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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Maya+death+rituals%22">"Maya death rituals"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Maya+death+rituals%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Maya+death+rituals%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Maya+death+rituals%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Maya+death+rituals%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Maya+death+rituals%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Maya mythology</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maize_God_and_Itzamn%C3%A1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Maya deities"><img alt="Maya deities" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Maize_God_and_Itzamn%C3%A1.JPG/150px-Maize_God_and_Itzamn%C3%A1.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Maize_God_and_Itzamn%C3%A1.JPG/225px-Maize_God_and_Itzamn%C3%A1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Maize_God_and_Itzamn%C3%A1.JPG/300px-Maize_God_and_Itzamn%C3%A1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="254" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-style:italic">Maize god and <a href="/wiki/Itzamna" title="Itzamna">Itzamna</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color: #FFFFF; background: #50C578"> Practices</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloodletting_in_Mesoamerica" title="Bloodletting in Mesoamerica">Bloodletting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Death rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_dedication_rituals" title="Maya dedication rituals">Dedication rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_pilgrimage" title="Maya pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_priesthood" title="Maya priesthood">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Sacrifice in Maya culture">Sacrifice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Maya culture">Humans</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color: #FFFFF; background: #50C578"> Places</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_cave_sites" title="Maya cave sites">Cave sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleworld" title="Middleworld">Middleworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibalba" title="Xibalba">Xibalba</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color: #FFFFF; background: #50C578"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Maya gods and supernatural beings">Deities and beings</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_death_gods" title="Maya death gods">Death gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_jaguar_gods" title="Maya jaguar gods">Jaguar gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_(Maya_mythology)" title="Mam (Maya mythology)">Mams</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acat_(deity)" title="Acat (deity)">Acat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ah_Peku" title="Ah Peku">Ah Peku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ah-Muzen-Cab" title="Ah-Muzen-Cab">Ah-Muzen-Cab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awilix" title="Awilix">Awilix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacab" title="Bacab">Bacab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaguil" title="Cabaguil">Cabaguil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camazotz" title="Camazotz">Camazotz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaac" title="Chaac">Chaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_(deity)" title="Chin (deity)">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cizin" title="Cizin">Cizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirakan-Ixmucane" title="Chirakan-Ixmucane">Chirakan-Ixmucane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ek_Chuaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ek Chuaj">Ek Chuaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_I" title="Goddess I">Goddess I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_L" title="God L">God L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Hero_Twins" title="Maya Hero Twins">Hero Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howler_monkey_gods" title="Howler monkey gods">Howler monkey gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huay_Chivo" title="Huay Chivo">Huay Chivo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun_Hunahpu" title="Hun Hunahpu">Hun Hunahpu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huracan" title="Huracan">Huracan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzamna" title="Itzamna">Itzamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixchel" title="Ixchel">Ixchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixpiyacoc" title="Ixpiyacoc">Ixpiyacoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtab" title="Ixtab">Ixtab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27awiil" class="mw-redirect" title="K'awiil">K'awiil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinich_Ahau" title="Kinich Ahau">Kinich Ahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukulkan" title="Kukulkan">Kukulkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_maize_god" title="Maya maize god">Maize god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%C3%B3n" title="Maximón">Maximón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_moon_goddess" title="Maya moon goddess">Moon goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagual" title="Nagual">Nagual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzacol" title="Tzacol">Tzacol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%27uq%27umatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Q'uq'umatz">Q'uq'umatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Serpent" title="Vision Serpent">Vision Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltan" title="Voltan">Voltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vucub_Caquix" title="Vucub Caquix">Vucub Caquix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayob" title="Wayob">Wayob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbaquiyalo" title="Xbaquiyalo">Xbaquiyalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmucane_and_Xpiacoc" title="Xmucane and Xpiacoc">Xmucane and Xpiacoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmulzencab" title="Xmulzencab">Xmulzencab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xquic" title="Xquic">Xquic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xtabay" title="Xtabay">Xtabay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yopaat" title="Yopaat">Yopaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yum_Kaax" title="Yum Kaax">Yum Kaax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipacna" title="Zipacna">Zipacna</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color: #FFFFF; background: #50C578"> Texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Cakchiquels" title="Annals of the Cakchiquels">Annals of the Cakchiquels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_of_the_Bacabs" title="Ritual of the Bacabs">Ritual of the Bacabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADtulo_C%27oyoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Título C'oyoi">Título C'oyoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADtulo_de_Totonicap%C3%A1n" title="Título de Totonicapán">Título de Totonicapán</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maya_religion" title="Template:Maya religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Maya_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Maya religion (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maya_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maya religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Death rituals</b> were an important part of <a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya religion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> greatly respected <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>; they were taught to fear it and grieved deeply for the deceased. They also believed that certain deaths were more noble than others. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_death_rituals&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> were <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritualistic</a> people, who paid great respect to the destructive nature of their <a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Maya gods and supernatural beings">gods</a>. They had many traditions to commemorate the recently deceased and worship long-departed ancestors. </p><p>People who died by <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Maya culture">sacrifice</a>, complications of <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>, perish in the ball game,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in battle were thought to be transported directly into <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>. The reason a violent death led to one souls being able to immediately enter the Maya heaven is because the gods are thankful for their sacrifice to them. People who were to eventually become sacrifices were paraded in litters by citizens before their death.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish influence</a>, there may not have been a common idea of the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>. The Yucatec Maya believed that there were different routes after death. A pot from a Pacal tomb depicts ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Maya_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya rulers">Maya kings</a> sprouting through the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a> like fruit trees and together creating an orchard. The Maya had several forms of ancestor worship. They built <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">idols</a> containing ashes of the dead and brought them food on <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festival</a> days. Alternatively, a <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> could be built over an <a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urn</a>. In those that were sacrificed, the most common way was cutting the abdomen, and taking out the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customs">Customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_death_rituals&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Maya dead were laid to rest with <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> placed in their mouth. Maize, highly important in Maya culture, is a symbol of rebirth and also was food for the dead for the journey to the <a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">otherworld</a>. Similarly, a <a href="/wiki/Jade_use_in_Mesoamerica" title="Jade use in Mesoamerica">jade</a> or stone bead placed in the mouth served as currency for this journey. Due to its green color resembling that of corn stalks, burying the deceased with jade was believed to allow them to follow the path of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_maize_god" title="Maya maize god">Maize God</a>, eventually leading to their rebirth.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of wrapping royalty was meant to localize their remains to a finite space. Mortuary bundles would be overlapped with depictions of deity bundles and covered in cinnabar signified rebirth. Marine artifacts in a tomb were meant to create a sense that the body has been set within a cave or upon the underworld. Bloodletting artifacts can be found amongst the dead at the Caracol site. A corpse being buried with these artifacts was to praise God A’. Most royalty were buried along with headdress, bracelets, and necklaces. Once a tomb was closed, burning took place on top of it to signify the soul leaving the royal body and transforming into an ancestral state. The human remains in a temple were believed to have had power to animate buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often, whistles carved from rocks into the shapes of gods or animals were included in the grave offerings to help the deceased find their way to <a href="/wiki/Xibalba" title="Xibalba">Xibalba</a>. When a typical Maya citizen died their family and close friends would begin fasting and procuring goods. To which then they would hold an all-night vigil around the corpse and burn incense calling on their ancestors to watch over the new soul in its journey in the underworld. The elders would then wash and clothe the corpse; being buried naked was an insult in Maya culture. Being buried naked meant you were usually a foreign captive. The elders then would carry the corpse to the church. Elders could only handle the corpse rather than the family because there was fear of impotent taken into death by the soul. On the way to the church the chuchjaw would beat the ground so the soul would not linger on Earth. Once at the church, elders would spin the corpse several times so the soul would lose track from its home. Once the corpse was buried the family would hold a feast and abandon the person's house who has passed. The houses of the dead become abandoned because it was believed that nine days after a successful journey through the underworld by the soul it would return to its home and sleep for nine days. It is during this nine-day period that the Maya believed they could die by the soul who has returned home.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maya associated the color red with death and rebirth and often covered graves and <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeletal</a> remains with <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>. The bodies of the dead were wrapped in <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> mantles before being buried. Burial sites were oriented to provide access to the otherworld. Graves faced north or west, in the directions of the Maya heavens, and others were located in caves, entrances to the underworld. </p><p>Burial practices of the Maya changed over the course of time. In the late <a href="/wiki/Preclassic_Maya" title="Preclassic Maya">Preclassic period</a>, people were buried in a flexed position, later the dead were laid to rest in an extended position. In the late <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Classic period</a>, the elite constructed vaulted tombs, and some rulers ordered the construction of large burial complexes. In the <a href="/wiki/Postclassic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Postclassic period">Postclassic period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> became more common. Other burial practices included bodily humanation with structures, structures directly overhead of the burial site, preferred single interments over multiple interments, the removal of skulls with a bowl or shell over or under the skull, specific skeletal position, prevailing head orientations, jade mosaic masks, and shell figurines. In Maya culture the dead would be steeled like the Hero Twins to have a better chance in their journey.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Maya are mostly found in Dangriga so called "Downsouth" in the southern of Belize country well known called a unique county by the Belizean because Belize is in both Central America and part of the Caribbean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs_about_the_afterlife">Beliefs about the afterlife</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_death_rituals&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beliefs about the afterlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:AhPuch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/AhPuch.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="281" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Maya death god in the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a> tables of the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Dresden Codex</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a> believe that the soul is bound to the body at birth. Only death or sickness can part the body and soul, with death being the permanent parting. To them, there is an afterlife that the soul reaches after death.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that, deceased ancestors can still contact their descendants, answering advice when they are asked. This contact can be used at certain times in the season, or when certain family matters pertain to the ancestors. Understanding the perception of what the deceased do in their afterlife can give ideas towards what rituals need to be performed and what types of items one must be buried with in order to successfully navigate the afterlife. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_death_rituals&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reincarnation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aspect of reincarnation is one strongly mentioned in Maya beliefs and religion. The <i><a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a></i> gives importance to the Maize deity, and how the Maya people themselves descended from maize people created by this god. In the <i>Popol Vuh</i> that the <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a> Maya wrote, one of the few surviving <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codices</a>, it tells the story of the reincarnation of the Maize god. In the tale, the maize god retreats to the underworld and with two hero twins battling the monsters and lords of the place, makes way back to the earthen world. He is reborn again, dies, and on and on the cycle continues. In this aspect, it is believed by the Maya that the Earth itself is a living being. As they came from corn, consuming corn or having sex then brings one closer to the earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideas_about_the_afterlife">Ideas about the afterlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_death_rituals&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ideas about the afterlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of the afterlife, or <a href="/wiki/Xibalba" title="Xibalba">Xibalba</a>, differs between the Maya ethnic groups. Many have a generalized belief of all souls going to the afterlife, being reincarnated or having another role to participate in after death, but these ideas change dramatically with the rise of Christianity. With that came the idea of Xibalba being a location of punishment. The longer one spent in Xibalba, the worse a life they led while living. With this belief, heaven became a paradise for many to strive for. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_of_Tabasco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chontal of Tabasco (page does not exist)">Chontal of Tabasco</a> are an example of this.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_death_rituals&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To the <a href="/wiki/Awakatek_people" title="Awakatek people">Awakateko</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chuj_people" title="Chuj people">Chuj</a>, the ancestors remain in contact and have the ability to affect the affairs of the living even in death. The Awakateko believed that the afterlife is a place where all ancestors remain, and that there is nowhere to pass on to.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But to the Chuj, any contracts made with the dead are binding. If one does not follow these contracts, the ancestor can plague the one bound to the contract with illness or misfortune. To Them, they can contact their ancestors at altars, caves, or places connected to Maya societies. The association of caves to the underworld is one intertwined with the older Maya civilization and is an aspect continued by the Chuj people.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are other ethnic groups that believe ritual items are needed in order to make the journey into the afterlife. The <a href="/wiki/Lacandon_people" title="Lacandon people">Lakandon</a> bury their people facing the sun, and wrapped in a tunic and hammock.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Qʼeqchiʼ people">Qʼeqchiʼ</a> bury their dead in a straw sleeping mat, with a hat, sandals and a net provided to help in the journey to the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In others it was believed a dog was needed to help make the journey through the afterlife. Often a dog was ritually sacrificed, or an effigy buried along with the deceased in order to complete this task.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, the goods buried with the person were what the tribe believed was needed to complete one's cross into the next, whether it be the afterlife, heaven or reincarnation. </p><p>Other ethnic groups believed that the spirits of the dead still had tasks to complete in the afterlife. The <a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a>, before fully accepting Christian values thought that the dead lived within volcanoes and other places.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the <a href="/wiki/Tz%CA%BCutujil_people" title="Tzʼutujil people">Tzʼutujil</a>, souls of the dead might be reincarnated or go to assist in moving the sun across the sky. The Tzʼutujil in Santiago feared that souls of drowning victims inhabited the bottom of Lake Atitlan.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this difference in the idea of what one's ancestor does in death, came a change in how and what they were buried with. Those who still had a journey or a task may need more or less items, and it depended on how those of the tribe believed on what occurred after death. </p><p>But many ethnic groups also observed a celebration of their deceased ancestors later on. The <a href="/wiki/Poqomam_people" title="Poqomam people">Poqomam</a> gather after death and hold a feast that may last for nine days. Then they pray for that deceased person every day of the dead for the next seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tzotzil_of_Chamula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tzotzil of Chamula (page does not exist)">Tzotzil of Chamula</a> also have a similar holiday for celebrating the dead, though theirs occurs every year. Their belief is that souls return to visit and partake of food once a year, in a celebration called Kʼin Santo. The family members must perform a ritual to the deities to ask release of the souls of their dead relatives and to allow them entrance into the house.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tombs">Tombs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_death_rituals&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tombs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been many archaeological discoveries of lavish tombs within ceremonial complexes from the Classic period. However, only a <a href="/wiki/Maya_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya city">Maya city</a>'s most important ruler was buried in this way. These aristocrats were placed in tombs at the bottoms of funerary <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_pyramids" title="Mesoamerican pyramids">pyramids</a> that sometimes consisted of nine stepped platforms, perhaps symbolizing the nine layers of the <a href="/wiki/Xibalba" title="Xibalba">underworld</a>. Other temples were constructed with 13 vaults symbolizing the layers of the heavens in Maya cosmology. These temples reflected the continued worship of these nobles. In some instances, members of the royal family or young attendants would be sacrificed to accompany the lord in death. </p><p>The tombs were filled with precious goods including fine polychrome <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, effigy figurines, jade and marble pieces, masks, <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushroom</a> figures. While these figures were found in Maya tombs, many of these items were also used in the service of food, drink and for additional ritual purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-BMA_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Obsidian_use_in_Mesoamerica" title="Obsidian use in Mesoamerica">Obsidian</a> and exotic shells have also been found in Maya tombs. In the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Red_Queen" title="Tomb of the Red Queen">Tomb of the Red Queen</a> inside Temple XIII in <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a>, the remains of a noble woman and all the objects inside the sarcophagus were completely covered with bright red <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a> dust, made of ground <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>, perhaps intended to suggest blood, the symbol of life. </p><p>Other elite members of society were buried in vaults. The bodies of higher-ranking members of society were buried inside sarcophagi. They sometimes were buried in crypts or underneath the family home. These funerary constructions of the royal often destroyed the residence itself. Commoners were also buried near or under their houses. These graves did not have extensive burial offerings, but often contained objects that identified the individual: a tool or possession. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_death_rituals&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua J. Mark. Maya Religion: The Light That Came From Beside The Sea. The Afterlife. The Ancient Encyclopedia (09 July 2020). Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/414/maya-religion-the-light-that-came-from-beside-the-/">https://www.worldhistory.org/article/414/maya-religion-the-light-that-came-from-beside-the-/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua J. Mark. Maya Religion: The Light That Came From Beside The Sea. The Afterlife. The Ancient Encyclopedia (09 July 2012). Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/414/maya-religion-the-light-that-came-from-beside-the-/">https://www.worldhistory.org/article/414/maya-religion-the-light-that-came-from-beside-the-/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFŹrałkaKoszkulMartinHermes2011" class="citation journal cs1">Źrałka, Jarosław; Koszkul, Wiesław; Martin, Simon; Hermes, Bernard (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X00068381/type/journal_article">"In the path of the Maize God: a royal tomb at Nakum, Petén, Guatemala"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>85</b> (329): 890–908. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00068381">10.1017/S0003598X00068381</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161127947">161127947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=In+the+path+of+the+Maize+God%3A+a+royal+tomb+at+Nakum%2C+Pet%C3%A9n%2C+Guatemala&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=329&rft.pages=890-908&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161127947%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00068381&rft.aulast=%C5%B9ra%C5%82ka&rft.aufirst=Jaros%C5%82aw&rft.au=Koszkul%2C+Wies%C5%82aw&rft.au=Martin%2C+Simon&rft.au=Hermes%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0003598X00068381%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+death+rituals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James L. 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Hall and Co. p. 160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Cultures&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=G.K.+Hall+and+Co.&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+death+rituals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlsen1995" class="citation book cs1">Carlsen, Robert S. (1995). <i>Encyclopedia of World Cultures</i>. Vol. 8, Middle Americas and the Caribbean. Boston, Massachusetts: G.K. Hall and Co. p. 298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Cultures&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Vol.+8%2C+Middle+Americas+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=G.K.+Hall+and+Co.&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Carlsen&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+death+rituals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMast1995" class="citation book cs1">Mast, Ian (1995). <i>Encyclopedia of World Cultures</i>. Vol. 8, Middle Americas and the Caribbean. Boston, Massachusetts: G.K. Hall and Co. p. 218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Cultures&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Vol.+8%2C+Middle+Americas+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=G.K.+Hall+and+Co.&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mast&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+death+rituals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbaum1995" class="citation book cs1">Rosenbaum, Brenda (1995). <i>Encyclopedia of World Cultures</i>. Vol. 8, Middle Americas and the Caribbean. Boston, Massachusetts: GK. Hall and Co. p. 281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Cultures&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Vol.+8%2C+Middle+Americas+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=GK.+Hall+and+Co.&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+death+rituals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMA-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BMA_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirmingham_Museum_of_Art2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_of_Art" title="Birmingham Museum of Art">Birmingham Museum of Art</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artsbma.org"><i>Birmingham Museum of Art : guide to the collection</i></a>. [Birmingham, Ala]: Birmingham Museum of Art. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904832-77-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904832-77-5"><bdi>978-1-904832-77-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birmingham+Museum+of+Art+%3A+guide+to+the+collection&rft.place=%5BBirmingham%2C+Ala%5D&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Birmingham+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-904832-77-5&rft.au=Birmingham+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartsbma.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+death+rituals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_death_rituals&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bunson, Margaret R., and Stephen M. Bunson. "Death rituals, Maya." <i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Mesoamerica</i>. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 1996.</li> <li>Foster, Lynn V. <i>Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World</i>. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2001.</li> <li>Gallenkamp, Charles. <i>Maya: The Riddle and Rediscovery of a Lost Civilization</i>. New York: David McKay Company, Inc, 1976.</li> <li>Dow, James W. <i>Encyclopedia of World Cultures</i></li> <li>Weider, R. <i>Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life</i>, edited by Timothy L. Gall. Gale Research Detroit, MI.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maya_civilization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maya" title="Template:Maya"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maya" title="Template talk:Maya"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maya"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maya_civilization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization"><span style="color:white">Maya civilization</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization"><span style="color:white">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preclassic_Maya" title="Preclassic Maya">Preclassic Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/80px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/120px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/160px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="2032" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-Group" title="E-Group">E-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadic_pyramid" title="Triadic pyramid">Triadic pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-pyramid_complex" title="Twin-pyramid complex">Twin-pyramid complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_graffiti" title="Ancient Maya graffiti">Graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_ceramics" title="Maya ceramics">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_dance" title="Maya dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="Economy of the Maya civilization">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maritime trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_language" title="Classic Maya language">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayan_languages" title="List of Mayan languages">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayanist" title="Mayanist">Mayanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_sites" title="List of Maya sites">Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Stelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society"><span style="color:white">Society</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_in_Maya_society" title="Childhood in Maya society">Childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Maya_society" title="Women in Maya society">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwifery_in_Maya_society" title="Midwifery in Maya society">Midwifery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_priesthood" title="Maya priesthood">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Sacrifice in Maya culture">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Maya culture">Human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Death rituals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_social_classes" title="Maya social classes">Social classes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">Ajaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_households" title="Maya households">Households</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar"><span style="color:white">Calendar</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">Ajaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baktun" title="Baktun">Baktun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCatun" title="Kʼatun">Kʼatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCin" title="Kʼin">Kʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_(Maya_calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tun (Maya calendar)">Tun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winal" title="Winal">Winal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Cakchiquels" title="Annals of the Cakchiquels">Annals of the Cakchiquels</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilam_Balam" title="Chilam Balam">Chilam Balam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Codices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex"><i>Dresden</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Codex_of_Mexico" title="Maya Codex of Mexico"><i>Grolier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Codex_(Maya)" title="Madrid Codex (Maya)"><i>Madrid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Codex" title="Paris Codex"><i>Paris</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabinal_Ach%C3%AD" title="Rabinal Achí">Rabinal Achí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_of_the_Bacabs" title="Ritual of the Bacabs">Ritual of the Bacabs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Dzitbalch%C3%A9" title="Songs of Dzitbalché">Songs of Dzitbalché</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADtulo_C%CA%BCoyoi" title="Título Cʼoyoi">Título Cʼoyoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADtulo_de_Totonicap%C3%A1n" title="Título de Totonicapán">Título de Totonicapán</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Maya gods and supernatural beings"><span style="color:white">Deities</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Classic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bacab" title="Bacab">Bacab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chaac" title="Chaac">Chaac</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_death_gods" title="Maya death gods">Death gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/God_L" title="God L">God L</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Goddess_I" title="Goddess I">Goddess I</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_Hero_Twins" title="Maya Hero Twins">Hero Twins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howler_monkey_gods" title="Howler monkey gods">Howler monkey gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Itzamna" title="Itzamna">Itzamna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ixchel" title="Ixchel">Ixchel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_jaguar_gods" title="Maya jaguar gods">Jaguar gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCawiil" title="Kʼawiil">Kʼawiil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kinich_Ahau" title="Kinich Ahau">Kinich Ahau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_maize_god" title="Maya maize god">Maize god</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mam_(Maya_mythology)" title="Mam (Maya mythology)">Mam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_moon_goddess" title="Maya moon goddess">Moon goddess</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yopaat" title="Yopaat">Yopaat</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Post-Classic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acat_(deity)" title="Acat (deity)">Acat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ah-Muzen-Cab" title="Ah-Muzen-Cab">Ah-Muzen-Cab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Akna_(Maya_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akna (Maya mythology)">Akna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chin_(deity)" title="Chin (deity)">Chin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ixtab" title="Ixtab">Ixtab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kukulkan" title="Kukulkan">Kukulkan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yum_Kaax" title="Yum Kaax">Yum Kaax</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Popol Vuh</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Awilix" title="Awilix">Awilix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Camazotz" title="Camazotz">Camazotz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hun_Hunahpu" title="Hun Hunahpu">Hun Hunahpu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huracan" title="Huracan">Huracan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacawitz" title="Jacawitz">Jacawitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCuq%CA%BCumatz" title="Qʼuqʼumatz">Qʼuqʼumatz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tohil" title="Tohil">Tohil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vucub_Caquix" title="Vucub Caquix">Vucub Caquix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xmucane_and_Xpiacoc" title="Xmucane and Xpiacoc">Xmucane and Xpiacoc</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xquic" title="Xquic">Xquic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zipacna" title="Zipacna">Zipacna</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Kings_and_Queens" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya Kings and Queens"><span style="color:white">Kings</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%CA%BCalaj_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil">Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%CA%BC_K%CA%BCin_Xook" title="Haʼ Kʼin Xook">Haʼ Kʼin Xook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzam_K%CA%BCan_Ahk_II" title="Itzam Kʼan Ahk II">Itzam Kʼan Ahk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCak%CA%BC_Tiliw_Chan_Yopaat" title="Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat">Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yat_Ahk_II" title="Kʼinich Yat Ahk II">Kʼinich Yat Ahk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yax_K%CA%BCuk%CA%BC_Mo%CA%BC" title="Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ">Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_I" title="Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I">Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uaxaclajuun_Ub%CA%BCaah_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil">Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_III" title="Yoʼnal Ahk III">Yoʼnal Ahk III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuknoom_Ch%CA%BCeen_II" title="Yuknoom Chʼeen II">Yuknoom Chʼeen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuknoom_Yich%CA%BCaak_K%CA%BCahk%CA%BC" title="Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ">Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women_rulers_in_Maya_society" title="Women rulers in Maya society"><span style="color:white">Queens</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Eveningstar" title="Lady Eveningstar">Lady Eveningstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Itzan" title="Lady of Itzan">Lady of Itzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Tikal" title="Lady of Tikal">Lady of Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Xoc" title="Lady Xoc">Lady Xoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak_K%CA%BCuk%CA%BC" title="Sak Kʼukʼ">Sak Kʼukʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wak_Chanil_Ajaw" title="Wak Chanil Ajaw">Wak Chanil Ajaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohl_Ik%CA%BCnal" title="Yohl Ikʼnal">Yohl Ikʼnal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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