatilal1981">Matilal 1981</a>, pp. 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Nakamura, Hajime (1992) pp. 169–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotr_Balcerowicz2003" class="citation book cs1">Piotr Balcerowicz (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NcRpfZcIhLoC&pg=PA40">Essays in Jaina Philosophy and Religion</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 42–43 with footnotes 15 and 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1977-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1977-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1977-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Jaina+Philosophy+and+Religion&rft.pages=42-43+with+footnotes+15+and+16&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1977-1&rft.au=Piotr+Balcerowicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNcRpfZcIhLoC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988">, Quote: "This is the sense in which it is correct to say that the Jainas reject the "law of non-contradiction". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal198157-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal198157_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatilal1981">Matilal 1981</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandya2001-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPandya2001_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPandya2001">Pandya 2001</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalcerowicz2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Balcerowicz" title="Piotr Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz, Piotr</a> (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfOPCgAAQBAJ">Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism</a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-53853-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-53853-0"><bdi>978-1-317-53853-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Asceticism+in+India%3A+%C4%80j%C4%ABvikism+and+Jainism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-53853-0&rft.aulast=Balcerowicz&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnfOPCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcarya_Siddhasena_Divakara2004" class="citation book cs1">Acarya Siddhasena Divakara (2004). Bhadrankar Vijaya Gani (ed.). Vardhamana Dvatrimsika. Jaipur: Prakrit Bharti Academy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vardhamana+Dvatrimsika&rft.place=Jaipur&rft.pub=Prakrit+Bharti+Academy&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Acarya+Siddhasena+Divakara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhruva,_A._B.1933" class="citation book cs1">Dhruva, A. B., ed. (1933). Syadvadamanjari of Mallisena with the Anya-yoga-vyavaccheda-dvatrimsika of Hemacandra. Bombay: Sanskrit and Prakrit Series No. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syadvadamanjari+of+Mallisena+with+the+Anya-yoga-vyavaccheda-dvatrimsika+of+Hemacandra&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=Sanskrit+and+Prakrit+Series+No.+83&rft.date=1933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurch1964" class="citation journal cs1">Burch, George Bosworth (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210001152/http://secure.pdcnet.org/ipq">"Seven-Valued Logic in Jain Philosophy"</a>. International Philosophical Quarterly. IV (1). Bronx, NY: 68–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fipq19644140">10.5840/ipq19644140</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-0365">0019-0365</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://secure.pdcnet.org/ipq">the original</a> on 10 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Seven-Valued+Logic+in+Jain+Philosophy&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-93&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fipq19644140&rft.issn=0019-0365&rft.aulast=Burch&rft.aufirst=George+Bosworth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsecure.pdcnet.org%2Fipq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjea2001" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjea, Tara (2001). Knowledge and Freedom in <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0692-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-0692-9"><bdi>0-7391-0692-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge+and+Freedom+in+Indian+philosophy&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7391-0692-9&rft.aulast=Chatterjea&rft.aufirst=Tara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCort2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">Cort, John</a> (2000). "Intellectual Ahimsa revisited: Jain Tolerance and Intolerance of Others". Philosophy East and West. 50 (3). University of Hawai'i Press: 324–47. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1400177">1400177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Intellectual+Ahimsa+revisited%3A+Jain+Tolerance+and+Intolerance+of+Others&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=324-47&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1400177%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cort&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta1932" class="citation book cs1">Dasgupta, S. N. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.178811">History of Indian Philosophy</a>. Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Vol.+II&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=S.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.178811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuli_Chandra_Jain1997" class="citation book cs1">Duli Chandra Jain, ed. (1997). Studies in Jainism: Reader 2. New York: Jain Study Circle Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9626105-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9626105-2-6"><bdi>0-9626105-2-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Jainism%3A+Reader+2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Jain+Study+Circle+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-9626105-2-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundas2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Dundas, Paul</a> (2002) [1992], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ">The Jains</a> (Second ed.), <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26605-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26605-X"><bdi>0-415-26605-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-26605-X&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundas2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Dundas, Paul</a> (2006), Olivelle, Patrick (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC">Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977507-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977507-1"><bdi>978-0-19-977507-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+the+Empires+%3A+Society+in+India+300+BCE+to+400+CE&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977507-1&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefaOR_-YsIcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagendra_Kr._Singh2001" class="citation book cs1">Nagendra Kr. Singh, ed. (2001). Encyclopedia of Jainism (Edited by Nagendra Kr. Singh). New Delhi: Anmol Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-0691-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-261-0691-3"><bdi>81-261-0691-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jainism+%28Edited+by+Nagendra+Kr.+Singh%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-261-0691-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2001" class="citation book cs1">Jain, J. C. (2001). "Development of doctrine of Anekāntavāda". In Nagendra Kr. Singh (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jainism. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-0691-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-261-0691-3"><bdi>81-261-0691-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Development+of+doctrine+of+Anek%C4%81ntav%C4%81da&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jainism&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-261-0691-3&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandya2001" class="citation cs2">Pandya, V. (2001), "Refutation of Jaina Darsana by Sankaracarya", in Nagendra Kr. Singh (ed.), Encyclopedia of Jainism, New Delhi: Anmol Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-0691-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-261-0691-3"><bdi>81-261-0691-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Refutation+of+Jaina+Darsana+by+Sankaracarya&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jainism&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-261-0691-3&rft.aulast=Pandya&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpadhyaye2001" class="citation book cs1">Upadhyaye, A. N. (2001). "<a href="/wiki/Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Syādvāda">Syādvāda</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardhamagadhi">Ardhamagadhi</a> Canon". In Nagendra Kr. Singh (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jainism. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-0691-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-261-0691-3"><bdi>81-261-0691-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da+in+the+Ardhamagadhi+Canon&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jainism&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-261-0691-3&rft.aulast=Upadhyaye&rft.aufirst=A.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Gandhi, Mohandas</a> (1955). Jitendra Thakorbhai Desai, (comp.) R.K. Prabhu (ed.). Truth Is God: Gleanings from the Writings of Mahatma Gandhi Bearing on God, God-Realization and the Godly Way. Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+Is+God%3A+Gleanings+from+the+Writings+of+Mahatma+Gandhi+Bearing+on+God%2C+God-Realization+and+the+Godly+Way&rft.place=Ahmedabad&rft.pub=Navajivan+Publishing+House&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Mohandas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes1996" class="citation book cs1">Grimes, John (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. New York: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3068-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3068-5"><bdi>0-7914-3068-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Indian+Philosophy%3A+Sanskrit+Terms+Defined+in+English&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7914-3068-5&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1969" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, Christmas (1969). The Buddhist Way of Life. London: Unwin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Way+of+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Unwin+Books&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Christmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiriyanna1993" class="citation cs2">Hiriyanna, M. (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9xGyRAjftrwC">Outlines of Indian Philosophy</a>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1086-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1086-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1086-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1086-0&rft.aulast=Hiriyanna&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9xGyRAjftrwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Jaini, Padmanabh S.</a> (1998) [1979], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C">The Jaina Path of Purification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1578-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1578-5"><bdi>81-208-1578-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jaina+Path+of+Purification&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=81-208-1578-5&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwE6v6ahxHi8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_William_Jones2008" class="citation cs2">Jones, James William (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0RYbdOui4gkC">Blood That Cries Out From the Earth : The Psychology of Religious Terrorism: The Psychology of Religious Terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804431-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804431-4"><bdi>978-0-19-804431-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+That+Cries+Out+From+the+Earth+%3A+The+Psychology+of+Religious+Terrorism%3A+The+Psychology+of+Religious+Terrorism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804431-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=James+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0RYbdOui4gkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Jacobi, Hermann</a> (1884). <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">F. Max Müller</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2200.htm">The Ācāranga Sūtra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East" title="Sacred Books of the East">Sacred Books of the East vol.22, Part 1</a>. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1538-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1538-X"><bdi>0-7007-1538-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C4%80c%C4%81ranga+S%C5%ABtra&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Sacred+Books+of+the+East+vol.22%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1884&rft.isbn=0-7007-1538-X&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fjai%2Fsbe22%2Fsbe2200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> Note: ISBN refers to the UK:Routledge (2001) reprint. URL is the scan version of the original 1884 reprint.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi1895" class="citation book cs1">Jacobi, Hermann (1895). <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">F. Max Müller</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/index.htm">The Sūtrakritanga</a>. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1538-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1538-X"><bdi>0-7007-1538-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+S%C5%ABtrakritanga&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1895&rft.isbn=0-7007-1538-X&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fjai%2Fsbe45%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> Note:ISBN refers to the UK:Routledge (2001) reprint. URL is the scan version of the original 1895 reprint.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijay_K_Jain2016" class="citation cs2">Jain, Vijay K (1 January 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gcFPCwAAQBAJ">Ācārya Samantabhadra's Aptamimamsa (Devāgamastotra)</a>, Vikalpa Printers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788190363983" title="Special:BookSources/9788190363983"><bdi>9788190363983</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%80c%C4%81rya+Samantabhadra%27s+Aptamimamsa+%28Dev%C4%81gamastotra%29&rft.pub=Vikalpa+Printers&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.isbn=9788190363983&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Vijay+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgcFPCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jain, J. P. (2006). The Art and Science of Self Realisation: Purusathasiddhiupaya of Ācārya Amrtacandra (in Sanskrit and English). Delhi: Radiant Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Science+of+Self+Realisation%3A+Purusathasiddhiupaya+of+%C4%80c%C4%81rya+Amrtacandra&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Radiant+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoller2000" class="citation journal cs1">Koller, John M. (2000). "Syādvadā as the Epistemological Key to the Jaina Middle Way Metaphysics of Anekāntavāda". Philosophy East and West. 50 (3). Honolulu: 628–630. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2000.0009">10.1353/pew.2000.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8221">0031-8221</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1400182">1400182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170240551">170240551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Sy%C4%81dvad%C4%81+as+the+Epistemological+Key+to+the+Jaina+Middle+Way+Metaphysics+of+Anek%C4%81ntav%C4%81da&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=628-630&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0031-8221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170240551%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1400182%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2000.0009&rft.aulast=Koller&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Long, Jeffery D.</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajAEBAAAQBAJ">Jainism: An Introduction</a>, I. B. Tauris, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8577-3656-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8577-3656-7"><bdi>978-0-8577-3656-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8577-3656-7&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajAEBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Long, Jeffery D.</a> (2013), Jainism: An Introduction, I. B. Tauris, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8577-1392-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8577-1392-6"><bdi>978-0-8577-1392-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8577-1392-6&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatilal1990" class="citation cs2">Matilal, Bimal Krishna (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8SLH7ogB9oC">Logic, Language and Reality: Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Issues</a>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0717-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0717-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0717-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logic%2C+Language+and+Reality%3A+Indian+Philosophy+and+Contemporary+Issues&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0717-4&rft.aulast=Matilal&rft.aufirst=Bimal+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV8SLH7ogB9oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatilal1998" class="citation cs2">Matilal, Bimal Krishna (1998), Ganeri, Jonardon; Tiwari, Heeraman (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NzZRu12ngLAC">The Character of Logic in India</a>, State University of New York Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3739-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3739-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-3739-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Character+of+Logic+in+India&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3739-1&rft.aulast=Matilal&rft.aufirst=Bimal+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzZRu12ngLAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajmudar2005" class="citation book cs1">Majmudar, Uma (2005). Gandhi's Pilgrimage of Faith: From Darkness to Light. New York: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-6405-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-6405-9"><bdi>0-7914-6405-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+Pilgrimage+of+Faith%3A+From+Darkness+to+Light&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7914-6405-9&rft.aulast=Majmudar&rft.aufirst=Uma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatilal1981" class="citation cs2">Matilal, B. K. (1981), The Central Philosophy of Jainism (Anekāntavāda), L.D. Series 79, Ahmedabad</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Central+Philosophy+of+Jainism+%28Anek%C4%81ntav%C4%81da%29&rft.series=L.D.+Series+79&rft.pub=Ahmedabad&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Matilal&rft.aufirst=B.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvilley2002" class="citation book cs1">McEvilley, Thomas (2002). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. New York: Allworth Communications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58115-203-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58115-203-5"><bdi>1-58115-203-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+Ancient+Thought%3A+Comparative+Studies+in+Greek+and+Indian+Philosophies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Allworth+Communications%2C+Inc&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58115-203-5&rft.aulast=McEvilley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura1992" class="citation book cs1">Nakamura, Hajim (1992). Comparative History of Ideas. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1004-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1004-X"><bdi>81-208-1004-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+History+of+Ideas&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Pub&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=81-208-1004-X&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Hajim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSethia2004" class="citation cs2">Sethia, Tara (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYdlKv8wBiYC">Ahiṃsā, Anekānta and Jainism</a>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4"><bdi>978-81-208-2036-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahi%E1%B9%83s%C4%81%2C+Anek%C4%81nta+and+Jainism&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2036-4&rft.aulast=Sethia&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYdlKv8wBiYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharitrapragya2004" class="citation book cs1">Charitrapragya, Samani (2004). "Mahāvira, Anekāntavāda and the World Today". In Tara Sethia (ed.). Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jaininsm. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 75–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-2036-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-2036-3"><bdi>81-208-2036-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mah%C4%81vira%2C+Anek%C4%81ntav%C4%81da+and+the+World+Today&rft.btitle=Ahims%C4%81%2C+Anek%C4%81nta%2C+and+Jaininsm&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=75-89&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-208-2036-3&rft.aulast=Charitrapragya&rft.aufirst=Samani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2004" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Kamla (2004). "Anekāntavāda in present day social life". In Tara Sethia (ed.). Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jaininsm. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 113–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-2036-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-2036-3"><bdi>81-208-2036-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anek%C4%81ntav%C4%81da+in+present+day+social+life&rft.btitle=Ahims%C4%81%2C+Anek%C4%81nta%2C+and+Jaininsm&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=113-122&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-208-2036-3&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Kamla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallely2004" class="citation book cs1">Vallely, Anne (2004). "Anekānta, Ahiṃsā and question of Pluralism". In Tara Sethia (ed.). Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jaininsm. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 99–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-2036-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-2036-3"><bdi>81-208-2036-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anek%C4%81nta%2C+%3Cspan+title%3D%22International+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22sa-Latn%22%3EAhi%E1%B9%83s%C4%81%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+and+question+of+Pluralism&rft.btitle=Ahims%C4%81%2C+Anek%C4%81nta%2C+and+Jaininsm&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=99-112&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-208-2036-3&rft.aulast=Vallely&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangave2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Vilas_Adinath_Sangave" title="Vilas Adinath Sangave">Sangave, Vilas Adinath</a> (2006) [1990], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8UhvGRoyAqMC">Aspects of Jaina religion</a> (5 ed.), <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jnanpith" title="Bharatiya Jnanpith">Bharatiya Jnanpith</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-263-1273-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-263-1273-4"><bdi>81-263-1273-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Jaina+religion&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Jnanpith&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=81-263-1273-4&rft.aulast=Sangave&rft.aufirst=Vilas+Adinath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8UhvGRoyAqMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2018" class="citation cs2">Schwartz, Wm. Andrew (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0jSYuAEACAAJ">The Metaphysics of Paradox: Jainism, Absolute Relativity, and Religious Pluralism</a>, Lexington Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498563925" title="Special:BookSources/9781498563925"><bdi>9781498563925</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metaphysics+of+Paradox%3A+Jainism%2C+Absolute+Relativity%2C+and+Religious+Pluralism&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781498563925&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Wm.+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0jSYuAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah1998" class="citation book cs1">Shah, Natubhai (1998). Jainism: The World of Conquerors. Volume I and II. Sussex: Sussex Academy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898723-30-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-898723-30-3"><bdi>1-898723-30-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+The+World+of+Conquerors&rft.place=Sussex&rft.series=Volume+I+and+II&rft.pub=Sussex+Academy+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-898723-30-3&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Natubhai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2001" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Arvind (2001). Jaina Perspective on the Philosophy of Religion. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1760-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1760-5"><bdi>81-208-1760-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina+Perspective+on+the+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-208-1760-5&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Arvind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonnleitner1985" class="citation book cs1">Sonnleitner, Michael W (1985). Gandhian Nonviolence: Levels of Satyagraha. India: Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-205-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-205-5"><bdi>81-7017-205-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhian+Nonviolence%3A+Levels+of+Satyagraha&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=81-7017-205-5&rft.aulast=Sonnleitner&rft.aufirst=Michael+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._W._Rhys_Davids1980" class="citation book cs1">T. W. Rhys Davids (1980). Sacred books of the East. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0101-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0101-6"><bdi>81-208-0101-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+books+of+the+East&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarasidass&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=81-208-0101-6&rft.au=T.+W.+Rhys+Davids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Webb, Mark Owen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/j/jain.htm#H4">"The Jain Philosophy"</a>. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302171025/http://www.iep.utm.edu/j/jain.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jain+Philosophy&rft.btitle=The+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Mark+Owen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fj%2Fjain.htm%23H4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiley2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriti_L._Wiley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriti L. Wiley (page does not exist)">Wiley, Kristi L.</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIhCCwAAQBAJ">The A to Z of Jainism</a>, vol. 38, Scarecrow, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6337-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-6337-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Jainism&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6337-8&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Kristi+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcIhCCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiley2004" class="citation book cs1">Wiley, Kristi L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QCT-CQAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of Jainism</a>. Scarecrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6558-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6558-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-6558-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Jainism&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6558-7&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Kristi+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQCT-CQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnekantavada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/a-history-of-indian-philosophy-volume-1/d/doc209767.html">The Doctrine of Relative Pluralism (anekāntavāda)</a>, Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/workshop/Anekantvad.PDF#search=%22anekantvada%22">Pravin K. Shah on Anekantvada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051123035659/http://www.jainworld.com/jainbooks/firstep-2/indianjaina-1-1.htm">The Indian-Jaina Dialectic of Syadvada in Relation to Probability</a> by <a href="/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">P. C. Mahalanobis</a>, Dialectica 8, 1954, 95–111.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616063433/http://www.jainworld.com/jainbooks/firstep-2/sspredication.htm">The Syadvada System of Predication</a> by <a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J. B. S. Haldane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sankhya_(journal)" title="Sankhya (journal)">Sankhya</a> 18, 195–200, 1957.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pluralism.org/resources/tradition/essays/jain2.php">Anekantvada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517002152/http://pluralism.org/resources/tradition/essays/jain2.php">Archived</a> 17 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102080905/http://www.pluralism.org/index.php">The Pluralism Project</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Syādvāda">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_(Hindu_thought)" title="Dhi (Hindu thought)">Dhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekagrata" title="Ekagrata">Ekagrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitā (page does not exist)">Hitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idam" title="Idam">Idam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikshana" title="Ikshana">Ikshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvaratva" title="Ishvaratva">Ishvaratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatva" title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshetrajna" title="Kshetrajna">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_(Hinduism)" title="Paramananda (Hinduism)">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshashakti" title="Parameshashakti">Parameshashakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinama-vada_(Hindu_thought)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinama-vada (Hindu thought)">Parinama-vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhana" title="Pradhana">Pradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna (Vedic)">Prajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibimbavada" title="Pratibimbavada">Pratibimbavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rājamaṇḍala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">Sakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda_Brahman" title="Shabda Brahman">Shabda Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spho%E1%B9%ADa" title="Sphoṭa">Sphoṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiti" title="Sthiti">Sthiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutram" title="Sutram">Sutram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svātantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecchamrityu_(Iccha-mrityu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Svecchamrityu (Iccha-mrityu)">Iccha-mrityu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Syādvāda">Syādvāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taijasa" title="Taijasa">Taijasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajjalan" title="Tajjalan">Tajjalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Tanmatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty%C4%81ga" title="Tyāga">Tyāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upekkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Upekkha">Upekkhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsaha">Utsaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivartavada" title="Vivartavada">Vivartavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Viraj">Viraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Hindu philosophical concepts">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px_Jainism_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F5DEB3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism_topics" title="Template:Jainism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism_topics" title="Template talk:Jainism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px_Jainism_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:In-jain-o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/In-jain-o.svg/20px-In-jain-o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/In-jain-o.svg/30px-In-jain-o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/In-jain-o.svg/40px-In-jain-o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="217" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Vows" title="Five Vows">Five Vows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_epistemology" title="Jain epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jñāna</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jaina logic <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anekāntavāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddhashila" title="Siddhashila">Siddhashila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)" title="Deva (Jainism)">Heavenly beings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Karma_(Jainism)" title="Types of Karma (Jainism)">Types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_karma_in_Jainism" title="Causes of karma in Jainism">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajiva" title="Ajiva">Ajiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudgala" title="Pudgala">Pudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">Asrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)" title="Bandha (Jainism)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvara" title="Samvara">Samvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjara" title="Nirjara">Nirjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Jainism" title="Death in Jainism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnatraya" title="Ratnatraya">Ratnatraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_(Jainism)" title="Kashaya (Jainism)">Kashaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mula_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Sangha">Mula Sangha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balatkara_Gana" title="Balatkara Gana">Balatkara Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtha_Sangha" title="Kashtha Sangha">Kashtha Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_Panth" title="Taran Panth">Taran Panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bispanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bispanthi">Bispanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_Terapanth" title="Digambara Terapanth">Terapanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yapaniya">Yapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanji Panth">Kanji Panth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murtipujaka" title="Murtipujaka">Murtipujaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaccha" title="Gaccha">Gaccha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharatara_Gaccha" title="Kharatara Gaccha">Kharatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristutik_Gaccha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristutik Gaccha">Tristutik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sth%C4%81nakav%C4%81s%C4%AB" title="Sthānakavāsī">Sthānakavāsī</a></li> <li>Terapanth</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_rituals" title="Jain rituals">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_festivals" title="Jain festivals">Festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshamavani" title="Kshamavani">Kshamavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamastakabhisheka" title="Mahamastakabhisheka">Mahamastakabhisheka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadhan" title="Upadhan">Upadhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">Pratikramana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Scriptures">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkhandagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkhandagama">Shatkhandagama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasayapahuda" title="Kasayapahuda">Kasayapahuda</a></li> <li>Mantra <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptamimamsa" title="Aptamimamsa">Aptamimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhachakra" title="Siddhachakra">Siddhachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandavarta" title="Nandavarta">Nandavarta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_dreams_in_Jainism" title="Auspicious dreams in Jainism">Auspicious dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Ascetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_monk" title="Digambara monk">Digambara monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryika" title="Aryika">Aryika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshullak" title="Kshullak">Kshullak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattavali" title="Pattavali">Pattavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">Acharya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Balbir" title="Nalini Balbir">Nalini Balbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Caillat" title="Colette Caillat">Colette Caillat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandabai" title="Chandabai">Chandabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John E. Cort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Hermann Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampan%C4%81" title="Hampanā">Hampa Nagarajaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Patil" title="Bal Patil">Bal Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinendra_Varni" title="Jinendra Varni">Jinendra Varni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_communities" title="Jain communities">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">Śrāvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarak" title="Sarak">Sarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil</a></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambar_Jain_Mahasabha" title="Digambar Jain Mahasabha">Digambar Jain Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Jain_Sangathan" title="Vishwa Jain Sangathan">Vishwa Jain Sangathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAINA" title="JAINA">JAINA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Bundelkhand" title="Jainism in Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Delhi" title="Jainism in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Goa" title="Jainism in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Gujarat" title="Jainism in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Haryana" title="Jainism in Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Karnataka" title="Jainism in Karnataka">Karnataka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_North_Karnataka" title="Jainism in North Karnataka">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Mumbai" title="Jainism in Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Rajasthan" title="Jainism in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Jainism in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jainism in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Overseas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Africa" title="Jainism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Australia" title="Jainism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Belgium" title="Jainism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Canada" title="Jainism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Europe" title="Jainism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Jainism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Japan" title="Jainism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Pakistan" title="Jainism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Singapore" title="Jainism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Jainism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Non-creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Dynasties and empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santara_dynasty" title="Santara dynasty">Santara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1ca-Parame%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhi" title="Pañca-Parameṣṭhi">Pañca-Parameṣṭhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratima_(Jainism)" title="Pratima (Jainism)">Pratima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">Śalākāpuruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavasarana" title="Samavasarana">Samavasarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka" title="Panch Kalyanaka">Panch Kalyanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ahimsa" title="Statue of Ahimsa">Statue of Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_stupa" title="Jain stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigoda" title="Nigoda">Nigoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_terms_and_concepts" title="Jain terms and concepts">Jain terms and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differences_in_Jainism" title="Sexual differences in Jainism">Sexual differences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">List of Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_temples" title="List of Jain temples">List of Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_monks" title="List of Jain monks">List of Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Digambar_Jain_ascetics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Digambar Jain ascetics">List of Digambar Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics List (index)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Navboxes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gods" title="Template:Jain Gods">Gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Agamas" title="Template:Jain Agamas">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gurus" title="Template:Jain Gurus">Monks & nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Jain_writers" title="Template:Modern Jain writers">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_temples" title="Template:Jain temples">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_temples_in_North_America" title="Template:Jain temples in North America">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_centres_in_West_Bengal" title="Template:Jain centres in West Bengal">Bengal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F5DEB3;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&oldid=1258191293#Sy.C4.81dv.C4.81da">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&oldid=1258191293#Sy.C4.81dv.C4.81da</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jain_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Jain philosophical concepts">Jain philosophical concepts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_pluralism" title="Category:Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Relativism" title="Category:Relativism">Relativism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2015" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2015">Use dmy dates from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_December_2015" title="Category:Use Indian English from December 2015">Use Indian English from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tamil-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tamil-language text">Articles containing Tamil-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Sanskrit-language_sources_(sa)" title="Category:CS1 Sanskrit-language sources (sa)">CS1 Sanskrit-language sources (sa)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 16:53 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile#Sy.C4.81dv.C4.81da" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-w98px","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.485","walltime":"1.689","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10439,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":254658,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13530,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":314920,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1433.914 1 -total"," 23.86% 342.062 57 Template:Cite_book"," 22.67% 325.138 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.31% 262.517 76 Template:Sfn"," 8.74% 125.257 1 Template:Jainism"," 8.58% 123.090 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.72% 110.764 10 Template:IAST"," 7.54% 108.149 10 Template:Transliteration"," 6.43% 92.246 17 Template:Citation"," 5.65% 80.982 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.937","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22200083,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAcarya_Siddhasena_Divakara2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_R._Murphy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalcerowicz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurch1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC.R._SnyderCarol_E._Ford2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharitrapragya2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjea2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCort2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasgupta1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhruva,_A._B.1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuli_Chandra_Jain1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundas2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._Bruce_Goldstein2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH_Jacobi1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHay1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiriyanna1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreys1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuntington\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ.D._Long2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobi1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobi1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaini1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_William_Jones2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_D._Ireland2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Koller2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulius_Lipner1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarl_H._Potter1991\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFKoller2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoller2004\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLong2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajmudar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatilal1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatilal1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatilal1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcEvilley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN.L._Jain2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagendra_Kr._Singh2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakamura1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas_F._Gier2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandya2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Dundas2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_J._Griffiths2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_C._Almond1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiotr_Balcerowicz2003\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_King1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabine_Scholz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSangave2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSethia2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSonnleitner1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStroud2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._W._Rhys_Davids1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpadhyaye2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVallely2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVijay_K_Jain2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_Benesch1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_Slaje2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWiley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2000\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 57,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"IAST\"] = 9,\n [\"Indian philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"Jainism\"] = 1,\n [\"Jainism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 6,\n [\"Quote\"] = 6,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 76,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 3,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5jk64","timestamp":"20241122144902","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Anekantavada","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anekantavada#Sy.C4.81dv.C4.81da","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1745997","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1745997","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-10-22T23:22:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T16:53:24Z","headline":"Many-sidedness doctrine of Jainism"}</script> </body> </html>