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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_Landsat_imagery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses of Landsat imagery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses_of_Landsat_imagery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses of Landsat imagery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_Landsat_imagery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_resources_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Natural resources management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fisheries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisheries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Fisheries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisheries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Forestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change_and_environmental_disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_and_environmental_disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Climate change and environmental disasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_and_environmental_disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shrinking_of_the_Aral_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shrinking_of_the_Aral_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Shrinking of the Aral Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shrinking_of_the_Aral_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fires_in_Yellowstone_National_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fires_in_Yellowstone_National_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Fires in Yellowstone National Park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fires_in_Yellowstone_National_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glacier_retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glacier_retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Glacier retreat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glacier_retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Urban development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_new_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_new_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Discovery of new species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_new_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_and_future_Landsat_satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_and_future_Landsat_satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Recent and future Landsat satellites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_and_future_Landsat_satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Landsat program</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لاندسات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاندسات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="برنامه لندست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنامه لندست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_Landsat" title="Programme Landsat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Programme Landsat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%83%9B_%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D" title="랜드샛 계획 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="랜드샛 계획" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Լանդսատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լանդսատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Landsat" title="Program Landsat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Program Landsat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%98" title="תוכנית לאנדסאט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנית לאנדסאט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="लँडसॅट उपग्रह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लँडसॅट उपग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%B5%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="ランドサット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ランドサット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Landsat" title="Program Landsat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Program Landsat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ландсат програм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ландсат програм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsatprogrammet" title="Landsatprogrammet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Landsatprogrammet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="லாண்ட்சட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லாண்ட்சட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%97" title="แลนด์แซท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แลนด์แซท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat" title="Landsat – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Landsat" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E5%9C%B0%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" title="陸地衛星計畫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="陸地衛星計畫" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American network of Earth-observing satellites for international research purposes</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsat7photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Landsat7photo.jpg/170px-Landsat7photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Landsat7photo.jpg/255px-Landsat7photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Landsat7photo.jpg/340px-Landsat7photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Landsat_7" title="Landsat 7">Landsat 7</a>, launched in 1999, is the 7th of 9 satellites in the Landsat program.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_Kolkata_Landsat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Large_Kolkata_Landsat.jpg/200px-Large_Kolkata_Landsat.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Large_Kolkata_Landsat.jpg/300px-Large_Kolkata_Landsat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Large_Kolkata_Landsat.jpg/400px-Large_Kolkata_Landsat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/False-color" class="mw-redirect" title="False-color">false-color</a> satellite image of <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, India, from <a href="/wiki/Landsat_7" title="Landsat 7">Landsat 7</a> in 2004, showing rivers, vegetated areas, and developed areas</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Island_of_Hawai%27i_-_Landsat_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Island_of_Hawai%27i_-_Landsat_mosaic.jpg/200px-Island_of_Hawai%27i_-_Landsat_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Island_of_Hawai%27i_-_Landsat_mosaic.jpg/300px-Island_of_Hawai%27i_-_Landsat_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Island_of_Hawai%27i_-_Landsat_mosaic.jpg/400px-Island_of_Hawai%27i_-_Landsat_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5076" data-file-height="5076" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A land cover map of the big island of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaii</a> using 1999–2001 data from <a href="/wiki/Landsat_7" title="Landsat 7">Landsat 7</a>, showing black lava flows from <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a>, grayish dormant <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a>, a plume of smoke from active <a href="/wiki/Kilauea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilauea">Kilauea</a>, dark green tropical forests, and light green agricultural areas.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Landsat program</b> is the longest-running enterprise for acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite imagery</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. It is a joint <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a> program. On 23 July 1972, the <b><a href="/wiki/Landsat_1" title="Landsat 1">Earth Resources Technology Satellite</a></b> was launched. This was eventually renamed to Landsat 1 in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent, <a href="/wiki/Landsat_9" title="Landsat 9">Landsat 9</a>, was launched on 27 September 2021. </p><p>The instruments on the Landsat satellites have acquired millions of images. The images, archived in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and at Landsat receiving stations around the world, are a unique resource for global change research and applications in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, and can be viewed through the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) "EarthExplorer" website. <a href="/wiki/Landsat_7" title="Landsat 7">Landsat 7</a> data has eight <a href="/wiki/Spectral_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral bands">spectral bands</a> with <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution#Spatial_resolution" title="Image resolution">spatial resolutions</a> ranging from 15 to 60 m (49 to 197 ft); the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_resolution" title="Temporal resolution">temporal resolution</a> is 16 days.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landsat images are usually divided into scenes for easy downloading. Each Landsat scene is about 115 miles long and 115 miles wide (or 100 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_miles" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautical miles">nautical miles</a> long and 100 nautical miles wide, or 185 kilometers long and 185 kilometers wide). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Norwood_VT-Storm-Radar-web.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Virginia_Norwood_VT-Storm-Radar-web.png/220px-Virginia_Norwood_VT-Storm-Radar-web.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Virginia_Norwood_VT-Storm-Radar-web.png/330px-Virginia_Norwood_VT-Storm-Radar-web.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Virginia_Norwood_VT-Storm-Radar-web.png/440px-Virginia_Norwood_VT-Storm-Radar-web.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Virginia_T._Norwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia T. Norwood">Virginia Norwood</a>, "The Mother of Landsat", designed the multispectral scanner.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Landsat_40th.ogv/220px--Landsat_40th.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="447" data-mwtitle="Landsat_40th.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Landsat_40th.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Landsat_40th.ogv/Landsat_40th.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Landsat_40th.ogv/Landsat_40th.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Landsat_40th.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Landsat_40th.ogv/Landsat_40th.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Landsat_40th.ogv/Landsat_40th.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Interview with Jim Irons – Landsat 8 Project Scientist – NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1965, <a href="/wiki/William_Pecora" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pecora">William T. Pecora</a>, the then director of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, proposed the idea of a remote sensing satellite program to gather facts about the natural resources of our planet. Pecora stated that the program was "conceived in 1966 largely as a direct result of the demonstrated utility of the Mercury and Gemini orbital photography to Earth resource studies." While weather satellites had been monitoring Earth's atmosphere since 1960 and were largely considered useful, there was no appreciation of terrain data from space until the mid-1960s. So, when Landsat 1 was proposed, it met with intense opposition from the Bureau of Budget and those who argued high-altitude aircraft would be the fiscally responsible choice for Earth remote sensing. Concurrently, the Department of Defense feared that a civilian program such as Landsat would compromise the secrecy of their reconnaissance missions. Additionally, there were geopolitical concerns about photographing foreign countries without permission. In 1965, NASA began methodical investigations of Earth remote sensing using instruments mounted on planes. In 1966, the USGS convinced the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stewart_L._Udall" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart L. Udall">Stewart Udall</a>, to announce that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior (DOI)</a> was going to proceed with its own Earth-observing satellite program. This savvy political stunt coerced NASA to expedite the building of Landsat. But budgetary constraints and sensor disagreements between application agencies (notably the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a> and DOI) again stymied the satellite construction process. Finally, by 1970 NASA had a green light to build a satellite. Remarkably, within only two years, Landsat 1 was launched, heralding a new age of remote sensing of land from space.<sup id="cite_ref-Landsat_History_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landsat_History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft_Company" title="Hughes Aircraft Company">Hughes Aircraft Company</a> from Santa Barbara Research Center initiated, designed, and fabricated the first three <a href="/wiki/Multispectral_Scanner" title="Multispectral Scanner">Multispectral Scanners</a> (MSS) in 1969. The first MSS prototype, designed by <a href="/wiki/Virginia_T._Norwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia T. Norwood">Virginia Norwood</a>, was completed within nine months, in the fall of 1970. It was tested by scanning <a href="/wiki/Half_Dome" title="Half Dome">Half Dome</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a>. For this design work Norwood was called "The Mother of Landsat".<sup id="cite_ref-Pennisi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pennisi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Working at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Thomas" title="Valerie Thomas">Valerie L. Thomas</a> managed the development of early Landsat image processing software systems and became the resident expert on the Computer Compatible Tapes, or CCTs, that were used to store early Landsat imagery. Thomas was one of the image processing specialists who facilitated the ambitious 'Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment', known as LACIE — a project that showed for the first time that global crop monitoring could be done through <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> with Landsat satellite imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The program was initially called the Earth Resources Technology Satellites Program, which was used from 1966 to 1975. In 1975, the name was changed to Landsat. In 1979, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>'s Presidential Directive 54<sup id="cite_ref-jimmycarterlibrary.gov_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jimmycarterlibrary.gov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Folger_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folger-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transferred Landsat operations from <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> to <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA), recommended development of a long term operational system with four additional satellites beyond Landsat 3, and recommended transition to private sector operation of Landsat. This occurred in 1985 when the Earth Observation Satellite Company (EOSAT), a partnership of <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft_Company" title="Hughes Aircraft Company">Hughes Aircraft Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>, was selected by NOAA to operate the Landsat system with a ten-year contract. EOSAT operated Landsat 4 and Landsat 5, had exclusive rights to market Landsat data, and was to build Landsats 6 and 7. </p><p>In 1989, this transition had not been fully completed when NOAA's funding for the Landsat program was due to run out (NOAA had not requested any funding, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> had appropriated only six months of funding for the fiscal year)<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Economics_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Economics-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and NOAA directed that Landsat 4 and Landsat 5 be shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-fundsrunout_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundsrunout-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The head of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a>, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a>, noted the situation and arranged emergency funding that allowed the program to continue with the data archives intact.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Economics_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Economics-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fundsrunout_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundsrunout-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Again in 1990 and 1991, Congress provided only half of the year's funding to NOAA, requesting that agencies that used Landsat data provide the funding for the other six months of the upcoming year.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Economics_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Economics-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, various efforts were made to procure funding for follow on Landsats and continued operations, but by the end of the year EOSAT ceased processing Landsat data. Landsat 6 was finally launched on 5 October 1993, but was lost in a launch failure. Processing of Landsat 4 and 5 data was resumed by EOSAT in 1994. NASA finally launched Landsat 7 on 15 April 1999. </p><p>The value of the Landsat program was recognized by Congress in October 1992 when it passed the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act (Public Law 102-555) authorizing the procurement of Landsat 7 and assuring the continued availability of Landsat digital data and images, at the lowest possible cost, to traditional and new users of the data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellite_chronology">Satellite chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Satellite chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Instrument</th> <th>Picture</th> <th>Launched</th> <th>Terminated</th> <th>Duration</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landsat_1" title="Landsat 1">Landsat 1</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketch_of_ERTS-1_renamed_Landsat1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landsat 1"><img alt="Landsat 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sketch_of_ERTS-1_renamed_Landsat1.jpg/100px-Sketch_of_ERTS-1_renamed_Landsat1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sketch_of_ERTS-1_renamed_Landsat1.jpg/150px-Sketch_of_ERTS-1_renamed_Landsat1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Sketch_of_ERTS-1_renamed_Landsat1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="254" /></a></span></td> <td>23 July 1972</td> <td>6 January 1978</td> <td>5 years, 6 months and 14 days</td> <td>Originally named Earth Resources Technology Satellite 1. Landsat 1 carried two vital instruments: a camera built by the <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">Radio Corporation of America</a> (RCA) known as the Return Beam Vidicon (RBV); and the Multi spectral Scanner (MSS) built by the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft_Company" title="Hughes Aircraft Company">Hughes Aircraft Company</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landsat_2" title="Landsat 2">Landsat 2</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsat-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landsat 2"><img alt="Landsat 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Landsat-1.jpg/100px-Landsat-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Landsat-1.jpg/150px-Landsat-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Landsat-1.jpg/200px-Landsat-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td> <td>22 January 1975</td> <td>25 February 1982</td> <td>7 years, 1 month and 3 days</td> <td>Nearly identical copy of Landsat 1. Payload consisting of a Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) and a Multi spectral Scanner (MSS). The specifications of these instruments were identical to Landsat 1. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landsat_3" title="Landsat 3">Landsat 3</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsat3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landsat 3"><img alt="Landsat 3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Landsat3.jpg/100px-Landsat3.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Landsat3.jpg/150px-Landsat3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Landsat3.jpg/200px-Landsat3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></td> <td>5 March 1978</td> <td>31 March 1983</td> <td>5 years and 26 days</td> <td>Nearly identical copy of Landsat 1 and Landsat 2. Payload consisting of a Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) as well as a Multi spectral Scanner (MSS). Included with the MSS was a short-lived thermal band. MSS data was considered more scientifically applicable than the RBV which was rarely used for engineering evaluation purposes. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landsat_4" title="Landsat 4">Landsat 4</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsat5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landsat 4"><img alt="Landsat 4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Landsat5.jpg/100px-Landsat5.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Landsat5.jpg/150px-Landsat5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Landsat5.jpg/200px-Landsat5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></td> <td>16 July 1982</td> <td>14 December 1993</td> <td>11 years, 4 months and 28 days</td> <td>Landsat 4 carried an updated Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS) used on previous Landsat missions, as well as a Thematic Mapper. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landsat_5" title="Landsat 5">Landsat 5</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsat5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landsat 5"><img alt="Landsat 5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Landsat5.jpg/100px-Landsat5.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Landsat5.jpg/150px-Landsat5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Landsat5.jpg/200px-Landsat5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></td> <td>1 March 1984</td> <td>5 June 2013 <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>29 years, 3 months and 4 days</td> <td>Nearly identical copy of Landsat 4. Longest Earth-observing satellite mission in history. Designed and built at the same time as Landsat 4, this satellite carried the same payload consisting of a Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS) as well as a Thematic Mapper. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landsat_6" title="Landsat 6">Landsat 6</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsat-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landsat 6"><img alt="Landsat 6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Landsat-6.jpg/100px-Landsat-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Landsat-6.jpg/150px-Landsat-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Landsat-6.jpg/200px-Landsat-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="181" /></a></span></td> <td>5 October 1993</td> <td>5 October 1993</td> <td>0 days</td> <td>Failed to reach orbit. Landsat 6 was an upgraded version of its predecessors. Carrying the same Multi spectral Scanner (MSS) but also carrying an Enhanced Thematic Mapper, which added a 15m resolution panchromatic band. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landsat_7" title="Landsat 7">Landsat 7</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsat7photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landsat 7"><img alt="Landsat 7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Landsat7photo.jpg/100px-Landsat7photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Landsat7photo.jpg/150px-Landsat7photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Landsat7photo.jpg/200px-Landsat7photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td> <td>15 April 1999</td> <td>19 January 2024</td> <td>25 years, 7 months and 28 days</td> <td>Operating with scan line corrector disabled since May 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main component on Landsat 7 was the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). Still consisting of the 15m-resolution panchromatic band, but also includes a full aperture calibration. This allows for 5% absolute <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_calibration" title="Radiometric calibration">radiometric calibration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landsat_8" title="Landsat 8">Landsat 8</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsat_Data_Continuity_Mission_Observatory_testing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landsat 8"><img alt="Landsat 8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Landsat_Data_Continuity_Mission_Observatory_testing.jpg/100px-Landsat_Data_Continuity_Mission_Observatory_testing.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Landsat_Data_Continuity_Mission_Observatory_testing.jpg/150px-Landsat_Data_Continuity_Mission_Observatory_testing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Landsat_Data_Continuity_Mission_Observatory_testing.jpg/200px-Landsat_Data_Continuity_Mission_Observatory_testing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="1501" /></a></span></td> <td>11 February 2013</td> <td>active</td> <td>11 years, 10 months and 2 days</td> <td>Originally named <a href="/wiki/Landsat_8" title="Landsat 8">Landsat Data Continuity Mission</a> from launch until 30 May 2013, when <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> operations were turned over to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS).<sup id="cite_ref-Turnover_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnover-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landsat 8 has two sensors with its payload, the <a href="/wiki/Operational_Land_Imager" title="Operational Land Imager">Operational Land Imager</a> (OLI) and the Thermal InfraRed Sensor (TIRS).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landsat_9" title="Landsat 9">Landsat 9</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsat_9_processing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landsat_9_processing"><img alt="Landsat_9_processing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Landsat_9_processing.jpg/100px-Landsat_9_processing.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Landsat_9_processing.jpg/150px-Landsat_9_processing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Landsat_9_processing.jpg/200px-Landsat_9_processing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4618" data-file-height="7276" /></a></span></td> <td>27 September 2021</td> <td>active</td> <td>3 years, 2 months and 16 days</td> <td>Landsat 9 is a rebuild of its predecessor Landsat 8.<sup id="cite_ref-SFN20200907b_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFN20200907b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-L9_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-L9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Timeline</dt></dl> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_3k5u7ie19ekhqjyd76jojlkvv8wfbav"></map><img usemap="#timeline_3k5u7ie19ekhqjyd76jojlkvv8wfbav" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/3k5u7ie19ekhqjyd76jojlkvv8wfbav.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spatial_and_spectral_resolution">Spatial and spectral resolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spatial and spectral resolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Landsat 1 through 5 carried the Landsat <a href="/wiki/Multispectral_Scanner" title="Multispectral Scanner">Multispectral Scanner</a> (MSS). Landsat 4 and 5 carried both the MSS and <a href="/wiki/Thematic_Mapper" title="Thematic Mapper">Thematic Mapper</a> (TM) instruments. Landsat 7 uses the <a href="/wiki/Landsat_7" title="Landsat 7">Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus</a> (ETM+) scanner. Landsat 8 uses two instruments, the <a href="/wiki/Operational_Land_Imager" title="Operational Land Imager">Operational Land Imager</a> (OLI) for optical bands and the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) for thermal bands. The band designations, bandpasses, and pixel sizes for the Landsat instruments are:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Landsat 1–5 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Landsat 1–3 MSS </th> <th>Landsat 4–5 MSS </th> <th>Wavelength (micrometers) </th> <th>Resolution (meters) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Band 4 – Green </td> <td>Band 1 – Green </td> <td>0.5 – 0.6 </td> <td>60* </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 5 – Red </td> <td>Band 2 – Red </td> <td>0.6 – 0.7 </td> <td>60* </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 6 – Near Infrared (NIR) </td> <td>Band 3 – NIR </td> <td>0.7 – 0.8 </td> <td>60* </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 7 – NIR </td> <td>Band 4 – NIR </td> <td>0.8 – 1.1 </td> <td>60* </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* Original MSS pixel size was 79 x 57 meters; production systems now resample the data to 60 meters. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Landsat 4–5 Thematic Mapper (TM) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Bands </th> <th>Wavelength (micrometers) </th> <th>Resolution (meters) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Band 1 – Blue </td> <td>0.45 – 0.52 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 2 – Green </td> <td>0.52 – 0.60 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 3 – Red </td> <td>0.63 – 0.69 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 4 – NIR </td> <td>0.76 – 0.90 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 5 – Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) 1 </td> <td>1.55 – 1.75 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 6 – Thermal </td> <td>10.40 – 12.50 </td> <td>120* (30) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 7 – SWIR 2 </td> <td>2.08 – 2.35 </td> <td>30 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* TM Band 6 was acquired at 120-meter resolution, but products are resampled to 30-meter pixels. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Bands </th> <th>Wavelength (micrometers) </th> <th>Resolution (meters) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Band 1 – Blue </td> <td>0.45 – 0.52 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 2 – Green </td> <td>0.52 – 0.60 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 3 – Red </td> <td>0.63 – 0.69 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 4 – NIR </td> <td>0.77 – 0.90 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 5 – SWIR 1 </td> <td>1.55 – 1.75 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 6 – Thermal </td> <td>10.40 – 12.50 </td> <td>60* (30) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 7 – SWIR 2 </td> <td>2.09 – 2.35 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 8 – Panchromatic </td> <td>0.52 – 0.90 </td> <td>15 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* ETM+ Band 6 is acquired at 60-meter resolution, but products are resampled to 30-meter pixels. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_spectral_band_placement_for_each_sensor_of_Landsat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_spectral_band_placement_for_each_sensor_of_Landsat.jpg/440px-The_spectral_band_placement_for_each_sensor_of_Landsat.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_spectral_band_placement_for_each_sensor_of_Landsat.jpg/660px-The_spectral_band_placement_for_each_sensor_of_Landsat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_spectral_band_placement_for_each_sensor_of_Landsat.jpg/880px-The_spectral_band_placement_for_each_sensor_of_Landsat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>The spectral band placement for each sensor of Landsat</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Bands </th> <th>Wavelength (micrometers) </th> <th>Resolution (meters) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Band 1 - Ultra Blue (coastal/aerosol) </td> <td>0.435 – 0.451 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 2 - Blue </td> <td>0.452 – 0.512 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 3 - Green </td> <td>0.533 – 0.590 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 4 – Red </td> <td>0.636 – 0.673 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 5 – NIR </td> <td>0.851 – 0.879 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 6 – SWIR 1 </td> <td>1.566 – 1.651 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 7 – SWIR 2 </td> <td>2.107 – 2.294 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 8 – Panchromatic </td> <td>0.503 – 0.676 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 9 – Cirrus </td> <td>1.363 – 1.384 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 10 – Thermal 1 </td> <td>10.60 – 11.19 </td> <td>100* (30) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Band 11 – Thermal 2 </td> <td>11.50 – 12.51 </td> <td>100* (30) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* TIRS bands are acquired at 100 meter resolution, but are resampled to 30 meter in delivered data product. </p><p>An advantage of Landsat imagery, and <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> in general, is that it provides data at a synoptic global level that is impossible to replicate with in situ measurements. However, there are tradeoffs between the local detail of the measurements (radiometric resolution, number of spectral bands) and the spatial scale of the area being measured. Landsat imagery is coarse in spatial resolution compared to using other remote sensing methods, such as imagery from airplanes. Compared to other satellites, Landsat's spatial resolution is relatively high, yet revisit time is relatively less frequent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="MultiSpectral_Scanner_(MSS)"><span id="MultiSpectral_Scanner_.28MSS.29"></span>MultiSpectral Scanner (MSS)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: MultiSpectral Scanner (MSS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Landsat program incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Multispectral_Scanner" title="Multispectral Scanner">Multispectral Scanner</a> (MSS) from its first mission up to its fifth. The MSS gave the United States an advantage in satellite imaging, facilitating the launch of Landsat ahead of the French SPOT satellite. </p><p>The MSS was unique in its design. Rather than a static camera, it employed a moving mirror, capturing Earth's images in four distinct spectral bands. This capability allowed the MSS to record variations in sunlight reflected from the Earth. Notably, Landsat 3's MSS was further advanced, with an added capability to detect heat radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-mss_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-mss-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the prominent features of the MSS was its consistent imaging. Each captured frame represented an area on the Earth's surface approximately 83 meters in length and 68 meters in width. Additionally, the system was designed to ensure a continuous image sweep across a swath equivalent to 185 km on the Earth's surface. The MSS's design also emphasized precision; by precisely timing the mirror's movements, it ensured that consecutive images did not overlap.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-mss_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-mss-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, by the 1980s, the cost dynamics shifted. Accessing Landsat's imagery became substantially more expensive, making the French SPOT satellite's images a more cost-effective alternative for many users. The rise in Landsat's prices can be attributed to U.S. policy shifts, initiated under President Carter's leadership and finalized during President Reagan's administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Folger_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folger-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_of_Landsat_imagery">Uses of Landsat imagery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses of Landsat imagery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Happy_Launch_Anniversary,_Landsat_8_(12463694884).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Happy_Launch_Anniversary%2C_Landsat_8_%2812463694884%29.jpg/220px-Happy_Launch_Anniversary%2C_Landsat_8_%2812463694884%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Happy_Launch_Anniversary%2C_Landsat_8_%2812463694884%29.jpg/330px-Happy_Launch_Anniversary%2C_Landsat_8_%2812463694884%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Happy_Launch_Anniversary%2C_Landsat_8_%2812463694884%29.jpg/440px-Happy_Launch_Anniversary%2C_Landsat_8_%2812463694884%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>One year after launch, <a href="/wiki/Landsat_8" title="Landsat 8">Landsat 8</a> imagery had over one million file downloads by data users.</figcaption></figure> <p>Landsat data provides information that allows scientists to predict the distribution of species, as well as detecting both naturally occurring and human-generated changes over a greater scale than traditional data from field work. The different spectral bands used on satellites in the Landsat program provide many applications, ranging from ecology to geopolitical matters. Land cover determination is a common use of Landsat imagery around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landsat imagery provides one of the longest uninterrupted time series available from any single remote sensing program, spanning from 1972 to present.<sup id="cite_ref-Hemati_Hasanlou_Mahdianpari_Mohammadimanesh_p=2869_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hemati_Hasanlou_Mahdianpari_Mohammadimanesh_p=2869-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Looking to the future, the successful launch of <a href="/wiki/Landsat_9" title="Landsat 9">Landsat-9</a> in 2021 shows that this time series will be continued forward.<sup id="cite_ref-Landsat9_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landsat9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garden_City_Kansas_irrigation-Landsat7-segment2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Garden_City_Kansas_irrigation-Landsat7-segment2.jpg/220px-Garden_City_Kansas_irrigation-Landsat7-segment2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Garden_City_Kansas_irrigation-Landsat7-segment2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>A false-color image of <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigated</a> fields near <a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Kansas" title="Garden City, Kansas">Garden City, Kansas</a>, taken by the <a href="/wiki/Landsat_7" title="Landsat 7">Landsat 7</a> satellite.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2015, the Landsat Advisory Group of the National Geospatial Advisory Committee reported that the top 16 applications of Landsat imagery produced savings of approximately 350 million to over 436 million dollars each year for federal and state governments, NGO's, and the private sector. That estimate did not include further savings from other uses beyond the top sixteen categories.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS.gov_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS.gov-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top 16 categories for Landsat imagery use, listed in order of estimated annual savings for users, are: </p> <ol><li>U.S. Department of Agriculture risk management</li> <li>U.S. Government mapping</li> <li>Agricultural water use monitoring</li> <li>Global security monitoring</li> <li>Support for fire management</li> <li>Detection of forest fragmentation</li> <li>Detection of forest change</li> <li>World agriculture supply and demand estimates</li> <li>Vineyard management and water conservation</li> <li>Flood mitigation mapping</li> <li>Agricultural commodities mapping</li> <li>Waterfowl habitat mapping and monitoring</li> <li>Coastal change analysis</li> <li>Forest health monitoring</li> <li>National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency global shoreline mapping</li> <li>Wildfire risk assessment <sup id="cite_ref-USGS.gov_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS.gov-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Further uses of Landsat imagery include, but are not limited to: fisheries, forestry, shrinking inland water bodies, fire damage, glacier retreat, urban development, and discovery of new species. A few specific examples are explained below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources_management">Natural resources management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Natural resources management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA%27s_Landsat_Satellite_Looks_for_a_Cloud-Free_View_(8778994889).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NASA%27s_Landsat_Satellite_Looks_for_a_Cloud-Free_View_%288778994889%29.jpg/220px-NASA%27s_Landsat_Satellite_Looks_for_a_Cloud-Free_View_%288778994889%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NASA%27s_Landsat_Satellite_Looks_for_a_Cloud-Free_View_%288778994889%29.jpg/330px-NASA%27s_Landsat_Satellite_Looks_for_a_Cloud-Free_View_%288778994889%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NASA%27s_Landsat_Satellite_Looks_for_a_Cloud-Free_View_%288778994889%29.jpg/440px-NASA%27s_Landsat_Satellite_Looks_for_a_Cloud-Free_View_%288778994889%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Landsat image of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> in 2013.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_and_the_Future_of_Yellowstone_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fire_and_the_Future_of_Yellowstone_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg/220px-Fire_and_the_Future_of_Yellowstone_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fire_and_the_Future_of_Yellowstone_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg/330px-Fire_and_the_Future_of_Yellowstone_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fire_and_the_Future_of_Yellowstone_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg/440px-Fire_and_the_Future_of_Yellowstone_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>Landsat images of burned land in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> in 1989 and 2011.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_of_Change_Columbia_Glacier,_Alaska_(7215814492).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/World_of_Change_Columbia_Glacier%2C_Alaska_%287215814492%29.png/220px-World_of_Change_Columbia_Glacier%2C_Alaska_%287215814492%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/World_of_Change_Columbia_Glacier%2C_Alaska_%287215814492%29.png/330px-World_of_Change_Columbia_Glacier%2C_Alaska_%287215814492%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/World_of_Change_Columbia_Glacier%2C_Alaska_%287215814492%29.png/440px-World_of_Change_Columbia_Glacier%2C_Alaska_%287215814492%29.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Landsat_5" title="Landsat 5">Landsat-5</a> false color images of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Glacier_(Alaska)" title="Columbia Glacier (Alaska)">Columbia Glacier, Alaska</a> in 1986 and 2011.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vancouver_Landsat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vancouver_Landsat.jpg/220px-Vancouver_Landsat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vancouver_Landsat.jpg/330px-Vancouver_Landsat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vancouver_Landsat.jpg/440px-Vancouver_Landsat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Landsat false color image highlighting developed areas in pink in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, British Columbia, Canada.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fisheries">Fisheries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fisheries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, one potential application for the new satellite-generated imagery was to find high yield <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> areas. Through the Landsat Menhaden and Thread Investigation, some satellite data of the eastern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> sound and another area off the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> coast data was run through classification <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> to rate the areas as high and low probability fishing zones, these algorithms yielded a classification that was proven with <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a> measurements – to be over 80% accurate and found that water color, as seen from space, and turbidity significantly correlate with the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">menhaden</a> – while surface temperature and salinity do not appear to be significant factors. Water color – measured with the multispectral scanners four spectral bands, was used to infer <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a>, and possibly fish distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forestry">Forestry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Forestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An ecological study used 16 <a href="/wiki/Orthophoto" title="Orthophoto">ortho-rectified</a> Landsat images to generate a land cover map of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> forest. The main objective was to measure the mangrove cover and above ground <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> on this zone that until now could only be estimated, the cover was found with 93% accuracy to be 2909 square kilometers (27% lower than previous estimates). Additionally, the study helped confirm that geological setting has a greater influence on biomass distribution than latitude alone - the mangrove area is spread across 16° of latitude but it the biomass volume of it was affected more strongly by geographic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change_and_environmental_disasters">Climate change and environmental disasters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate change and environmental disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shrinking_of_the_Aral_Sea">Shrinking of the Aral Sea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shrinking of the Aral Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shrinking of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> has been described as "One of the planet's worst environmental disasters". Landsat imagery has been used as a record to quantify the amount of water loss and the changes to the shoreline. Satellite visual images have a greater impact on people than just words, and this shows the importance of Landsat imagery and satellite images in general.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fires_in_Yellowstone_National_Park">Fires in Yellowstone National Park</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fires in Yellowstone National Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_fires_of_1988" title="Yellowstone fires of 1988">Yellowstone fires of 1988</a> were the worst in the recorded history of the national park. They lasted from 14 June to 11 September 1988, when rain and snow helped halt the spread of the fires. The area affected by the fire was estimated to be 3,213 square kilometers – 36% of the park. Landsat imagery was used for the area estimation, and it also helped determine the reasons why the fire spread so quickly. Historic drought and a significant number of lightning strikes were some of the factors that created conditions for the massive fire, but anthropogenic actions amplified the disaster. On images generated previous to the fire, there is an evident difference between lands that display preservation practices and the lands that display clear cut activities for timber production. These two type of lands reacted differently to the stress of fires, and it is believed that that was an important factor on the behavior of the wildfire. Landsat imagery, and satellite imagery in general, have contributed to understanding fire science; fire danger, wildfire behavior and the effects of wildfire on certain areas. It has helped understanding of how different features and vegetation fuel fires, change temperature, and affect the spreading speed.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao_Meng_Huang_Zhao_p=898_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao_Meng_Huang_Zhao_p=898-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_fires_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_fires-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glacier_retreat">Glacier retreat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Glacier retreat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The serial nature of Landsat missions and the fact that is the longest-running satellite program gives it a unique perspective to generate information of Earth. Glacier retreat in a big scale can be traced back to previous Landsat missions, and this information can be used to generate climate change knowledge. The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Glacier_(Alaska)" title="Columbia Glacier (Alaska)">Columbia glacier</a> retreat for example, can be observed in false-composite images since <a href="/wiki/Landsat_4" title="Landsat 4">Landsat 4</a> in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Landslides_Monitoring_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landslides_Monitoring-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urban_development">Urban development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Urban development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Landsat imagery gives a time-lapse like series of images of development. Human development specifically, can be measured by the size a city grows over time. Further than just population estimates and energy consumption, Landsat imagery gives an insight of the type of urban development, and study aspects of social and political change through visible change. In Beijing for example, a series of ring roads started to develop in 1980s following the economic reform of 1970, and the change in development rate and construction rate was accelerated in these time periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Landslides_Monitoring_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landslides_Monitoring-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discovery_of_new_species">Discovery of new species</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Discovery of new species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, Landsat imagery assisted in the discovery of new species. Conservation scientist Julian Bayliss wanted to find areas that could potentially become conservation forests using Landsat generated satellite images. Bayliss saw a patch in Mozambique that until then had no detailed information. On a reconnaissance trip, he found great diversity of wildlife as well as three new species of butterflies and a new snake species. Following his discovery, he continued to study this forest and was able to map and determine the forest extent.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_and_future_Landsat_satellites">Recent and future Landsat satellites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Recent and future Landsat satellites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L8and9-to-LandsatNext-BandComparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/L8and9-to-LandsatNext-BandComparison.png/220px-L8and9-to-LandsatNext-BandComparison.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/L8and9-to-LandsatNext-BandComparison.png/330px-L8and9-to-LandsatNext-BandComparison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/L8and9-to-LandsatNext-BandComparison.png/440px-L8and9-to-LandsatNext-BandComparison.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1546" /></a><figcaption>Landsat 8/9 and Landsat Next spectral band comparison</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Landsat_8" title="Landsat 8">Landsat 8</a> launched on 11 February 2013. It was launched on an <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> 401 from <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a>. It will continue to obtain valuable data and imagery to be used in agriculture, education, business, science, and government. The new satellite was assembled in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> by <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences_Corporation" title="Orbital Sciences Corporation">Orbital Sciences Corporation</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Landsat_9" title="Landsat 9">Landsat 9</a> launched on September 27, 2021. During FY2014 financial planning "appropriators chided NASA for unrealistic expectations that a Landsat 9 would cost US$1 billion, and capped spending at US$650 million" according to a report by the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> appropriators advised NASA to plan for a launch no later than 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Folger_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folger-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2015, NASA and the USGS announced that work on Landsat 9 had commenced, with funding allocated for the satellite in the president's FY2016 budget, for a planned launch in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa.gov_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funding for the development of a low-cost thermal infrared (TIR) free-flying satellite for launch in 2019 was also proposed, to ensure data continuity by flying in formation with Landsat 8.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa.gov_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the future, there may also be more collaboration between Landsat satellites and other satellites with similar spatial and spectral resolution, such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sentinel_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel 2">Sentinel-2</a> constellation.<sup id="cite_ref-Wulder_Loveland_Roy_Crawford_2019_pp._127–147_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wulder_Loveland_Roy_Crawford_2019_pp._127–147-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landsat Next is planned to launch in late 2030/early 2031 and will measure 26 spectral bands; current Landsat's 8 and 9 measure 11 each.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Overview_of_the_Thermal_Infrared_Sensor.ogv/320px--Overview_of_the_Thermal_Infrared_Sensor.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="214" height="120" data-durationhint="317" data-mwtitle="Overview_of_the_Thermal_Infrared_Sensor.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Overview_of_the_Thermal_Infrared_Sensor.ogv/Overview_of_the_Thermal_Infrared_Sensor.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Overview_of_the_Thermal_Infrared_Sensor.ogv/Overview_of_the_Thermal_Infrared_Sensor.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Overview_of_the_Thermal_Infrared_Sensor.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Overview_of_the_Thermal_Infrared_Sensor.ogv/Overview_of_the_Thermal_Infrared_Sensor.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Overview_of_the_Thermal_Infrared_Sensor.ogv/Overview_of_the_Thermal_Infrared_Sensor.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Overview of the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), one of the instruments on Landsat 8.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Timelapse_of_TIRS_for_LDCM.ogv/320px--Timelapse_of_TIRS_for_LDCM.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="214" height="120" data-durationhint="212" data-mwtitle="Timelapse_of_TIRS_for_LDCM.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Timelapse_of_TIRS_for_LDCM.ogv/Timelapse_of_TIRS_for_LDCM.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Timelapse_of_TIRS_for_LDCM.ogv/Timelapse_of_TIRS_for_LDCM.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Timelapse_of_TIRS_for_LDCM.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Timelapse_of_TIRS_for_LDCM.ogv/Timelapse_of_TIRS_for_LDCM.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A timelapse of the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) instrument for Landsat 8 being cleaned, bagged, and packed to ship to Orbital Sciences Corp, where TIRS will be integrated with the spacecraft.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv/320px--Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="214" height="120" data-durationhint="169" data-mwtitle="Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_(high_res).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv/Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv/Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv/Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv/Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv/Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv/Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv/Florida_Everglades_Landsat_5_Band_Remix_%28high_res%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animation showing how different LDCM bands can be combined to obtain different information over the <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Florida Everglades</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsat_8_LDCM_Liftoff_5min.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Screenshot capture from NASA TV showing the Atlas V during the launch of Landsat 8."><img alt="Screenshot capture from NASA TV showing the Atlas V during the launch of Landsat 8." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Landsat_8_LDCM_Liftoff_5min.png/313px-Landsat_8_LDCM_Liftoff_5min.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Landsat_8_LDCM_Liftoff_5min.png/470px-Landsat_8_LDCM_Liftoff_5min.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Landsat_8_LDCM_Liftoff_5min.png/626px-Landsat_8_LDCM_Liftoff_5min.png 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Screenshot capture from NASA TV showing the Atlas V during the launch of Landsat 8.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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NASA. 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landsat+NeXt+%7C+Landsat+Science&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flandsat.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fsatellites%2Flandsat-next%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandsat+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_program&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1166" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_1" title="Landsat 1">Landsat 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_2" title="Landsat 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_3" title="Landsat 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_4" title="Landsat 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_5" title="Landsat 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_6" title="Landsat 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_7" title="Landsat 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_8" title="Landsat 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_9" title="Landsat 9">9</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsat_Data_Continuity_Mission_Logo_(transparent).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Landsat Data Continuity Mission Logo"><img alt="Landsat Data Continuity Mission Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Landsat_Data_Continuity_Mission_Logo_%28transparent%29.png/50px-Landsat_Data_Continuity_Mission_Logo_%28transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Landsat_Data_Continuity_Mission_Logo_%28transparent%29.png/75px-Landsat_Data_Continuity_Mission_Logo_%28transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Landsat_Data_Continuity_Mission_Logo_%28transparent%29.png/100px-Landsat_Data_Continuity_Mission_Logo_%28transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1383" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth_reconnaissance_satellites_(excluding_China,_Russia_and_the_United_States)" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rest_of_the_World_Reconnaissance_Satellites" title="Template:Rest of the World Reconnaissance Satellites"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rest_of_the_World_Reconnaissance_Satellites" title="Template talk:Rest of the World Reconnaissance Satellites"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rest_of_the_World_Reconnaissance_Satellites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rest of the World Reconnaissance Satellites"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth_reconnaissance_satellites_(excluding_China,_Russia_and_the_United_States)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Earth <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">reconnaissance satellites</a> (excluding China, Russia and the United States)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lios_1B" title="Hélios 1B">Hélios IA & IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios_2_(satellite)" title="Helios 2 (satellite)">Hélios 2A & 2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A9iades_(satellite)" title="Pléiades (satellite)">Pléiades IA & IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A9iades_(satellite)" title="Pléiades (satellite)">Pléiades Neo 3 & 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composante_Spatiale_Optique" title="Composante Spatiale Optique">CSO-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composante_Spatiale_Optique" title="Composante Spatiale Optique">CSO-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">SIGINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerise_(satellite)" title="Cerise (satellite)">Cerise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9mentine_(satellite)" title="Clémentine (satellite)">Clémentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essaim_(satellite)" title="Essaim (satellite)">Essaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELISA_(satellite)" title="ELISA (satellite)">Elisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERES_(satellite)" title="CERES (satellite)">CERES (× 3)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Radar_IMINT" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">Radar IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAR-Lupe" title="SAR-Lupe">SAR-Lupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TerraSAR-X" title="TerraSAR-X">TerraSAR-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TanDEM-X" title="TanDEM-X">TanDEM-X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-1" title="Cartosat-1">Cartosat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2" title="Cartosat-2">Cartosat-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2A" title="Cartosat-2A">Cartosat-2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2B" title="Cartosat-2B">Cartosat-2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2C" title="Cartosat-2C">Cartosat-2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2D" title="Cartosat-2D">Cartosat-2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2E" title="Cartosat-2E">Cartosat-2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2F" title="Cartosat-2F">Cartosat-2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-3" title="Cartosat-3">Cartosat-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsat-R" title="Microsat-R">Microsat-R</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">Radar IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-1" title="RISAT-1">RISAT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2" title="RISAT-2">RISAT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2B" title="RISAT-2B">RISAT-2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2BR1" title="RISAT-2BR1">RISAT-2BR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-04" title="EOS-04">RISAT-1A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">SIGINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMISAT" title="EMISAT">EMISAT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ofeq#Launch_history" title="Ofeq">Ofeq-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofeq-7" title="Ofeq-7">Ofeq-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofeq-9" title="Ofeq-9">Ofeq-9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">Radar IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TecSAR-1" title="TecSAR-1">Ofeq-8 (TecSAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofeq-10" title="Ofeq-10">Ofeq-10 (TecSAR 2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofeq-11_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ofeq-11 (satellite)">Ofeq-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Radar_IMINT" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">Radar IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COSMO-SkyMed" title="COSMO-SkyMed">COSMO-SkyMed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="IMINT" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Gathering_Satellite" title="Information Gathering Satellite">IGS 1A/B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Gathering_Satellite" title="Information Gathering Satellite">IGS 2A/B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Gathering_Satellite" title="Information Gathering Satellite">IGS 3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Gathering_Satellite" title="Information Gathering Satellite">IGS 4A/B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Gathering_Satellite" title="Information Gathering Satellite">IGS 5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Gathering_Satellite" title="Information Gathering Satellite">IGS 6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Gathering_Satellite" title="Information Gathering Satellite">IGS 7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Gathering_Satellite" title="Information Gathering Satellite">IGS 8A/B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="IMINT" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Remote_Sensing_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite">PRSS-I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="IMINT" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANASIS-II" title="ANASIS-II">ANASIS-II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">Radar IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Paz_(satellite)" title="Paz (satellite)">Paz</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="IMINT" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-1" title="Göktürk-1">Göktürk-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-2" title="Göktürk-2">Göktürk-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-3" title="Göktürk-3">Göktürk-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="IMINT" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre#Carbonite-2" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">Carbonite-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GSFC" title="Template:GSFC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GSFC" title="Template talk:GSFC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GSFC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GSFC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="History of the Goddard Space Flight Center">GSFC History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility (WFF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Scientific_Balloon_Facility" title="Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility">Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility (CSBF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_Magnetic_Test_Facility" title="Spacecraft Magnetic Test Facility">Spacecraft Magnetic Test Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson_Independent_Verification_and_Validation_Facility" title="Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility">Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility (IV&V)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_Fabrication_Facility_(Goddard)" title="Spacecraft Fabrication Facility (Goddard)">Spacecraft Fabrication Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable missions<br />and programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers Program</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Landsat program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getaway_Special" title="Getaway Special">Getaway Special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_and_Data_Relay_Satellite_System" title="Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System">Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope (HST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Earth_Observing_System" title="Goddard Earth Observing System">Goddard Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dennis J. Andrucyk (Director)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L._Kinney" title="Anne L. Kinney">Anne L. Kinney</a> (Deputy Center Director)</li> <li>Christyl Johnson (Deputy Director, Technology and Research Investments)</li> <li>Ray Rubilotta (Associate Center Director)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable scientists<br />and engineers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Louis_Band" title="David Louis Band">David Louis Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bindschadler" title="Robert Bindschadler">Robert Bindschadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Espenak" title="Fred Espenak">Fred Espenak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Carl_Feldman" title="Gene Carl Feldman">Gene Carl Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figueroa" title="Orlando Figueroa">Orlando Figueroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Kuchner" title="Marc Kuchner">Marc Kuchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissette_Martinez" title="Lissette Martinez">Lissette Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">John C. Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Roman" title="Nancy Roman">Nancy Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849791#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85074388">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007553100705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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