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var a = axel * 10000000000000; document.write('<iframe src="https://2542116.fls.doubleclick.net/activityi;src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=ord=' + a + '?" width="1" height="1" frameborder="0" style="display:none"></iframe>'); //]]> </script> <noscript> <img alt='' height='1' src='https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/activity/src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=1?' width='1'/> </noscript>  <div class='header-outer'> <div class='header-inner'> <div class='section' id='header'><div class='widget Header' data-version='1' id='Header1'> <div class='header-left'> <div class='header-title'> <a class='google-logo' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/'> <img height='50' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/branding/googlelogo/2x/googlelogo_color_150x54dp.png'/> </a> <a href='/.'> <h2> Testing Blog </h2> </a> </div> <div class='header-desc'> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div>  <div class='cols-wrapper loading'> <div class='col-main-wrapper'> <div class='col-main'> <div class='section' id='main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='post' data-id='6878816982896642200' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/12/testing-on-toilet-tests-too-dry-make.html' itemprop='url' title='Testing on the Toilet: Tests Too DRY? Make Them DAMP!'> Testing on the Toilet: Tests Too DRY? Make Them DAMP! </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> <span class='publishdate' itemprop='datePublished'> Tuesday, December 03, 2019 </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This article was adapted from a </span><a href="http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Google Testing on the Toilet</span></a><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (TotT) episode. You can download a </span><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mqIk9nrlySviWOP3yZfRpj6HQivXHYzeiI0bi4QdmBk/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">printer-friendly version</span></a><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of this TotT episode and post it in your office.</span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: normal;">By Derek Snyder and Erik Kuefler</span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><br /></span></span> <span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: purple; font-weight: bold;">The test below follows the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself">DRY principle</a> (“Don’t Repeat Yourself”)</span>, a best practice that encourages code reuse rather than duplication, e.g., by extracting helper methods or by using loops. But is it a well-written test?</span></span><br /> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">def setUp(self): self.users = [User('alice'), User('bob')] # This field can be reused across tests. self.forum = Forum() def <span style="font-weight: bold;">testCanRegisterMultipleUsers</span>(self): self._RegisterAllUsers() for user in self.users: # Use a for-loop to verify that all users are registered. self.assertTrue(self.forum.HasRegisteredUser(user)) def _RegisterAllUsers(self): # This method can be reused across tests. for user in self.users: self.forum.Register(user) </span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">While the test body above is concise, the reader needs to do some mental computation to understand it, e.g., by following the flow of </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">self.users</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> from </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">setUp()</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> through </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">_RegisterAllUsers()</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. <span style="color: purple; font-weight: bold;">Since tests don't have tests, it should be easy for humans to manually inspect them for correctness</span>, even at the expense of greater code duplication. This means that the DRY principle often isn’t a good fit for unit tests, even though it is a best practice for production code.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: purple; font-weight: bold;">In tests we can use the <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6453235/what-does-damp-not-dry-mean-when-talking-about-unit-tests">DAMP principle</a> (“Descriptive and Meaningful Phrases”), which emphasizes <i>readability over uniqueness</i></span></span>. Applying this principle can introduce code redundancy (e.g., by repeating similar code), but it makes tests more obviously correct. Let’s add some DAMP-ness to the above test:<br /> <br /> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">def setUp(self): self.forum = Forum() def <span style="font-weight: bold;">testCanRegisterMultipleUsers</span>(self): <span style="color: #1155cc; font-style: italic;"># Create the users in the test instead of relying on users created in setUp.</span> user1 = User('alice') user2 = User('bob') <span style="color: #1155cc; font-style: italic;"># Register the users in the test instead of in a helper method, and don't use a for-loop.</span> self.forum.Register(user1) self.forum.Register(user2) <span style="color: #1155cc; font-style: italic;"># Assert each user individually instead of using a for-loop.</span> self.assertTrue(self.forum.HasRegisteredUser(user1)) self.assertTrue(self.forum.HasRegisteredUser(user2)) </span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Note that <span style="color: purple; font-weight: bold;">the DRY principle is still relevant in tests</span>; for example, using a helper function for creating value objects can increase clarity by removing redundant details from the test body. Ideally, test code should be both readable and unique, but sometimes there’s a trade-off. <span style="color: purple; font-weight: bold;">When writing unit tests and faced with a choice between the DRY and DAMP principles, lean more heavily toward DAMP</span>.</span><br /> <br /> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This article was adapted from a </span><a href="http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Google Testing on the Toilet</span></a><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (TotT) episode. You can download a </span><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mqIk9nrlySviWOP3yZfRpj6HQivXHYzeiI0bi4QdmBk/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">printer-friendly version</span></a><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of this TotT episode and post it in your office.</span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: normal;">By Derek Snyder and Erik Kuefler</span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><br /></span></span> <span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: purple; font-weight: bold;">The test below follows the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself">DRY principle</a> (“Don’t Repeat Yourself”)</span>, a best practice that encourages code reuse rather than duplication, e.g., by extracting helper methods or by using loops. But is it a well-written test?</span></span><br /> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">def setUp(self): self.users = [User('alice'), User('bob')] # This field can be reused across tests. self.forum = Forum() def <span style="font-weight: bold;">testCanRegisterMultipleUsers</span>(self): self._RegisterAllUsers() for user in self.users: # Use a for-loop to verify that all users are registered. self.assertTrue(self.forum.HasRegisteredUser(user)) def _RegisterAllUsers(self): # This method can be reused across tests. for user in self.users: self.forum.Register(user) </span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">While the test body above is concise, the reader needs to do some mental computation to understand it, e.g., by following the flow of </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">self.users</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> from </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">setUp()</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> through </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">_RegisterAllUsers()</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. <span style="color: purple; font-weight: bold;">Since tests don't have tests, it should be easy for humans to manually inspect them for correctness</span>, even at the expense of greater code duplication. This means that the DRY principle often isn’t a good fit for unit tests, even though it is a best practice for production code.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: purple; font-weight: bold;">In tests we can use the <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6453235/what-does-damp-not-dry-mean-when-talking-about-unit-tests">DAMP principle</a> (“Descriptive and Meaningful Phrases”), which emphasizes <i>readability over uniqueness</i></span></span>. Applying this principle can introduce code redundancy (e.g., by repeating similar code), but it makes tests more obviously correct. Let’s add some DAMP-ness to the above test:<br /> <br /> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">def setUp(self): self.forum = Forum() def <span style="font-weight: bold;">testCanRegisterMultipleUsers</span>(self): <span style="color: #1155cc; font-style: italic;"># Create the users in the test instead of relying on users created in setUp.</span> user1 = User('alice') user2 = User('bob') <span style="color: #1155cc; font-style: italic;"># Register the users in the test instead of in a helper method, and don't use a for-loop.</span> self.forum.Register(user1) self.forum.Register(user2) <span style="color: #1155cc; font-style: italic;"># Assert each user individually instead of using a for-loop.</span> self.assertTrue(self.forum.HasRegisteredUser(user1)) self.assertTrue(self.forum.HasRegisteredUser(user2)) </span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Note that <span style="color: purple; font-weight: bold;">the DRY principle is still relevant in tests</span>; for example, using a helper function for creating value objects can increase clarity by removing redundant details from the test body. Ideally, test code should be both readable and unique, but sometimes there’s a trade-off. <span style="color: purple; font-weight: bold;">When writing unit tests and faced with a choice between the DRY and DAMP principles, lean more heavily toward DAMP</span>.</span><br /> <br /> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Testing on the Toilet: Tests Too DRY? Make Them DAMP!&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/12/testing-on-toilet-tests-too-dry-make.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> <span class='fb-custom social-wrapper' data-href='https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/12/testing-on-toilet-tests-too-dry-make.html'> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> </div> <div class='comment-container'> <i class='comment-img material-icons'>  </i> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/12/testing-on-toilet-tests-too-dry-make.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>11 comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/12/testing-on-toilet-tests-too-dry-make.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> <span class='labels-caption'> Labels: </span> <span class='labels'> <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Derek%20Snyder' rel='tag'> Derek Snyder </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Erik%20Kuefler' rel='tag'> Erik Kuefler </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT' rel='tag'> TotT </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='3070073239211746981' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/11/code-health-respectful-reviews-useful.html' itemprop='url' title='Code Health: Respectful Reviews == Useful Reviews'> Code Health: Respectful Reviews == Useful Reviews </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> <span class='publishdate' itemprop='datePublished'> Wednesday, November 06, 2019 </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <span id="docs-internal-guid-31239969-d272-57b1-3d6f-993ac1ed4155" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is another post in our </span><a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Code Health</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google </span><a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Testing on the Toilet</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> episode. You can download a </span><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_Gljf1TMTV2WPsiXCdk8oIkiq6uiajN_IqGdlD7u3Mc/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">printer-friendly version</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to display in your office. </span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">By Liz Kammer (Google), Maggie Hodges (UX research consultant), and Ambar Murillo (Google)</span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-21af0bd9-7fff-162b-bd00-eac285eda5b5" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; vertical-align: baseline;">While code review is recognized as a </span><a href="https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3183525" style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline;">valuable tool</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"> for improving the quality of software projects, </span><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">code review comments that are perceived as being</span><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">unclear or harsh can have unfavorable consequences</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; vertical-align: baseline;">: slow reviews, blocked dependent code reviews, negative emotions, or negative perceptions of other contributors or colleagues.</span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c7db8cea-7fff-60cc-961e-7b7698163066"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: purple; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Consider these tips to resolve code review comments respectfully.</span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c303e636-7fff-815d-fc3e-0f7b94de78a8"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">As a Reviewer or Author:</span></span></span></span><br /> <ul> <li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-8a31b643-7fff-afeb-2fc1-2213b1af214f" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: purple; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">DO: Assume competence</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline;"> An author’s implementation or a reviewer’s recommendation may be due to the other party having different context than you. Start by asking questions to gain understanding.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-9472d15d-7fff-f518-ef6d-e22573eac87e" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">DO:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Provide rationale or context</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline;">such as a best practices document, a style guide, or a design document. This can help others understand your decision or provide mentorship. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-42ad9f22-7fff-11f5-9eab-23eb1cd8e133" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: purple; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">DO: Consider how comments may be interpreted</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline;"> Be mindful of the differing ways hyperbole, jokes, and emojis may be perceived.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Author Don’t:</span> I prefer short names so I’d rather</pre> <pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">not change this. Unless you make</pre> <pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">me? :) </pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Author Do:</span> Best practice suggests omitting</pre> <pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">obvious/generic terms. I’m not</pre> <pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">sure how to reconcile that</pre> <pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">advice with this request.</pre> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </li> <li><span id="docs-internal-guid-a8963698-7fff-4ffa-c99a-611336a6f177" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: purple; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DON’T: Criticize the person</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Instead, discuss the </span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">code</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Even the perception that a comment is about a person (e.g., due to using “you” or “your”) distracts from the goal of improving the code.</span></span> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reviewer Don’t:</span> Why are you using this approach?</pre> <pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">You’re adding unnecessary</pre> <pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">complexity. </pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reviewer Do:</span> This concurrency model appears to</pre> <pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">be adding complexity to the</pre> <pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">system without any visible</pre> <pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">performance benefit.</pre> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </li> <li><span id="docs-internal-guid-a360fc53-7fff-0cf4-1393-da8afda543e7"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: purple; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DON’T: Use harsh language</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Code review comments with a negative tone are less likely to be useful. For example, </span><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/bosu2015useful.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">prior research</span></a><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> found very negative comments were considered useful by authors 57% of the time, while more-neutral comments were useful 79% of the time. </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <br /> <div> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 17.3333px; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">As a Reviewer:</span></div> <div> <ul> <li><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-bdab575f-7fff-5c3c-3928-88877a3d6b27" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">DO: Provide</span><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">specific and actionable feedback</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;">If you don’t have specific advice, sometimes it’s helpful to ask for clarification on why the author made a decision. </span></span></span> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reviewer Don’t:</span> I don’t understand this. </pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reviewer Do:</span> If this is an optimization, can you</pre> <pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">please add comments?</pre> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </li> <li><span id="docs-internal-guid-b54077dd-7fff-539e-7a07-a06cc3c2c9c8" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: purple; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DO: Clearly mark nitpicks and optional comments</span><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">by using prefixes such as ‘Nit’ or ‘Optional’. This allows the author to better gauge the reviewer’s expectations.</span></span></li> </ul> <div> <span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 17.3333px; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">As an Author:</span></div> </div> <div> <ul> <li><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-00d7b8cd-7fff-09f4-145d-db8414f49728" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: purple; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">DO: Clarify code or reply to the reviewer’s comment</span><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;"> in response to feedback. Failing to do so can signal a lack of receptiveness to implementing improvements to the code.</span></span></span> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Author Don’t:</span> That makes sense in some cases but</pre> <pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">not here. </pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Author Do:</span> I added a comment about why</pre> <pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">it’s implemented that way.</pre> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </li> <li><span id="docs-internal-guid-9d70b4dc-7fff-1f5b-5d6e-2bab04f49887" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DO: When</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">disagreeing with feedback, explain the advantage of your approach</span></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. In cases where you can’t reach consensus, follow Google’s guidance for </span><a href="https://google.github.io/eng-practices/review/reviewer/standard.html#conflicts" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">resolving conflicts</span></a><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in code review.</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> <span id="docs-internal-guid-31239969-d272-57b1-3d6f-993ac1ed4155" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is another post in our </span><a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Code Health</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google </span><a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Testing on the Toilet</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> episode. You can download a </span><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_Gljf1TMTV2WPsiXCdk8oIkiq6uiajN_IqGdlD7u3Mc/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">printer-friendly version</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to display in your office. </span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">By Liz Kammer (Google), Maggie Hodges (UX research consultant), and Ambar Murillo (Google)</span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-21af0bd9-7fff-162b-bd00-eac285eda5b5" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; vertical-align: baseline;">While code review is recognized as a </span><a href="https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3183525" style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline;">valuable tool</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"> for improving the quality of software projects, </span><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">code review comments that are perceived as being</span><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">unclear or harsh can have unfavorable consequences</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; vertical-align: baseline;">: slow reviews, blocked dependent code reviews, negative emotions, or negative perceptions of other contributors or colleagues.</span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c7db8cea-7fff-60cc-961e-7b7698163066"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: purple; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Consider these tips to resolve code review comments respectfully.</span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c303e636-7fff-815d-fc3e-0f7b94de78a8"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">As a Reviewer or Author:</span></span></span></span><br /> <ul> <li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-8a31b643-7fff-afeb-2fc1-2213b1af214f" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: purple; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">DO: Assume competence</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline;"> An author’s implementation or a reviewer’s recommendation may be due to the other party having different context than you. Start by asking questions to gain understanding.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-9472d15d-7fff-f518-ef6d-e22573eac87e" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">DO:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Provide rationale or context</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline;">such as a best practices document, a style guide, or a design document. This can help others understand your decision or provide mentorship. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-42ad9f22-7fff-11f5-9eab-23eb1cd8e133" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: purple; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">DO: Consider how comments may be interpreted</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline;"> Be mindful of the differing ways hyperbole, jokes, and emojis may be perceived.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Author Don’t:</span> I prefer short names so I’d rather</pre> <pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">not change this. Unless you make</pre> <pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">me? :) </pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Author Do:</span> Best practice suggests omitting</pre> <pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">obvious/generic terms. I’m not</pre> <pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">sure how to reconcile that</pre> <pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">advice with this request.</pre> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </li> <li><span id="docs-internal-guid-a8963698-7fff-4ffa-c99a-611336a6f177" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: purple; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DON’T: Criticize the person</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Instead, discuss the </span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">code</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Even the perception that a comment is about a person (e.g., due to using “you” or “your”) distracts from the goal of improving the code.</span></span> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reviewer Don’t:</span> Why are you using this approach?</pre> <pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">You’re adding unnecessary</pre> <pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">complexity. </pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reviewer Do:</span> This concurrency model appears to</pre> <pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">be adding complexity to the</pre> <pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">system without any visible</pre> <pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">performance benefit.</pre> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </li> <li><span id="docs-internal-guid-a360fc53-7fff-0cf4-1393-da8afda543e7"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: purple; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DON’T: Use harsh language</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Code review comments with a negative tone are less likely to be useful. For example, </span><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/bosu2015useful.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">prior research</span></a><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> found very negative comments were considered useful by authors 57% of the time, while more-neutral comments were useful 79% of the time. </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <br /> <div> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 17.3333px; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">As a Reviewer:</span></div> <div> <ul> <li><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-bdab575f-7fff-5c3c-3928-88877a3d6b27" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">DO: Provide</span><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">specific and actionable feedback</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;">If you don’t have specific advice, sometimes it’s helpful to ask for clarification on why the author made a decision. </span></span></span> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reviewer Don’t:</span> I don’t understand this. </pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reviewer Do:</span> If this is an optimization, can you</pre> <pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">please add comments?</pre> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </li> <li><span id="docs-internal-guid-b54077dd-7fff-539e-7a07-a06cc3c2c9c8" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: purple; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DO: Clearly mark nitpicks and optional comments</span><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">by using prefixes such as ‘Nit’ or ‘Optional’. This allows the author to better gauge the reviewer’s expectations.</span></span></li> </ul> <div> <span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 17.3333px; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">As an Author:</span></div> </div> <div> <ul> <li><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-00d7b8cd-7fff-09f4-145d-db8414f49728" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: purple; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">DO: Clarify code or reply to the reviewer’s comment</span><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;"> in response to feedback. Failing to do so can signal a lack of receptiveness to implementing improvements to the code.</span></span></span> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Author Don’t:</span> That makes sense in some cases but</pre> <pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">not here. </pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Author Do:</span> I added a comment about why</pre> <pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">it’s implemented that way.</pre> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </li> <li><span id="docs-internal-guid-9d70b4dc-7fff-1f5b-5d6e-2bab04f49887" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DO: When</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">disagreeing with feedback, explain the advantage of your approach</span></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. In cases where you can’t reach consensus, follow Google’s guidance for </span><a href="https://google.github.io/eng-practices/review/reviewer/standard.html#conflicts" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">resolving conflicts</span></a><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in code review.</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Code Health: Respectful Reviews == Useful Reviews&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/11/code-health-respectful-reviews-useful.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> <span class='fb-custom social-wrapper' data-href='https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/11/code-health-respectful-reviews-useful.html'> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> </div> <div class='comment-container'> <i class='comment-img material-icons'>  </i> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/11/code-health-respectful-reviews-useful.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>4 comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/11/code-health-respectful-reviews-useful.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> <span class='labels-caption'> Labels: </span> <span class='labels'> <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Code%20Health' rel='tag'> Code Health </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT' rel='tag'> TotT </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='2097440038165971468' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/07/truth-10-fluent-assertions-for-java-and.html' itemprop='url' title='Truth 1.0: Fluent Assertions for Java and Android Tests'> Truth 1.0: Fluent Assertions for Java and Android Tests </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> <span class='publishdate' itemprop='datePublished'> Monday, July 08, 2019 </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> By Chris Povirk, Java Core Libraries<br /> <br /> <i>(originally posted to the <a href="https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/07/truth-10-fluent-assertions-for-java-and.html">Google Open Source Blog</a>)</i><br /> <br /> Software testing is important—and sometimes frustrating. The frustration can come from working on innately hard domains, like concurrency, but too often it comes from a thousand small cuts:<br /> <div> <br /></div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">assertEquals("<span style="color: #0f9d58;">Message has been sent</span>", getString(notification, EXTRA_BIG_TEXT)); assertTrue( getString(notification, EXTRA_TEXT) .contains(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Kurt Kluever <kak@google.com>"</span>));</span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <br /> <br /> The two assertions above test <i>almost</i> the same thing, but they are structured differently. The difference in <i>structure</i> makes it hard to identify the difference in <i>what's being tested</i>.<br /> <div> <br /></div> <div> <div> A better way to structure these assertions is to use a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_interface">fluent API</a>:</div> </div> <div> <br /></div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">assertThat(getString(notification, EXTRA_BIG_TEXT)) .isEqualTo(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Message has been sent"</span>); assertThat(getString(notification, EXTRA_TEXT)) .contains(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Kurt Kluever <kak@google.com>"</span>);</span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <br /> <br /> A fluent API naturally leads to other advantages:<br /> <ul> <li>IDE autocompletion can suggest assertions that fit the value under test, including rich operations like <span style="color: #0f9d58; font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">containsExactly(permission.SEND_SMS, permission.READ_SMS)</span>.</li> <li>Failure messages can include the value under test and the expected result. Contrast this with the <span style="color: #0f9d58; font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">assertTrue</span> call above, which lacks a failure message entirely.</li> </ul> <div> Google's fluent assertion library for Java and Android is <a href="https://truth.dev/">Truth</a>. We're happy to announce that we've released <a href="https://github.com/google/truth/releases/tag/release_1_0">Truth 1.0</a>, which stabilizes our API after years of fine-tuning.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP0882nWja4Q4m3O08xb4HkZcGh8jzSMjG0b-5dyF5Khs37yoGiY6N5m1NZ4g3BGqDOd7I_RDXVqyzmcROPLL-8TaBsCf_7Zn2vYJ6Lzt4yfs_YmzWtfk_81DIbFq0SdMLuKaz/s1600/image1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="813" height="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP0882nWja4Q4m3O08xb4HkZcGh8jzSMjG0b-5dyF5Khs37yoGiY6N5m1NZ4g3BGqDOd7I_RDXVqyzmcROPLL-8TaBsCf_7Zn2vYJ6Lzt4yfs_YmzWtfk_81DIbFq0SdMLuKaz/s640/image1.png" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> <br /> Truth started in 2011 as a Googler's personal open source project. Later, it was donated back to Google and cultivated by the Java Core Libraries team, the people who bring you <a href="https://github.com/google/guava">Guava</a>.<br /> <div> <br /></div> <div> <div> You might already be familiar with assertion libraries like <a href="https://github.com/hamcrest/JavaHamcrest">Hamcrest</a> and <a href="https://joel-costigliola.github.io/assertj/">AssertJ</a>, which provide similar features. We've designed Truth to have a simpler API and more readable failure messages. For example, here's a failure message from AssertJ:</div> </div> <div> <br /></div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">java.lang.AssertionError: Expecting: <[year: 2019 month: 7 day: 15 ]> to contain exactly in any order: <[year: 2019 month: 6 day: 30 ]> elements not found: <[year: 2019 month: 6 day: 30 ]> and elements not expected: <[year: 2019 month: 7 day: 15 ]></span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /> <br /> And here's the equivalent message from Truth:<br /> <div> <br /></div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">value of: iterable.onlyElement() expected: year: 2019 month: 6 day: 30 but was: year: 2019 month: 7 day: 15 </span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /> <br /></div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> For more details, read our <a href="https://truth.dev/comparison">comparison of the libraries</a>, and <a href="https://truth.dev/#how-to-use-truth">try Truth</a> for yourself.</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> Also, if you're developing for Android, try <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/testing/fundamentals#assertions">AndroidX Test</a>. It includes Truth <a href="https://truth.dev/extension">extensions</a> that make assertions even easier to write and failure messages even clearer:</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <br /></div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">assertThat(notification).extras().<span style="color: #9c27b0;">string</span>(EXTRA_BIG_TEXT) .isEqualTo(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Message has been sent"</span>); assertThat(notification).extras().<span style="color: #9c27b0;">string</span>(EXTRA_TEXT) .contains(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Kurt Kluever <kak@google.com>"</span>);</span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /></div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /> Coming soon: Kotlin users of Truth can look forward to <a href="https://github.com/google/truth/issues/572">Kotlin-specific</a> <a href="https://github.com/google/truth/issues/536">enhancements</a>.</div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /></div> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> By Chris Povirk, Java Core Libraries<br /> <br /> <i>(originally posted to the <a href="https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/07/truth-10-fluent-assertions-for-java-and.html">Google Open Source Blog</a>)</i><br /> <br /> Software testing is important—and sometimes frustrating. The frustration can come from working on innately hard domains, like concurrency, but too often it comes from a thousand small cuts:<br /> <div> <br /></div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">assertEquals("<span style="color: #0f9d58;">Message has been sent</span>", getString(notification, EXTRA_BIG_TEXT)); assertTrue( getString(notification, EXTRA_TEXT) .contains(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Kurt Kluever <kak@google.com>"</span>));</span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <br /> <br /> The two assertions above test <i>almost</i> the same thing, but they are structured differently. The difference in <i>structure</i> makes it hard to identify the difference in <i>what's being tested</i>.<br /> <div> <br /></div> <div> <div> A better way to structure these assertions is to use a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_interface">fluent API</a>:</div> </div> <div> <br /></div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">assertThat(getString(notification, EXTRA_BIG_TEXT)) .isEqualTo(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Message has been sent"</span>); assertThat(getString(notification, EXTRA_TEXT)) .contains(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Kurt Kluever <kak@google.com>"</span>);</span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <br /> <br /> A fluent API naturally leads to other advantages:<br /> <ul> <li>IDE autocompletion can suggest assertions that fit the value under test, including rich operations like <span style="color: #0f9d58; font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">containsExactly(permission.SEND_SMS, permission.READ_SMS)</span>.</li> <li>Failure messages can include the value under test and the expected result. Contrast this with the <span style="color: #0f9d58; font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">assertTrue</span> call above, which lacks a failure message entirely.</li> </ul> <div> Google's fluent assertion library for Java and Android is <a href="https://truth.dev/">Truth</a>. We're happy to announce that we've released <a href="https://github.com/google/truth/releases/tag/release_1_0">Truth 1.0</a>, which stabilizes our API after years of fine-tuning.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP0882nWja4Q4m3O08xb4HkZcGh8jzSMjG0b-5dyF5Khs37yoGiY6N5m1NZ4g3BGqDOd7I_RDXVqyzmcROPLL-8TaBsCf_7Zn2vYJ6Lzt4yfs_YmzWtfk_81DIbFq0SdMLuKaz/s1600/image1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="813" height="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP0882nWja4Q4m3O08xb4HkZcGh8jzSMjG0b-5dyF5Khs37yoGiY6N5m1NZ4g3BGqDOd7I_RDXVqyzmcROPLL-8TaBsCf_7Zn2vYJ6Lzt4yfs_YmzWtfk_81DIbFq0SdMLuKaz/s640/image1.png" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> <br /> Truth started in 2011 as a Googler's personal open source project. Later, it was donated back to Google and cultivated by the Java Core Libraries team, the people who bring you <a href="https://github.com/google/guava">Guava</a>.<br /> <div> <br /></div> <div> <div> You might already be familiar with assertion libraries like <a href="https://github.com/hamcrest/JavaHamcrest">Hamcrest</a> and <a href="https://joel-costigliola.github.io/assertj/">AssertJ</a>, which provide similar features. We've designed Truth to have a simpler API and more readable failure messages. For example, here's a failure message from AssertJ:</div> </div> <div> <br /></div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">java.lang.AssertionError: Expecting: <[year: 2019 month: 7 day: 15 ]> to contain exactly in any order: <[year: 2019 month: 6 day: 30 ]> elements not found: <[year: 2019 month: 6 day: 30 ]> and elements not expected: <[year: 2019 month: 7 day: 15 ]></span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /> <br /> And here's the equivalent message from Truth:<br /> <div> <br /></div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">value of: iterable.onlyElement() expected: year: 2019 month: 6 day: 30 but was: year: 2019 month: 7 day: 15 </span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /> <br /></div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> For more details, read our <a href="https://truth.dev/comparison">comparison of the libraries</a>, and <a href="https://truth.dev/#how-to-use-truth">try Truth</a> for yourself.</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> Also, if you're developing for Android, try <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/testing/fundamentals#assertions">AndroidX Test</a>. It includes Truth <a href="https://truth.dev/extension">extensions</a> that make assertions even easier to write and failure messages even clearer:</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <br /></div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">assertThat(notification).extras().<span style="color: #9c27b0;">string</span>(EXTRA_BIG_TEXT) .isEqualTo(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Message has been sent"</span>); assertThat(notification).extras().<span style="color: #9c27b0;">string</span>(EXTRA_TEXT) .contains(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Kurt Kluever <kak@google.com>"</span>);</span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /></div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /> Coming soon: Kotlin users of Truth can look forward to <a href="https://github.com/google/truth/issues/572">Kotlin-specific</a> <a href="https://github.com/google/truth/issues/536">enhancements</a>.</div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /></div> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Truth 1.0: Fluent Assertions for Java and Android Tests&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/07/truth-10-fluent-assertions-for-java-and.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> <span class='fb-custom social-wrapper' data-href='https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/07/truth-10-fluent-assertions-for-java-and.html'> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> </div> <div class='comment-container'> <i class='comment-img material-icons'>  </i> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/07/truth-10-fluent-assertions-for-java-and.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>No comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/07/truth-10-fluent-assertions-for-java-and.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='7158856905941359039' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/01/android-platform-testing-made-easy.html' itemprop='url' title='Android Platform Testing Made Easy'> Android Platform Testing Made Easy </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> <span class='publishdate' itemprop='datePublished'> Tuesday, January 15, 2019 </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> By Simran Basi, Dan Shi, Dan Willemsen, and Clay Murphy<br /> <br /> Android Engineering Productivity (Android EngProd) seeks to ease development of the Android operating system for the entire ecosystem. Android EngProd creates tools, processes, and documentation aimed at Android platform development. We are now starting to push the best previously internal development infrastructure into the open for all to benefit. <br /> <br /> Although comprehensive, the <a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/cts">Android Compatibility Test Suite</a> (CTS) and <a href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/test_infra/tradefed">Trade Federation Test Harness</a> can be unwieldy to configure. So we recently publicly released new tooling and associated docs that simplify device configuration and testing in the form of the <a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/build/soong/">Soong build system</a> replacing Make, <a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/test-mapping">Test Mapping</a> for easy configs, and <a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/atest">Atest</a> to run tests locally.<br /> <h2> Configuring tests in Soong builds</h2> The <a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/build/soong/">Soong build system</a> was introduced in Android 8.0 (Oreo) to eventually replace the Make-based system (i.e. <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Android.mk</span> files) used in previous releases. Soong allows <a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/blueprints">simple build configuration</a> with support for <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">android_test</span> declarations arriving in Android Q, now available in the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) master branch.<br /> <br /> Soong uses <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Android.bp</span> files, which are JSON-like simple declarative descriptions of modules to build. Here is an example test configuration in Soong, from: <a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/platform_testing/+/master/tests/example/instrumentation/Android.bp">/platform_testing/tests/example/instrumentation/Android.bp</a><br /> <div> <div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">android_test {</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    name: "HelloWorldTests",</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    srcs: ["src/**/*.java"],</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    sdk_version: "current",</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    static_libs: ["android-support-test"],</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    certificate: "platform",</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    test_suites: ["device-tests"],</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">}</span></div> </div> <div> <br /></div> Note the <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">android_test</span> declaration at the beginning indicates this is a test. Including <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">android_app</span> instead would conversely indicate this is a build package. <a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/test-config">Complex test configuration</a> options still exist for test modules requiring customized setup and tear down that cannot be performed within the test case itself.<br /> <h2> Mapping tests in the source tree</h2> <a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/test-mapping">Test Mapping</a> allows developers to create pre- and post-submit test rules directly in the Android source tree and leave the decisions of branches and devices to be tested to the test infrastructure itself. Test Mapping definitions are JSON files named <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">TEST_MAPPING</span> that can be placed in any source directory.<br /> <br /> Test Mapping categorizes tests via a <b>test group</b>. The name of a test group can be any string. For example, <i><a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2018/09/efficacy-presubmit.html">presubmit</a></i> can be for a group of tests to run when validating changes. And <i>postsubmit</i> tests can be used to validate the builds after changes are merged.<br /> <br /> For the directory requiring test coverage, simply add a <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">TEST_MAPPING</span> JSON file resembling the example below. These rules will ensure the tests run in presubmit checks when any files are touched in that directory or any of its subdirectories.<br /> <br /> Here is a sample <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">TEST_MAPPING</span> file:<br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">{</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">  "presubmit": [</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    {</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">      "name": "CtsAccessibilityServiceTestCases",</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">      "options": [</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">        {</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">          "include-annotation": "android.platform.test.annotations.Presubmit"</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">        }</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">      ]</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    }</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">  ],</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">  "postsubmit": [</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    {</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">      "name": "CtsWindowManagerDeviceTestCases"</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    }</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">  ],</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">  "imports": [</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    {</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">      "path": "frameworks/base/services/core/java/com/android/server/am"</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    }</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">  ]</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">}</span><br /> <h2> Running tests locally with Atest</h2> <a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/atest">Atest</a> is a command line tool that allows developers to build, install, and run Android tests locally, greatly speeding test re-runs without requiring knowledge of <a href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/test_infra/tradefed">Trade Federation Test Harness</a> command line options.<br /> <div> <br /></div> Atest commands take the following form:<br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">atest [optional-arguments] test-to-run</span><br /> <div> <br /></div> You can run one or more tests by separating test references with spaces, like so:<br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">atest test-to-run-1 test-to-run-2</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"><br /></span> To run an entire test module, use its module name. Input the name as it appears in the <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">LOCAL_MODULE</span> or <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">LOCAL_PACKAGE_NAME</span> variables in that test's <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Android.mk</span> or <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Android.bp</span> file.<br /> <div> <br /></div> <div> For example:</div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">atest FrameworksServicesTests<br />atest CtsJankDeviceTestCases</span><br /> <h2> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Discovering tests with Atest and TEST MAPPING</span></h2> Atest and TEST MAPPING work together to solve the problem of test discovery, i.e. what tests need to be run when a directory of code is edited. For example, to execute all presubmit test rules for a given directory locally:<br /> <br /> <ol> <li>Go to the directory containing the <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">TEST_MAPPING</span> file.</li> <li>Run the command: <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">atest</span></li> </ol> <div> <span style="font-family: inherit;">All presubmit tests configured in the </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">TEST_MAPPING</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> files of the current directory and its parent directories are run. Atest will locate and run two tests for presubmit.</span></div> <h2> Finding more testing documentation</h2> Further, introductory testing documents were published on <a href="https://source.android.com/">source.android.com</a> to support Soong and platform testing in general:<br /> <ul> <li><a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests">Android Platform Testing</a></li> <li><a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development">Test Development Workflow</a></li> <li><a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/blueprints">Simple Test Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/instrumentation">Instrumentation Tests</a></li> <li><a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/native">Native Tests</a></li> <li><a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/jar">JAR (Java) Host Tests</a></li> </ul> In addition to exposing more testing documentation, Android has recently opened up build infrastructure to monitor submissions through <a href="http://ci.android.com/">ci.android.com</a>. See the <a href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2018/12/more-visibility-into-android-open-source-project.html">More visibility into the Android Open Source Project</a> blog post and the <a href="https://source.android.com/setup/build/dashboard">Continuous Integration Dashboard</a> for instructions on viewing build status and downloading build artifacts.<br /> <div> <br /></div> Android EngProd endeavors to bring you more previously internal-only features to make your life easier. Watch this <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/">Google Testing Blog</a>, the <a href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/">Android Developers Blog</a>, and <a href="https://source.android.com/">source.android.com</a> for future enhancements. <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> By Simran Basi, Dan Shi, Dan Willemsen, and Clay Murphy<br /> <br /> Android Engineering Productivity (Android EngProd) seeks to ease development of the Android operating system for the entire ecosystem. Android EngProd creates tools, processes, and documentation aimed at Android platform development. We are now starting to push the best previously internal development infrastructure into the open for all to benefit. <br /> <br /> Although comprehensive, the <a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/cts">Android Compatibility Test Suite</a> (CTS) and <a href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/test_infra/tradefed">Trade Federation Test Harness</a> can be unwieldy to configure. So we recently publicly released new tooling and associated docs that simplify device configuration and testing in the form of the <a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/build/soong/">Soong build system</a> replacing Make, <a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/test-mapping">Test Mapping</a> for easy configs, and <a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/atest">Atest</a> to run tests locally.<br /> <h2> Configuring tests in Soong builds</h2> The <a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/build/soong/">Soong build system</a> was introduced in Android 8.0 (Oreo) to eventually replace the Make-based system (i.e. <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Android.mk</span> files) used in previous releases. Soong allows <a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/blueprints">simple build configuration</a> with support for <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">android_test</span> declarations arriving in Android Q, now available in the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) master branch.<br /> <br /> Soong uses <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Android.bp</span> files, which are JSON-like simple declarative descriptions of modules to build. Here is an example test configuration in Soong, from: <a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/platform_testing/+/master/tests/example/instrumentation/Android.bp">/platform_testing/tests/example/instrumentation/Android.bp</a><br /> <div> <div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">android_test {</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    name: "HelloWorldTests",</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    srcs: ["src/**/*.java"],</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    sdk_version: "current",</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    static_libs: ["android-support-test"],</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    certificate: "platform",</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    test_suites: ["device-tests"],</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">}</span></div> </div> <div> <br /></div> Note the <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">android_test</span> declaration at the beginning indicates this is a test. Including <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">android_app</span> instead would conversely indicate this is a build package. <a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/test-config">Complex test configuration</a> options still exist for test modules requiring customized setup and tear down that cannot be performed within the test case itself.<br /> <h2> Mapping tests in the source tree</h2> <a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/test-mapping">Test Mapping</a> allows developers to create pre- and post-submit test rules directly in the Android source tree and leave the decisions of branches and devices to be tested to the test infrastructure itself. Test Mapping definitions are JSON files named <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">TEST_MAPPING</span> that can be placed in any source directory.<br /> <br /> Test Mapping categorizes tests via a <b>test group</b>. The name of a test group can be any string. For example, <i><a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2018/09/efficacy-presubmit.html">presubmit</a></i> can be for a group of tests to run when validating changes. And <i>postsubmit</i> tests can be used to validate the builds after changes are merged.<br /> <br /> For the directory requiring test coverage, simply add a <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">TEST_MAPPING</span> JSON file resembling the example below. These rules will ensure the tests run in presubmit checks when any files are touched in that directory or any of its subdirectories.<br /> <br /> Here is a sample <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">TEST_MAPPING</span> file:<br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">{</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">  "presubmit": [</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    {</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">      "name": "CtsAccessibilityServiceTestCases",</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">      "options": [</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">        {</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">          "include-annotation": "android.platform.test.annotations.Presubmit"</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">        }</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">      ]</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    }</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">  ],</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">  "postsubmit": [</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    {</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">      "name": "CtsWindowManagerDeviceTestCases"</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    }</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">  ],</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">  "imports": [</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    {</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">      "path": "frameworks/base/services/core/java/com/android/server/am"</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">    }</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">  ]</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">}</span><br /> <h2> Running tests locally with Atest</h2> <a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/atest">Atest</a> is a command line tool that allows developers to build, install, and run Android tests locally, greatly speeding test re-runs without requiring knowledge of <a href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/test_infra/tradefed">Trade Federation Test Harness</a> command line options.<br /> <div> <br /></div> Atest commands take the following form:<br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">atest [optional-arguments] test-to-run</span><br /> <div> <br /></div> You can run one or more tests by separating test references with spaces, like so:<br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">atest test-to-run-1 test-to-run-2</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"><br /></span> To run an entire test module, use its module name. Input the name as it appears in the <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">LOCAL_MODULE</span> or <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">LOCAL_PACKAGE_NAME</span> variables in that test's <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Android.mk</span> or <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Android.bp</span> file.<br /> <div> <br /></div> <div> For example:</div> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">atest FrameworksServicesTests<br />atest CtsJankDeviceTestCases</span><br /> <h2> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Discovering tests with Atest and TEST MAPPING</span></h2> Atest and TEST MAPPING work together to solve the problem of test discovery, i.e. what tests need to be run when a directory of code is edited. For example, to execute all presubmit test rules for a given directory locally:<br /> <br /> <ol> <li>Go to the directory containing the <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">TEST_MAPPING</span> file.</li> <li>Run the command: <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">atest</span></li> </ol> <div> <span style="font-family: inherit;">All presubmit tests configured in the </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">TEST_MAPPING</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> files of the current directory and its parent directories are run. Atest will locate and run two tests for presubmit.</span></div> <h2> Finding more testing documentation</h2> Further, introductory testing documents were published on <a href="https://source.android.com/">source.android.com</a> to support Soong and platform testing in general:<br /> <ul> <li><a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests">Android Platform Testing</a></li> <li><a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development">Test Development Workflow</a></li> <li><a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/blueprints">Simple Test Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/instrumentation">Instrumentation Tests</a></li> <li><a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/native">Native Tests</a></li> <li><a href="https://source.android.com/compatibility/tests/development/jar">JAR (Java) Host Tests</a></li> </ul> In addition to exposing more testing documentation, Android has recently opened up build infrastructure to monitor submissions through <a href="http://ci.android.com/">ci.android.com</a>. See the <a href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2018/12/more-visibility-into-android-open-source-project.html">More visibility into the Android Open Source Project</a> blog post and the <a href="https://source.android.com/setup/build/dashboard">Continuous Integration Dashboard</a> for instructions on viewing build status and downloading build artifacts.<br /> <div> <br /></div> Android EngProd endeavors to bring you more previously internal-only features to make your life easier. 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class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2023/04/'> Apr </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2022/'> 2022 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2022/02/'> Feb </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' 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class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/'> 2019 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> <ul class='posts'> <li> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/12/testing-on-toilet-tests-too-dry-make.html'> Testing on the Toilet: Tests Too DRY? Make Them DAMP! </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> <ul class='posts'> <li> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/11/code-health-respectful-reviews-useful.html'> Code Health: Respectful Reviews == Useful Reviews </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/07/'> Jul </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> <ul class='posts'> <li> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/07/truth-10-fluent-assertions-for-java-and.html'> Truth 1.0: Fluent Assertions for Java and Android ... </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> <ul class='posts'> <li> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/01/android-platform-testing-made-easy.html'> Android Platform Testing Made Easy </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2018/'> 2018 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2018/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> 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class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/09/'> Sep </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/08/'> Aug </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/06/'> Jun </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' 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href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/'> 2013 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(16)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate 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href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/04/'> Apr </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/03/'> Mar </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li 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href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/09/'> Sep </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/08/'> Aug </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/'> 2011 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(39)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li 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href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/08/'> Aug </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/07/'> Jul </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/06/'> Jun </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li 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href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/'> 2010 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(37)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li 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href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/07/'> Jul </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/06/'> Jun </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/04/'> Apr </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/03/'> Mar </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/02/'> Feb </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/'> 2009 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(54)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate 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href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/09/'> Sep </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/08/'> Aug </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li 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style='margin-top: -16px;' width='92'/> </a> <ul> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/'> Google </a> </li> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/policies/privacy/'> Privacy </a> </li> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/policies/terms/'> Terms </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <script type='text/javascript'> //<![CDATA[ // Social sharing popups. var postEl = document.getElementsByClassName('social-wrapper'); var postCount = postEl.length; for(i=0; i<postCount;i++){ postEl[i].addEventListener("click", function(event){ var postUrl = this.getAttribute("data-href"); window.open( postUrl,'popUpWindow','height=500,width=500,left=10,top=10,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,toolbar=yes,menubar=no,location=no,directories=no,status=yes'); });} //]]> </script> <script type='text/javascript'> //<![CDATA[ var BreakpointHandler = function() { this.initted = false; this.isHomePage = false; this.isMobile = false; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.finalizeSummary = function(summaryHtml, lastNode) { // Use $.trim for IE8 compatibility summaryHtml = $.trim(summaryHtml).replace(/(<br>|\s)+$/,''); if (lastNode.nodeType == 3) { var lastChar = summaryHtml.slice(-1); if (!lastChar.match(/[.”"?]/)) { if (!lastChar.match(/[A-Za-z]/)) { summaryHtml = summaryHtml.slice(0, -1); } summaryHtml += ' ...'; } } else if (lastNode.nodeType == 1 && (lastNode.nodeName == 'I' || lastNode.nodeName == 'A')) { summaryHtml += ' ...'; } return summaryHtml; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.generateSummaryFromContent = function(content, numWords) { var seenWords = 0; var summaryHtml = ''; for (var i=0; i < content.childNodes.length; i++) { var node = content.childNodes[i]; var nodeText; if (node.nodeType == 1) { if (node.hasAttribute('data-about-pullquote')) { continue; } nodeText = node.textContent; if (nodeText === undefined) { // innerText for IE8 nodeText = node.innerText; } if (node.nodeName == 'DIV' || node.nodeName == 'B') { // Don't end early if we haven't seen enough words. if (seenWords < 10) { continue; } if (i > 0) { summaryHtml = this.finalizeSummary(summaryHtml, content.childNodes[i-1]); } break; } summaryHtml += node.outerHTML; } else if (node.nodeType == 3) { nodeText = node.nodeValue; summaryHtml += nodeText + ' '; } var words = nodeText.match(/\S+\s*/g); if (!words) { continue; } var remain = numWords - seenWords; if (words.length >= remain) { summaryHtml = this.finalizeSummary(summaryHtml, node); break; } seenWords += words.length; } return summaryHtml; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.detect = function() { var match, pl = /\+/g, search = /([^&=]+)=?([^&]*)/g, decode = function (s) { return decodeURIComponent(s.replace(pl, " ")); }, query = window.location.search.substring(1); var urlParams = {}; while (match = search.exec(query)) urlParams[decode(match[1])] = decode(match[2]); this.isListPage = $('html').hasClass('list-page'); this.isMobile = urlParams['m'] === '1'; this.isHomePage = window.location.pathname == '/'; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.initContent = function() { var self = this; $('.post').each(function(index) { var body = $(this).children('.post-body')[0]; var content = $(body).children('.post-content')[0]; $(content).addClass('post-original'); var data = $(content).children('script').html(); data = self.rewriteForSSL(data); // If exists, extract specified editor's preview. var match = data.match(/([\s\S]+?)<div data-is-preview.+?>([\s\S]+)<\/div>/m); if (match) { data = match[1]; } // Prevent big images from loading when they aren't needed. // This must be done as a pre-injection step, since image loading can't be // canceled once embedded into the DOM. if (self.isListPage && self.isMobile) { data = data.replace(/<(img|iframe) .+?>/g, ''); } // Insert template to be rendered as nodes. content.innerHTML = data; if (self.isListPage) { var summary = document.createElement('div'); $(summary).addClass('post-content'); $(summary).addClass('post-summary'); body.insertBefore(summary, content); if (match) { // Use provided summary. summary.innerHTML = match[2]; } else { // Generate a summary. // Summary generation relies on DOM, so it must occur after content is // inserted into the page. summary.innerHTML = self.generateSummaryFromContent(content, 30); } // Add read more link to summary. var titleAnchor = $(this).find('.title a')[0]; var link = titleAnchor.cloneNode(true); link.innerHTML = 'Read More'; $(link).addClass('read-more'); summary.appendChild(link); } }); // Firefox does not allow for proper styling of BR. if (navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Firefox') > -1) { $('.post-content br').replaceWith('<span class="space"></span>'); } $('.loading').removeClass('loading'); }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.process = function() { if (!this.initted) { var makeInsecureImageRegex = function(hosts) { var whitelist = hosts.join('|').replace(/\./g,'\\.'); // Normal image tags, plus input images (yes, this is possible!) return new RegExp('(<(img|input)[^>]+?src=("|\'))http:\/\/(' + whitelist +')', 'g'); }; this.sslImageRegex = makeInsecureImageRegex(BreakpointHandler.KNOWN_HTTPS_HOSTS); this.sslImageCurrentDomainRegex = makeInsecureImageRegex([window.location.hostname]); this.detect(); this.initContent(); this.initted = true; } }; BreakpointHandler.KNOWN_HTTPS_HOSTS = [ "www.google.org", "www.google.com", "services.google.com", "blogger.com", "draft.blogger.com", "www.blogger.com", "photos1.blogger.com", "photos2.blogger.com", "photos3.blogger.com", "blogblog.com", "img1.blogblog.com", "img2.blogblog.com", "www.blogblog.com", "www1.blogblog.com", "www2.blogblog.com", "0.bp.blogspot.com", "1.bp.blogspot.com", "2.bp.blogspot.com", "3.bp.blogspot.com", "4.bp.blogspot.com", "lh3.googleusercontent.com", "lh4.googleusercontent.com", "lh5.googleusercontent.com", "lh6.googleusercontent.com", "themes.googleusercontent.com", ]; BreakpointHandler.prototype.rewriteForSSL = function(html) { // Handle HTTP -> HTTPS source replacement of images, movies, and other embedded content. return html.replace(this.sslImageRegex, '$1https://$4') .replace(this.sslImageCurrentDomainRegex, '$1//$4') .replace(/(<(embed|iframe)[^>]+?src=("|'))http:\/\/([^"']*?(youtube|picasaweb\.google)\.com)/g, '$1https://$4') // Slideshow SWF takes a image host, so we need to rewrite that parameter. .replace(/(<embed[^>]+?feed=http(?=[^s]))/g, '$1s'); }; $(document).ready(function() { var handler = new BreakpointHandler(); handler.process(); // Top-level navigation. $(".BlogArchive .tab").click(function(ev) { ev.preventDefault(); $(this).parent().toggleClass('active'); $(this).siblings().slideToggle(300); }); $(".Label .tab").click(function(ev) { ev.preventDefault(); $(this).parent().toggleClass('active'); $(this).siblings().slideToggle(300); }); // Blog archive year expansion. $('.BlogArchive .intervalToggle').click(function(ev) { ev.preventDefault(); if ($(this).parent().hasClass('collapsed')) { $(this).parent().removeClass('collapsed'); $(this).parent().addClass('expanded'); } else { $(this).parent().removeClass('expanded'); 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