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佛经 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-結集" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結集"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>結集</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-結集-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-傳佈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#傳佈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>傳佈</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-傳佈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-翻譯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#翻譯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>翻譯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-翻譯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-教典" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教典"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>教典</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-教典-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关教典子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-教典-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-概述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>概述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>結構</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-佛傳" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#佛傳"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>佛傳</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-佛傳-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-藏经编纂" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#藏经编纂"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>藏经编纂</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-藏经编纂-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关藏经编纂子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-藏经编纂-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-漢傳大藏經" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#漢傳大藏經"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>漢傳大藏經</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-漢傳大藏經-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-石刻及墨寶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#石刻及墨寶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>石刻及墨寶</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-石刻及墨寶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>注釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究書目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究書目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>研究書目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究書目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关外部連結子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-文章" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文章"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>文章</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文章-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-佛教文本" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#佛教文本"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>佛教文本</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-佛教文本-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-目錄" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#目錄"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>目錄</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-目錄-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-梵、巴、藏佛典" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#梵、巴、藏佛典"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.2</span> <span>梵、巴、藏佛典</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-梵、巴、藏佛典-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中文佛典" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中文佛典"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.3</span> <span>中文佛典</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中文佛典-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-英文佛典" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英文佛典"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.4</span> <span>英文佛典</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英文佛典-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>參考資源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">佛经</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。28种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="النصوص البوذية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النصوص البوذية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD" title="बौद्ध पोथी सभ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बौद्ध पोथी सभ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="বৌদ্ধ ধর্মগ্রন্থ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৌদ্ধ ধর্মগ্রন্থ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhistick%C3%A9_texty" title="Buddhistické texty – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buddhistické texty" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhistische_Literatur" title="Buddhistische Literatur – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buddhistische Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Buddhist texts" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhismaj_tekstoj" title="Budhismaj tekstoj – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Budhismaj tekstoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra_(budismo)" title="Sutra (budismo) – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sutra (budismo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budistlik_kirjandus" title="Budistlik kirjandus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Budistlik kirjandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="متون بودایی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متون بودایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textes_du_bouddhisme" title="Textes du bouddhisme – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Textes du bouddhisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5" title="बौद्ध ग्रंथ – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बौद्ध ग्रंथ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhista_sz%C3%B6vegek" title="Buddhista szövegek – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Buddhista szövegek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Buddhis" title="Kitab Buddhis – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kitab Buddhis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8F%E5%85%B8" title="仏典 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="仏典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EA%B2%BD" title="불경 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बौद्ध साहित्य – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बौद्ध साहित्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="बुद्ध धर्मया ग्रन्थ – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बुद्ध धर्मया ग्रन्थ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddhistische_geschriften" title="Boeddhistische geschriften – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boeddhistische geschriften" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%92_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="بدھ مت دے گرنتھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بدھ مت دے گرنتھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textos_budistas" title="Textos budistas – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Textos budistas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Буддийские источники – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буддийские источники" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="బౌద్ధమత గ్రంథాలు – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బౌద్ధమత గ్రంథాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C" title="ปกรณ์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปกรณ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D2%A3_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Буддизмниң литературазы – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Буддизмниң литературазы" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Буддійські джерела – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/120px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/240px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;">基本教義</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B" title="四谛">四圣谛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%81%96%E9%81%93%E5%88%86" title="八聖道分">八正道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%BC%98" title="十二因缘">十二因缘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8A" title="蘊">五蘊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7" title="緣起">緣起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="空 (佛教)">空性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="因果论 (佛教)">因果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="業 (佛教)">業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%88%92%E5%BE%8B" title="佛教戒律">戒律</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6" title="毗奈耶">毗奈耶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">尸羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%88%92" title="五戒">五戒</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E9%82%A3" title="禪那">禪那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9A%E5%A4%84" title="业处">业处</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E" title="轮回">轮回</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" title="波羅密">波羅密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">真如</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7" title="佛性">佛性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%88%E4%BE%9D" title="皈依">皈依</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%9D_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三宝 (佛教)">三寶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0" title="三法印">三法印</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86" title="上座部佛教与大乘佛教的基本共识">佛教共識宣言</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E4%BD%8D" title="果位">修行成就/果位</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" title="菩萨">菩萨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">辟支佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%90%91%E5%9B%9B%E6%9E%9C" title="四向四果">四向四果</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" title="阿罗汉">阿罗汉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%90%AB" title="阿那含">阿那含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%99%80%E5%90%AB" title="斯陀含">斯陀含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E9%99%80%E6%B4%B9" title="須陀洹">須陀洹</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教人物列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List_of_Buddhists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教人物列表(页面不存在)">人物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" class="extiw" title="en:List of Buddhists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List_of_Buddhists</span></a></span>)</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼">释迦牟尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90" title="十大弟子">十大弟子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%A4%9A%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%BC%E5%AD%90" title="迦多衍尼子">迦多衍尼子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%B3%B4" title="馬鳴">馬鳴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%86_(%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="提婆 (人名)">提婆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%91%97" title="无著">无著</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BA%B2" title="世亲">世亲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%BA%E9%9F%B3" title="覺音">覺音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A0%E6%91%A9%E7%BD%97%E4%BB%80" title="鸠摩罗什">鸠摩罗什</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7%E9%81%A0" title="慧遠">慧遠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E8%BE%BE%E6%91%A9" title="菩提达摩">菩提达摩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E9%A1%97" title="智顗">智顗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E8%83%BD" title="惠能">惠能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%AE%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F" title="蓮花生">蓮花生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E5%96%80%E5%B7%B4" title="宗喀巴">宗喀巴</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%AB" title="佛教派别">宗派</a>、國家和地區</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">金剛乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B9%98" title="三乘">三乘</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">中乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="小乘佛教">小乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%9B%E4%B9%98" title="一佛乘">一佛乘</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="汉传佛教">漢傳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藏傳佛教史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="藏傳佛教史(页面不存在)">藏傳佛教史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:History of Tibetan Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="印度佛教">印度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="斯里兰卡佛教">斯里蘭卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="緬甸佛教">緬甸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="泰國佛教">泰國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="中国佛教">中國大陸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="台灣佛教">台灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教">日本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="新加坡佛教">新加坡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="马来西亚佛教">马来西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="蒙古國佛教">蒙古國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">歐美</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="佛教历史">歷史</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="佛教历史">佛教历史</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="佛教時間線">佛教時間線</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="结集">结集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="原始佛教研究">原始佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">初期佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="根本分裂">根本分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E9%83%A8" title="大眾部">大眾部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8" title="上座部">上座部</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">南傳佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="北傳佛教">北傳佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD" title="佛教在印度的衰落">於印度衰落</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%9B%A3" title="法難">法難</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="佛教现代主义">佛教现代主义</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="人間佛教">人間佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E4%B8%96%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="入世佛教">左翼佛教</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">經籍</a>舉要</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="大藏经">大藏经</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="巴利三藏">巴利大藏經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="大藏经">漢文大藏經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="藏文大藏经">藏文大藏经</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="阿含經">阿含經</a> <ul><li>南传<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%9F%AF%E8%80%B6" title="尼柯耶">尼柯耶</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%A5%E7%B6%93" title="法句經">法句經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="大般若经">大般若经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%B6%93" title="般若波羅蜜多心經">心經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B6%93" title="金剛經">金剛經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%99%E6%B3%95%E8%8E%B2%E5%8D%8E%E7%BB%8F" title="妙法莲华经">法華經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%B7%B1%E5%AF%86%E7%B6%93" title="解深密經">解深密經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E6%89%80%E8%AA%AA%E7%B6%93" title="維摩詰所說經">維摩經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%B6%93" class="mw-disambig" title="涅槃經">涅槃經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E4%BC%BD%E7%B6%93" title="楞伽經">楞伽經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%82%B2%E5%92%92" title="大悲咒">大悲咒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="楞嚴經">楞嚴經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E8%A7%89%E7%BB%8F" title="圆觉经">圆觉经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%B8%AB%E7%90%89%E7%92%83%E5%85%89%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%8A%9F%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%93" title="藥師琉璃光如來本願功德經">藥師經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%8F%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E6%9C%AC%E6%84%BF%E7%BB%8F" title="地藏菩萨本愿经">地藏經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E7%B6%93" title="阿彌陀經">阿彌陀經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E7%A5%96%E5%9D%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="六祖坛经">坛经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD%E5%B8%AB%E5%9C%B0%E8%AB%96" title="瑜伽師地論">瑜伽論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%AB%96" title="大智度論">大智度論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%97%E8%BE%BE%E7%A3%A8%E4%BF%B1%E8%88%8D%E8%AE%BA" title="阿毗达磨俱舍论">俱舍論</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0" title="佛教聖地">聖地</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%AF%BA" title="佛寺">佛寺</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%88%8D" title="精舍">精舍</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0" title="八大圣地">八圣地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%90%8D%E5%B1%B1" title="四大佛教名山">四道場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E9%87%8D%E7%82%B9%E5%AF%BA%E9%99%A2" title="汉族地区佛教全国重点寺院">汉地寺院</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古塔列表(页面不存在)">佛塔列表</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;">相關主題</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="佛教藝術">艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="佛教修行制度">修学制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Category:佛教組織">組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9" title="Category:佛教人物">人物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF" title="Category:佛教模板">佛教模板</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template:佛教主题">佛教主題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:TheravadaBuddhism" title="Template:TheravadaBuddhism">上座部佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:PaliCanon" title="Template:PaliCanon">巴利聖典</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4" title="对佛教的批判">批評</a></li> <li>論諍 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E9%9D%9E%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E8%AB%96%E8%AB%8D" title="大乘非佛說論諍">大乘非佛說</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%96%B9%E8%AB%B8%E4%BD%9B%E8%AB%8D%E8%AB%96" title="十方諸佛諍論">十方諸佛</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教大綱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教大綱(页面不存在)">佛教大綱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/18px-Dharma_Wheel.gif" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/27px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/36px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Portal:佛教">佛教主題</a> <a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="WikiProject:佛教">佛教专题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Template:佛教"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Template talk:佛教"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:佛教"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>佛經</b>為記載<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="佛語">佛語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="佛陀">佛陀</a>教法的經典。主要指<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="經藏">經藏</a>,有時也泛指經律論<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="三藏">三藏</a>,以及歷代後賢著作的全部佛典,古代總稱為「眾經」、「一切經」或「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="大藏经">大藏經</a>」<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。按佛教傳統和記載語言,佛典可分為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利語">巴利語</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%A0%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="南传上座部佛教">南傳上座部佛教</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古漢語">古漢語</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="漢傳佛教">漢傳佛教</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古典藏語">古典藏語</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳佛教</a>)三大體系,殘存的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%8D%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%9F%E7%A8%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="犍陀羅佛教原稿">犍陀羅語</a>文獻,並衍生出<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="吐火罗语">焉耆-龜茲語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="于闐語">于闐語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="粟特语">粟特語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E9%B6%BB%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="回鶻語">回鶻語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E8%AF%AD" title="西夏语">西夏語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙語">蒙語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="滿語">滿語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語">日語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="韓語">韓語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="越南語">越南語</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古爪哇語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="kawi language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古爪哇語(页面不存在)">古爪哇語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kawi_language" class="extiw" title="en:kawi language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">kawi language</span></a></span>)</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="高棉語">高棉語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="泰語">泰語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="傣語">傣語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="緬語">緬語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%85%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="僧伽羅語">僧伽羅語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="現代漢語">現代漢語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>等語言的再譯本。 </p><p>佛教在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>一千多年的發展,誕生了為數眾多的龐大典籍。儘管有共通源頭,但經過長期抉擇、揚棄與衍生的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%88%A4" title="教判">教判</a>過程,形成了多樣化的面貌<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡">斯里蘭卡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="泰國">泰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="緬甸">緬</a>等地傳承<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%81%9E%E4%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="聲聞乘">聲聞乘</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8" title="上座部">上座部</a>教法,以傳至<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1%E5%B2%9B" title="斯里兰卡岛">斯里蘭卡島</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%88%A5%E8%AA%AA%E9%83%A8" title="分別說部">分別說部</a>──<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%8A%85%E9%8D%B1%E9%83%A8" title="赤銅鍱部">赤銅鍱部</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%AA%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%BA" title="阿努拉德普勒大寺">阿努拉德普勒大寺</a>派的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="巴利三藏">巴利三藏</a>》為主,重視<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BF%B5%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="四念处">四念處</a>禪修。傳揚<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB%E9%81%93" class="mw-disambig" title="解脫道">解脫道</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%90%91%E5%9B%9B%E6%9E%9C" title="四向四果">四向四果</a>,為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" title="漢字文化圈">漢字文化圈</a>以<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="大乘經" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mahayana sutras"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="大乘經">大乘經</a></span></span>論為主幹。教理之<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-disambig" title="義學">義學</a>肇始於<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E4%B8%AD_(%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86)" class="mw-redirect" title="關中 (地理)">關河</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A9%E6%91%A9%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="鳩摩羅什">鳩摩羅什</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,後有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="三論宗">三論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97" title="天台宗">天台</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="華嚴宗">華嚴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%9B%B8%E5%AE%97" title="法相宗">法相</a>,旁兼<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="說一切有部">說一切有部</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E6%9B%87%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="毗曇宗">毗曇學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E5%AF%A6%E5%AE%97" title="成實宗">成實學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%B1%E8%88%8D%E5%AE%97" title="俱舍宗">俱舍學</a>;行法有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E7%A6%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="參禪">參禪</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="禪宗">禪宗</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%B5%E4%BD%9B" title="念佛">念佛</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E5%AE%97_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="淨土宗 (中國)">淨宗</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A2%E8%A7%82" title="止观">止觀</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%90%E7%A6%AA%E4%B8%89%E6%98%A7%E7%B6%93" title="坐禪三昧經">關中</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%96%B9%E4%BE%BF%E7%A6%AA%E7%B6%93" title="修行方便禪經">廬山</a>禪經、天台止觀、華嚴止觀、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD%E5%B8%AB%E5%9C%B0%E8%AB%96" title="瑜伽師地論">瑜伽師地論</a>等),及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E4%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="秘密乘">秘密乘</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E5%AF%86" title="雜密">雜密</a>的儀軌<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80" class="mw-disambig" title="真言">咒語</a>,和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="純密">純密</a>的修行體系。主要傳揚<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93" title="菩薩道">菩薩道</a>,推崇<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E5%BF%83" title="菩提心">菩提心</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%BA%A6" title="六度">六波羅蜜</a>行,為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="東亞佛教">東亞佛教</a>,屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>的一支;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9" title="不丹">不丹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙古">蒙古</a>等地承接<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%BA%8C" title="密續">密續</a>教法,以和<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9B%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86%E6%95%99" title="怛特羅密教">怛特羅</a>有關的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%AF%86%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="印度密教">印度密教</a>為主。重視<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="顯教">顯教</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siddhanta"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E7%BE%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="宗義(页面不存在)">宗義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhanta" class="extiw" title="en:Siddhanta"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siddhanta</span></a></span>)</span></span>(藏: grub-mtha')<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="說一切有部">有部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%87%8F%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="經量部">經部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD%E8%A1%8C%E5%94%AF%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="瑜伽行唯識學派">唯識</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%A7%80%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="中觀學派">中觀</a>的學習,<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80" class="mw-disambig" title="真言">密咒</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%9B%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="坛城">壇城</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B7%E6%91%A9" title="護摩">護摩</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="加持">加持</a>,以及觀修<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%B0%8A" title="本尊">本尊</a>。其修行分為修習<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="空性">空性</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB%E9%81%93" class="mw-disambig" title="解脫道">解脫道</a>(藏: grol lam),和修習<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%AD%E6%B3%95" title="那洛六法">那洛六法</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%8A%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="無上瑜伽">密續瑜伽</a>,開通<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%88_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8)" title="脈 (印度醫學)">氣脈</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%88%E8%BC%AA" title="脈輪">脈輪</a>的方便道(藏: thabs lam)。傳揚密咒<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E4%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="金剛乘">金剛乘</a>,得<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="悉地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E5%9C%B0" title="悉地">悉地</a></span></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%90%E5%B0%B1%E8%80%85" title="大成就者">成就</a>,為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏佛教">西藏佛教</a>,屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>的一支。</li></ul> <p>1967年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD%E6%9C%83" title="世界佛教僧伽會">世界佛教僧伽會</a>通過〈<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86" title="上座部佛教与大乘佛教的基本共识">上座部佛教與大乘佛教的基本共識</a>〉,作為聯合不同佛教傳統的普世宣言。其成員來自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%A0%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="南传上座部佛教">南傳上座部佛教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">怛特羅佛教</a>在世界各地的代表。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="結集"><span id=".E7.B5.90.E9.9B.86"></span>結集</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:結集"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="结集">結集</a></div> <p>佛教早期並沒有書面經典,<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD" title="僧伽">僧眾</a>以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%BF%B0%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1" title="口述傳統">口述</a>傳承教法<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="釋迦牟尼">釋迦牟尼</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%BB%85" class="mw-redirect" title="佛滅">寂滅</a>後,<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="僧團">僧團</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%88%8D%E5%9F%8E" title="王舍城">王舍城</a>舉行<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次集结">第一次集結</a>(saṃgīti)。據佛教<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="律藏">律藏</a>的共通記載,該次集結由「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="上座 (佛教)">上座</a>」比丘<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="大迦葉">大迦葉</a>等人主持<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,「多聞者」<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="阿難">阿難</a>誦出佛陀所說<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="修多羅">修多羅</a>,「持律者」<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%98%E6%B3%A2%E7%A6%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="优波离">優波離</a>誦出<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E6%9C%A8%E5%8F%89" title="波羅提木叉">波羅提木叉</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD" title="僧伽">大眾</a>對其內容共同審定,再編成次第,為後來《<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="阿含經">四阿含</a>》(<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="法 (佛教)">法</a>)與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="律藏">律藏</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6" title="毗奈耶">律</a>)的起源<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>佛陀在世期間,其大弟子<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97" title="舍利弗">舍利弗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%83%E5%BB%B6" title="迦旃延">迦旃延</a>等人,擅於歸納演繹佛法精義,為後來<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" title="阿毘達磨">阿毘達磨</a>論藏(<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="对法">對法</a>)的濫觴<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。傳說<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%88%8D%E5%9F%8E%E7%B5%90%E9%9B%86" title="王舍城結集">王舍城結集</a>時,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="大迦葉">大迦葉</a>誦出了阿毘達磨(其他的記載,則謂是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="阿難">阿難</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E6%A8%93%E9%82%A3" title="富樓那">富樓那</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abhidharma_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abhidharma-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在推重阿毘達磨的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8" title="上座部">上座部</a>中,如<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="說一切有部">說一切有部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%85%E9%8D%B1%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="銅鍱部">銅鍱部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%A2%E5%AD%90%E9%83%A8" title="犢子部">犢子部</a>等,主張自宗所傳承的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" title="阿毘達磨">阿毘達磨</a>論為佛陀所說<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,不過大眾部與化地部、銅鍱部律沒有結集論藏的明文<sup id="cite_ref-Abhidharma_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abhidharma-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,而<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%87%8F%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="經量部">經量部</a>師認為沒有對法藏,對法只是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E7%B6%93" title="契經">契經</a>解說<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="慧 (佛教)">慧學</a>的部份,弟子所作的論只是經疏,不算作藏<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="印順法師">印順法師</a>檢視有關論藏結集的記載,異說紛紜,認為論藏在部派分立以前的時代尚未存在,而應為<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派時代</a>的作品<sup id="cite_ref-Abhidharma_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abhidharma-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。他也主張經與律,應是經過一段時期不停的整理與結集才形成現有規模,現存的四阿含與律藏難以單一溯源到王舍城結集<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>大乘經的傳出有種種傳說<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。據《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%94%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E8%A8%98" title="大唐西域記">大唐西域記</a>》,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E9%83%A8" title="大眾部">大眾部</a>另外進行<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%9F%E5%A4%96%E9%9B%86%E7%B5%90" title="窟外集結">窟外集結</a>集出五藏。其中或有大乘經;《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%AB%96" title="大智度論">大智度論</a>》則記載,佛陀滅度後,<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="文殊">文殊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="彌勒">彌勒</a>諸大菩薩,與阿難共集<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">摩訶衍</a>教法,專稱為「<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E8%97%8F" title="菩薩藏">菩薩藏</a>」<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。西藏傳說則稱大乘佛法之根本結集,在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%88%8D%E5%9F%8E" title="王舍城">王舍城</a>旁無垢空性山(Vimalasvahava),有百萬<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%90" class="mw-disambig" title="佛子">佛子</a>聚集,由<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E8%B3%A2%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="普賢菩薩">普賢菩薩</a>領導、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%AE%8A%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="文殊菩薩">文殊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E5%8B%92%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="彌勒菩薩">彌勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E6%89%8B%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="金剛手菩薩">金剛手</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="大菩薩">大菩薩</a>共同<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="结集">結集</a>而成<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。其他則有說是從<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="天 (佛教)">諸天</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%BC%BD" title="那伽">龍宮</a>取得、憶念過去生所聞佛法、從<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%9B" title="十方佛">他方佛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%98%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="三昧">三昧</a>中見佛等聽聞而來<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="大乘經" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mahayana sutras"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="大乘經">大乘經論</a></span></span>當中,文殊傳承<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%A7%80" title="中觀">甚深觀</a>於<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>─<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%86_(%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="提婆 (人名)">提婆</a>,形成《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="中論">中論</a>》等<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%A7%80%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="中觀學派">中觀</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="般若经">般若</a>經論,彌勒傳承<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%BA%A6%E8%90%AC%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="六度萬行">廣大行</a>於<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E8%91%97" class="mw-redirect" title="無著">無著</a>─<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E8%A6%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="世親">世親</a>,形成《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E8%8E%8A%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="大乘莊嚴經論">大乘經莊嚴論</a>》等<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD%E8%A1%8C%E5%94%AF%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="瑜伽行唯識學派">唯識</a>經論<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97" title="天台宗">天台宗</a>以<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>為佛陀「金口相承」,以自宗為<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>「今師相承」。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="禪宗">禪宗</a>稱佛陀在<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B5%E9%B9%AB%E5%B1%B1_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6)" title="灵鹫山 (印度)">靈鷲山</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%88%E8%8A%B1%E5%BE%AE%E7%AC%91" class="mw-redirect" title="拈花微笑">拈花微笑</a>,以「正法眼藏」付囑<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89" title="摩訶迦葉">摩訶迦葉</a>,其教外別傳不立文字之「<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%A5%96" title="禪宗西天二十八祖">心印</a>」,代代相傳至<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="菩提達摩">菩提達摩</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>有些記載稱,三藏之外另立有「咒藏」<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,專門收集諸佛所說之祕密<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80" class="mw-disambig" title="真言">真言</a>(mantra)、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC" title="陀羅尼">陀羅尼</a>(dhāraṇī)、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%97" title="种子字">種子字</a>(bīja)、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="明咒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vidya_(Knowledge)#Buddhist_belief"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E5%92%92&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="明咒(页面不存在)">明咒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidya_(Knowledge)#Buddhist_belief" class="extiw" title="en:Vidya (Knowledge)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vidya_(Knowledge)#Buddhist_belief</span></a></span>)</span></span>(vidya),或<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="護咒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paritta"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%B7%E5%92%92&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="護咒(页面不存在)">護咒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paritta" class="extiw" title="en:Paritta"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paritta</span></a></span>)</span></span>(paritta)。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>以<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E6%89%8B%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="金剛手菩薩">金剛手菩薩</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E8%96%A9%E5%9F%B5" title="金剛薩埵">金剛薩埵</a>)為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E5%AF%86" title="雜密">雜密</a>及諸<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%BA%8C" title="密續">密續</a>之傳法與集結者<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="藏密">藏密</a>又以<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E8%B3%A2%E7%8E%8B%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86" title="普賢王如來">普賢王如來</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B8%BD%E6%8C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="金剛總持">金剛總持</a>為<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%8A%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="無上瑜伽">無上瑜伽</a>的傳法者<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="傳佈"><span id=".E5.82.B3.E4.BD.88"></span>傳佈</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:傳佈"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>關於佛教在何處傳播、受持等問題,歷史上並無留下明確記載,因此無法確定從佛世到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%BB%85" class="mw-redirect" title="佛滅">佛滅</a>間佛教流傳的地域範圍。只能從阿含經與律藏所提的說法與制戒地點,約略推想出佛陀遊歷的地區,大抵就是<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="恆河">恆河</a>中游的<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="摩揭陀国">摩揭陀國</a>,即現今印度<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%93%88%E7%88%BE%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="比哈爾邦">比哈爾邦</a>的大部分與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E9%82%A6" title="北方邦">北方邦</a>的一部分地區<sup id="cite_ref-水野_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-水野-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="根本分裂">根本分裂</a>後,由於<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a>對佛教的保護政策,佛教傳到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>內外各地。之後,根本兩部又各自再分裂,到佛滅三百年以後,便形成所謂十八部的「<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派佛教</a>」。據南方上座部所傳,阿育王派遣僧伽到印度國內外九個地區傳教,擴大佛教教團的幅員,即西北自<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a>延伸到<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a>,甚至更遠及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘">希臘</a>;北至<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="喜馬拉雅山">喜馬拉雅山</a>地,西自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="印度河">印度河</a>下游往西海岸一帶發展,南從<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8" title="印度南部">印度南部</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡">斯里蘭卡</a>,東則遠達<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="緬甸">緬甸</a>地區。而佛教哲學的論書(<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" title="阿毘達磨">阿毘達磨</a>)也在這時逐漸成立,一般認為<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%97%8F" title="論藏">論藏</a>是歷經初期、中期、後期,共費時約二至三百年的時間,直到公元前一世紀左右才定型下來<sup id="cite_ref-水野_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-水野-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>的傳出,至早為公元前一世紀左右<sup id="cite_ref-skilton_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skilton-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。初期傳出的大乘經典可分為以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="信 (佛教)">信行</a>為中心的「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%B5%E4%BD%9B" title="念佛">念佛</a>」,與重視<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="智 (佛教)">智行</a>的「<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A" title="摩訶般若波羅蜜多">般若</a>」、「<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="空 (佛教)">空</a>」等兩大類<sup id="cite_ref-水野_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-水野-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E8%86%A9%E8%89%B2%E4%BC%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="迦膩色伽">迦膩色伽</a>28年(公元2世紀),<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%81%B7%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="摩偷羅">摩偷羅</a>地方就有<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿彌陀佛">阿彌陀佛</a>像,為已知最古之阿彌陀佛像,其銘文為「願一切眾生得無上佛智」,可見其時阿彌陀佛信仰已在當地流傳<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。這些新傳出的大乘佛典,與<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="本生 (佛教)">佛傳文學</a>有密切的關係,當中提倡以<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="菩薩">菩薩</a>為本的佛法,並反對部派佛教的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" title="阿毘達磨">阿毘達磨</a>學說,引發了當時部派間的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E9%9D%9E%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E8%AB%96%E8%AB%8D" title="大乘非佛說論諍">論諍</a><sup id="cite_ref-水野_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-水野-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。至公元二世紀後,這些大乘經典大量在中國傳譯<sup id="cite_ref-skilton_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skilton-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>關於大乘教團的起源問題,現代<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史學">歷史學</a>的學術研究未有明確定論<sup id="cite_ref-許_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-許-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。明治時期的學者<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="前田慧雲" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="前田慧雲"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E7%94%B0%E6%85%A7%E9%9B%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="前田慧雲(页面不存在)">前田慧雲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%94%B0%E6%85%A7%E9%9B%B2" class="extiw" title="ja:前田慧雲"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">前田慧雲</span></a></span>)</span></span>(1903)對比大乘和大眾部的思想後,找出其中的共通點,提出「大眾部起源說」,但也有學者認為大乘佛教未必與大眾部有密切的關係,倒與上座部系有很深的淵源<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B7%9D%E5%BD%B0" title="平川彰">平川彰</a>(1968)則提出「在家佛塔教團起源說」,認為大乘佛教非源於部派,而是以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="佛塔">佛塔</a>供養為中心的在家信奉者教團。不過此說因文獻證據不足,主觀推論過多,有不少學者提出反對意見。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Gregory Schopen" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gregory Schopen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Schopen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Schopen(页面不存在)">Gregory Schopen</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Schopen" class="extiw" title="en:Gregory Schopen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gregory Schopen</span></a></span>)</span></span>更詳細考察印度與佛塔相關之碑銘,得出公元前二世紀已有出家僧人參與佛塔供養,表明部派僧人與佛塔供養的密切關係,主張「在家佛塔起源說」不能成立<sup id="cite_ref-許_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-許-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。Paul Harrison等學者,則注意到大乘經典強調禪修的重要,而主張大乘初期的教團是以森林禪修、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E9%99%80%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="頭陀行">頭陀行</a>為主的傳統,這群禪修者日漸增多後才開始發展成寺院<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>另外,有學者認為大乘是在<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派佛教</a>中依附於部派的特定學派思潮,而不具有教團的獨立自主性。按目前已知的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="考古">考古</a>資料,最早出現「大乘」名號的碑文位於公元五世紀以後西印的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%97%83%E9%99%80%E7%9F%B3%E7%AA%9F" title="阿旃陀石窟">阿旃陀石窟</a>,刻有「釋種比丘.大乘(信奉者)的布施,<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E5%90%91" title="迴向">迴向</a>一切眾生得無上智」的字句,推測或許到此時才有比較自主的大乘教團存在於印度<sup id="cite_ref-許_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-許-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="翻譯"><span id=".E7.BF.BB.E8.AD.AF"></span>翻譯</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:翻譯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>佛陀傳佈其教法的用語,最初為<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80%E4%BF%97%E8%AA%9E" title="摩揭陀俗語">摩揭陀俗語</a>。隨著教團擴張,僧眾們用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>當地的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="普拉克里特诸语言">俗語</a>來傳佈佛陀的教法<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,到<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="笈多王朝">笈多王朝</a>(約西元320-550年)時期,佛教內部轉而使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>的情況變得明顯<sup id="cite_ref-lang_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>由於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="佛陀">佛陀</a>禁止以<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="吠陀梵語">吠陀梵語</a>傳述佛典,早期的漢譯佛典並非譯自梵語,而是從<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="普拉克里特诸语言">印度俗語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%8D%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="犍陀罗语">犍陀羅語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F" title="西域">西域</a>諸語等語言翻譯過來的<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。直到後期,佛教僧眾改以梵語作為經典語言之後,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a>之後的漢譯佛典就以梵語佔多數,而七世紀之後的藏譯佛典更是幾乎全譯自於梵語<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>中國第一部漢譯佛典相傳是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89%E6%91%A9%E9%A8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="迦葉摩騰">攝摩騰</a>所譯的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%B6%93" title="四十二章經">四十二章經</a>》,隨後有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%96%E9%AB%98" title="安世高">安世高</a>譯《<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E6%B3%95%E8%BD%AE%E7%BB%8F" title="转法轮经">轉法輪經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%88%AC%E5%AE%88%E6%84%8F%E7%B6%93" title="安般守意經">安般守意經</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%A8%84%E8%BF%A6%E8%B0%B6" title="支娄迦谶">支婁迦讖</a>譯《<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%A1%8C%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="道行般若經">道行般若經</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E8%B0%A6" title="支谦">支謙</a>等譯《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%A5%E7%B6%93" title="法句經">法句經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8)" title="大般涅槃经 (上座部)">大般泥洹經</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="康僧会">康僧會</a>譯《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%BA%A6%E9%9B%86%E7%B6%93" title="六度集經">六度集經</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%BA%E6%B3%95%E6%8A%A4" title="竺法护">竺法護</a>譯《<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="生經">生經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E9%81%93%E5%9C%B0%E7%B6%93" title="修行道地經">修行道地經</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A9%E6%91%A9%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="鳩摩羅什">鳩摩羅什</a>譯《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%81%BA%E6%95%99%E7%B6%93" title="佛遺教經">遺教經</a>》、還有譯者不明的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%BB%E7%A8%88%E7%B6%93" title="稻稈經">稻稈經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%BA%E8%A6%BA%E7%B6%93" title="八大人覺經">八大人覺經</a>》等早期翻譯佛典<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%89" class="mw-redirect" title="東晉">東晉</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>為漢譯佛典興盛期,其中<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A9%E6%91%A9%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="鳩摩羅什">鳩摩羅什</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%AB%A6" title="真諦">真諦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%BA" title="不空">不空</a>(或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%87%80" title="义净">義凈</a>)並稱為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="佛經翻譯">佛經翻譯</a>四大家,譯出不少<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="般若经">般若</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%A7%80%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="中觀學派">中觀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%97%8F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="如來藏學派">如來藏</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="唯識">唯識</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E4%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="秘密乘">秘密乘</a>佛典<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%A4%A9" title="法天">法天</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E8%AD%B7" title="施護">施護</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%81%AF%E7%81%BE" title="天息灾">天息災</a>等人,所譯佛典以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%BA%8C" title="密續">密續</a>為主而旁兼阿含類及些許大乘<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="顯教">顯教</a>經論,這是漢傳佛教最後一次大規模翻譯佛典的活動<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">民國</a>時期,<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="漢傳佛教">漢傳佛教</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%A0%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="南传上座部佛教">南傳上座部佛教</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳佛教</a>有了較多接觸,分別有<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E5%9D%87" title="葉均">了參</a>法師(葉均)和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%8A" title="释法尊">法尊</a>法師譯出零星作品<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="教典"><span id=".E6.95.99.E5.85.B8"></span>教典</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:教典"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="概述"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.BF.B0"></span>概述</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:概述"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>不同時期和地域的佛教,有其各自尊奉的至高教典。<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">初期佛教</a>奉《<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="阿含">阿含</a>》為佛陀根本聖教,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>以《<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%9C%9C%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="摩诃般若波罗蜜经">般若經</a>》為佛法核心<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="唯識學派">唯識學派</a>以《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%B7%B1%E5%AF%86%E7%B6%93" title="解深密經">解深密經</a>》為最高宗義<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ;<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="中國佛教">中國佛教</a>把《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%8F%AF%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="法華經">法華經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="楞嚴經">楞嚴經</a>》視為究竟圓滿的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97%E5%88%A4%E6%95%99" title="天台宗判教">圓教</a>,讚譽「法華成佛,華嚴富貴,楞嚴開慧」<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。源自<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%AF%86" title="唐密">唐密</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97#.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.AF.86.E5.AE.97" title="密宗">日本密教</a>,宗奉《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E7%B6%93" title="大日經">大日經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E9%A0%82%E7%B6%93" title="金剛頂經">金剛頂經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%82%89%E5%9C%B0%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇悉地經">蘇悉地經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%90%86%E8%B6%A3%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="般若理趣經">般若理趣經</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳佛教</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="藏密">藏密</a>行者常誦持《<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%A6%99%E5%90%89%E7%A5%A5%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%A6%E5%90%8D%E7%B6%93" title="聖妙吉祥真實名經">聖妙吉祥真實名經</a>》,以《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E9%9B%86%E9%87%91%E5%88%9A" title="密集金刚">秘密集會續</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9D%E6%A8%82%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B" title="勝樂金剛">勝樂根本續</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E8%BD%AE#.E6.99.82.E8.BC.AA.E6.80.9B.E7.89.B9.E7.BE.85" title="时轮">時輪續</a>》等<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%8A%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="無上瑜伽">無上瑜伽</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%BA%8C" title="密續">密續</a>為最上教法<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="尼泊爾">尼泊爾</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="尼瓦爾佛教">尼瓦爾佛教</a>則有以九部<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="梵文">梵文</a>本大乘佛經為殊勝「<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="九法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism_in_Nepal#Overview"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%9D%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="九法(页面不存在)">九法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal#Overview" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Nepal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism_in_Nepal#Overview</span></a></span>)</span></span>」(Nava Dharma)的傳統<sup id="cite_ref-ng_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>就<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="漢傳佛教">漢傳佛教</a>宗派而言,<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="禪宗">禪宗</a>又與《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E4%BC%BD%E7%B6%93" title="楞伽經">楞伽經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%9B%8A%E6%A2%B5%E5%A4%A9%E6%89%80%E5%95%8F%E7%B6%93" title="思益梵天所問經">思益經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="維摩詰經">維摩詰經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B6%93" title="金剛經">金剛經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%AE%8A%E5%B8%88%E5%88%A9%E6%89%80%E8%AF%B4%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%9C%9C%E7%BB%8F" title="文殊师利所说摩诃般若波罗蜜经">文殊說般若經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98)" title="大般涅槃经 (大乘)">大乘涅槃经</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E8%A7%89%E7%BB%8F" title="圆觉经">圓覺經</a>》有重要淵源<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="西方淨土">西方淨土</a>法門特重《<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E7%B6%93" title="阿彌陀經">阿彌陀經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%A3%BD%E7%B6%93" title="無量壽經">無量壽經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%A3%BD%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="觀無量壽經">觀無量壽經</a>》,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E5%8B%92%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="彌勒淨土">彌勒淨土</a>法門重《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E5%8B%92%E4%B8%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%B6%93" title="彌勒下生經">彌勒下生經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%BD%8C%E5%8B%92%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E4%B8%8A%E7%94%9F%E5%85%9C%E7%8E%87%E5%A4%A9%E7%B6%93" title="觀彌勒菩薩上生兜率天經">觀彌勒上生經</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此外,解說<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%97%8F" title="如來藏">如來藏</a>義的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9D%E9%AC%98%E7%B6%93" title="勝鬘經">勝鬘經</a>》,和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E9%82%A3" title="禪那">禪那</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%98%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="三昧">三昧</a>有關的《<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%88%9F%E4%B8%89%E6%98%A7%E7%BB%8F" title="般舟三昧经">般舟三昧經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E4%B8%89%E6%98%A7%E7%B6%93" title="首楞嚴三昧經">首楞嚴三昧經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E6%99%AE%E8%B3%A2%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E8%A1%8C%E6%B3%95%E7%B6%93" title="觀普賢菩薩行法經">觀普賢行法經</a>》在<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="漢傳佛教">漢傳佛教</a>亦受一定重視<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>(印度中、後期大乘亦重視《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%87%88%E4%B8%89%E6%98%A7%E7%B6%93" title="月燈三昧經">月燈三昧經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B6%E9%9B%B2%E7%B6%93" title="寶雲經">寶雲經</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)。祈請佛菩薩護佑<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="加持">加持</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E7%B6%93" title="金光明經">金光明經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E7%8E%8B%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F" title="仁王护国经">仁王護國經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%B8%AB%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="藥師經">藥師經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="地藏经">地藏經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%96%80%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="普門品">普門品</a>》等,在<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="漢傳佛教">漢傳佛教</a>也相當盛行<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9D%E7%A7%AF%E7%BB%8F" title="大宝积经">大寶積經</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%96%B9%E7%AD%89%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%8F" title="大方等大集经">大方等大集經</a>》為大乘的經集,廣收各種大乘修行法門。 </p><p>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%B6%93" title="般若波羅蜜多心經">般若波羅蜜多心經</a>》以及〈<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%82%B2%E5%92%92" title="大悲咒">大悲咒</a>〉〈<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8A%E5%8B%9D%E5%92%92" title="尊勝咒">尊勝咒</a>〉〈<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E5%92%92" title="楞嚴咒">楞嚴咒</a>〉為<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="漢傳佛教">漢傳佛教</a>不分宗派普遍誦持的<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC" title="陀羅尼">陀羅尼</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E6%95%99" class="mw-disambig" title="密教">密教</a>當中,佛菩薩<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%B0%8A" title="本尊">本尊</a>護法各有其<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="曼特羅">真言</a>,如<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%96%E9%9F%B3%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="觀世音菩薩">觀世音菩薩</a>的〈<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%AD%97%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80" title="六字真言">六字真言</a>〉、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="準提菩薩">準提菩薩</a>的〈<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E6%8F%90%E5%92%92" class="mw-redirect" title="準提咒">準提咒</a>〉、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E5%8D%A2%E9%81%AE%E9%82%A3%E4%BD%9B" title="毗卢遮那佛">毗盧遮那佛</a>的〈<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80" title="光明真言">光明真言</a>〉。<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="藏傳密宗">藏傳密宗</a>特別盛行<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%85%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="多羅菩薩">多羅菩薩</a>的〈<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="度母二十一禮讚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Praises to the Twenty-One Taras"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%A6%E6%AF%8D%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%A6%AE%E8%AE%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="度母二十一禮讚(页面不存在)">度母二十一禮讚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praises_to_the_Twenty-One_Taras" class="extiw" title="en:Praises to the Twenty-One Taras"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Praises to the Twenty-One Taras</span></a></span>)</span></span>〉以及〈<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E8%96%A9%E5%9F%B5#金剛薩埵百字明咒" title="金剛薩埵">金剛薩埵百字明咒</a>〉,後者為修習<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%B0%8A%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="本尊瑜伽">本尊瑜伽</a>的必備<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="前行" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ngöndro"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E8%A1%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="前行(页面不存在)">前行</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B6ndro" class="extiw" title="en:Ngöndro"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ngöndro</span></a></span>)</span></span>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="尼泊爾">尼泊爾</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="尼瓦爾佛教">尼瓦爾佛教</a>奉行《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9A%A8%E6%B1%82%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="大隨求菩薩">大隨求</a>陀羅尼經》、《守護大千國土經》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E6%98%8E%E7%8E%8B" title="孔雀明王">大孔雀明王</a>經》、《大<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8D%E9%99%80%E6%9E%97" title="屍陀林">寒林</a>陀羅尼經》、《大護明大陀羅尼經》為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="五護陀羅尼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pañcarakṣā"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E8%AD%B7%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="五護陀羅尼(页面不存在)">五護陀羅尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%B1carak%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" class="extiw" title="en:Pañcarakṣā"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pañcarakṣā</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Pañca<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="rakṣā" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Raksha (Vedic)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rak%E1%B9%A3%C4%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rakṣā(页面不存在)">rakṣā</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksha_(Vedic)" class="extiw" title="en:Raksha (Vedic)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Raksha (Vedic)</span></a></span>)</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。奉<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%9F%AF%E8%80%B6" title="尼柯耶">尼柯耶</a>為聖典的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="南傳佛教">南傳佛教</a>則把《<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%B6%93" title="慈經">慈經</a>》、《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉祥經" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mangala Sutta"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E7%A5%A5%E7%B6%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="吉祥經(页面不存在)">吉祥經</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangala_Sutta" class="extiw" title="en:Mangala Sutta"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mangala Sutta</span></a></span>)</span></span>》、《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="寶經" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ratana Sutta"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B6%E7%B6%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="寶經(页面不存在)">寶經</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratana_Sutta" class="extiw" title="en:Ratana Sutta"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ratana Sutta</span></a></span>)</span></span>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%92%E6%9B%A9%E8%83%9D%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="阿吒曩胝經">阿吒曩胝經</a>》等當作<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="護衛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paritta"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%B7%E8%A1%9B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="護衛(页面不存在)">護衛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paritta" class="extiw" title="en:Paritta"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paritta</span></a></span>)</span></span>經文。<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97" title="舍利弗">舍利弗</a>因之悟入<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%9C%BC" title="法眼">法眼</a>淨的〈<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7%E5%81%88" title="緣起偈">緣起偈</a>〉,經常被銘刻在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>寺院的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="佛塔">佛塔</a>上,視之為佛陀<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%BA%AB" title="法身">法身</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>並非所有漢傳佛典皆為翻譯之作,如古代民間流行用來祈求福報的《<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%8E%8B%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%96%E9%9F%B3%E7%B6%93" title="高王觀世音經">高王觀世音經</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9C%B0%E5%85%AB%E9%99%BD%E7%A5%9E%E5%92%92%E7%B6%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="天地八陽神咒經(页面不存在)">天地八陽神咒經</a>》等,或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97" title="天台宗">天台宗</a>著作中,常引用南北朝時期流行的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E8%AC%82%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="提謂波利經(页面不存在)">提謂波利經</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%83%8F%E6%B3%95%E6%B1%BA%E7%96%91%E7%B6%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="像法決疑經(页面不存在)">像法決疑經</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%A6%99%E5%8B%9D%E5%AE%9A%E7%B6%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="最妙勝定經(页面不存在)">最妙勝定經</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,後世經錄皆判定非譯自印度,而列入偽目,為刻本藏經所不收。又如传达孝顺亲长的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8D%E9%9A%BE%E6%8A%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="父母恩重难报经">父母恩重难报经</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%82%E8%98%AD%E7%9B%86%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="盂蘭盆經">盂蘭盆經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="地藏经">地藏经</a>》等,現代研究者多认为是華人僧俗所造<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。這些可能是在漢地撰造的「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%85%B8%E7%96%91%E5%81%BD%E7%B6%93%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="佛典疑偽經文獻">本土經論</a>」不乏至今仍對中國佛教影響至鉅的佛典,如戒律類的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E7%B6%B2%E7%B6%93_(%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="梵網經 (大乘佛教)">梵網菩薩戒經</a>》,經藏類的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%9B%E9%A0%82%E9%A6%96%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="大佛頂首楞嚴經">大佛頂首楞嚴經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E8%A7%89%E7%BB%8F" title="圆觉经">圓覺經</a>》,以及論典類的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E8%B5%B7%E4%BF%A1%E8%AE%BA" title="大乘起信论">大乘起信論</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E8%82%87#.E8.91.97.E4.BD.9C" title="僧肇">寶藏論</a>》等等<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E7%A5%96%E5%9D%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="六祖坛经">六祖壇經</a>》是後人推崇<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="禪宗">禪宗</a>六祖曹溪<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E8%83%BD" title="惠能">惠能</a>的言行,尊稱為「經」的言行錄<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2" title="中國佛教史">中國佛教史</a>和思想文化史上占據極為重要的地位。<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7%E9%81%A0_(%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D)" title="慧遠 (隋朝)">淨影慧遠</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E7%BE%A9%E7%AB%A0" title="大乘義章">大乘義章</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%BA%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="窺基">慈恩窺基</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95%E8%8B%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%9E%97%E7%AB%A0" title="大乘法苑義林章">大乘法苑義林章</a>》以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8E%E5%BB%B6%E5%A3%BD" title="永明延壽">永明延壽</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E9%8F%A1%E9%8C%84" title="宗鏡錄">宗鏡錄</a>》為漢地重要的佛教通論之書,為佛法之綱要<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E9%A1%97" title="智顗">智顗</a>《法界次第初門》則從其止觀角度出發,撰集法數名目,明法門之淺深次第。《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%8B%91%E7%8F%A0%E6%9E%97" title="法苑珠林">法苑珠林</a>》以<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E6%9B%B8" title="類書">類書</a>的形式網羅眾多佛教經論和外典俗書,為佛教的百科全書<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E8%98%AD%E7%8E%8B%E5%95%8F%E7%B6%93" title="彌蘭王問經">彌蘭王問</a>》(那先比丘經)記載<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派佛教</a>時期,印度僧侶<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="那先比丘" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nagasena"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%A3%E5%85%88%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="那先比丘(页面不存在)">那先比丘</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasena" class="extiw" title="en:Nagasena"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nagasena</span></a></span>)</span></span>(龍軍長老),與統治當時北印度之希臘國王<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E8%98%AD%E9%99%80%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="彌蘭陀王">彌蘭王</a>(米南德一世)對答佛教義理,反映了印度佛教文化與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="希臘文明">希臘文明</a>的初次對話。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="中國佛教">中國佛教</a>在唐代以後,為了控管僧尼人數,曾形成「試經度僧」的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%A6%E7%89%92" title="度牒">度牒</a>制度,以《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%8F%AF%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="法華經">法華經</a>》等<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘經</a>為主要的應試經論<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。歷史上流行又富有文學影響的漢譯佛經,依據<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%81%A9" title="胡適">胡適</a>的說法,則要算上<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A9%E6%91%A9%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="鳩摩羅什">鳩摩羅什</a>所譯的《金剛》,《法華》,《維摩詰》這三部<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">初期佛教</a>聖典、現代佛學公認最接近<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="原始佛教研究">原始佛教</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="阿含">阿含</a>》,反而長期在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="中國佛教">中國佛教</a>的傳統裡受到冷落<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。不過在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="印順法師">印順法師</a>的闡發推動下,記載<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="佛陀">佛陀</a>根本思想言行的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="四阿含">四阿含</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%9F%AF%E8%80%B6" title="尼柯耶">尼柯耶</a>,已逐漸為現代華語佛教界所研習重視<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>由於佛教經文繁多、經典龐大,一些短小的經文或偈頌集,編輯為入門書而流傳開來,如《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%A5%E7%B6%93" title="法句經">法句經</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%B6%93" title="四十二章經">四十二章經</a>》(中國佛教)、《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%81%BA%E6%95%99%E7%B6%93" title="佛遺教經">佛遺教經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%BA%E8%A6%BA%E7%B6%93" title="八大人覺經">八大人覺經</a>》(中國佛教)<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="無著賢" data-lang-code="fr" data-lang-name="法语" data-foreign-title="Thokmé Zangpo"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E8%91%97%E8%B3%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="無著賢(页面不存在)">無著賢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">法语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thokm%C3%A9_Zangpo" class="extiw" title="fr:Thokmé Zangpo"><span lang="fr" dir="auto">Thokmé Zangpo</span></a></span>)</span></span>論師的《佛子行三十七頌》(西藏佛教)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%92%A5%E9%87%8C%E5%88%B6%E5%90%92" title="摩咥里制吒">摩咥里制吒</a>的《一百五十讚佛頌》及<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>的《勸誡王頌》(印度佛教)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>等。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r62996521">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">初期佛教</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="阿含經">阿含經</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%A5%E7%B6%93" title="法句經">法句經</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%9C%9C%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="摩诃般若波罗蜜经">摩訶般若波羅蜜經</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%B6%93" title="般若波羅蜜多心經">般若波羅蜜多心經</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B6%93" title="金剛經">金剛經</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%8F%AF%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="法華經">法華經</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%B7%B1%E5%AF%86%E7%B6%93" title="解深密經">解深密經</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E4%BC%BD%E7%B6%93" title="楞伽經">楞伽經</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="律藏">律</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E5%BE%8B" title="四分律">四分律</a>(漢傳僧團) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="巴利律藏">巴利律藏</a>(南傳上座部僧團) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%98%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="根本說一切有部毘奈耶">根本說一切有部毘奈耶</a>(藏傳僧團) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%97%8F" title="論藏">論</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="阿毘達摩">阿毘達摩</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="結構"><span id=".E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B"></span>結構</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:結構"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%88%A4" title="教判">教判</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E6%95%99" title="十二分教">十二分教</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="釋迦牟尼">釋迦牟尼</a>在菩提樹下成道後,開演教法的第一部經,是在<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E9%87%8E%E8%8B%91" title="鹿野苑">鹿野苑</a>對五比丘宣說<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%81%93_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="中道 (佛教)">中道</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="四聖諦">四聖諦</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E6%B3%95%E8%BD%AE%E7%BB%8F" title="转法轮经">轉法輪經</a>》,接著是《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="五蘊皆空經" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anattalakkhana Sutta"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E8%98%8A%E7%9A%86%E7%A9%BA%E7%B6%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="五蘊皆空經(页面不存在)">五蘊皆空經</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anattalakkhana_Sutta" class="extiw" title="en:Anattalakkhana Sutta"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anattalakkhana Sutta</span></a></span>)</span></span>》,最後一部是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="佛陀">佛陀</a>入<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="般涅槃">般涅槃</a>前三個月行腳教化及開示最後教誡的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8)" title="大般涅槃经 (上座部)">大般涅槃經</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97%E5%88%A4%E6%95%99" title="天台宗判教">天台宗判教</a>等大乘佛教說法,是以<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="如來">如來</a>初成道後,現<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%98%E7%9B%A7%E9%81%AE%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="毘盧遮那">毘盧遮那</a>身講《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a>》頓說佛道,爾後開演《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="四阿含">四阿含</a>》,以及《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="維摩詰經">維摩詰經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%93%81%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="大品般若经">摩訶般若波羅蜜經</a>》等大乘經漸次陶練其心,最後講《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%8F%AF%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="法華經">法華經</a>》開權顯實,顯揚<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="一乘">一乘</a>,又於入滅前說《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98)" title="大般涅槃经 (大乘)">涅槃經</a>》捃拾眾生,令具真常<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7" title="佛性">佛性</a>,入大涅槃<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>若按體裁,佛典又可分為十二種形式(若依<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%88%86%E6%95%99" title="九分教">九分教</a>則沒有「尼陀那」、「阿波陀那」、「優波提舍」): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="修多羅">修多羅</a>(Sūtra):以散文逕直闡述法義,又稱長行、略說;狹義來說,指直說<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%95%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="五蕴">五蘊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%95%8C" title="十八界">十八界</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="十二处">十二處</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%B7%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="十二因緣">十二因緣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B" title="四谛">四諦</a>等內容的教說。<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%87%E5%A4%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="祇夜">祇夜</a>(Geya):以<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%88%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="偈语">偈語</a>重誦修多羅中所說法義,又稱應頌、重頌。<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E5%88%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="記別">記別</a>(Vyākaraṇa):辯析真實法義,解說法義顯明了義的教說,用以記真實義;又指弟子所證或死後生處,以及未來世證果及成佛名號,為記未來生事或菩薩當成佛之事,又稱授記。<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E9%99%80" title="伽陀">伽陀</a>(Gatha):不同於像祇夜那樣對長行再次解說的偈頌,而是直接以<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%88%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="偈语">偈語</a>來讚詠法義。<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%AA%AA%E7%B6%93" title="自說經">憂陀那</a>(Udāna):無人請問,佛陀見世間事,隨興自發<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%88%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="偈语">偈語</a>,又稱無問自說;<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="說一切有部">說一切有部</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%A5%E7%B6%93" title="法句經">法句經</a>亦名憂陀那(<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%AA%AA%E5%93%81" title="自說品">自說品</a>,Udanavarga<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)。<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E9%99%80%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="尼陀那">尼陀那</a>(Nidāna):指佛陀宣說法要或制定戒律,其所特有的事緣,又稱因緣。<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E9%99%80%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="阿波陀那">阿波陀那</a>(Avadāna):為令了解所說旨趣,而舉世間事跡、業報因緣、寓言故事等為例,顯明所說本義,又稱譬喻<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;又用來指辟支佛、阿羅漢等自說其本行因緣,又稱本起<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="本事">本事</a>(Itivṛttaka/Ityuktaka):不清楚是佛陀對何人說,在何處說,為何事說,自古輾轉相傳聽來,以「吾從世尊,聞如是語」起頭,「爾時世尊,重攝此義」及重頌作結。以<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>所譯《本事經》以及巴利《如是語經》(巴利語:Itivuttaka)為代表<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;或指除佛本生外,所宣說的所有過去世之事。<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="本生 (佛教)">本生</a>(Jataka):佛陀過去生所行的菩薩行故事,有些源自印度民間故事的佛化。<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%BB%A3" title="方廣">方廣</a>(Vaipulya/Vaidalya/Vaitulya):以正理廣為分辨諸法,廣說種種甚深法義的契經名為方廣(vaipulya),如《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E7%B6%B2%E7%B6%93_(%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8)" title="梵網經 (上座部)">梵網六十二見經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%BC%98%E7%BB%8F" title="大缘经">大因緣經</a>》等<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。亦名廣破(梵語:vaidalya;巴利語:vedalla),由此廣言能破極堅無智闇。又稱無比(vaitulya),由此廣言理趣幽深,無有諸法能與相比<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%A0%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="南传上座部">南傳上座部</a>稱為vedalla,解釋為由發問而得智與歡喜的契經,如《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="中部 (佛經)">中部</a>·43經》、《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="中部 (佛經)">中部</a>·44經》等<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>則認為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E8%97%8F" title="菩薩藏">菩薩藏</a>相應言說名為方廣,或稱方等。<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E6%9B%BE%E6%9C%89%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="未曾有法">未曾有法</a>(Adbhutadharma):說三寶佛、法、僧的甚稀有事,又稱希法;或指諸弟子等讚歎如來具有的特別功德。<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90%E8%88%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="優波提舍">優波提舍</a>(Upadeśa):對其餘分教所說義理加以分別法相,釋難決擇,顯示正理,是為論議;佛的大弟子,共集一處,對佛的略說,各申解說,隨理辯釋,如阿毘達磨(Abhidharma)、摩怛理迦(Mātṛka,本母)等,亦為論議。<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="佛傳"><span id=".E4.BD.9B.E5.82.B3"></span>佛傳</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:佛傳"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="佛陀">佛陀</a>在人間活動事跡的素材,散見於<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="律藏">律藏</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%B0%E8%84%A9%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93#.E6.9C.AC.E7.B7.A3.E9.83.A8" title="大正新脩大藏經">本緣部</a>佛經,如《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AF%B4%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%97%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6%E7%A0%B4%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%8B" title="根本说一切有部毗奈耶破僧事">根本說一切有部毗奈耶破僧事</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AF%B4%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%97%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6%E7%A0%B4%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%8B" title="根本说一切有部毗奈耶破僧事">眾許摩訶帝經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E5%BE%8B" title="四分律">四分律</a>·受戒犍度》、《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%88%86%E5%BE%8B" title="五分律">五分律</a>·受戒法》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="巴利律藏">巴利律藏</a>·大<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%8D%E5%BA%A6" title="犍度">犍度</a>》、《本生<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E8%A8%BB" title="義註">義註</a>·Avidūrenidānakathā》、《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大事" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mahāvastu"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="大事(页面不存在)">大事</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81vastu" class="extiw" title="en:Mahāvastu"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mahāvastu</span></a></span>)</span></span>》、《中本起經》、《修行本起經》、《太子瑞應本起經》、《異出菩薩本起經》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E7%B6%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="過去現在因果經(页面不存在)">過去現在因果經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9B%9C%E7%B6%93" title="普曜經">普曜經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9B%9C%E7%B6%93" title="普曜經">方廣大莊嚴經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%AC%E8%A1%8C%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%8F" title="佛本行集经">佛本行集經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%85%E5%89%8E" title="僧伽羅剎">僧伽羅剎</a>集經》、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%B3%B4" title="馬鳴">馬鳴</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%89%80%E8%A1%8C%E8%AE%9A" title="佛所行讚">佛所行讚</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%89%80%E8%A1%8C%E8%AE%9A" title="佛所行讚">佛本行經</a>》等佛典,當中涉及具<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="神話">神話</a>色彩的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="本生 (佛教)">本生</a>類故事<sup id="cite_ref-bio_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。信仰者以這些佛傳故事為雕繪主題,創造出四相、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E7%9B%B8%E6%88%90%E9%81%93" title="八相成道">八相</a>或十二相<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E6%88%90%E9%81%93%E5%9C%96" title="佛陀成道圖">佛陀成道圖</a>的藝術表現形式。 </p><p>傳統的佛傳作品,有五世紀的佛授(Buddhadatta)撰《勝者莊嚴》(Jinālaṅkāra)<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,六世紀初<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E7%A5%90" title="僧祐">僧祐</a>造《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E8%AD%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="釋迦譜(页面不存在)">釋迦譜</a>》,<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="禪宗">禪宗</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="燈史" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="燈史"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%87%88%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="燈史(页面不存在)">燈史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%87%88%E5%8F%B2" class="extiw" title="ja:燈史"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">燈史</span></a></span>)</span></span>錄〈七佛〉傳,十三世紀<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97" title="天台宗">天台</a>僧<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E7%A3%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="志磬">志磬</a>作《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%A5%96%E7%B5%B1%E7%B4%80" title="佛祖統紀">佛祖統紀</a>·釋迦佛紀》,十五世紀末<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E6%A1%91%E6%9B%B2%E5%90%89%E5%98%89%E6%8E%AA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="格桑曲吉嘉措(页面不存在)">格桑曲吉嘉措</a>立《藏傳釋迦牟尼佛傳》(原書名:無誤講述佛陀<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%84%E4%BC%BD%E6%A2%B5" title="薄伽梵">出有壞</a>美妙絶倫傳記·善逝聖行寶藏),這些作品大多為史實、<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="傳說">傳說</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%B5%B1" title="法統">法統</a>相糅合的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="敘事">敘事</a><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>現代人著作則有<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="星雲法師">星雲法師</a>《釋迦牟尼佛傳》、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="髻智比丘" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nanamoli Bhikkhu"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%BB%E6%99%BA%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="髻智比丘(页面不存在)">髻智比丘</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanamoli_Bhikkhu" class="extiw" title="en:Nanamoli Bhikkhu"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nanamoli Bhikkhu</span></a></span>)</span></span>《親近釋迦牟尼佛:從巴利藏經看佛陀的一生》、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%A1%8C%E7%A6%AA%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="一行禪師">一行禪師</a>《故道白雲》、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E5%85%83" title="中村元">中村元</a>《瞿曇佛陀傳》等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="藏经编纂"><span id=".E8.97.8F.E7.BB.8F.E7.BC.96.E7.BA.82"></span>藏经编纂</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:藏经编纂"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="汉文">汉文</a>藏经的编纂始于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a>时,之后在全国存有大量的写本藏经,但由于资料缺乏,对于这些写本藏经的情况现在尚未釐清。到<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%85%83" title="开元">开元</a>时,据《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%85%83%E9%87%8A%E6%95%99%E5%BD%95" title="开元释教录">开元释教录</a>》记载,已有1076部,5048卷。之后,各代又续有新译经论和著述入藏。雕版藏经最早为<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%AF%B6%E8%97%8F" title="開寶藏">开宝藏</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋</a>初开始刊印。最初为<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%80" class="mw-disambig" title="蜀">蜀</a>版,后有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="福州">福州</a>版。其后历代多有官私方的藏经雕印<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>歷代<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E7%89%88%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="雕版印刷">雕版印刷</a>的漢文大藏經以<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="般若部">般若部</a>為首,排序《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="大般若波罗蜜多经">大般若波羅蜜多經</a>》最前,至<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="大正藏">大正藏</a>則以<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="阿含">阿含</a>部為首,排序<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="長阿含經">長阿含</a>最前。藏傳的《蔡巴甘珠爾目錄》以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%BA%8C" title="密續">金剛果乘續部</a>為首,排序《<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%A6%99%E5%90%89%E7%A5%A5%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%A6%E5%90%8D%E7%B6%93" title="聖妙吉祥真實名經">聖妙吉祥真實名經</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E8%BD%AE" title="时轮">吉祥時輪本續</a>》最前<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分類"><span id=".E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>分類</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>狭义的佛经专指<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E8%97%8F" title="经藏">经藏</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E7%B6%93" title="契經">契經</a>。现存的佛教原典有<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>: </p> <ol><li>大批的<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87" title="藏文">藏文</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="中文">汉文</a>版本的翻译经典。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="锡兰">锡兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8" title="缅甸">缅甸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="柬埔寨">柬埔寨</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰国</a>所存,源自古印度<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8" title="上座部">上座部</a>所宗奉经典的巴利文版本。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94" title="尼泊尔">尼泊尔</a>保存的、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>晚期佛教所存认的一部不很完整的经集,附有一部辅助性著作的选集。</li> <li>少数散布在其他各地的印度語文经典,例如保存在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>和印度西部某些<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教">耆那教</a>徒的藏书,以及埋藏在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚">中亚</a>墓窟的藏书。</li></ol> <p>广义的佛经总称“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="三藏">三藏</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,包括: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E8%97%8F" title="经藏">经藏</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="梵文">梵文</a>Sūtra-piṭaka的意译,音意合译为“素怛纜藏”,指<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼">释迦牟尼</a>诸弟子所传述的释迦佛在世时的说教,以及其后<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="佛教徒">佛教徒</a>称为释迦牟尼言行的著作。<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="律藏">律藏</a>:梵文Vinaya-piṭaka的意译,音意合译为“毘奈耶藏”,记载佛教僧侣的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%88%92%E5%BE%8B" title="佛教戒律">戒律</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%AF%BA" title="佛寺">佛寺</a>的一般清规。<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%97%8F" title="論藏">论藏</a>:梵文Abhidharma-piṭaka的意译,音意合译为“阿毘達磨藏”,是对佛教教义的解说。<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E7%90%86%E8%B6%A3%E5%85%AD%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A%E7%B6%93" title="大乘理趣六波羅蜜多經">大乘理趣六波羅蜜多經</a>》將「過去無量殑伽沙諸佛世尊所說正法」,攝為五分(藏): </p> <ul><li>樂處山林,常居閑寂修靜慮者,說素呾纜藏(經藏)。</li> <li>樂習威儀護持正法,一味和合令得久住,說毘奈耶藏(律藏)。</li> <li>樂說正法分別性相,循環研覈究竟甚深,說阿毘達磨藏(論藏)。</li> <li>樂習大乘真實智慧,離於我法執著分別,說般若波羅蜜多藏(般若藏)。</li> <li>不能受持契經調伏對法般若,或復有情造諸惡業——四重、八重、五無間罪、謗方等經、一闡提等種種重罪——使得銷滅速疾解脫頓悟涅槃,說諸陀羅尼藏(真言藏─密教悉曇咒語等)。</li></ul> <p>並稱五藏之受持者,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="阿難">阿難</a>受持「素呾纜藏」(經),<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E9%9B%A2" title="優婆離">優婆離</a>受持「毘奈耶藏」(律),<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%83%E5%BB%B6" title="迦旃延">迦旃延</a>受持「阿毘達磨藏」(論藏),<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%AE%8A%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" title="文殊菩萨">文殊菩萨</a>受持「大乘般若波羅蜜多」(般若),<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E6%89%8B%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="金剛手菩薩">金剛手菩薩</a>受持「甚深微妙諸總持門」(真言門)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="漢傳大藏經"><span id=".E6.BC.A2.E5.82.B3.E5.A4.A7.E8.97.8F.E7.B6.93"></span>漢傳大藏經</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:漢傳大藏經"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>漢傳大藏經,主要由域外翻譯佛典組成,後來也加入漢傳佛教僧人撰寫的佛教著作。最初為寫本,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="印刷術">印刷術</a>發明後,在北宋初年出現第一部<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E7%89%88%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="雕版印刷">木刻</a>本大藏經,即《開寶藏》。由於寫本傳抄有異寫、訛字、脫文、衍文、倒文,因此各地流傳的寫本藏經也有所不同。從北宋初年到末年,由當地寫本藏經產生的刻本大藏經,主要形成了三個系統:以《開寶藏》為代表的中原系、以《契丹藏》為代表的北方系、以《崇寧藏》、《毘盧藏》為代表的南方系<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>1 </th> <th>2 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>4 </th> <th>5 </th> <th>6 </th> <th>7 </th> <th>8 </th> <th>9 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">名稱 </th> <td>開寶藏(蜀版、宋本)</td> <td>契丹藏(丹藏、丹本)</td> <td>崇寧藏(閩版)</td> <td>毘盧藏</td> <td>圓覺藏(思溪藏)</td> <td>資福藏(思溪藏)</td> <td>趙城金藏(蜀版)</td> <td>磧砂藏</td> <td>高麗藏(再雕) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">發行年 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E8%88%88%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="太平興國">太平興國</a>八年(983) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%81" title="清宁">清寧</a>十年(1064) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E5%AE%81" title="崇宁">崇寧</a>三年(1104) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B9%E8%88%88_(%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B)" title="紹興 (南宋)">紹興</a>二十一年(1151) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B9%E8%88%88_(%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B)" title="紹興 (南宋)">紹興</a>二年(1132) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B3%E7%86%99" title="淳熙">淳熙</a>二年(1175) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9A_(%E9%87%91%E6%9C%9D)" title="大定 (金朝)">大定</a>十三年(1173) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E6%B2%BB_(%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D)" title="至治 (元朝)">至治</a>二年(1322) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%BA%97%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%97" title="高麗高宗">高宗</a>三十八年(1251) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">數量 </th> <td>5048卷(增補) </td> <td>6006卷 </td> <td>6108卷 </td> <td>6132卷 </td> <td>5480卷 </td> <td>5490卷 </td> <td>6900卷 </td> <td>6362卷(管主八續) </td> <td>6589卷 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">狀態 </th> <td>零星經本 </td> <td>零星經本 </td> <td>藏<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%AF%BA" title="東寺">東寺</a> </td> <td>藏<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%85%A7%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="宮內省">宮內省</a>圖書寮 </td> <td>藏<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E4%B8%8A%E5%AF%BA" title="增上寺">增上寺</a> </td> <td>藏<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中國國家圖書館">國圖</a>等地<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>藏<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中國國家圖書館">國圖</a><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>藏<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%9D%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="陝西省圖書館">陝圖</a>等地<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>藏<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E4%B8%8A%E5%AF%BA" title="增上寺">增上寺</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%B0%E5%AF%BA" title="海印寺">海印寺</a><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">發起人 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="宋太祖">宋太祖</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E8%88%88%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="遼興宗">遼興宗</a> </td> <td>福州<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%A6%AA%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="東禪寺">東禪寺</a> </td> <td>福州<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%85%83%E5%AF%BA_(%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E)" title="开元寺 (福州)">開元寺</a> </td> <td>密州<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E4%BD%BF" title="觀察使">觀察使</a>王永從 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%90%89%E5%B7%9E" title="安吉州">安吉州</a>資福寺 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%94%E6%B3%95%E7%8F%8D" title="崔法珍">崔法珍</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B1%9F%E5%BA%9C" title="平江府">平江府</a>磧砂延聖院 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%BA%97%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%97" title="高麗高宗">高麗高宗</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">底本 </th> <td> </td> <td>開寶藏 </td> <td> </td> <td>崇寧藏 </td> <td>毘盧藏 </td> <td>圓覺藏 </td> <td>開寶藏 </td> <td>圓覺藏<br />增補:普寧藏 </td> <td>開寶藏<br />增補:丹藏,國本(初雕) </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>10 </th> <th>11 </th> <th>12 </th> <th>13 </th> <th>14 </th> <th>15 </th> <th>16 </th> <th>17 </th> <th>18 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">名稱 </th> <td>普寧藏 </td> <td>弘法藏 </td> <td>元官藏 </td> <td>洪武南藏 </td> <td>永樂南藏 </td> <td>永樂北藏 </td> <td>武林藏 </td> <td>萬曆藏 </td> <td>嘉興藏(徑山藏) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">發行年 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%85%83_(%E5%85%83%E4%B8%96%E7%A5%96)" title="至元 (元世祖)">至元</a>二十七年(1290) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%85%83_(%E5%85%83%E4%B8%96%E7%A5%96)" title="至元 (元世祖)">至元</a>三十一年(1294) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%85%83_(%E5%85%83%E9%A1%BA%E5%B8%9D)" title="至元 (元顺帝)">至元</a>二年(1336) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%AD%A6" title="洪武">洪武</a>三十二年(1399) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90" title="永乐">永樂</a>十五年(1417) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BB%9F_(%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7)" title="正统 (年号)">正统</a>五年(1440) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90" title="永乐">永樂</a>二十年(1422) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="順治">順治</a>十四年(1657) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99" title="康熙">康熙</a>十五年(1676) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">數量 </th> <td>6327卷(管主八續) </td> <td>7182卷 </td> <td>6500卷 </td> <td>7000卷 </td> <td>6331卷 </td> <td>6924卷 </td> <td>不明 </td> <td>6234卷 </td> <td>12600卷(正續編) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">狀態 </th> <td>藏<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E4%B8%8A%E5%AF%BA" title="增上寺">增上寺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%BA%E8%8D%89%E5%AF%BA" title="淺草寺">淺草寺</a> </td> <td>零星經本<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>零星經本<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>藏<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%81%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86" title="四川省图书馆">川圖</a><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>藏<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E7%9C%81%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86" title="山东省图书馆">魯圖</a>等地 </td> <td>藏<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E6%95%99%E5%AF%BA" title="广教寺">廣教寺</a>等地<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>零星經本<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>藏<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E6%AD%A6%E5%8E%BF" title="宁武县">寧武縣</a>文化館<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>藏<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="北京故宮">北京故宮</a>等地<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">發起人 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%91%E5%AE%97" title="白云宗">白雲宗</a>大普寧寺 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E4%B8%96%E7%A5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="元世祖">元世祖</a> </td> <td>太皇太后<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9C%E7%AD%94%E5%A4%B1%E9%87%8C_(%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E)" title="卜答失里 (皇后)">卜答失里</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="明太祖">明太祖</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%88%90%E7%A5%96" title="明成祖">明成祖</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%88%90%E7%A5%96" title="明成祖">明成祖</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%AD%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="杭州">杭州</a>施主 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%B8%B8%E6%BD%A4" title="朱常潤">朱常潤</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E4%BE%8D" title="选侍">選侍</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%B0%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="王氏">王氏</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E6%9F%8F%E7%9C%9F%E5%8F%AF" title="紫柏真可">紫柏真可</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">底本 </th> <td>資福藏 </td> <td>趙城金藏 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%B3%E5%85%83%E6%B3%95%E5%AF%B6%E5%8B%98%E5%90%8C%E7%B8%BD%E9%8C%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="至元法寶勘同總錄(页面不存在)">至元錄</a>經目 </td> <td>磧砂藏 </td> <td>洪武南藏 </td> <td>永樂南藏 </td> <td>磧砂藏, 洪武南藏 </td> <td>永樂南藏, 北藏 </td> <td>永樂北藏 </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>19 </th> <th>20 </th> <th>21 </th> <th>22 </th> <th>23 </th> <th>24 </th> <th>25 </th> <th>26 </th> <th>選輯 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">名稱 </th> <td>天海藏 </td> <td>黃檗藏 </td> <td>龍藏 </td> <td>弘教藏 </td> <td>卍正藏 </td> <td>卍續藏 </td> <td>頻伽藏 </td> <td>大正藏 </td> <td>藏要 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">發行年 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E4%BF%9D" title="正保">正保</a>五年(1648) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E5%AF%B6" title="延寶">延寶</a>六年(1678) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86" title="乾隆">乾隆</a>三年(1738) </td> <td>明治十八年 (1885) </td> <td>明治三十八年(1905) </td> <td>明治四十五年(1912) </td> <td>民國二年(1913) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C" title="昭和">昭和</a>九年(1934) </td> <td>民國二十四年(1935)<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">數量 </th> <td>6323卷 </td> <td>7374卷 </td> <td>7168卷 </td> <td>8539卷 </td> <td>7082卷 </td> <td>6957卷 </td> <td>8416卷 </td> <td>13520卷 </td> <td>400餘卷(73種書) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">狀態 </th> <td>藏<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%AF%BA" title="輪王寺">輪王寺</a> </td> <td>藏<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E7%A6%8F%E5%AF%BA_(%E5%AE%87%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%82)" title="萬福寺 (宇治市)">萬福寺</a> </td> <td>藏<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="北京故宮">北京故宮</a>等地<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>印刷出版 </td> <td>印刷出版 </td> <td>印刷出版 </td> <td>印刷出版 </td> <td>大正一切経刊行会印刷出版<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%99%B5%E5%88%BB%E7%B6%93%E8%99%95" class="mw-redirect" title="金陵刻經處">金陵刻經處</a>印刷出版 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">發起人 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B7%9D%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%89" title="德川家光">德川家光</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E7%9C%BC" title="铁眼">鐵眼道光</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D" title="雍正帝">雍正帝</a> </td> <td>弘教書院 </td> <td>京都藏經書院 </td> <td>京都藏經書院 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%BF%A6%E9%99%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="羅迦陵">羅迦陵</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A5%A0%E9%A0%86%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%8E" title="高楠順次郎">高楠順次郎</a>等人 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%BD%E6%BC%B8" title="歐陽漸">歐陽漸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E6%BE%82" title="呂澂">呂澂</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #B0C4DE;">底本 </th> <td>資福藏, 普寧藏 </td> <td>嘉興藏 </td> <td>永樂北藏 </td> <td>高麗藏<br />黃檗藏(工作底本)<sup id="cite_ref-工作底本_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-工作底本-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>黃檗藏 </td> <td> </td> <td>弘教藏 </td> <td>高麗藏<br />頻伽藏(工作底本)<sup id="cite_ref-工作底本_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-工作底本-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>資福藏 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="石刻及墨寶"><span id=".E7.9F.B3.E5.88.BB.E5.8F.8A.E5.A2.A8.E5.AF.B6"></span>石刻及墨寶</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:石刻及墨寶"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="中國佛教">中國佛教</a>石經雕刻之舉始於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F" title="北魏">北魏</a>末年,盛於隋唐。除了刻在碑上,也刻於<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B4%96%E7%9F%B3%E5%88%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="摩崖石刻">摩崖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E5%B9%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="經幢">經幢</a>上。 </p><p>「摩崖刻經」以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="北齊">北齊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8" title="北周">北周</a>為盛,所在地域遍及山東、山西、河南、河北、陝西、四川。其中最著名的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="山東">山東</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%B1%B1" title="泰山">泰山</a>經石峪的大字《金剛經》﹑<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%82%E5%BE%95%E5%B1%B1%E6%91%A9%E5%B4%96%E7%9F%B3%E5%88%BB" title="徂徕山摩崖石刻">徂徠山</a>映佛岩的《大般若經》、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%89%9B%E5%B1%B1%E6%91%A9%E5%B4%96%E7%9F%B3%E5%88%BB" title="水牛山摩崖石刻">水牛山</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%AE%8A%E5%B8%88%E5%88%A9%E6%89%80%E8%AF%B4%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%9C%9C%E7%BB%8F" title="文殊师利所说摩诃般若波罗蜜经">文殊師利般若經</a>》等<sup id="cite_ref-stone_inscription_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone_inscription-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Calligraphy2_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calligraphy2-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。河南安陽寶山、河北磁縣鼓山亦有著名的佛經摩崖<sup id="cite_ref-stone_inscription2_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone_inscription2-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>「<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E5%B9%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="經幢">經幢</a>」創於初唐,其制如柱,一般為八角棱形,上有蓋,下有座,經文刻於柱身。陝西富平《佛頂<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8A%E5%8B%9D%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="尊勝陀羅尼">尊勝陀羅尼</a>經幢》,刻於唐<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8C_(%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D)" title="永昌 (唐朝)">永昌</a>元年 (公元689年),為現存較早的經幢。佛教經幢以刻《陀羅尼經》為多,但也有刻《心經》、《楞嚴經》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%82%B2%E5%BF%83%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="大悲心陀羅尼經">大悲心陀羅尼經</a>》、《金剛經》、《藥師經》等經的<sup id="cite_ref-stone_inscription_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone_inscription-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stone_inscription3_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone_inscription3-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>「碑刻佛經」,數量很多。最著名的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>房山<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%B1%85%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="云居寺">雲居寺</a>的石刻佛教大藏經「<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%BF%E5%B1%B1%E7%9F%B3%E7%B6%93" title="房山石經">房山石經</a>」。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="幽州">幽州</a>沙門<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E7%90%AC" title="靜琬">靜琬</a>鐫刻石經以防法難,直至明末,歷時千餘年,共刻成15061石,包括佛經1100多部,3500多卷,是中國字數最多的銘文。所用底本<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%A1%E5%8B%98" class="mw-redirect" title="校勘">校勘</a>精審,亦包括從未見於目錄著錄的稀世孤本,例如《釋教最上乘秘密藏陀羅尼集》、《唐玄宗註金剛般若波羅蜜經》等<sup id="cite_ref-stone_inscription2_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone_inscription2-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>此外,還有「石柱佛經」,刻在石柱上藏於石洞中,以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="山西">山西</a>太原風峪的《華嚴經》為代表<sup id="cite_ref-stone_inscription4_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone_inscription4-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;「塔刻佛經」,鐫刻於塔身或塔內石壁上,內容包含了佛教經目和各類佛教經咒<sup id="cite_ref-stone_inscription3_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone_inscription3-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>長慶二年至文宗太和三年(829),清晃、清海等於蘇州<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%8E%84%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="重玄寺">重玄寺</a>法華院刻成石壁經,係為寺僧契元所書,<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%85%E6%98%93" title="白居易">白居易</a>亦為之作讚碑。計刻法華經、維摩詰經、金剛般若經、佛頂尊勝陀羅尼經、阿彌陀經、觀普賢菩薩行法經、實相法密經(實相般若波羅蜜經)及般若心經等十萬言以上<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A6%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="书法家">書法家</a>寫佛經,最早也最重要的,是《<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%B6%93" title="般若波羅蜜多心經">般若波羅蜜多心經</a>》。以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F" title="北魏">北魏</a>人所書,刻入《壯陶閣帖》者為最早,有唐<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E9%80%9A" title="咸通">咸通</a>年間<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A7%A6%E5%AF%BA" title="大秦寺">大秦寺</a>僧題識。但影響較大的,是稍晚的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%BD%E8%A9%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐陽詢">歐陽詢</a>心經寫本,他也寫有〈<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8A%E5%8B%9D%E5%92%92" title="尊勝咒">佛說尊勝陀羅尼咒</a>〉。此外,釋懷仁集<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%BE%B2%E4%B9%8B" title="王羲之">王羲之</a>墨迹為〈集字聖教序〉,寫有行書《般若波羅蜜多心經》<sup id="cite_ref-Calligraphy_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calligraphy-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。著名的,還有題為<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%BE%B2%E4%B9%8B" title="王羲之">王羲之</a>所書的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%81%BA%E6%95%99%E7%B6%93" title="佛遺教經">佛遺教經</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%BE%E7%B4%B9%E4%BA%AC" title="鍾紹京">鍾紹京</a>的《轉輪聖王經》(<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B7%E4%B8%96%E7%BB%8F" title="起世经">起世經</a>·轉輪聖王品)、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E5%85%AC%E6%AC%8A" title="柳公權">柳公權</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B6%93" title="金剛經">金剛經</a>》、國詮的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E8%A6%8B%E5%BE%8B%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99" title="善見律毘婆沙">善見律</a>》卷、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E6%97%AD" title="張旭">張旭</a>草書《心經》、以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%80%E7%B4%A0" title="怀素">懷素</a>草書《四十二章經》<sup id="cite_ref-Calligraphy2_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calligraphy2-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>唐代佛經傳抄最廣的是寫經生、僧人的寫經作品,一直要到<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E8%8E%AB%E9%AB%98%E7%AA%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="敦煌莫高窟">敦煌莫高窟</a>藏經洞的發現,這些作品才大量現世。所抄佛經以《妙法蓮華經》、《大般若波羅密多經》、《金剛般若波羅密經》、《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%80%E5%8B%9D%E7%8E%8B%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="金光明最勝王經">金光明最勝王經</a>》、《維摩詰所說經》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E9%87%8F%E5%AF%BF%E5%AE%97%E8%A6%81%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="无量寿宗要经">無量壽宗要經</a>》的數量最多,其質量參差不齊,以發願供養、祈求福報為主要目的<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此外,大批的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%85%B8%E7%96%91%E5%81%BD%E7%B6%93%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="佛典疑偽經文獻">佛典疑偽經文獻</a>、漢地佛教撰著、天台教典、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="毗尼">毗尼</a>藏、禪宗著作、宣教通俗文書,如<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%96%87" title="變文">變文</a>等,皆在<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="敦煌文獻">敦煌文獻</a>抄寫之列<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>唐代以後,<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%BA%AD%E5%A0%85" title="黃庭堅">黃庭堅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E5%AD%9F%E9%A0%AB" title="趙孟頫">趙孟頫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E5%85%B6%E6%98%8C" title="董其昌">董其昌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%BE%B5%E6%98%8E" title="文徵明">文徵明</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E6%B4%AA%E7%B6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="陳洪綬">陳洪綬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%98%89" title="文嘉">文嘉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E7%85%A7" title="張照">張照</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E7%B9%BC%E6%B6%91" title="孔繼涑">孔繼涑</a>等人所寫《心經》;<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%BB%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇軾">蘇軾</a>、趙孟頫、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9D%E5%85%81%E6%98%8E" title="祝允明">祝允明</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E6%85%8E%E8%A1%8C" title="孫慎行">孫慎行</a>等人所寫《四十二章經》;<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%8A%BE" title="米芾">米芾</a>寫〈倒念揭諦咒〉;蘇軾、黃庭堅、張即之、趙孟頫、文徵明、董其昌、釋弘一寫《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B6%93" title="金剛經">金剛經</a>》;趙孟頫、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E5%85%B6%E6%98%8C" title="董其昌">董其昌</a>寫《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%99%E6%B3%95%E8%93%AE%E8%8F%AF%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="妙法蓮華經">妙法蓮華經</a>》等,均可稱為名品<sup id="cite_ref-Calligraphy_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calligraphy-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。其餘佛經法帖尚有<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%8D%B3%E4%B9%8B" title="张即之">張即之</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a>》《佛遺教經》、趙孟頫《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="楞嚴經">楞嚴經</a>讚佛偈》、蘇軾《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E8%A7%89%E7%BB%8F" title="圆觉经">圓覺經</a>》《華嚴經破地獄偈》、黃庭堅《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%B6%BC%E6%96%87%E7%9B%8A" title="清涼文益">文益</a>禅師語錄》、董其昌《楞嚴經圓通偈》《<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E7%B6%93" title="阿彌陀經">阿彌陀經</a>》《佛遺教經》、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%89%87%E5%BE%90" class="mw-redirect" title="林則徐">林則徐</a>《阿彌陀經》、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%98%E4%B8%80%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="弘一法師">弘一法師</a>《華嚴經》等等<sup id="cite_ref-Calligraphy_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calligraphy-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="清代">清代</a>帝王亦好寫佛經,所抄內容以智慧、修持、覺悟、真如類的典籍為主,包括《般若經》、《心經》、《金剛經》、《法華經》、《圓覺經》等。較具有代表性的佛經寫本,則有:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99" title="康熙">康熙</a>《心經》、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86" title="乾隆">乾隆</a>《金剛經》、《白衣大悲王印陀羅尼經》、<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E8%B1%90" class="mw-redirect" title="咸豐">咸豐</a>《千手千眼無礙大悲心陀羅尼》、<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a>《心經》<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%86%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="篆書">篆書</a>方面的名作,則有宋真宗<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="景德">景德</a>年間(公元1004-1007年)<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%9A%B1%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="靈隱寺">靈隱寺</a>莫庵道肎,寫成的集篆三十二體《金剛般若波羅密多經》。每章一體,並註記各體源流。從北宋以後,歷經明、清二代,屢見重鈔翻刻或復臨的三十二體篆書《金剛經》,是篆書史上影響最大、流傳最廣的集篆作品<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>為使佛法永存,防止佛經被毀,中國石刻佛經相當興盛,從北齊至宋元時期,究竟刻有多少石經已無法統計<sup id="cite_ref-stone_inscription4_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone_inscription4-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。書法家寫佛經的風氣,則較<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E7%BB%8F" title="道经">道經</a>晚起步。唐代書法家少寫佛經,<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="宋代">宋代</a>書法家以翰墨為佛事,在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%95%99%E5%90%88%E6%B5%81" title="三教合流">三教合流</a>的風氣下,兼寫佛道經<sup id="cite_ref-Calligraphy_150-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calligraphy-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。晚清藏書家<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E6%98%8C%E7%86%BE" title="葉昌熾">葉昌熾</a>評論:「佛經之精者皆大字,而碑為多;道經之精者皆小楷,而帖為多」<sup id="cite_ref-stone_inscription2_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone_inscription2-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參见"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A7.81"></span>參见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:參见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:2; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%88%86%E6%95%99" title="九分教">九分教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E6%95%99" title="十二分教">十二分教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="四阿含">四阿含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="三藏">三藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="大藏经">大藏经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="佛經翻譯">佛經翻譯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%84" title="佛經目錄">佛經目錄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E7%B6%93" title="契經">契經</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注釋"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8B"></span>注釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:注釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">日本最勝王寺(茨城縣真壁町)、喜多院(埼玉縣川越市)、增上寺(東京都)、岩屋寺(愛知縣南知多町)等地亦有收藏</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">北京三時學會,影印該藏所特有的孤本佛教經籍,名為《宋藏遺珍》,計46種,249卷。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">民國二十四年(1935年),上海影印宋版藏經會將西安開元寺和臥龍寺之藏本整理為《民國縮式影印南宋版磧砂藏》,近世,台灣新文豐出版公司又再次影印出版。另外美國普林斯敦大學葛思德東方書庫、日本奈良西大寺、太原市崇善寺也存有經本。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">台北新文豐出版社於1982年影印出版「高麗大藏經」,宗教文化出版社也於2004年影印出版《金版高麗大藏經》,此外,韓國「高麗大藏經研究所」也公佈了大藏經的數位化版本:<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://kb.sutra.re.kr/ritk/index.do">http://kb.sutra.re.kr/ritk/index.do</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">過去僅見於著錄,1984年在北京<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%BA" title="智化寺">智化寺</a>發現的元代刻本佛經,一般以為就是這部弘法藏</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">過去不見於著錄,1982年在雲南省圖書館發現了這部藏經</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1934年在四川崇慶縣上古寺發現僅存孤本,四川省佛教協會印行出版</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">線裝書局影印出版</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">過去僅見於著錄,1982年首度發現殘本十七卷。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">過去未見於著錄,1983年在山西發現了尚稱完整的全藏</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">台北新文豐影印出版《明版嘉興大藏經》,為選輯本。北京民族出版社於2008年,以足本全書形式,出版《嘉興藏》重輯</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">支那內學院於民國十八年(一九二九)出版第一輯,民國二十四年(一九三五)年出版第二輯。一九八五年,金陵刻經處將當時尚未完成的零本編為第三輯,與前二輯一起成套出版。另有台灣新文豐出版公司和上海書店的影印本。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">國家圖書館出版社出版</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">電子版本:<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://21dzk.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/SAT/">http://21dzk.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/SAT/</a> 、<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/T">http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/T</a></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhistdoor.net/dictionary/details/%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93">佛經</a>. 佛學辭典. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-12-01</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206010203/https://www.buddhistdoor.net/dictionary/details/%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93">存档</a>于2020-12-06).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistdoor.net%2Fdictionary%2Fdetails%2F%25E4%25BD%259B%25E7%25B6%2593&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhistdoor.net/dictionary/details/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93">大藏經</a>. 佛學辭典. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-12-01</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206010209/https://www.buddhistdoor.net/dictionary/details/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93">存档</a>于2020-12-06).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistdoor.net%2Fdictionary%2Fdetails%2F%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2597%258F%25E7%25B6%2593&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">慧遠《大乘起信論義疏》:「若通言之(就共通處而言),一切皆論,謂<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%98%8E" title="五明">五明</a>論是也。一切皆經,謂<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%98%8E" title="五明">五經</a>(慧遠《溫室經義記》:「五明論法,名為五經」)是也。若別言之(就差別處而言),佛所說者名之為經。若餘人說佛所印可亦名為經,如維摩、勝鬘等是也。若佛滅度後,聖人自造解釋佛經,名之為論。凡夫所造名為義章。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E5%90%89%E5%AF%8C" title="藍吉富">藍吉富</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mst.org.tw/Magazine/magazinep/The%20Rest/141-%E6%8A%89%E6%93%87%E3%80%81%E6%8F%9A%E6%A3%84%E8%88%87%E8%A1%8D%E7%94%9F.htm">抉擇、揚棄與衍生──佛教多元傳承之歷史經驗的剖析</a>. 妙心. 2015年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-01-19</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789869129923" title="Special:网络书源/9789869129923"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9789869129923</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921005336/http://www.mst.org.tw/Magazine/magazinep/The%20Rest/141-%E6%8A%89%E6%93%87%E3%80%81%E6%8F%9A%E6%A3%84%E8%88%87%E8%A1%8D%E7%94%9F.htm">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E8%97%8D%E5%90%89%E5%AF%8C&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%8A%89%E6%93%87%E3%80%81%E6%8F%9A%E6%A3%84%E8%88%87%E8%A1%8D%E7%94%9F%E2%94%80%E2%94%80%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E5%82%B3%E6%89%BF%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E7%9A%84%E5%89%96%E6%9E%90&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9789869129923&amp;rft.pub=%E5%A6%99%E5%BF%83&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mst.org.tw%2FMagazine%2Fmagazinep%2FThe%2520Rest%2F141-%25E6%258A%2589%25E6%2593%2587%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%258F%259A%25E6%25A3%2584%25E8%2588%2587%25E8%25A1%258D%25E7%2594%259F.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">佛光大辭典. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhaspace.org/dict/fk/data/%25E4%25BD%259B%25E6%2595%2599%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%2585%25B8.html">佛教教典</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-03-30</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013415/http://buddhaspace.org/dict/fk/data/%25E4%25BD%259B%25E6%2595%2599%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%2585%25B8.html">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E4%BD%9B%E5%85%89%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%95%99%E5%85%B8&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhaspace.org%2Fdict%2Ffk%2Fdata%2F%2525E4%2525BD%25259B%2525E6%252595%252599%2525E6%252595%252599%2525E5%252585%2525B8.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">鄒西禮; 袁書會. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinabuddhism.com.cn/WFB27th/sxfj/gzfj/2014-09-19/6947.html">關中佛教</a>. 法音. 1998 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-07-16</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024203353/http://www.chinabuddhism.com.cn/WFB27th/sxfj/gzfj/2014-09-19/6947.html">存档</a>于2020-10-24). <q><a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A9%E6%91%A9%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="鳩摩羅什">鳩摩羅什</a>於後秦時來入關中,一時四方義學沙門如雲來集,多可三千。慧睿《喻疑論》讚歎羅什至長安後法事之盛曰:「法師至自龜茲,持律、三藏集自罽賓,禪師徒眾尋亦並集,關中洋洋十數年中,當是大法後興之盛也。」羅什長安譯場,名德薈萃,所出經典數量既多,質量亦高,吕澂先生謂其「開闢了中國譯經史上的一個新紀元」,洵為的論。什所闡弘,於經、律、論、禪數具足,均對後世產生了廣泛深遠的影響,特別於<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>一系大乘學說在中土的昌明,功勞巨大。因其譯經講習均限於關中地區,故其傳承之學說被稱為關河義學。後來中國佛教的學派和宗派,率多淵源於此</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E9%97%9C%E4%B8%AD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&amp;rft.au=%E8%A2%81%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%83&amp;rft.au=%E9%84%92%E8%A5%BF%E7%A6%AE&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%B3%95%E9%9F%B3&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinabuddhism.com.cn%2FWFB27th%2Fsxfj%2Fgzfj%2F2014-09-19%2F6947.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/en/book/export/html/3445">初期大乘佛教之起源與開展-第二項 契經的神秘化</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-07-05</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206010153/http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/en/book/export/html/3445">存档</a>于2020-12-06). <q>經與律,起初都是口誦憶持而傳授下來的。律中說到「書信」,文字而用筆寫出,佛世已經有了。阿育王Aśoka時代的石刻、銘文,都是書寫而刻下的。然佛教的聖典,寧可口口相傳,而並沒有書寫下來。這是受到印度宗教文學的影響,如『吠陀』Veda,直到近代,才錄下而出版。佛教聖典的文字記錄,情形也是這樣。雖然已經書寫記錄,口傳的風氣,還是很盛行。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B9%8B%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E8%88%87%E9%96%8B%E5%B1%95%EF%BC%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E9%A0%85+%E5%A5%91%E7%B6%93%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E5%8C%96&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyinshun-edu.org.tw%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fexport%2Fhtml%2F3445&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E5%83%A7%E7%A5%87%E5%BE%8B" title="摩訶僧祇律">摩訶僧祇律</a>》:「時尊者大迦葉為<b>第一</b>上座。第二上座名那頭盧。第三上座名優波那頭盧。」<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E5%BE%8B" title="四分律">四分律</a>》:「時大迦葉以此因緣集比丘僧。中有陀醯羅迦葉作上座。長老婆婆那為第二上座。大迦葉為<b>第三</b>上座。長老大周那為第四上座。」<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E8%AA%A6%E5%BE%8B" title="十誦律">十誦律</a>》:「爾時閻浮提中。長老阿若 憍陳如第一上座。長老均陀第二上座。長老十力迦葉阿難和上第三上座。長老摩訶迦葉<b>第四</b>上座。」<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%88%86%E5%BE%8B" title="五分律">五分律</a>》:「集比尼法時。長老阿若憍陳如為第一上座。富蘭那為第二上座。曇彌為第三上座。陀婆迦葉為第四上座。跋陀迦葉為第五上座。大迦葉為<b>第六</b>上座。優波離為第七上座。阿那律為第八上座。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/zh-hant/Master_yinshun/y35_01_03">原始佛教聖典之集成-第三節 結集與結集的傳說</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-10-21</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206010159/http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/zh-hant/Master_yinshun/y35_01_03">存档</a>于2020-12-06).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E5%85%B8%E4%B9%8B%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%EF%BC%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80+%E7%B5%90%E9%9B%86%E8%88%87%E7%B5%90%E9%9B%86%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyinshun-edu.org.tw%2Fzh-hant%2FMaster_yinshun%2Fy35_01_03&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/zh-hant/book/export/html/3194">原始佛教聖典之集成-第二節 四阿含與九分教</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-09-15</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206010203/http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/zh-hant/book/export/html/3194">存档</a>于2020-12-06). <q>古代的結集傳說,出於律部(犍度與本母)。據持律者的傳說,阿難Ānanda集一切經為四阿含或五部,並沒有說到依九分教(或十二分教)而集成四阿含。近代學者,開始注意這一問題,是由於發見了『<a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E5%8F%B2" title="島史">島史</a>』的傳說: 「五百長老,住七葉窟,分別師之九分教。師之九分教:修多、祇夜、和伽羅那、伽陀、優陀那、伊帝目多伽、闍多伽、阿浮多、毘陀羅;以此不滅之正法,分類名為「品」、「五十集」、「相應」、「集」,為阿含藏經典之集成」。 『島史』Dīpavaṁsa為錫蘭最古的編年史詩,約作於西元四、五世紀間。依九分教而集成阿含藏Āgamapiṭaka,在中國也有類似的傳說,如『般泥洹經』卷下說: 「眾比丘會共議:佛十二部經,有四阿含。……即選眾中四十應真,從阿難受得四阿含」。 『般泥洹經』,是『長含』『遊行經』(『大般涅槃經』)的別誦本,不知屬於什麼部派;傳為「東晉失譯」(約西元四世紀譯)。『出三藏記集』卷九,道安序也說: 「阿難既出十二部經,又採撮其要,逕至道法,為四阿鋡暮;與阿毘曇及律,並為三藏焉」。 『島史』與『般泥洹經』所說,佛法──九分教或十二部經,是通於經與律的;四阿含僅是其中的一分。以九分教或十二部經,集為三藏的傳說,現存西元二世紀以來的論書,大抵如此。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E5%85%B8%E4%B9%8B%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%EF%BC%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AF%80+%E5%9B%9B%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E8%88%87%E4%B9%9D%E5%88%86%E6%95%99&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyinshun-edu.org.tw%2Fzh-hant%2Fbook%2Fexport%2Fhtml%2F3194&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">林崇安. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BJ013/bj013370531.pdf">佛教論藏的結集略探</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-07-28</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013400/http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BJ013/bj013370531.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-09-21). <q>佛陀在世傳法的四十多年間,他的阿羅漢大弟子們已經散往印度各地弘揚佛法。特別是,頭陀第一的大迦葉 ,智慧第一的舍利弗,神通第一的目揵連,議論第一的迦旃延,他們所歸納或演繹的佛法精義,便是後來論藏的濫觴。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E5%B4%87%E5%AE%89&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%AB%96%E8%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E7%B5%90%E9%9B%86%E7%95%A5%E6%8E%A2&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-BJ013%2Fbj013370531.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/en/book/export/html/3259">說一切有部為主的論書與論師之研究-第四項 阿毘達磨論師</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-07-28</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206010224/http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/en/book/export/html/3259">存档</a>于2020-12-06).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E8%AB%96%E6%9B%B8%E8%88%87%E8%AB%96%E5%B8%AB%E4%B9%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%EF%BC%8D%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E9%A0%85+%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8%E8%AB%96%E5%B8%AB&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyinshun-edu.org.tw%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fexport%2Fhtml%2F3259&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">布顿. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xianmifw.com/inherit/mjyl.php?do=book&amp;id=6&amp;chapterid=152&amp;p=13">佛教史大宝藏论--分别抉择佛转法轮之义</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-13</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013411/http://www.xianmifw.com/inherit/mjyl.php?do=book&amp;id=6&amp;chapterid=152&amp;p=13">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%B8%83%E9%A1%BF&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9D%E8%97%8F%E8%AE%BA--%E5%88%86%E5%88%AB%E6%8A%89%E6%8B%A9%E4%BD%9B%E8%BD%AC%E6%B3%95%E8%BD%AE%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%89&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xianmifw.com%2Finherit%2Fmjyl.php%3Fdo%3Dbook%26id%3D6%26chapterid%3D152%26p%3D13&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abhidharma-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abhidharma_14-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abhidharma_14-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abhidharma_14-2"><sup><b>14.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mahabodhi.org/files/yinshun/40/yinshun40-02.html">說一切有部為主的論書與論師之研究</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-01</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013411/http://www.mahabodhi.org/files/yinshun/40/yinshun40-02.html">存档</a>于2020-09-21). <q>從上引的文證來看,大眾部與分別說部的──化地部、銅鍱部律,都沒有結集論藏的明文。後起的傳說,才說到論藏。法藏部等,雖傳說結集論藏,而關於結集者,或說阿難,或說大迦葉,或說富樓那。論到論藏的內容,都指為自部所宗的本論。各部的傳說不同,說明了不但沒有佛說的阿毘達磨論;在部派分立以前的一味和合時代,論藏也並不存在。沒有公認的論藏,所以異說紛紜,莫衷一是了。阿毘達磨論,決定為部派時代的作品。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E8%AB%96%E6%9B%B8%E8%88%87%E8%AB%96%E5%B8%AB%E4%B9%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahabodhi.org%2Ffiles%2Fyinshun%2F40%2Fyinshun40-02.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mahabodhi.org/files/yinshun/40/yinshun40-02.html">說一切有部為主的論書與論師之研究</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-01</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013411/http://www.mahabodhi.org/files/yinshun/40/yinshun40-02.html">存档</a>于2020-09-21). <q>銅鍱部以為:佛在忉利天,為摩耶夫人說法;經、律以外,還說了七部阿毘達磨。說一切有部說:「誰造此(發智)論?答:是佛世尊」。犢子部傳說:「舍利弗釋佛九分毘曇,名法相毘曇」</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E8%AB%96%E6%9B%B8%E8%88%87%E8%AB%96%E5%B8%AB%E4%B9%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahabodhi.org%2Ffiles%2Fyinshun%2F40%2Fyinshun40-02.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">菩提比丘. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gayamagazine.org/article/detail/1753">阿毘達磨的特色與起源</a>. 香光莊嚴. 1999 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-01-31</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123065515/http://www.gayamagazine.org/article/detail/1753">存档</a>于2020-11-23). <q>註釋傳統甚至認為,不僅阿毘達磨的精神,甚至連文字也是佛陀在世時就已了悟與解說的。《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%8A%E5%8B%9D%E7%BE%A9%E8%AB%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="殊勝義論(页面不存在)">殊勝義論</a>》敘述佛陀在證悟後的第四個星期,仍住在菩提樹的附近時,他坐在一間位於西北方的寶屋(ratanaghara)中。 這寶屋並非如字面所指的是由寶石所建造的房子,而是他思惟「阿毘達磨藏」七論的地方...這顯然地引用自古老口傳傳統的巴利註釋書,它堅持佛陀解說了阿毘達磨,且說法的對象不是人間的弟子們,而是忉利天的天神眾。根據這項傳統的說法,就在第七次雨安居之前,佛陀上到忉利天,坐在珊瑚樹下的黃毛石上,以三個月雨季的時間,為從大千世界集合而來的天神教導阿毘達磨。他以已轉生為天人的母親—摩耶皇后,作為最主要的教授對象。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E8%88%87%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90&amp;rft.au=%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E9%A6%99%E5%85%89%E8%8E%8A%E5%9A%B4&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gayamagazine.org%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1753&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/en/Master_yinshun/y24_34_03">佛法是救世之光-三 泰國佛教的一般情形</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-12-22</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206010311/http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/en/Master_yinshun/y24_34_03">存档</a>于2020-12-06). <q>論,有七部阿毘達磨。南方諸佛教國,對這三藏教典,各有所重,如緬甸,極重視七部阿毘達磨,研習的學風很盛。而在泰國,則著重經、律,研究論典的少。在他們的心目中,經和律,是如來親自開演的,論典為後世論師的撰集,自然比不上經律的尊貴。雖有傳說,佛在天上為母說法三月,所說即係阿毘達磨,但這種傳說,並不能為教界所公認。所以從過去到現在,泰國的佛教,尤其法宗派,總是特重經、律,不大重視論典。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%B3%95%E6%98%AF%E6%95%91%E4%B8%96%E4%B9%8B%E5%85%89%EF%BC%8D%E4%B8%89+%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%83%85%E5%BD%A2&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyinshun-edu.org.tw%2Fen%2FMaster_yinshun%2Fy24_34_03&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">布頓. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xianmifw.com/inherit/mjyl.php?do=book&amp;id=6&amp;chapterid=145&amp;p=3">佛教史大寶藏論</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-10</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206010252/http://www.xianmifw.com/inherit/mjyl.php?do=book&amp;id=6&amp;chapterid=145&amp;p=3">存档</a>于2020-12-06). <q>喀什米爾<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AF%97%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="大毗婆沙论">毗婆沙部</a>說:此七論是「經」,而且是佛於不同的地方、時間、有情、分別宣說之諸法,由聲聞羅漢所結集的。例如《法集要頌經》。如果並非如此,則三藏的「經」將成為不全。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%83%A8%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="經部師">經部師</a>等人說:「所謂本母,即經、律二者,或是從中間宣說,以此無過。」這是認為七著即是「論」。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%B8%83%E9%A0%93&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%B6%E8%97%8F%E8%AB%96&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xianmifw.com%2Finherit%2Fmjyl.php%3Fdo%3Dbook%26id%3D6%26chapterid%3D145%26p%3D3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「經量部師唯立二藏,一素呾纜藏、二毘奈耶藏。彼部師說:經律二藏有別部類,佛及弟子俱無別部說對法藏,但諸經中詮於慧處名為對法,弟子等論但釋經疏,非是藏攝,如順正理第一卷說...薩婆多等諸部,同說有三藏,一素呾纜、二毘奈耶、三阿毘達摩,薩婆多義如毘婆沙。」<br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「經部師說:契經.調伏有別部類,阿毘達磨無別部說。薩婆多師有二師說:有言世尊亦有別部說對法藏,即發智是,名攝歸彼故名迦多衍尼子造。有說世尊無別部類說對法藏,豈佛自造章頌品等,若作此解便與經部所說不殊。既正理師廣為鬪諍,明佛世尊別說對法,由此義理故毘婆沙存於二解。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/en/book/export/html/3273">說一切有部為主的論書與論師之研究</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-10</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206010256/http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/en/book/export/html/3273">存档</a>于2020-12-06). <q>關於六論的作者,玄奘門下所傳,如『俱舍論(光)記』卷一說: 「<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97" title="舍利弗">舍利子</a>造集異門論,一萬二千頌,略者八千頌。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9B%AE%E4%B9%BE%E9%80%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="大目乾連">大目乾連</a>造法蘊足論,六千頌。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%A6%E5%A4%9A%E8%A1%8D%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="大迦多衍那">大迦多衍那</a>造施設足論,一萬八千頌。已上三論,佛在世時造。佛涅槃後一百年中,提婆設摩造識身論,七千頌。至三百年初,筏蘇密多羅造品類足論,六千頌。又造界身足論,廣本六千頌,略本七百頌」。 現存西藏的稱友Yaśomitra『俱舍論疏』,也傳一說: 「品類足(作者)上座世友,識身(作者)上座天寂,法蘊(作者)聖舍利弗,施設論(作者)聖目犍連耶那,界身(作者)<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E6%A8%93%E9%82%A3" title="富樓那">富樓那</a>,集異門(作者)摩訶拘絺羅」。 龍樹的『大智度論』卷二也說: 「六分阿毘曇中,第三分八品之,名分別世處分,是目揵連作。六分中初分八品,四品是婆須蜜菩薩作,四品是罽賓阿羅漢作。餘五(四?)分,諸論議師作」。 這三項傳說,對六論的作者,都沒有一致。但這六部論,可以分為兩類:一、佛的及門弟子作──『法蘊論』,『集異門論』,『施設論』。二、後世的論師造──『品類論』,『界身論』,『識身論』。這表示了,前三部是源於古代傳來而成立的,後三論是論師的撰作。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E8%AB%96%E6%9B%B8%E8%88%87%E8%AB%96%E5%B8%AB%E4%B9%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyinshun-edu.org.tw%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fexport%2Fhtml%2F3273&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/en/book/export/html/3140">原始佛教聖典之集成-第二項 不斷的傳誦與結集</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-01</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123065511/http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/en/book/export/html/3140">存档</a>于2020-11-23).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E5%85%B8%E4%B9%8B%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%EF%BC%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E9%A0%85+%E4%B8%8D%E6%96%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%A6%E8%88%87%E7%B5%90%E9%9B%86&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyinshun-edu.org.tw%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fexport%2Fhtml%2F3140&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">聖嚴. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ddc.shengyen.org/mobile/text/02-01/185.php">印度佛教史</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-03-18</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013442/http://ddc.shengyen.org/mobile/text/02-01/185.php">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E8%81%96%E5%9A%B4&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fddc.shengyen.org%2Fmobile%2Ftext%2F02-01%2F185.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mahabodhi.org/files/yinshun/41/yinshun41-02.html">初期大乘佛教之起源與開展</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-01</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013447/http://www.mahabodhi.org/files/yinshun/41/yinshun41-02.html">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B9%8B%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E8%88%87%E9%96%8B%E5%B1%95&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahabodhi.org%2Ffiles%2Fyinshun%2F41%2Fyinshun41-02.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「法藏部中說有五藏,即於此四加菩薩藏,明諸菩薩本所行事。成實論中說有五藏,說三藏已復說雜藏及菩薩藏。」<br /> 《三論玄義》:「至二百年中,從大眾部又出三部。于時大眾部因<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="摩訶提婆">摩訶提婆</a>移度住央崛多羅國,此國在王舍城北。此部將華嚴、般若等大乘經,雜三藏中說之。時人有信者,有不信者,故成二部。」<br /> 《分別功德論》:「謂雜藏者,非一人說,或佛所說,或弟子說,或諸天讚誦,或說宿緣三阿僧祇菩薩所生,文義非一,多於三藏,故曰雜藏也。佛在世時,阿闍世王問佛菩薩行事,如來具為說法。設王問佛:何謂為法?答:法即菩薩藏也。諸方等正經,皆是菩薩藏中事。先佛在時,已名大士藏,阿難所撰者,即今四藏是也,合而言之為五藏也...此六度無極事,盡在菩薩藏,不應與三藏合。阿難欲使大小殊因緣,彼不相知,其理自空,難可明了,大士疑空者,不取證故。云狐疑也。彌勒稱善者,以其集此六度大法為一分,此即菩薩藏也。」<br /> 《大明三藏法數》:「菩薩藏。菩薩,梵語具云菩提薩埵。華言覺有情。謂佛說華嚴法華等經,含藏大乘菩薩修因證果之法,是名菩薩藏。」<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kagyuoffice.org.tw/kaguy-lineage/overview/74-buddhism-overview">佛教概述</a>. 大寶法王噶瑪巴官方中文網. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-01</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206160121/https://www.kagyuoffice.org.tw/kaguy-lineage/overview/74-buddhism-overview">存档</a>于2020-12-06).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%B6%E6%B3%95%E7%8E%8B%E5%99%B6%E7%91%AA%E5%B7%B4%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%B6%B2&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kagyuoffice.org.tw%2Fkaguy-lineage%2Foverview%2F74-buddhism-overview&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shengyimaster.org/yinshun/41/yinshun41-56.html">初期大乘佛教之起源與開展</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-01</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013500/http://shengyimaster.org/yinshun/41/yinshun41-56.html">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B9%8B%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E8%88%87%E9%96%8B%E5%B1%95&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshengyimaster.org%2Fyinshun%2F41%2Fyinshun41-56.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">佛光大辭典. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhaspace.org/dict/fk/data/%25E7%2594%259A%25E6%25B7%25B1%25E8%25A7%2580.html">甚深觀</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-01</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013521/http://buddhaspace.org/dict/fk/data/%25E7%2594%259A%25E6%25B7%25B1%25E8%25A7%2580.html">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E4%BD%9B%E5%85%89%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8&amp;rft.btitle=%E7%94%9A%E6%B7%B1%E8%A7%80&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhaspace.org%2Fdict%2Ffk%2Fdata%2F%2525E7%252594%25259A%2525E6%2525B7%2525B1%2525E8%2525A7%252580.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%97%8F" title="法藏">法藏</a>《大乘起信論義記》:「近代天竺<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E7%88%9B%E9%99%80%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="那爛陀寺">那爛陀寺</a>,同時有二大德論師。一曰<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E8%B4%A4" title="戒贤">戒賢</a>,一曰智光,並神解超倫,聲高五印,六師稽顙,異部歸誠。大乘學人仰之如日月,獨步天竺,各一人而已,遂所承宗異,立教互違。謂戒賢則遠承彌勒無著,近踵護法難陀,依深密等經瑜伽等論,立三種教,以法相大乘為真了義...二智光論師遠承文殊龍樹,近稟提婆清辯,依般若等經中觀等論,亦立三教,以明無相大乘為真了義。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">釋惠敏. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MAG/mag390273.pdf">「 正法眼藏」與「拈花微笑」 公案史料再考</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 正觀. 2013, <b>65</b> <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-01</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929104830/http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MAG/mag390273.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-09-29).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C+%E6%AD%A3%E6%B3%95%E7%9C%BC%E8%97%8F%E3%80%8D%E8%88%87%E3%80%8C%E6%8B%88%E8%8A%B1%E5%BE%AE%E7%AC%91%E3%80%8D+%E5%85%AC%E6%A1%88%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99%E5%86%8D%E8%80%83&amp;rft.au=%E9%87%8B%E6%83%A0%E6%95%8F&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%AD%A3%E8%A7%80&amp;rft.volume=65&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-MAG%2Fmag390273.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">王書慶; 楊富學. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.douban.com/group/topic/21033161/">也談敦煌文獻中的《付法藏因緣傳》</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-20</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206010402/https://www.douban.com/group/topic/21033161/">存档</a>于2020-12-06).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E6%A5%8A%E5%AF%8C%E5%AD%B8&amp;rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E6%9B%B8%E6%85%B6&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B9%9F%E8%AB%87%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E3%80%8A%E4%BB%98%E6%B3%95%E8%97%8F%E5%9B%A0%E7%B7%A3%E5%82%B3%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.douban.com%2Fgroup%2Ftopic%2F21033161%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">林崇安. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/an540457.pdf">禪宗的傳承和源流略探:兼論大乘經的起源</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 靈山現代佛教. 2012, <b>338</b> <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-09-03</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029234826/http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/an540457.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-10-29).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E6%89%BF%E5%92%8C%E6%BA%90%E6%B5%81%E7%95%A5%E6%8E%A2%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%BC%E8%AB%96%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E7%B6%93%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90&amp;rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E5%B4%87%E5%AE%89&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E9%9D%88%E5%B1%B1%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&amp;rft.volume=338&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-AN%2Fan540457.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%95%85%E7%9B%8A%E6%99%BA%E6%97%AD" title="蕅益智旭">蕅益智旭</a>《大乘起信論裂網疏》:「大乘起信論者,佛祖傳心之正印,法性法相之總持也。如來昔以大乘阿毘曇,付與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="彌勒">彌勒</a>;摩訶般若,付與<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="文殊">文殊</a>。般若破執有而顯妙有,毘曇破惡空而顯真空...馬鳴大士,應佛懸記,重興正法...造此略論,申暢一心二門,即生滅而顯真如,收般若真空不空之妙旨,即真如而辨生滅,闡毘曇幻有不有之玄詮。厥後龍樹依般若而造中論,還以空義成一切法。護法依毘曇而解唯識,還以幻有顯二種空。故知<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%B3%B4" title="馬鳴">馬鳴</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%A4%E6%B3%95_(%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="护法 (人名)">護法</a>三大菩薩,同契佛心,曾無稍異。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* 《大唐西域記》:「於是凡聖咸會,賢智畢萃。復集素呾纜藏、毘奈耶藏、阿毘達磨藏、雜集藏、禁咒藏,別為五藏。而此結集,凡聖同會,因而謂之大眾部。」 <ul><li>《大唐西域求法高僧傳》:「夫明呪者梵云毘睇陀羅必棏(丁澤反)家,毘睇譯為明呪,陀羅是持,必棏家是藏,應云持明呪藏。然相承云此呪藏,梵本有十萬頌,唐譯可成三百卷。現今求覓,多失少全。而大聖沒後,阿離野那伽曷樹那,即龍樹菩薩,特精斯要...於是難陀法師恐呪明散失。遂便撮集可十二千頌,成一家之言,每於一頌之內,離合呪印之文。雖復言同字同,實乃義別用別,自非口相傳授而實解悟無因。」</li> <li>《大乘法苑義林章》:「復次犢子部中亦說四藏。一經。二律。三對法。四明咒。此藏之中集諸咒故。」</li> <li>《三論玄義》:「三百年中從正地部又出一部。名<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%B7%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="法護部">法護部</a>。其本是目連弟子。得羅漢恒隨目連往色界中。有所說法皆能誦持。自撰為五藏。三藏如常。四呪藏。五菩薩藏。有信其所說者。故別成一部也。」</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E7%90%86%E8%B6%A3%E5%85%AD%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A%E7%B6%93" title="大乘理趣六波羅蜜多經">大乘理趣六波羅蜜多經</a>》:「若彼有情不能受持契經調伏對法般若,或復有情造諸惡業——四重、八重、五無間罪、謗方等經、一闡提等種種重罪——使得銷滅速疾解脫頓悟涅槃,而為彼說諸陀羅尼藏」</li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/bp_regrd.htm">The Book of Protection</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-01</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013546/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/bp_regrd.htm">存档</a>于2020-09-21). <q>This collection of paritta discourses, in Sinhala, 'The Pirit Potha' is the most widely known Pali book in Sri Lanka. It is called 'The Buddhist Bible'; it is given an important place in the Buddhist home, and is even treated with veneration. In most houses where there is a small shrine, this book is kept there so that the inmates may refer to it during their devotional hour...This collection of discourses, popularly known as 'Pirit Potha' or The Book of Protection, has a less known title, 'Catubhanavara' (in Sinhala Satara Banavara). A 13th century Commentary to this, written in Pali, by a pupil of the Venerable Rajaguru Vanaratana of Sri Lanka, is available under the title Catubhanavara Atthakatha or Sarattha Samuccaya.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Protection&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fe-learning%2Fbuddhism%2Fbp_regrd.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">丁福保: 佛學大辭典. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhaspace.org/dict/dfb/data/%25E7%25A7%2598%25E5%25AF%2586%25E7%25B5%2590%25E9%259B%2586.html">秘密結集</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-01</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013552/http://buddhaspace.org/dict/dfb/data/%25E7%25A7%2598%25E5%25AF%2586%25E7%25B5%2590%25E9%259B%2586.html">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E4%B8%81%E7%A6%8F%E4%BF%9D%3A+%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8&amp;rft.btitle=%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E7%B5%90%E9%9B%86&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhaspace.org%2Fdict%2Fdfb%2Fdata%2F%2525E7%2525A7%252598%2525E5%2525AF%252586%2525E7%2525B5%252590%2525E9%25259B%252586.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%84%B6_(%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%BA)" title="安然 (僧人)">安然</a>《<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216131218/http://www.fjzjg.com/files/article/html/5/5564/20191.html">教時諍</a>》:「三秘密結集者。二文是同。一、金剛頂記云:執金剛手結集秘密,安置南天竺國鐵塔中也。大勇金剛阿阇梨,金剛頂疏引金剛頂經義決云:此略瑜伽西國得灌頂者說授相付其大經本。阿阇梨云。經夾廣長如林。厚四五尺。有無量頌。南天竺界鐵塔之中者。即其義也。二、又釋我聞云。我即<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E8%96%A9%E5%9F%B5" title="金剛薩埵">金剛薩埵</a>大儀也。佛於六波羅蜜經收攝法寶以為五分。一素怛纜。二毗奈耶。三阿毗達磨。四般若波羅蜜多。五陀羅尼門。而舉五人以為滅後傳教者。謂阿難鄔婆離迦多衍那曼殊寶師金剛手。如次令受持一藏。若依此義應云金剛手之我也。若依結集伴者義通阿難。故智論云。佛滅度後文殊彌勒諸大菩薩。亦將阿難集摩訶衍。涅槃經云。阿難具八不思議中。八悉能了知佛秘密法。大日如來常住不沒諸弟子等不應稱聞。只是眾生此見佛機不聞秘密。是故傳教菩薩被慈悲甲入生死海。而唱我聞(云云)今謂兩部外院皆有聲聞中院。並有金剛手等。並大日如來法門身也。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">聖嚴. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ddc.shengyen.org/mobile/text/02-01/287.php">印度佛教史</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-03-18</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206125444/https://ddc.shengyen.org/mobile/text/02-01/287.php">存档</a>于2020-12-06). <q>根據密教的傳說,密教是由大日如來(摩訶毘盧遮那 Mahāvairocana),傳金剛薩埵(Vajrasattva 又名金剛手、執金剛、持金剛),金剛薩埵是大日如來的內眷屬,是諸執金剛的上首,處於金剛法界宮,親蒙大日如來的教勅而結誦傳持密乘,成為付授密法的第二祖。釋尊滅後八百年,有龍樹(龍猛)出世,開南天鐵塔而親向金剛薩埵面受密乘,為第三祖。龍樹傳其弟子龍智,為第四祖。再過數百年,龍智七百歲,傳付第五祖金剛智。金剛智便是唐玄宗開元年間(西元七一二~七四一年)來華的開元三大士之一。然經歷史的考證,由龍樹開南天鐵塔,是密教學者附會龍樹入龍宮得大乘方等深奧經典的傳說,託古自重。龍宮何在?據考察,北印有土邦稱為龍族,或近之。龍樹於雪山及龍宮得大乘經而到南印弘通,此為密教由北印的瑜伽師為根源而融會東南印度達羅維荼族的信仰(為印度教成分之一)。密教的夜叉(Yakkha),原即為達羅維荼族的民族群神,由夜叉的勇健之姿而演為密教的忿怒尊,由夜叉尼而有密教的空行母(佛母)或明妃,乃為一例。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E8%81%96%E5%9A%B4&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fddc.shengyen.org%2Fmobile%2Ftext%2F02-01%2F287.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kagyuoffice.org.tw/kaguy-lineage/golden-rosary">黃金珠鬘─傳承概說 (The Golden Rosary)</a>. 大寶法王噶瑪巴官方中文網. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-15</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201207083058/https://www.kagyuoffice.org.tw/kaguy-lineage/golden-rosary">存档</a>于2020-12-07). <q><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B8%BD%E6%8C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="金剛總持">金剛總持</a>將四不共傳承法,合而為一的直接傳給了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E6%B4%9B%E5%B7%B4" title="帝洛巴">帝洛巴</a>。帝洛巴也從印度大師們學習了此四種法... 帝洛巴從金剛總持及<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="龍樹菩薩">龍樹菩薩</a>,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬湯吉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Matangi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E6%B9%AF%E5%90%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="馬湯吉(页面不存在)">馬湯吉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matangi" class="extiw" title="en:Matangi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Matangi</span></a></span>)</span></span>等多位上師直接或間接地獲得「四大成就不共傳承法」,並成為大家尊敬的導師。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E7%8F%A0%E9%AC%98%E2%94%80%E5%82%B3%E6%89%BF%E6%A6%82%E8%AA%AA+%28The+Golden+Rosary%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%B6%E6%B3%95%E7%8E%8B%E5%99%B6%E7%91%AA%E5%B7%B4%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%B6%B2&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kagyuoffice.org.tw%2Fkaguy-lineage%2Fgolden-rosary&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">尕藏加. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisixiang.com/data/23253-2.html">尕藏加:寧瑪派與普賢法身之說</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-17</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206010409/http://www.aisixiang.com/data/23253-2.html">存档</a>于2020-12-06). <q>事續、行續、瑜伽續是由報身佛金剛薩埵所講,屬於密宗外三乘類;生起摩訶瑜伽、教敕阿努瑜伽、大圓滿阿底瑜伽是由法身佛普賢所講,屬於密宗內三乘類。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%B0%95%E8%97%8F%E5%8A%A0&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%B0%95%E8%97%8F%E5%8A%A0%EF%BC%9A%E5%AF%A7%E7%91%AA%E6%B4%BE%E8%88%87%E6%99%AE%E8%B3%A2%E6%B3%95%E8%BA%AB%E4%B9%8B%E8%AA%AA&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisixiang.com%2Fdata%2F23253-2.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-水野-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-水野_38-0"><sup><b>38.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-水野_38-1"><sup><b>38.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-水野_38-2"><sup><b>38.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-水野_38-3"><sup><b>38.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">水野弘元. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mahabodhi.org/MP3/2016/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96.htm">印度佛教史三論</a>. 香光莊嚴. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-10-21</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013552/http://www.mahabodhi.org/MP3/2016/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96.htm">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96&amp;rft.au=%E6%B0%B4%E9%87%8E%E5%BC%98%E5%85%83&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E9%A6%99%E5%85%89%E8%8E%8A%E5%9A%B4&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahabodhi.org%2FMP3%2F2016%2F%25E5%258D%25B0%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%259B%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%258F%25B2%25E4%25B8%2589%25E8%25AB%2596.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skilton-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skilton_39-0"><sup><b>39.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skilton_39-1"><sup><b>39.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Skilton, Andrew T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115001609/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496392">Dating the Samādhirāja Sūtra</a>. Journal of Indian Philosophy. 1999, <b>27</b> (6): 635 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-01</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496392">原始内容</a>存档于2021-11-15). <q>These texts are considered by Mahayana tradition to be buddhavacana, and therefore the legitimate word of the historical Buddha. The śrāvaka tradition, according to some Mahayana sutras themselves, rejected these texts as authentic buddhavacana, saying that they were merely inventions, the product of the religious imagination of the Mahayanist monks who were their fellows. Western scholarship does not go so far as to impugn the religious authority of Mahayana sutras, but it tends to assume that they are not the literal word of the historical Śākyamuni Buddha. Unlike the śrāvaka critics just cited, we have no possibility of knowing just who composed and compiled these texts, and for us, removed from the time of their authors by up to two millenia, they are effectively an anonymous literature. It is widely accepted that Mahayana sutras constitute a body of literature that began to appear from as early as the 1st century BCE, although the evidence for this date is circumstantial. The concrete evidence for dating any part of this literature is to be found in dated Chinese translations, amongst which we find a body of ten Mahayana sutras translated by Lokaksema before 186 C.E. – and these constitute our earliest objectively dated Mahayana texts. This picture may be qualified by the analysis of very early manuscripts recently coming out of Afghanistan, but for the meantime this is speculation. In effect we have a vast body of anonymous but relatively coherent literature, of which individual items can only be dated firmly when they were translated into another language at a known date.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=Dating+the+Sam%C4%81dhir%C4%81ja+S%C5%ABtra&amp;rft.au=Skilton%2C+Andrew+T&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Philosophy&amp;rft.pages=635&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23496392&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">村上真完. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BJ010/bj010372844.pdf">大乘佛教的起源</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 圓光佛學學報. 2010, <b>16</b> <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-04-01</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029233443/http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BJ010/bj010372844.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-10-29).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90&amp;rft.au=%E6%9D%91%E4%B8%8A%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%8C&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%9C%93%E5%85%89%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%A0%B1&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-BJ010%2Fbj010372844.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">辛嶋靜志. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403111036/http://www.fgu.edu.tw/~cbs/pdf/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%9F/a1.pdf">誰創造了大乘經典──大眾部與方等經典</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 人間佛教. 2017, <b>3</b> (1) <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-04-03</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fgu.edu.tw/~cbs/pdf/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%9F/a1.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2018-04-03).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E8%AA%B0%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0%E4%BA%86%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E2%94%80%E2%94%80%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E9%83%A8%E8%88%87%E6%96%B9%E7%AD%89%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8&amp;rft.au=%E8%BE%9B%E5%B6%8B%E9%9D%9C%E5%BF%97&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fgu.edu.tw%2F~cbs%2Fpdf%2F%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E9%2596%2593%25E4%25BD%259B%25E6%2595%2599%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%258D%25B7%25E4%25B8%2580%25E6%259C%259F%2Fa1.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">周伯戡. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MISC/mag12436.htm">早期中國佛教的小乘觀--兼論道安長安譯經在中國佛教史上的意義</a>. 國立台灣大學歷史系學報. 1991, <b>16</b> <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-02-17</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013658/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MISC/mag12436.htm">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98%E8%A7%80--%E5%85%BC%E8%AB%96%E9%81%93%E5%AE%89%E9%95%B7%E5%AE%89%E8%AD%AF%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9&amp;rft.au=%E5%91%A8%E4%BC%AF%E6%88%A1&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%B8%E5%A0%B1&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccbs.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-MISC%2Fmag12436.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-許-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-許_43-0"><sup><b>43.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-許_43-1"><sup><b>43.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-許_43-2"><sup><b>43.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">許一系. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MAG/mag146299.pdf">初期大乘教團之研究:大乘「佛塔教團」說之考察</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 圓光佛學學報. 2006: 1–43 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-03-31</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029230646/http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MAG/mag146299.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-10-29).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E6%95%99%E5%9C%98%E4%B9%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%EF%BC%9A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E3%80%8C%E4%BD%9B%E5%A1%94%E6%95%99%E5%9C%98%E3%80%8D%E8%AA%AA%E4%B9%8B%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F&amp;rft.au=%E8%A8%B1%E4%B8%80%E7%B3%BB&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%9C%93%E5%85%89%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%A0%B1&amp;rft.pages=1-43&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-MAG%2Fmag146299.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">平川彰《印度佛教史》:「歷來,一般認為大眾部發展後,成為大乘佛教,但大乘佛教出現後,大眾部還是存在,所以很難認為大眾部消逝於發展之中,成為大乘。但大眾部的教理有與大乘佛教共通之處,可見大乘興起時,大眾部有給予過影響。但同時不可忽略,大乘佛教也採用有部、化地部、法藏部等上座部系教理。尤其大乘經典廣為採用有部教理,此外經量部的教理也給予大乘佛教很大的影響。因此,部派佛教和大乘佛教的教理關係並不單純。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Harrison, “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=LwSRqVKQ46MC&amp;lpg=PA175&amp;ots=PrfMs3XQWO&amp;hl=zh-TW&amp;pg=PA175#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Searching for the Origions of the Mahāyāna: What Are We Looking For?</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201206010453/https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=LwSRqVKQ46MC&amp;lpg=PA175&amp;ots=PrfMs3XQWO&amp;hl=zh-TW&amp;pg=PA175#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)” The Eastern Buddhist, XXVIII, I, 1995, pp. 57~63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">季羡林. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guoxue.com/xzcq/ddxz/jixianlin/ysfjdyywt.htm">原始佛教的语言问题</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-11-28</span>&#93;</span>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013721/http://www.zgfxy.cn/ztjj/zgfx/x/zdesjqeyn4/2013/05/07/1503011389.html">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%8A%E8%83%A1%E8%AF%AD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&amp;rft.au=%E8%80%BF%E4%B8%96%E6%B0%91&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zgfxy.cn%2Fztjj%2Fzgfx%2Fx%2Fzdesjqeyn4%2F2013%2F05%2F07%2F1503011389.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">稱揚諸佛功德經後記:「曇摩跋檀者,通阿毘曇,暢諸經義,又加究盡摩訶衍事,辯說深法,於龜茲國博解第一。林即請命出此經,檀手自執梵本,衍為<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="龟兹语">龜茲語</a>經。當如是時,道俗歡喜歎未曾有,競共諷誦美其功德。沙門慧海者,通龜茲語,善解晉音。林復命使譯龜茲語為晉音,林自筆受,章句鄙拙,為辭不雅,貴存本而已。」<br /> 添品妙法蓮華經序:「考驗二譯,定非一本。護似<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E7%B6%93" title="貝葉經">多羅之葉</a>,什似龜茲之文。余撿經藏,備見二本,多羅則與正法符會,龜茲則共妙法允同。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">水野弘元. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=XTMCprlsolUC&amp;pg=PA88&amp;lpg=PA88&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=PTgBjCrpyi&amp;sig=sIzlp0hxjyrA2BCztV31PBu3Npc&amp;hl=zh-TW&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjJkLWqlbPJAhWEi5QKHSoVBvIQ6AEIITAB#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">佛敎文獻硏究</a>. 2003: 88 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-11-28</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019221901/https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=XTMCprlsolUC&amp;pg=PA88&amp;lpg=PA88&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=PTgBjCrpyi&amp;sig=sIzlp0hxjyrA2BCztV31PBu3Npc&amp;hl=zh-TW&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjJkLWqlbPJAhWEi5QKHSoVBvIQ6AEIITAB#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">存档</a>于2020-10-19).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E6%B0%B4%E9%87%8E%E5%BC%98%E5%85%83&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%8E%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%A1%8F%E7%A9%B6&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=88&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXTMCprlsolUC%26pg%3DPA88%26lpg%3DPA88%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DPTgBjCrpyi%26sig%3DsIzlp0hxjyrA2BCztV31PBu3Npc%26hl%3Dzh-TW%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjJkLWqlbPJAhWEi5QKHSoVBvIQ6AEIITAB%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">張火慶. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MISC/mag12459.htm">法句經與遺教三經</a>. 中興大學中文學報. 1990 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-12-06</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013715/http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MISC/mag12459.htm">存档</a>于2020-09-21). <q>此經(遺教經)的重要性已如上述,但歷來對於此經如何結集與如何傳譯的問題,則交待頗不清楚。據說它是「我佛最後叮囑,諸弟子隨所見聞,相與記述」,那麼,佛滅之後,王舍城第一次結集經律時,它應該已經以文字形式存在,不過,確實年代不可考。或許要到部派分化時期,它才成立為經而出現於世。在中國,是由鳩摩羅什譯成漢語的。……本經(八大人覺經)只有三七二字,而義理圓貫精要,在中國佛教界流行頗廣,甚至列為朝暮課誦。但有關此經集成與傳譯的年代,卻極模糊。此經的漢譯者,題為「後漢沙門安世高」,但查對〔出三藏說集〕卷二,安世高所譯經典三十五部、四十一卷,並無此經,而後〔歷代三寶錄〕、〔仁壽錄〕、〔大唐內典錄〕、〔開元錄〕等,著錄安譯,雖有增減,但能確定為安譯的只有〔安般守意經〕等十七部(註二),其中未見有〔八大人覺經〕</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%A5%E7%B6%93%E8%88%87%E9%81%BA%E6%95%99%E4%B8%89%E7%B6%93&amp;rft.au=%E5%BC%B5%E7%81%AB%E6%85%B6&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E8%88%88%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%A0%B1&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-MISC%2Fmag12459.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">李富華. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rufodao.qq.com/a/20130821/014384.htm">中國佛教史上的四大翻譯家</a>. 文史知識. 1986, <b>11</b> <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-08-16</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917172216/https://rufodao.qq.com/a/20130821/014384.htm">存档</a>于2020-09-17).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E5%AE%B6&amp;rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E5%AF%8C%E8%8F%AF&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B2%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frufodao.qq.com%2Fa%2F20130821%2F014384.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">修明. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nanputuo.com/nptxy/html/200704/1814311967683.html">北宋太平興國寺譯經院——官辦譯場的尾聲</a>. 閩南佛學. 2000 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-12-26</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204130659/https://www.nanputuo.com/nptxy/html/200704/1814311967683.html">存档</a>于2020-12-04).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E8%88%88%E5%9C%8B%E5%AF%BA%E8%AD%AF%E7%B6%93%E9%99%A2%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%AE%98%E8%BE%A6%E8%AD%AF%E5%A0%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%BE%E8%81%B2&amp;rft.au=%E4%BF%AE%E6%98%8E&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nanputuo.com%2Fnptxy%2Fhtml%2F200704%2F1814311967683.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">惟善. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinabuddhism.com.cn/special/hcfjztyth2016/lchy11/hy111/2016-11-20/12344.html">當代留學斯里蘭卡的佛學翻譯家葉均</a>. 2016汉传佛教祖庭文化国际学术研讨会. 2016 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-08-16</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013730/http://www.chinabuddhism.com.cn/special/hcfjztyth2016/lchy11/hy111/2016-11-20/12344.html">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E5%AE%B6%E8%91%89%E5%9D%87&amp;rft.au=%E6%83%9F%E5%96%84&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=2016%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A5%96%E5%BA%AD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinabuddhism.com.cn%2Fspecial%2Fhcfjztyth2016%2Flchy11%2Fhy111%2F2016-11-20%2F12344.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">梅靜軒. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MAG/mag89477.htm">獻身譯經事業的法尊法師</a>. 慧炬. 1999 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-08-16</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013733/http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MAG/mag89477.htm">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%8D%BB%E8%BA%AB%E8%AD%AF%E7%B6%93%E4%BA%8B%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%8A%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%AB&amp;rft.au=%E6%A2%85%E9%9D%9C%E8%BB%92&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%85%A7%E7%82%AC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-MAG%2Fmag89477.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《大智度論》:「佛說諸摩訶衍經,多在<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%97%8D%E5%B4%9B%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="耆闍崛山">耆闍崛山</a>。諸摩訶衍經,《般若》為最大……般若波羅蜜於一切法中最大,如佛於一切眾生中最尊」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="唯識學派">唯識學派</a>以《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%B7%B1%E5%AF%86%E7%B6%93" title="解深密經">解深密經</a>》等為最高宗義,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%A7%80%E6%87%89%E6%88%90%E6%B4%BE" title="中觀應成派">中觀應成派</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="格魯派">格魯派</a>則依《<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%9B%A1%E6%84%8F%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="無盡意菩薩">無盡意菩薩</a>經》,反過來主張《解深密經》為不了義,《般若經》為了義。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A7%E7%91%AA%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="寧瑪派">寧瑪派</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%BA%E5%9B%8A%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="覺囊派">覺囊派</a>攝《解深密經》於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%97%8F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="如來藏學派">如來藏學派</a>,將該經與《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93" title="如來藏經">如來藏經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9D%E9%AC%98%E7%B6%93" title="勝鬘經">勝鬘經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%A2%9E%E4%B8%8D%E6%B8%9B%E7%B6%93" title="不增不減經">不增不減經</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AE%E6%8E%98%E9%AD%94%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%8F" title="央掘魔罗经">央掘魔羅經</a>》等宣說<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%97%8F" title="如來藏">如來藏</a>思想的佛經,視之為了義真實教。參見: <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">班班多傑. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lama.com.tw/content/edu/data.aspx?id=471">藏傳佛教史上的「他空見」與「自空見」——藏傳佛教的思想特點及理論淵源</a>. 哲學研究. 1995 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-08-27</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226045553/https://www.lama.com.tw/content/edu/data.aspx?id=471">存档</a>于2017-02-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E3%80%8C%E4%BB%96%E7%A9%BA%E8%A6%8B%E3%80%8D%E8%88%87%E3%80%8C%E8%87%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%A6%8B%E3%80%8D%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%BB%9E%E5%8F%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E6%B7%B5%E6%BA%90&amp;rft.au=%E7%8F%AD%E7%8F%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%82%91&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lama.com.tw%2Fcontent%2Fedu%2Fdata.aspx%3Fid%3D471&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">班班多傑. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjnet.com/fjlw/201501/t20150109_226970.htm">試論宗喀巴的判教觀</a>. 世界宗教研究. 2014 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-07-31</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828232637/http://www.fjnet.com/fjlw/201501/t20150109_226970.htm">存档</a>于2017-08-28).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E8%A9%A6%E8%AB%96%E5%AE%97%E5%96%80%E5%B7%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%95%99%E8%A7%80&amp;rft.au=%E7%8F%AD%E7%8F%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%82%91&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjnet.com%2Ffjlw%2F201501%2Ft20150109_226970.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mahabodhi.org/files/yinshun/34/yinshun34-08.html">如來藏之研究</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-07-31</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013759/http://www.mahabodhi.org/files/yinshun/34/yinshun34-08.html">存档</a>于2020-09-21). <q>克主所著『密宗道次第論』說:「如來藏經,陀羅尼自在王請問經,大般涅槃經,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AE%E6%8E%98%E9%AD%94%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%8F" title="央掘魔罗经">利益指鬘經</a>,勝鬘師子吼經,智光莊嚴經,無增減經,大法鼓經,入無分別陀羅尼經,解深密經。覺曩巴說此十經為如來藏十經,為後法輪,為了義經。許彼諸經所說如來藏,與佛自性身,同是諦實有,常恆堅固,無為相好而自莊嚴」</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%97%8F%E4%B9%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahabodhi.org%2Ffiles%2Fyinshun%2F34%2Fyinshun34-08.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation conference">林崇安. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/an008_8.htm">漢藏的佛性論</a>. 佛教思想的傳承與發展--印順導師九秩華誕祝壽文集. 1995 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-07-31</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013808/http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/an008_8.htm">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E5%B4%87%E5%AE%89&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E6%89%BF%E8%88%87%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95--%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86%E5%B0%8E%E5%B8%AB%E4%B9%9D%E7%A7%A9%E8%8F%AF%E8%AA%95%E7%A5%9D%E5%A3%BD%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-AN%2Fan008_8.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">證嚴. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.tzuchiculture.org.tw/tpenquart/monthly/389/389c14-1.htm">開慧之經──法華經</a>. 靜思天地. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-08-26</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917170709/https://web.tzuchiculture.org.tw/tpenquart/monthly/389/389c14-1.htm">存档</a>于2020-09-17).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E9%96%8B%E6%85%A7%E4%B9%8B%E7%B6%93%E2%94%80%E2%94%80%E6%B3%95%E8%8F%AF%E7%B6%93&amp;rft.au=%E8%AD%89%E5%9A%B4&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E9%9D%9C%E6%80%9D%E5%A4%A9%E5%9C%B0&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.tzuchiculture.org.tw%2Ftpenquart%2Fmonthly%2F389%2F389c14-1.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">太虛《佛法總抉擇談》:偏依託圓成實自性而施設言教者,唯立無破,以開示果地證得之圓成實令起信,策發因地信及之圓成實使求證,則遍計執自然遠離而依他起自然了達故。 此以《華嚴》、《法華》等經,《起信》、《寶性》等論為其代表;所宗尚則在一切法皆即真如;而其教以能起信求證為最勝用。<br /> 太虛《我怎樣判攝一切佛法》:法界的一切法,要能圓滿覺知,唯圓覺智,故以圓覺為宗。……而天台、賢首所判圓教,亦皆依佛智境界而闡說。如天台圓教講一念圓具三千性相,即是在佛的智境上明。依此發心修行的菩薩,即所謂圓頓法門,以佛智境界為法門,而直趨無上菩提,禪、淨、密等也都屬此宗。<br /> 太虛《大佛頂首楞嚴經攝論》:吾別有論,嘗謂震旦佛法,純一佛乘,歷代宏建,不出八宗:曰少林、曰廬山、曰南山、曰開元、曰天台、曰清涼、曰慈恩、曰嘉祥,約其行相別之,則禪、淨、律、密、教是也。然一部中兼該禪、淨、律、密、教五,而又各各專重,各各圓極,觀之諸流通部既未概見,尋之一大藏教蓋亦希有;故唯本經最得通量。雖謂震旦所宏宗、教,皆信解本經、證入本經者可也。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">黃繩曾. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.bfnn.org/books3/2048.htm">真言宗綱要</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-08-27</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127201934/http://book.bfnn.org/books3/2048.htm">存档</a>于2020-11-27). <q>但本宗正所依之聖典,有『大日經』及『金剛頂經』。即一般所稱兩部大經是也......本宗最多誦讀之經典,迨為不空三藏所譯之「般若理趣經」一卷,及惠果和尚口說,弘法大師筆錄之「秘藏記」一卷。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E9%BB%83%E7%B9%A9%E6%9B%BE&amp;rft.btitle=%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E5%AE%97%E7%B6%B1%E8%A6%81&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.bfnn.org%2Fbooks3%2F2048.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/en/book/export/html/3721">永光集-三</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-08-27</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206010627/http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/en/book/export/html/3721">存档</a>于2020-12-06). <q>咒語(其後有印法、觀法)是秘密(guhya)傳授的,漸與灌頂(abhiṣeka)相結合,而灌頂儀式是要有壇場──曼荼羅(maṇḍala)的。秘密的咒法(印法等)處處傳出,當然儀式會多少不同,有歸類而求大致統一的必要,這就是西藏所傳,事續(kriyā-tantra)的四部總續。我國曾譯出三部:唐善無畏(Śubhakara-siṃha)譯出《蘇悉羯羅經》;《蘇婆呼童子請問經》(異譯《妙臂菩薩所問經》);不空(Amoghavajra)譯出《蕤呬耶經》(秘密總持,Sarva-maṇḍala-sāmānya-vidhi-guhya-tantra);重於修持方法的「靜慮後續」(Dhyānottara-paṭala),我國沒有譯出。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%B0%B8%E5%85%89%E9%9B%86%EF%BC%8D%E4%B8%89&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyinshun-edu.org.tw%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fexport%2Fhtml%2F3721&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/zh-hant/Master_yinshun/y34_10">印度佛教思想史-第十章 「秘密大乘佛法」</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-08-27</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206010633/http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/zh-hant/Master_yinshun/y34_10">存档</a>于2020-12-06). <q>「事續」,大抵與過去所說「雜密」相近,部類繁雜,有四部總續:『秘密總持』,『蘇悉地續』,『妙臂問續』,『後靜慮續』。唐輸波迦羅──善無畏所譯的『蘇悉地羯囉經』(三卷);『蘇婆呼童子請問經』(三卷),與法賢異譯的『妙臂菩薩所問經』(四卷),就是四部總續中的二、三──兩部。「行續」,『毘盧遮那現證菩提經』,與善無畏所譯的『大日經』──『大毘盧遮那神變加持經』(六卷)相當;藏譯還有『金剛手灌頂續』。「瑜伽續」,『攝真實會』為本。金剛智所譯『金剛頂瑜伽中略出念誦經』(四卷),及不空所譯『金剛頂一切如來真實攝大乘現證大教王經』(三卷),都是略譯;宋施護全譯的,名『佛說一切如來真實攝大乘現證三昧大教王經』(三十卷)。這樣,過去所傳的雜密,胎藏,金剛界──三部,與四部續中的前三部相當。「無上瑜伽續」,分「父續」與「母續」(也有分「父續」、「母續」、「無二續」的)。「父續」中,『密集』為上,及黑與紅的『閻曼德迦』,『無上幻網』,『金剛心莊嚴經』等。宋施護所譯的『一切如來金剛三業最上秘密大教王經』(七卷),就是『密集』;法賢所譯的『佛說瑜伽大教王經』(五卷),就是『無上幻網』。「母續」中,『勝樂』為上,及『歡喜金剛』,『時輪』,『幻頂座』,『大印點』,『佛平等和合』等。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%8D%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E7%AB%A0+%E3%80%8C%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8D&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyinshun-edu.org.tw%2Fzh-hant%2FMaster_yinshun%2Fy34_10&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-ng-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ng_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">TODD T. LEWIS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8816/2723">Contributions to the Study of Popular Buddhism: The Newar Buddhist Festival of Gumla Dharma</a>. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 1993, <b>16</b> (2) <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-03-24</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180519045354/https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8816/2723">存档</a>于2018-05-19). <q>The Nava Dharma or Nava Grantha are: Prajñāpāramitā; Gaṇḍavyūha; Daśabhūmi; Samādhirāja; Laṅkāvatāra; Saddharmapuṇḍarīka; Lalitavistara; Suvarṇaprabhāsa; Tathāgataguhya (Hodgson 1874)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=Contributions+to+the+Study+of+Popular+Buddhism%3A+The+Newar+Buddhist+Festival+of+Gumla+Dharma&amp;rft.au=TODD+T.+LEWIS&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Fjiabs%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F8816%2F2723&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>此九部佛經為:<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%83%E9%A0%8C%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="八千頌般若經">八千頌般若經</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a>入法界品、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%B0%E7%B6%93" title="十地經">十地經</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%87%88%E4%B8%89%E6%98%A7%E7%B6%93" title="月燈三昧經">月燈三昧經</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E4%BC%BD%E7%B6%93" title="楞伽經">楞伽經</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%99%E6%B3%95%E8%93%AE%E8%8F%AF%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="妙法蓮華經">妙法蓮華經</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9B%9C%E7%B6%93" title="普曜經">普曜經</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E7%B6%93" title="金光明經">金光明經</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9D%E7%A7%AF%E7%BB%8F" title="大宝积经">大寶積經</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%B7%A1%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B" title="密跡金剛">密跡金剛</a>力士會</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">伊久間洋光. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10097/00126442">『如来秘密経』の研究: その成立問題と仏教史における位置付けの解明を中心に</a>. 東北大學. 2019. <q>『如来秘密経』は, 竺法護により3世紀に初訳される初期大乗経典の一つである. 『如来秘密経』はインド密教儀礼において……漢訳:『大宝積経』「密迹金剛力士会」竺法護訳『仏説如来不思議秘密大乗経』法護訳……経題については浜野哲敬氏が指摘する通り, 古くはGuhyakādhipatinirdeśa, 後にはTathāgataguhyasūtraが一般的になるようである. また梵文写本の奥書にはTathāgataguhykaという名が記されている.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E4%BC%8A%E4%B9%85%E9%96%93%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%89&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8E%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E7%B5%8C%E3%80%8F%E3%81%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%3A+%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E3%81%A8%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E4%BB%98%E3%81%91%E3%81%AE%E8%A7%A3%E6%98%8E%E3%82%92%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%81%AB&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10097%2F00126442&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <cite class="citation book">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/en/book/export/html/3576">中國禪宗史-第二節 達摩與楞伽經</a>. <q>達摩來中國傳法,開示道育與慧可的教授,如曇林所記。在達摩傳法中,附有『楞伽經』的傳授...再依後代禪者所熟知的禪師來說:達摩禪到了(四祖)道信,開始一新的機運。然道信所傳的禪法,還是依『楞伽經』的,如所制「入道安心要方便」說:「我此法要,依楞伽經諸佛心第一」。(五祖)弘忍在廊壁上,想「畫楞伽變」(『壇經』)。『楞伽師資記』說:弘忍有十大弟子,其中,「神秀論楞伽經,玄理通快」。張說所作『荊州玉泉寺大通禪師碑銘[並序]』,也說神秀「持奉楞伽,遞為心要」。弘忍的另一弟子玄賾,敘述達摩以來的師承法要,作『楞伽人法志』。玄賾弟子淨覺,依『楞伽人法志』而作『楞伽師資記』。達摩禪的傳承,是被看作楞伽禪之傳承的。所以早期的燈史,如『傳法寶紀』,『楞伽師資記』,在序言中,都引證了『楞伽經』文。弘忍弟子曹溪慧能的法門,實際上也還是『楞伽』的如來禪。慧能的再傳弟子道一,更明白的說: 「達摩大師從南天竺國來,躬至中華,傳上乘一心之法,令汝等開悟。又引楞伽經文,以印眾生心地。恐汝顛倒,不自信此心之法各各有之。故楞伽經云:佛語心為宗,無門為法門」。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AF%80+%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9%E8%88%87%E6%A5%9E%E4%BC%BD%E7%B6%93&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyinshun-edu.org.tw%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fexport%2Fhtml%2F3576&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/zh-hant/Master_yinshun/y40_04_01_02">中國禪宗史-神秀的五方便</a>. <q>五門是:「第一總彰(原作「章」)佛體,亦名離念門。第二開智慧門,亦名不動門。第三顯不思議門。第四明諸法正性門。第五了無異門」(或作「自然無礙解脫道」)。每一門,以修證中的某一特定內容為主,引經論為證。如第一門,以觀一切物不可得為方便,顯淨心的「離念心體」,引『大乘起信論』。這樣,第二明開智慧,引『法華經』。第三顯不思議法,引『維摩詰經』的「不思議品」。第四明諸法正性,引『思益經』。第五了無異門,引『華嚴經』。現存的各本,都不只說明每一特定內容,而用作解通經論的方便,所以被稱為「方便通經」。第二門的內容最廣,『法華經』以外,也引用了『維摩詰經』,『金剛經』,『華嚴經』,還隱引『大般涅槃經』的聞不聞。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%8D%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%80%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%94%E6%96%B9%E4%BE%BF&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyinshun-edu.org.tw%2Fzh-hant%2FMaster_yinshun%2Fy40_04_01_02&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/zh-hant/book/export/html/3650">中國禪宗史-第四節 曹溪的直指見性</a>. <q>慧能「說摩訶般若波羅蜜」,當然是繼承道信以來的禪門,是「不念佛,不看心,不看淨」的一流。慧能在即心是佛(東山傳統)的基石上,樹立起「見性成佛」的禪,這是融合了南方盛行的『大般涅槃經』的佛性說...道信以『楞伽經』的「佛心」,融合於『文殊說般若經』的「念佛心是佛」。到了曹溪慧能,更融合了盛行南方的『大般涅槃經』的「佛性」──「見性成佛」。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%8D%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%AF%80+%E6%9B%B9%E6%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%B4%E6%8C%87%E8%A6%8B%E6%80%A7&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyinshun-edu.org.tw%2Fzh-hant%2Fbook%2Fexport%2Fhtml%2F3650&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/zh-hant/Master_yinshun/y40_04_02_02">中國禪宗史-金剛經與起信論</a>. <q>達摩以『楞伽經』印心,而所傳的「二入四行」,含有『維摩』與『般若經』義。到道信,以「楞伽經諸佛心第一」,及『文殊說般若經一行三昧』,融合而制立「入道安心要方便」。在東山法門的弘傳中,又漸為『金剛般若波羅蜜經』及『大乘起信論』所替代...從佛教界的普遍流傳,南宗與北宗都重視『金剛經』來說,弘忍在東山(六五二──六七五),慧能在嶺南(六六七──七一三),「勸道俗持金剛經」,並非不可能的。『金剛經』終於代表了一切般若經(『文殊所說摩訶般若波羅蜜經』在內),為禪者所重,不只是與最上乘無相法門相契合,更由於長短適中,廣讚受持功德,易於受持。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%8D%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B6%93%E8%88%87%E8%B5%B7%E4%BF%A1%E8%AB%96&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyinshun-edu.org.tw%2Fzh-hant%2FMaster_yinshun%2Fy40_04_02_02&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">釋耀雲. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nanputuo.com/nptxy/html/201103/0809394173499.html">試談圭峰宗密與《圓覺經》之因緣</a>. 閩南佛學. <q>以種種教義都與禪宗宗旨相契,故而此經在禪林盛傳。經中末後稱「是經名為頓教大乘,頓機眾生從此開悟,亦攝漸修一切群品」,故後世又稱此經為大乘頓教。正因此經既符合華嚴之旨趣,又示禪門修行之方便,契於禪宗宗旨。故而曾言「禪遇南宗,教逢斯典(《圓覺經》),一言之下,心地開通,一軸之中,義天朗耀」</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E8%A9%A6%E8%AB%87%E5%9C%AD%E5%B3%B0%E5%AE%97%E5%AF%86%E8%88%87%E3%80%8A%E5%9C%93%E8%A6%BA%E7%B6%93%E3%80%8B%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%A0%E7%B7%A3&amp;rft.au=%E9%87%8B%E8%80%80%E9%9B%B2&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nanputuo.com%2Fnptxy%2Fhtml%2F201103%2F0809394173499.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">李治華. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BJ012/2-9.HTM">《楞嚴經》與中國宗派</a>. 中華佛學研究. 1998. <q>《楞嚴經》的前半部意旨在於使當機眾開悟,其後則在修證,這正同於禪宗悟後起修的路數,所以太虛說:「若以(楞嚴經)全部脈絡義理觀察,明理、修行、證果,仍以屬禪宗為確切。」</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%B4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E6%B2%BB%E8%8F%AF&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccbs.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-BJ012%2F2-9.HTM&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li>《頓悟大乘政理決》:「<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E8%A1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="摩訶衍">摩訶衍</a>一生已來,唯習大乘禪,不是法師;若欲聽法相,令於婆羅門法師邊聽。摩訶衍所說,不依疏論,准大乘經文指示。摩訶衍所修習者:依大般若、楞伽、思益、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="密嚴經">密嚴</a>、金剛、維摩、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="楞嚴經">大佛頂</a>、花嚴、涅槃、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9D%E7%A7%AF%E7%BB%8F" title="大宝积经">寶積</a>、普超三昧(文殊師利普超三昧經)等經,信受奉行。……現令弟子沙彌未能修禪,已教誦得楞伽一部,維摩一部,每日長誦。……於大乘無觀禪中無別緣事,常習不闕以智慧。每誦大乘取義,信樂<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="般若波羅蜜">般若波羅蜜</a>者甚多。」</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">曹曉虎. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pureland-buddhism.org/tc/library_2_in.aspx?id=115&amp;chk=8506f925-c794-434d-ae50-3b466025aee6">論淨土宗的成立及其實際創始人的確立</a>. 淨土宗文集. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-09-04</span>&#93;</span>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728010158/http://www.tanghistory.net/DTWX/2014/228/142281017487KEJKA0BGA631F4CF0J3.html">存档</a>于2017-07-28). <q>自西晉竺法護譯出《彌勒下生經》後,鳩摩羅什、沮渠京聲等相繼譯出多種彌勒淨土經典,彌勒信仰迅速流行開來...甘肅、寧夏、內蒙古等地發現的西夏時期的彌勒淨土經變畫亦是彌勒信仰在西夏境內興盛的一個佐證。彌勒經變畫依據《佛說觀彌勒菩薩上生兜率天經》、《彌勒下生經》而繪製,乃彌勒淨土、彌勒變相、彌勒上生、下生經變之合稱。肅北五個廟石窟和酒泉文殊山萬佛洞保留著較完整的西夏彌勒經變圖,五個廟石窟的第一窟西壁和第三窟主室窟頂皆繪有彌勒下生經變圖,文殊山萬佛洞的東壁上則描繪了彌勒菩薩居住的兜率天宮的景象。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E5%BD%8C%E5%8B%92%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E5%8F%8A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&amp;rft.au=%E6%A5%8A%E5%AF%8C%E5%AD%B8&amp;rft.au=%E6%A8%8A%E9%BA%97%E6%B2%99&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tanghistory.net%2FDTWX%2F2014%2F228%2F142281017487KEJKA0BGA631F4CF0J3.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">楊白衣. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chibs.edu.tw/ch_html/hkbj/08/hkbj0802.htm">淨土的淵源及其演變</a>. 華崗佛學學報第. 1985, <b>8</b> <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-09-04</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114212823/http://www.chibs.edu.tw/ch_html/hkbj/08/hkbj0802.htm">存档</a>于2016-11-14). <q>佛教最先產生的他方淨土思想,例如:東方的阿閦佛國(『大寶積經』卷十九中的「不動如來會」(唐譯)乃是『<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%96%A6%E4%BD%9B%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F" title="阿閦佛国经">阿閦佛國經</a>』的異譯本,不動如來即是阿閦佛。維摩居士就是從阿閦佛國來化度之人),如果想往生彼國,還得照樣靠自力實踐菩薩道──六波羅蜜,不然則無法如願。所以大小品『般若經』無不敘述阿閦佛淨土。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%B7%B5%E6%BA%90%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%8A&amp;rft.au=%E6%A5%8A%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%A3&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E8%8F%AF%E5%B4%97%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%A0%B1%E7%AC%AC&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chibs.edu.tw%2Fch_html%2Fhkbj%2F08%2Fhkbj0802.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mahabodhi.org/files/yinshun/06/yinshun06-01.html">勝鬘經講記</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-08-27</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013928/http://www.mahabodhi.org/files/yinshun/06/yinshun06-01.html">存档</a>于2020-09-21). <q>勝鬘師子吼一乘大方便方廣經,簡稱勝鬘經,為真常妙有的大乘要典。法華 、涅槃、楞伽等經的要義,本經都包含得有。在南北朝時代,流通極廣。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%8B%9D%E9%AC%98%E7%B6%93%E8%AC%9B%E8%A8%98&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahabodhi.org%2Ffiles%2Fyinshun%2F06%2Fyinshun06-01.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">楊麗莉. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yinshun.org.tw/90thesis/90-03.htm">南嶽慧思《隨自意三昧》禪觀思想之探微</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-08-27</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204185516/https://www.yinshun.org.tw/90thesis/90-03.htm">存档</a>于2020-12-04). <q>慧思《隨自意三昧》的禪觀思想,基本上是結合首楞嚴三昧之的觀點所推展出的大乘行門,此種關係不僅從《法華經安樂行義》可以看出,在《隨自意三昧‧行威儀品》慧思開宗明義亦有如下的說明...承前述知,行此三昧最終要成就的即是首楞嚴三昧,同時也是菩薩完成諸三昧以成佛道之前,必當先修的三昧...在修禪的理念上,慧思以《首楞嚴經》為基礎,提倡舉足下足皆具足六波羅蜜,欲以行住坐臥皆能起觀修,圓滿法華一乘的菩薩行。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%8D%97%E5%B6%BD%E6%85%A7%E6%80%9D%E3%80%8A%E9%9A%A8%E8%87%AA%E6%84%8F%E4%B8%89%E6%98%A7%E3%80%8B%E7%A6%AA%E8%A7%80%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E4%B9%8B%E6%8E%A2%E5%BE%AE&amp;rft.au=%E6%A5%8A%E9%BA%97%E8%8E%89&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yinshun.org.tw%2F90thesis%2F90-03.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">陳敏齡. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-NX027/v01_01.htm">般舟三昧經的阿彌陀佛觀</a>. 東方宗教研究. 1987 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-08-27</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013938/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-NX027/v01_01.htm">存档</a>于2020-09-21). <q>在淨土思想的歷史發展過程中,《般舟經》所占地位之重要程度。特別在淨土思想發展的初期,廬山慧遠的念佛即係依《般舟經》而修,此外,天台智者的常行三昧、善導的《依觀經等明般舟三昧行道往生讚》、慈愍的《般舟三昧讚》等,亦無一不是依《般舟經》來闡明淨土的念佛三昧。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E8%88%AC%E8%88%9F%E4%B8%89%E6%98%A7%E7%B6%93%E7%9A%84%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B%E8%A7%80&amp;rft.au=%E9%99%B3%E6%95%8F%E9%BD%A1&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccbs.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-NX027%2Fv01_01.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">釋性穎. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/an209905.pdf">天台「法華三昧」之探究 —以慧思、智顗為中心</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-08-27</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029220315/http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/an209905.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-10-29). <q>智顗提倡的「法華三昧」,主要是以其所撰寫的《法華三昧懺儀》為主。此懺儀是依據《法華經》與《佛說觀普賢菩薩行法經》(簡稱《普賢觀經》)所述,以三七日為期,行道誦經,諦觀中道實相之修行方法</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E3%80%8C%E6%B3%95%E8%8F%AF%E4%B8%89%E6%98%A7%E3%80%8D%E4%B9%8B%E6%8E%A2%E7%A9%B6+%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E6%85%A7%E6%80%9D%E3%80%81%E6%99%BA%E9%A1%97%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&amp;rft.au=%E9%87%8B%E6%80%A7%E7%A9%8E&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-AN%2Fan209905.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinabuddhism.com.cn/yj/2012-03-19/649.html">《漢魏兩晉南北朝佛教史》講解</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-09-15</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921014006/http://www.chinabuddhism.com.cn/yj/2012-03-19/649.html">存档</a>于2020-09-21). <q>關於禪法,作者說,漢晉流行的禪法,大別有四:一、念安般。「此法於安世高譯《安般守意經》後甚見流行。」二、不淨觀。覺賢所譯的《禪經》和鳩摩羅什所譯三部《禪經》皆言及此門。三、念佛。「此門最要,為淨土教之所依據。」四、首楞嚴三昧。「蓋大乘最要之禪定也。首楞嚴者,華言健相,或曰勇伏定。因見其威力最大,故得是名。」自北魏孝文帝以後,禪法大行於北土。「魏世禪師以菩提達磨為有深智慧,而其影響亦最大。達磨稱為中國禪宗之初祖。」他的學說為「二入四行」。二入,指理入(即壁觀)和行入(即「四行」),四行,指的是報怨行、隨緣行、無所求行和稱法行。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%BC%A2%E9%AD%8F%E5%85%A9%E6%99%89%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%E8%AC%9B%E8%A7%A3&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinabuddhism.com.cn%2Fyj%2F2012-03-19%2F649.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">84000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929155157/https://read.84000.co/translation/toh127.html">The King of Samādhis Sūtra</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2022-04-23</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.84000.co/translation/toh127.html">原始内容</a>存档于2021-09-29).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=84000&amp;rft.btitle=The+King+of+Sam%C4%81dhis+S%C5%ABtra&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.84000.co%2Ftranslation%2Ftoh127.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>「The sūtra is quoted in a number of Indian treatises as well as many Tibetan works. Indian authors such as Candrakīrti and Śāntideva referred to it by the title Candra­pradīpa­sūtra (zla ba sgron ma'i mdo); other authors used the title Samādhirāja. The earliest known quotations from the sūtra were made by Candrakīrti in the seventh century; he quoted from it twenty times in his Prasannapadā (Clear Words), and also in his Madhyamakāvatāra (Entering the Middle Way)……Candrakīrti is followed by Śāntideva in the late seventh to early eighth century, who quotes it twenty times in his Śikṣasamuccaya (Compendium of Training).」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">84000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114192936/https://read.84000.co/translation/toh231.html">The Jewel Cloud</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2022-04-23</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.84000.co/translation/toh231.html">原始内容</a>存档于2021-11-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=84000&amp;rft.btitle=The+Jewel+Cloud&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.84000.co%2Ftranslation%2Ftoh231.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>「The Jewel Cloud is a very rich and closely packed Mahāyāna sūtra. Evidence of its authority in India can be found in many philosophical commentaries; for example, it is cited three times in the Sūtrasamuccaya (Toh 3934)……and repeatedly throughout Śāntideva's Śikṣāsamuccaya (Toh 3940). Citations and references, sometimes at central junctures, are also found in the works of authors such as Bhāviveka (circa 500–78), Candrakīrti (seventh century), Śāntarakṣita (725–88), and Kamalaśīla (eighth century)……One such classic maxim is The Jewel Cloud's definition of Buddhist meditation in terms of śamatha and vipaśyanā (1.­526): “Tranquility is one-pointed mind. Special insight is to discern phenomena as they actually are.” This passage, as well as The Jewel Cloud's description of the stages of the realization of emptiness (1.­524), had already been cited by the Indian master Kamalaśīla, who relied on The Jewel Cloud to support his account of a gradual path for which careful reflection and the accumulation of vast merit are indispensable.」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">崔红芬. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc.cn/newhxjy/wjsy/wjls/wjqcsy/wjd17q/201011/P020101123700647141971.pdf">浅析西夏《金光明最胜王经》信仰</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 西域文献座谈会. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-09-05</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921014013/http://www.nlc.cn/newhxjy/wjsy/wjls/wjqcsy/wjd17q/201011/P020101123700647141971.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-09-21). <q>国图藏《金光明最胜王经》之“流传序”一开始就提到此经的地位:“夫《金光明最胜王经》者,显密兼备,因果全包,为众经中王,一乘义竞,最下礼式法。莲华寿身之后成,涅槃常命之先合。显诸佛最深境,为国法人护意。尔时依真不二佛身,义事无障,在国云集大众,哺时闻说,此经建立最胜如来语,赞行佛境功全名”。诵持此经即可获得无上妙处,减灭一切罪过,是此经深受西夏统治者和民众信仰的前提...诵持《金光明经》可以获得无上功德和利益,得到诸多神灵及眷属悉心护卫,减灭一切罪过。如国王听受此经,四天王便能勤心拥护此王及国中人民。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%B5%85%E6%9E%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E3%80%8A%E9%87%91%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%80%E8%83%9C%E7%8E%8B%E7%BB%8F%E3%80%8B%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&amp;rft.au=%E5%B4%94%E7%BA%A2%E8%8A%AC&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E5%BA%A7%E8%B0%88%E4%BC%9A&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlc.cn%2Fnewhxjy%2Fwjsy%2Fwjls%2Fwjqcsy%2Fwjd17q%2F201011%2FP020101123700647141971.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">闞正宗. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905140545/http://www.drnh.gov.tw/ImagesPost/5091720c-0049-421c-ad7a-64e8d0b91338/5c931859-ce83-4457-95be-38df07936eb8_ALLFILES.pdf">仁王護國法會與戰後臺灣社會(1949-1987)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 國史館學術集刊. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-09-05</span>&#93;</span>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921014006/http://aca.cust.edu.tw/pub/journal1/VOL/VOL.63/63-04.%E8%AB%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E8%97%A5%E5%B8%AB%E4%BD%9B%E6%B3%95%E9%96%80%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%B0%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B%E8%88%87%E5%BC%98%E6%8F%9A.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-09-21). <q>藥師淨土與其法門,重於現世安養、資生利用,成為消災延壽,就聊為備格。所以雖然漢傳佛寺大殿,多供奉橫三世佛:釋迦、彌陀、藥師,但藥師法門始終並非主流。然而,現世的消災解厄,也並非不受人們重視,有時它遠比往生淨土更來得急切與需要,所以其法門仍存續不斷,舉凡祈求消災延壽、病除障消、脫離橫難等,皆歸之於其法門,甚至因此還把經典原稱佛名:藥師琉璃光如來,改冠成「消災延壽藥師佛」來稱念,這樣的稱號為經典所無,是人們崇仰其特德、祈求其救度所發...敦煌、龍門、四川造像摩崖石窟的唐宋時期造像繪畫,藥師佛與藥師經變都是重要的主題,《藥師經》提到的稱名、誦經、念咒、寫經、造像、懸幡、燃燈、放生、懺悔等兼具顯密風格的修法與儀軌,也呈現在許多題記文獻,為人們所祈請實踐,顯現當時藥師法門的流行。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E8%AB%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E8%97%A5%E5%B8%AB%E4%BD%9B%E6%B3%95%E9%96%80%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%B0%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B%E8%88%87%E5%BC%98%E6%8F%9A&amp;rft.au=%E8%98%87%E7%BE%8E%E6%96%87&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faca.cust.edu.tw%2Fpub%2Fjournal1%2FVOL%2FVOL.63%2F63-04.%25E8%25AB%2596%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E9%2599%25B8%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E8%2597%25A5%25E5%25B8%25AB%25E4%25BD%259B%25E6%25B3%2595%25E9%2596%2580%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%2596%25B0%25E8%25A9%25AE%25E9%2587%258B%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BC%2598%25E6%258F%259A.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">莊明興. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BJ013/bj013122197.pdf">中國中古地藏信仰的起源與流變</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-09-05</span>&#93;</span>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921014053/https://www.yinshun.org/Enlightenment/1999/1999dec/1999dec4.htm">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%8B&amp;rft.btitle=%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yinshun.org%2FEnlightenment%2F1999%2F1999dec%2F1999dec4.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">溫金柯. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masterlee.url.tw/lee/chibook/chinko-02/chinko-02-03-03.htm">印順導師對阿含經的看法</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-01-09</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205171318/https://www.masterlee.url.tw/lee/chibook/chinko-02/chinko-02-03-03.htm">存档</a>于2020-12-05).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E6%BA%AB%E9%87%91%E6%9F%AF&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86%E5%B0%8E%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%8D%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93%E7%9A%84%E7%9C%8B%E6%B3%95&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masterlee.url.tw%2Flee%2Fchibook%2Fchinko-02%2Fchinko-02-03-03.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 印順《南傳法句經序》:《法句》,或譯法跡。法是佛弟子所行與所證的。跡是形跡、足跡。依足跡去尋求,可以達到所到的地方。引申此義,聚集多「名」,能因此而圓滿的詮表意義,即名為句(此如中國所說的「筌蹄」)。釋尊的教說,不外乎「法說、義說」;略集詮法詮義的要偈,即名為「法句」、「義句」。與《法句》相對的「義句」,見於法藏部的《四分律》(卷三九、五四),與我國舊譯的《義足經》相合。在其他的學派中,稱為《義品》。釋尊的時代,億耳於佛前誦《義品》;古典的《雜阿含經》,說到「誦說法句」。這類法義的要集,釋尊住世的時代,已經存在,實是最古的成文佛典。支謙序說:「其在天竺,始進業者,不學法句,謂之越敘。此乃始進者之鴻漸,深入者之奧藏」!意義深長而切要,偈頌又便於讀誦。一直到現在,錫蘭等處還是以《法句》為初學者的入門書。其實,這不但是「始進者之鴻漸」,還是「深入者之奧藏」呢!</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">范古農《三經<a href="/wiki/%E8%95%85%E7%9B%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="蕅益">蕅益</a>解刻行序》:四十二章經、佛遺教經、八大人覺經;此三經者,乃末法之導師,括三藏而無遺,統三乘而宗極;古德列之於日誦,或合刊而單位,今學者童而習,良有以也。然其則簡約而易誦,其義則廣賾而難窮。......此三經之為要典者何在?〔四十二章〕為佛法東來之權輿,〔遺教經〕為世尊教誡之絕唱,〔八大人覺〕則為菩薩發心之指南;前二為繼往開來之典章,後一為依法修學之良導。......此三經者,〔四十二章經〕以斷欲去愛,策發淨業;頓漸並教,終以無我為歸。了得無我,心垢自淨,所謂入佛不二法門也。〔遺教經〕乃我佛最後叮嚀,諸弟子隨所見聞,相與記述,激勸之詞,警於棒喝;聲聞教相,如在現前,度世苦心,促人深省。〔八大人覺經〕乃諸佛菩薩,自覺覺他,結成誦念功德,使學者誦文思義,念念精熟,趣登正覺。三經文字,看似平易切近,而實由博返約,包蘊宏深。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德異《溈山警策註序》:叢林中以四十二章經.遺教經.溈山警策謂之佛祖三經,能一覧而直前者,不歷多生便可成佛作祖。<br /> 為霖道霈《佛祖三經指南序》:佛祖之道,高而無上,深不可測。然造之必有門,行之必有漸;求可為蒙學之指南,作千里之跬步者,其唯三經歟?昔世尊始成道,機緣未熟,不堪大法;於是於鹿苑中,隱實施權,循循善誘;三乘五乘成咸備焉,〔四十二章〕是也。諸乘既經法華開顯,如來出世事畢,於是於雙樹間,唱入無餘涅槃,扶律譚常,以為最後深誨,〔遺教〕是也。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">滇巴嘉稱. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ddc.com.tw/book/chapter.php?id=6430&amp;eid=17094">愛上佛子行:佛子行37頌釋論【中文出版序】</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-10-24</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123070115/https://www.ddc.com.tw/book/chapter.php?id=6430&amp;eid=17094">存档</a>于2020-11-23). <q>《佛子行三十七頌》這部論典,在西藏是一部家喻戶曉的教法,作者無著賢大師是十四世紀時薩迦寺院的高僧學者,他終身都在寺院中修持,曾經閉關二十年,出關開始講學與論述後,經常縈繞於心的就是:「什麼可以利益他人?如何能帶給人們最大的利益?如何使一個人成為菩薩呢?」多年思索下來,他得到的答案是「菩提心」,於是寫下了《佛子行三十七頌》,成為藏傳佛教廣為傳誦的法教,是任何一位西藏上師必定會叫學生去讀誦學習的入門功課,也是寧瑪派、噶舉派、薩迦派及格魯派必修的基礎課程,每一位僧人、尼師都會背誦</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E6%BB%87%E5%B7%B4%E5%98%89%E7%A8%B1&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%84%9B%E4%B8%8A%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%90%E8%A1%8C%EF%BC%9A%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%90%E8%A1%8C37%E9%A0%8C%E9%87%8B%E8%AB%96%E3%80%90%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E5%BA%8F%E3%80%91&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ddc.com.tw%2Fbook%2Fchapter.php%3Fid%3D6430%26eid%3D17094&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">義淨《南海寄歸內法傳》:「<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%92%A5%E9%87%8C%E5%88%B6%E5%90%92" title="摩咥里制吒">摩咥里制吒</a>......初造四百讚,次造一百五十讚,總陳六度,明佛世尊所有勝德。斯可謂文情婉麗,共天蘤而齊芳,理致清高,與地岳而爭峻。西方造讚頌者,莫不咸同祖習,<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E8%91%97" class="mw-redirect" title="無著">無著</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E8%A6%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="世親">世親</a>菩薩,悉皆仰趾。故五天之地初出家者,亦既誦得五戒、十戒,即須先教誦斯二讚,無問大乘小乘,咸同遵此......又<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>菩薩以詩代書,名為蘇頡里離佉,譯為密友書(Suhṛllekha,親友書)......五天創學之流,皆先誦此書讚,歸心繫仰之類,靡不研味終身。若神州法侶誦<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%96%E9%9F%B3%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%99%AE%E9%96%80%E5%93%81" title="觀世音菩薩普門品">觀音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%81%BA%E6%95%99%E7%B6%93" title="佛遺教經">遺教</a>,俗徒讀<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87" title="千字文">千文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E7%B6%93" title="孝經">孝經</a>矣,莫不欽翫用為師範。其社得迦摩羅(Jātakamālā,菩薩本生鬘),亦同此類,若譯可成十餘軸,取<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="本生 (佛教)">本生</a>事而為詩讚......又<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E6%97%A5%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="戒日王">戒日王</a>取乘雲菩薩(Jimutavahana,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="龍喜記" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nagananda"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BE%8D%E5%96%9C%E8%A8%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="龍喜記(页面不存在)">龍喜記</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagananda" class="extiw" title="en:Nagananda"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nagananda</span></a></span>)</span></span>之主角)以身代龍之事,緝為歌詠,奏諧絃管令人作樂,舞之蹈之流布於代。又東印度<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="月官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chandragomin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%88%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="月官(页面不存在)">月官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragomin" class="extiw" title="en:Chandragomin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chandragomin</span></a></span>)</span></span>大士,作<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E9%81%94%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="須達拿太子">毘輸安呾囉太子</a>歌,詞人皆舞詠遍五天矣......又尊者<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%B3%B4" title="馬鳴">馬鳴</a>,亦造歌詞及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8E%8A%E5%9A%B4%E8%AB%96" title="大莊嚴論">莊嚴論</a>,并作<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%89%80%E8%A1%8C%E8%AE%9A" title="佛所行讚">佛本行詩</a>。大本若譯有十餘卷,意述如來始自王宮終乎雙樹一代佛法,並緝為詩,五天南海無不諷誦」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《大智度論》:「大迦葉語阿難,從《轉法輪經》至《大般涅槃》,集作四阿含:《增一阿含》、《中阿含》、《長阿含》、《相應阿含》,是名修妬路法藏」。<br /> 《根本說一切有部毘奈耶雜事》:「時,阿難陀聞說大師名,心生戀慕遂便迴首望涅槃處,虔誠合掌,以普遍音作如是語:『如是我聞,一時薄伽梵,在婆羅痆斯仙人墮處施鹿林中。爾時世尊告五苾芻曰:『此苦聖諦於所聞法如理作意,能生眼智明覺。』』此中廣說,如上三轉法輪經。時,具壽阿若憍陳如,告大迦攝波曰:『……說此微妙甚深經時,我既聞已,於一切法,離諸塵垢得法眼淨』。……爾時摩訶迦攝波作是念,我已結集世尊最初所說經典,於同梵行處無有違逆,亦無訶厭,是故當知此經是佛真教。復告阿難陀,世尊復於何處說第二經?時,阿難陀以清徹音答言:『世尊亦於婆羅痆斯。』『為誰說耶?』『為五苾芻。』『所說云何?』答言:『作如是說。汝等苾芻當知有四聖諦……』……時具壽阿若憍陳如,告具壽大迦攝波曰:『如是等法我於佛所親自聽聞。我聞法已,於諸煩惱心得解脫,餘四苾芻離諸塵垢得法眼淨。』『我已結集世尊第二所說經教,於同梵行處無有違逆,亦無訶厭,是故當知此經是佛真教』。……復告阿難陀:世尊在何處說第三經?……『若我聲聞聖弟子眾觀此五取蘊,知無有我及以我所,如是觀已即知世間,無能取所取亦非轉變,但由自悟而證涅槃,我生已盡梵行已立,所作已辦不受後有』,說此法時五苾芻等,於諸煩惱心得解脫。爾時,諸阿羅漢咸作是念,我已結集世尊所說第三蘇怛羅,於同梵行無有違逆,亦無訶厭,是故當知此蘇怛羅是佛真教。復作是言,自餘經法,世尊或於王宮聚落城邑處說,此阿難陀今皆演說,諸阿羅漢同為結集。……時大迦攝波告阿難陀曰:唯有爾許阿笈摩經,更無餘者,作是說已便下高座。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">吉藏. 法華遊意. <q>欲說三種法輪故說此經。言三種者,一者根本法輪、二者枝末之教、三者攝末歸本。根本法輪者,謂佛初成道,花嚴之會,純為菩薩開一因一果法門,謂根本之教也。但薄福鈍根之流,不堪於聞一因一果故,於一佛乘分別說三,謂枝末之教也。四十餘年說三乘之教陶練其心,至今法花始得會彼三乘歸於一道,即攝末歸本教也</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%90%89%E8%97%8F&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%B3%95%E8%8F%AF%E9%81%8A%E6%84%8F&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><br /> <cite class="citation book">吉藏. 法華義疏. <q>法華之前有本末二輪。法華以去乃至涅槃,皆收末歸本一乘法輪也</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%90%89%E8%97%8F&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%B3%95%E8%8F%AF%E7%BE%A9%E7%96%8F&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><br /> <cite class="citation book">金剛仙. 金剛仙論. <q>如《大華嚴.世間淨眼品》,如來即成道日,在寂滅道場說;〈十地品〉,第二七日,在他化自在天中說;如十萬偈般若,如來成道五年說。經有成文。餘七部般若但云一時,皆不知何年說也。《如來藏經》,佛成道十年說。如《大集.寶幢品》,佛成道一年,王舍城迦蘭陀竹園說。〈陀羅尼自在王品〉,成道十六年,在欲色二界中間說。……相傳云:如來一代成道乃至涅槃,恒說《摩訶般若》、《華嚴》、《大集》未曾斷絕。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E4%BB%99&amp;rft.btitle=%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E4%BB%99%E8%AB%96&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><br /> 諦觀《天台四教儀》:「言五時者,一華嚴時、二鹿苑時(說四阿含)、三方等時(說維摩、思益、楞伽、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E4%B8%89%E6%98%A7%E7%B6%93" title="首楞嚴三昧經">楞嚴三昧</a>、金光明、勝鬘等經)、四般若時(說摩訶般若、光讚般若、金剛般若、大品般若,等諸般若經)、五法華涅槃時,是為五時,亦名五味。……第一頓教者,即華嚴經也。從部、時、味等,得名為頓。所謂如來初成正覺,在寂滅道場,四十一位法身大士,及宿世根熟天龍八部,一時圍繞,如雲籠月。爾時如來現盧舍那身,說圓滿修多羅,故言頓教。……次為三乘根性,於頓無益故,不動寂場,而游鹿苑。脫舍那珍御之服,著丈六弊垢之衣,示從兜率降下,託摩耶胎,住胎出胎,納妃生子,出家苦行,六年已後,木菩提樹下,以草為座,成劣應身。初在鹿苑先為五人,說四諦、十二因緣、事六度等教。……次明方等部,淨名等經,彈偏折小,歎大褒圓。……次說般若,轉教、付財、融通、淘汰。……次說法華開前頓漸,會入非頓非漸,故言開權顯實,又言廢權立實,又言會三歸一。……次說大涅槃者,有二義。一為未熟者,更說四教具談佛性,令具真常,入大涅槃,故名捃拾教。二為末代鈍根於佛法中,起斷滅見,夭傷慧命,亡失法身,設三種權,扶一圓實,故名扶律談常教。然若論時味,與法華同。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">周伯戡. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626163830/http://www.mtac.gov.tw/mtac_quarterly/quarterly_c/9/1310964067.pdf">藏傳釋迦牟尼佛傳 - 一個宗教史學的分析</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 蒙藏季刊. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-04-29</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtac.gov.tw/mtac_quarterly/quarterly_c/9/1310964067.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2018-06-26). <q>佛陀戰勝魔軍後,得到諸天與菩薩的讚嘆與供養。他們齊聚佛的道場,普賢菩薩受到諸佛的催促,開始宣講《大方廣佛華嚴經》各法門。世尊在此後入定的七天中神遊須彌山等處,相關《華嚴經》諸法門不斷被講出。……然而在此書中,第一部世尊要顯示於世的是《華嚴》及其相關佛經。相反的,《轉法輪經》反而不見提起。作者說,世尊因為轉了這空性與入聖行的法輪,因此得了「如來」的名號。嚴格地說,要從四聖諦與八正道瞭解空性與入聖行是很困難的,除非我們把《華嚴經》與《十地經》、《大日經》,作為理解行文的前提,把歡喜地至法雲地修行次第說清楚,並把空性等同超越時空,了知一切的神聖如《大日經》所言的毗盧遮那佛(Vairocana),而釋迦牟尼是此神聖的示現。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B%E5%82%B3+%EF%BC%8D+%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&amp;rft.au=%E5%91%A8%E4%BC%AF%E6%88%A1&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=%E8%92%99%E8%97%8F%E5%AD%A3%E5%88%8A&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtac.gov.tw%2Fmtac_quarterly%2Fquarterly_c%2F9%2F1310964067.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《順正理論》:「言契經者,謂能總攝容納隨順世俗勝義堅實理言,如是契經是佛所說,或佛弟子佛許故說。」<br /> 《大乘義章》:「義有通別。通而論之,餘部之中,長行直說,斯皆是其修多羅攝;若別分之,唯取直說陰界諸入十二因緣四諦等法(cf.《大乘義章》:「但能見於陰界諸入及四真諦十二緣……但能了知陰界諸入十二因緣四真諦」),為修多羅。餘九部中,長行直說,悉皆攝入餘九部中。」<br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「契經相者,對法第十一說:謂以長行綴緝略說所應說義,即諸經中長行。略說所應說法,名為契經。八十一說與對法同,謂貫穿義長行直說多分攝受意趣.體性。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《順正理論》:「言應頌者,謂以勝妙緝句言詞,隨述讚前契經所說。」<br /> 《大乘義章》:「祇夜,此翻名為重誦偈也。以偈重誦修多羅中所說法義,故名祇夜。」<br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「應頌相者,對法等諸論同說:即諸經中,或中或後,以頌重頌。即後更頌,前長行義。又云:不了義經,應更頌釋。長行雖說,義猶未盡,後更頌之。即以二義,名為應頌。一者為益利根後來,二者為顯前不了義,令聽法者解明淨故。涅槃但有初之一義。成實論中第二卷言:或佛自說,或弟子說,欲令義理堅固不散,如綖貫花次第堅固。又嚴飾詞令,憙樂故。又義入偈中,即令要略,易可解故。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《順正理論》:「言記別者,謂隨餘問,酬答辯析,如「波羅延拏」等中辯。或諸所有辯曾當現真實義言,皆名記別。」<br /> 《大乘義章》:「和伽羅那,此名授記。行因得果,目之為記。聖說示人,故稱為授。」<br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「記別相者。對法等云:謂於是處聖弟子等,謝往過去,記別得失,生處差別。此依世尊記諸弟子未來生事,記因果也。又諸論云:又了義經說名記別。記別開示深密意故。記者明也。別謂分別。明記分別深密之義,名為記別。...涅槃經云。如來為諸大人授記也。汝阿逸多未來有王名曰懷佉。當於是世而得成佛名曰彌勒。是記別經。准諸教言總以三義名為記別:一記弟子死生因果,二分明記深密之義,三記菩薩當成佛事。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《順正理論》:「言諷誦者,謂以勝妙緝句言詞,非隨述前而為讚詠,或二三四五六句等」<br /> 《大乘義章》:「伽陀,此翻名為不重頌偈。直以偈言,顯示諸法,故名伽陀。」<br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「諷誦相者,顯揚等云:謂諸經中,非長行重說。然以句結成,或以二句.三句.四句.五句.六句等說竝為諷頌。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《大智度論》:「又如佛涅槃後,諸弟子抄集要偈:諸無常偈等作無常品,乃至婆羅門偈等作婆羅門品,亦名優陀那。諸有集眾妙事,皆名優陀那」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《順正理論》:「言自說者,謂不因請,世尊欲令正法久住,睹希奇事,悅意自說,妙辯等流。如說:此那伽由彼那伽等」。 」<br /> 《大乘義章》:「憂陀那經,此翻名為無問自說。不由諮請,而自宣唱,故名無問自說經也。」<br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「自說相者。瑜伽等云:謂於是中不顯請者,為令當來正法久住正教久住,不請而說,是名自說。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《大乘義章》:「尼陀那經,此翻名為因緣經也。籍現事緣,而有所說,名因緣經。」<br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「緣起相者,八十一說:謂依有請而說諸法。如經說言:世尊一時依黑鹿子,為諸比丘宣說法要。又依別解脫因起之道,毘奈耶攝所有言說。又於是處說如是言,世尊依如是如是因緣,依如是如是事,說如是如是語。此具三義名為因緣:一因請而說。二因犯制戒。三因事說法,如次應知。」<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《順正理論》:「言譬喻者,為令曉悟所說義宗,廣引多門比例開示,如長喻等契經(長壽王本起經)所說。」<br /> 《大乘義章》:「阿波陀那經,此名譬喻。如百喻等立喻顯法,名譬喻經。」<br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「譬喻相者。對法等云:謂諸經中有比況說,為令本義得明淨故。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《順正理論》:「言譬喻者……有說:此是除諸菩薩,說餘本行,能有所證,示所化言」<br /> 僧伽跋澄《鞞婆沙論》:「此界亦是略說亦是廣說。略說者因大經故,如<b>大本起</b>、大般泥洹。」 玄奘《阿毘達磨大毘婆沙論》:「此界契經亦名略說亦名廣說。名略說者對大記經,如<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%8F" title="大本经">大譬喻</a></b>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8)" title="大般涅槃经 (上座部)">大涅槃</a>等。」<br /> <cite class="citation book">印順. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/en/book/export/html/3454">初期大乘佛教之起源與開展-第五項 佛本起經</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-12-31</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206010912/http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/en/book/export/html/3454">存档</a>于2020-12-06). <q>「本起」是阿波陀那──譬喻;「因緣」是nidāna的義譯。「本起」與「因緣」,本來是十二分教的二分,但在北方,「本起」(譬喻)與「因緣」,相互關涉,可以通稱,所以『大智度論』,就稱之為『佛本起因緣經』。這裡所說的「佛本起因緣」,是佛的「本起因緣」,也就是佛傳,但只是佛傳的一部分。……這些佛傳,前四部都稱為「本起」。此外,還有說出世部Lokottaravādin的梵本『大事』Mahāvastu-avadāna,與銅鍱部Tāmraśāṭīya『小部』的『因緣談』Nidānakathā。據『佛本行集經』末說:「當何名此經?答曰:<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E5%83%A7%E7%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="摩訶僧祇">摩訶僧祇</a>師名為大事;<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%A9%86%E5%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="薩婆多">薩婆多</a>師名此經為大莊嚴;<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89%E6%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="迦葉惟">迦葉維</a>師名為佛往因緣;<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%87%E7%84%A1%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="曇無德">曇無德</a>師名為釋迦牟尼佛本行;<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%B0%E9%83%A8" title="化地部">尼沙塞</a>師名為毘尼藏根本」。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B9%8B%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E8%88%87%E9%96%8B%E5%B1%95%EF%BC%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E9%A0%85+%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%AC%E8%B5%B7%E7%B6%93&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyinshun-edu.org.tw%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fexport%2Fhtml%2F3454&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《順正理論》:「言本事者,謂說自昔展轉傳來,不顯說人、談所、說事。」<br /> 《大智度論》:「結句言『我先許說者,今已說竟』。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《阿毘達磨大毘婆沙論》:「『本事』云何?謂諸經中宣說前際所見聞事,如說『過去有大王都,名有香茅;王名善見;過去有佛,名毘鉢尸。為諸弟子說如是法...。過去有佛,名為『式企』、『毘濕縛浮』、『羯洛迦孫』、『馱羯諾迦牟尼』、『迦葉波』,為諸弟子說如是法、如是等。」<br /> 《大乘義章》:「伊帝越多伽經,此名本事。宣說他人往古之事,故云本事。」<br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「本事相者。八十一云:謂除本生,宣說前際諸所有事。除佛本生,說餘一切前際之事,名為本事。對法論云:所謂宣說聖弟子等,前世相應事。瑜伽通說往昔一切若人若法若凡若聖,皆名本事。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《大乘義章》:「周陀伽經,此名本生。陳已往報,稱曰本生。」<br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「本生相者。瑜伽二十五.顯揚第六說:謂於是中宣說世尊在過去世,彼彼方分,若生若死,行菩薩行,行難行行,是名本生。謂說世尊往世於某方所有死生身,所行菩薩行,所有難行行,竝名本生。對法.及八十一云,所謂宣說諸菩薩行本相應事。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《大毘婆沙論》:「方廣云何?謂諸經中,廣說種種甚深法義,如五三經(梵本DA17、MN102)、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E7%B6%B2%E7%B6%93_(%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8)" title="梵網經 (上座部)">梵網</a>(梵本DA47、DA21、DN1)、幻網(梵本DA18)、五蘊(SA五陰誦?,cf. 阿毘達磨法蘊足論引用《取蘊經》,和SA13經、14經,SN22.27-28經相似。阿毘達磨法蘊足論引用《滿月經》,和SA58經,SN22.82經相似)、六處(SA六入處誦?,cf. 阿毘達磨法蘊足論引用《六處經》,和SN35.15-18經相似。阿毘達磨順正理論引用《大六處經》和SA305經,MN149經相似)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%BC%98%E7%BB%8F" title="大缘经">大因緣</a>(MA97、DA13、DN15)等」。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《順正理論》:「言方廣(vaipulya)者,謂以正理廣辯諸法,以一切法性相眾多,非廣言詞不能辯故。亦名廣破(vaidalya),由此廣言,能破極堅無智闇故。或名無比(vaitulya),由此廣言理趣幽博,餘無比故。有說:此廣辯大菩提資糧。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">覺音《一切善見律注》:「從問(pucchita)而得到智(veda)及歡喜(tuṭṭhi)的經典,如《Cullavedalla》(MN44)、《Mahāvedalla》(MN43)、《Sammādiṭṭhi》(MN9)、《Sakkapañha》(DN21)、《Saṅkhāra-bhājanīya》(SN41.6)、以及《Mahāpuṇṇama》 (MN109)等,這叫vedalla」。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abhidharmasamuccaya:vaipulyaṃ katamat / bodhisattvapiṭakasaṃprayuktaṃ bhāṣitam / yaducyate vaipulyaṃ tad vaidalyamapyucyate vaitulyamapyucyate / 漢譯《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%97%E8%BE%BE%E7%A3%A8%E9%9B%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="大乘阿毗达磨集论">大乘阿毗達磨集論</a>》讀作:「何等方廣?謂菩薩藏相應言說。如名方廣,亦名廣破,亦名無比。」<br /> 《大智度論》:「廣經者,名摩訶衍……如是等無量阿僧祇諸經,為得阿耨多羅三藐三菩提故說。」<br /> 《大乘義章》:「毘佛略經,此名方廣。理正曰方,義備名廣,教從旨因名方廣經。若依小乘,語正稱方,言多曰廣。」<br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「方廣相者。八十一云:謂說菩薩道,如說七地四菩薩行及百四十不共佛法。又復此法廣故.多故.極高大故.時長遠故。此義意言,說菩薩道不共,佛法二空理,正包福慧滿,名為方廣,唯在大乘不通小乘。涅槃名為毘佛略經。對法說言,亦名廣破,亦名無比,一切有情利益安樂所依處故,宣說廣大甚深法故名為方廣,能破諸障名為廣破,無法比類名為無比。唯依大乘名為方廣。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《大毘婆沙論》:「希法云何?謂諸經中,說三寶等甚希有事」「有餘師說:諸弟子等讚歎世尊希有功德,如舍利子讚歎世尊無上功德,尊者慶喜讚歎世尊甚希有法。」<br /> 《大乘義章》:「阿浮陀達摩,此翻名為未曾有經。青牛行鉢,白狗聽法,諸天身量,大地動等,曠古希奇,名未曾有。說此希事,名未曾有經。」<br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「希法相者。顯揚第六云:謂諸經中宣說諸佛及諸弟子八眾,所有共不共德,及餘最勝殊特驚異甚深之法,是為希有。此意說言,但說功德及希奇事名為希法。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《順正理論》:「言論議者,謂於上說諸分義中,無倒顯示,釋難決擇。有說:於經所說深義已見真者,或餘智人,隨理辯釋,亦名論議。即此名曰摩怛理迦,釋餘經義時此為本母故。此又名為阿毘達磨,以能現對諸法相故,無倒顯示諸法相故。」<br /> 《大乘義章》:「優婆提舍,此名論義。問答辨理,名論義經,名義如是。」<br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「論議相者。八十一云:謂諸經典,循環研覈,摩咀理迦,一切了義經皆名摩咀理迦。謂於是處世尊自廣分別法相。又聖弟子已見諦跡,依自所證,亦無倒分別諸法體性,此亦名為摩咀理迦。摩咀理迦亦名阿毘達磨。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bio_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhaspace.org/dict/fk/data/%25E4%25BD%259B%25E5%2582%25B3%25E5%2585%25B8%25E7%25B1%258D.html">佛傳典籍</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-09-02</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921014138/http://buddhaspace.org/dict/fk/data/%25E4%25BD%259B%25E5%2582%25B3%25E5%2585%25B8%25E7%25B1%258D.html">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E5%82%B3%E5%85%B8%E7%B1%8D&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhaspace.org%2Fdict%2Ffk%2Fdata%2F%2525E4%2525BD%25259B%2525E5%252582%2525B3%2525E5%252585%2525B8%2525E7%2525B1%25258D.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">釋洞崧. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.towisdom.org.tw/05-sup/college-theses/2015/E06-3_%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80%E7%B5%84_%E9%87%8B%E6%B4%9E%E5%B4%A7_%E6%B3%95%E9%BC%93%E6%96%87%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2_%E8%A9%A6%E8%AB%96%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB%E9%81%93%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E4%BD%9B%E6%B3%95.pdf">試論《解脫道論》的十八佛法</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-07-06</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215165849/http://www.towisdom.org.tw/05-sup/college-theses/2015/E06-3_%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80%E7%B5%84_%E9%87%8B%E6%B4%9E%E5%B4%A7_%E6%B3%95%E9%BC%93%E6%96%87%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2_%E8%A9%A6%E8%AB%96%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB%E9%81%93%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E4%BD%9B%E6%B3%95.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2017-12-15). <q>而於Jinālaṅkāra裡,有被認為是由與5世紀覺音同時代的佛授(Buddhadatta)所作的250偈所成,以及由12世紀頃的佛護(Buddharakkhita)所作的註釋書的二種;前者已出版(J. Gray. jinālaṅkāra, 1894)。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E8%A9%A6%E8%AB%96%E3%80%8A%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB%E9%81%93%E8%AB%96%E3%80%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E4%BD%9B%E6%B3%95&amp;rft.au=%E9%87%8B%E6%B4%9E%E5%B4%A7&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.towisdom.org.tw%2F05-sup%2Fcollege-theses%2F2015%2FE06-3_%25E7%25A0%2594%25E7%25A9%25B6%25E6%2589%2580%25E7%25B5%2584_%25E9%2587%258B%25E6%25B4%259E%25E5%25B4%25A7_%25E6%25B3%2595%25E9%25BC%2593%25E6%2596%2587%25E7%2590%2586%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E9%2599%25A2_%25E8%25A9%25A6%25E8%25AB%2596%25E8%25A7%25A3%25E8%2584%25AB%25E9%2581%2593%25E8%25AB%2596%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2585%25AB%25E4%25BD%259B%25E6%25B3%2595.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">羅因. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/an164101.pdf">漢譯說一切有部兩種佛傳中對於佛陀的不同詮釋</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2018-03-13</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029233931/http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/an164101.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-10-29). <q>佛陀是出生於西元前五、六世紀之間的北印度的聖者,他充滿慈悲與智慧的一生,在佛弟子心中產生著極大的人格感召力量,時代越晚,表現得越為強烈。隨著時代的推移,對於佛陀一生的神話化詮釋也就日益濃厚,最終產生了現實佛(歷史的佛陀觀)和理想佛(超越的佛陀觀)兩種不同型態的佛陀觀。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AD%AF%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E5%85%A9%E7%A8%AE%E4%BD%9B%E5%82%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%8D%E6%96%BC%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&amp;rft.au=%E7%BE%85%E5%9B%A0&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-AN%2Fan164101.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jinglu.cbeta.org/knowledge/versions.htm">各版藏經介紹</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-04-13</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116213927/http://jinglu.cbeta.org/knowledge/versions.htm">存档</a>于2020-11-16).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%90%84%E7%89%88%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93%E4%BB%8B%E7%B4%B9&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjinglu.cbeta.org%2Fknowledge%2Fversions.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npm.gov.tw/english/exhbition/sut9907/001_03.htm">漢文大藏經刊刻源流表</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-04-14</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921014159/http://www.npm.gov.tw/english/exhbition/sut9907/001_03.htm">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93%E5%88%8A%E5%88%BB%E6%BA%90%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%A8&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npm.gov.tw%2Fenglish%2Fexhbition%2Fsut9907%2F001_03.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbeta.org/data/budadata/hisutra.htm">歷代漢文大藏經概述</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-04-16</span>&#93;</span>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206010955/https://www.douban.com/group/topic/7884626/">存档</a>于2020-12-06).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.douban.com%2Fgroup%2Ftopic%2F7884626%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lic.dila.edu.tw/0201_01">大藏經</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-04-24</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206225143/https://lic.dila.edu.tw/0201_01">存档</a>于2020-12-06).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flic.dila.edu.tw%2F0201_01&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">胡進杉. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BJ013/bj112029.htm">國立故宮所藏 《善逝寶經廣示日光目錄》述要</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-01-10</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921014224/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BJ013/bj112029.htm">存档</a>于2020-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E8%83%A1%E9%80%B2%E6%9D%89&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AE%E6%89%80%E8%97%8F+%E3%80%8A%E5%96%84%E9%80%9D%E5%AF%B6%E7%B6%93%E5%BB%A3%E7%A4%BA%E6%97%A5%E5%85%89%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E8%BF%B0%E8%A6%81&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccbs.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-BJ013%2Fbj112029.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">渥德尔; 王世安. 《印度佛教史》. 商务印书馆. 2000年1月: 3. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787100026826" title="Special:网络书源/9787100026826"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9787100026826</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E6%B8%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2000-01&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9787100026826&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 【<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="說一切有部">說一切有部</a>】<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BE%E8%B3%A2" title="眾賢">眾賢</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E6%AD%A3%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="順正理論">順正理論</a>》:「言三藏者,一素怛纜藏、二毘柰耶藏、三阿毘達磨藏。如是三藏差別云何?未種善根,未欣勝義,令種欣故,為說契經。已種已欣,令熟相續,作所作故,為說調伏。已熟已作,令悟解脫,正方便故,為說對法。或以廣略,清妙文詞,綴緝雜染,及清淨法,令易解了,名為契經。宣說修行,尸羅軌則,淨命方便,名為調伏。善能顯示,諸契經中,深義趣言,名為對法。或依增上心、戒、慧學所興論道,如其次第名為契經、調伏、對法。或素怛纜藏是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="力 (佛教)">力</a>等流,以諸經中所說義理,畢竟無有能屈伏故。毘柰耶藏是<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%B2_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="悲 (佛教)">大悲</a>等流,辯說尸羅濟惡趣故。阿毘達磨藏是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%84%A1%E6%89%80%E7%95%8F" title="四無所畏">無畏</a>等流,真<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="法相">法相</a>中能善安立,問答決擇無所畏故。如是等類三藏不同,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8%E5%A4%A7%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99%E8%AB%96" title="阿毘達磨大毘婆沙論">毘婆沙</a>中已廣分別。」<br /> 【初期大乘】<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>《大智度論》:「佛在世時,無有三藏名,但有持修多羅比丘、持毘尼比丘、持<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%91%BE%E7%90%86%E8%BF%A6" title="摩呾理迦">摩多羅迦</a>比丘。修多羅者,是四阿含中經名、摩訶衍中經名。修多羅有二分:一者、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="四阿含">四阿含</a>中修多羅,二者、摩訶衍經名為大。修多羅入二分,亦大乘、亦小乘。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E6%9C%A8%E5%8F%89" title="波羅提木叉">二百五十戒</a>如是等,名為修多羅。毘尼名比丘作罪,佛結戒:應行是、不應行是,作是事得是罪,略說有八十部。亦有二分:一者、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E5%BE%8B" title="根本說一切有部律">摩偷羅國毘尼</a>,含<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%AC%E5%96%BB_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="譬喻 (佛教)">阿波陀那</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="本生 (佛教)">本生</a>,有八十部;二者、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E8%AA%A6%E5%BE%8B" title="十誦律">罽賓國毘尼</a>,除却本生、阿波陀那,但取要用作十部。有八十部<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99" title="毘婆沙">毘婆沙解釋</a>。是故知《<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%9C%9C%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="摩诃般若波罗蜜经">摩訶般若波羅蜜經</a>》等在修多羅經中,以經大事異故別說,是故不在集(集在?)三藏中。……為阿毘曇三種:一者、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8%E7%99%BC%E6%99%BA%E8%AB%96" title="阿毘達磨發智論">阿毘曇身</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8%E5%A4%A7%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99%E8%AB%96" title="阿毘達磨大毘婆沙論">義</a>,略說三十二萬言;二者、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%88%86%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="六分阿毘達磨">六分</a>,略說三十二萬言;三者、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藏釋" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Petakopadesa"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E9%87%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="藏釋(页面不存在)">蜌勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petakopadesa" class="extiw" title="en:Petakopadesa"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Petakopadesa</span></a></span>)</span></span>,略說三十二萬言。……聲聞法中何所不有?六足阿毘曇及其論議分別諸法相,即是般若波羅蜜。八十部律,即是尸羅波羅蜜。阿毘曇中分別諸禪解脫諸三昧等,是禪波羅蜜。三藏本生中讚歎解脫布施忍辱精進,即是三波羅蜜。如是等種種因緣捨<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="般若经">般若波羅蜜</a>,於聲聞經中求薩婆若,如人欲得堅實好木捨其根莖而取枝葉,雖是木名而不中用。復次般若波羅蜜,是三藏根本,得般若波羅蜜已為度眾生,故說餘事是名枝葉。」<br /> 【中期大乘】<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%BA%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="窺基">窺基</a>《大乘法苑義林章》:「西域相傳其義如是。一師說云:世尊亦有別部類說者,花嚴.般若如是等經是素呾纜藏。阿毘達磨(<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E7%B6%93" title="阿毘達磨大乘經">阿毘達磨大乘經</a>)、深密等經是阿毘達磨藏。毘奈耶瞿沙經(毘那耶瞿沙毘佛略經)是毘奈耶藏。此藏梵本。即今西國施無厭寺猶有小分,大徒隱沒。舊人傳云,清淨毘尼經(清淨毘尼方廣經)是毘尼藏。第二師云:隨於所詮以分三藏無別部類。解深密經多詮慧學,文殊問經(文殊師利問經)等多詮戒學,<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E4%B8%89%E6%98%A7%E7%B6%93" title="首楞嚴三昧經">首楞嚴經</a>多詮定學,隨多所詮以分三藏。如涅槃經,始從如是終至奉行俱是修多羅。阿毘達磨經,中具足亦有直非直說,故彼定非是別對法。故從多分以立藏也。三學俱多唯素呾纜,戒定多者唯毘奈耶,唯慧多者對法藏攝。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%A2%E6%98%93" class="mw-disambig" title="錢易">錢易</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E6%96%B0%E6%9B%B8" title="南部新書">南部新書</a>》:「三藏,謂大乘中及<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%A9%86%E5%A4%9A%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="薩婆多部">薩婆多部</a>諸小乘。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%87%8F%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="經量部">經量部</a>師,唯立二藏。<small>比<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%AB%BA" title="天竺">西天</a>宗部各異</small>。一、素怛纜藏,此云《契經》,能契於理及攝生。故《佛地論》云:「能貫攝故名為經。」佛初成道,為五<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%A5%E6%86%8D%E9%99%B3%E5%A6%82" class="mw-redirect" title="阿若憍陳如">俱輪</a>等說四諦十二行法,即《<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E6%B3%95%E8%BD%AE%E7%BB%8F" title="转法轮经">三轉法輪經</a>》為首,此<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E8%BA%AB" title="應身">幻化相</a>而談,名幻性說。初成正覺,為諸菩薩稱<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%95%8C" title="法界">法界</a>性,說《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a>》譬如日出先照高山,爾時聲聞在會。如此方時,即《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%B6%93" title="四十二章經">四十二章經</a>》為首。<small>《開元錄》即《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="大般若经">大般若經</a>》為首</small>。二、毗奈耶藏,此云調伏,如期所應為調伏。故《攝論》云:「調和控御身語等業,制伏滅除諸惡行故」。律即以《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E5%BE%8B" title="四分律">四分</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="戒經">戒經</a>》為上首,即佛成道十二年中說。若約教至此方,即《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%81%BA%E6%95%99%E7%B6%93" title="佛遺教經">遺戒經</a>》為首。<small>又律有大乘、小乘律,今此律藏即以《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E5%9C%B0%E6%8C%81%E7%B6%93" title="菩薩地持經">菩薩地持經</a>》為首,亦名為論,亦名<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%88%92" title="菩薩戒">菩薩戒</a>,此開元次第也</small>。三、阿毗達磨藏,達磨此云法,阿毗有四義,此云對法、數法、伏法、通法。對法向無住<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>故。又有通釋契經義,故此藏亦名鄔波提鑠,古云優波提舍,此云論議。又曰摩呾里迦,古曰摩德里迦,此云本母。自佛在世及滅度後,大、小乘各有制造,不可見其先後,若依《開元錄》,即《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%AB%96" title="大智度論">大智度論</a>》為首,龍樹菩薩造。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《大乘義章》:「修多羅者,中國之言。此方釋者,翻譯非一。或名法本,或復翻為真說語言,或名契經,或翻名綖...諸法星蘿,散周法界,所以次第顯理,在世不墜不失,良以聖教貫穿故。爾貫法之能,如綖貫華,故名為綖...修多羅者,名曰結鬘,能貫諸法。貫法猶是綖之義也。」<br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「梵言素呾纜此名契經。故瑜伽二十五及顯揚第六云:云何素呾纜?由二十四事略攝一切契經。契者,契當至合之義。所言經者,天親論解云:謂能貫穿依故、相故、法故、義故,名素呾纜。謂於是處,由此為此,而有所說,名之為依。真俗諦相,名之為相。十善巧法等,名之為法。義者謂隨密意等以說諸法,名之為義。以四種義釋素呾纜。瑜伽論第二十五.顯揚第二十說:謂佛世尊於彼方所為彼有情,依彼所化諸行差別,宣說無量蘊相應語,乃至廣說,結集法者,攝聚聖語為法久住,以美妙言次第結集,貫穿縫綴,能引義利,能行梵行,真善妙義,是名契經。前來雖以貫穿之義以釋契經,以教貫義,以教攝生,名之為經。猶綖貫花,如經持緯,西域呼汲索縫衣綖席經聖教等皆名素呾纜。眾生由教攝,不散流惡趣。義理由教貫,不散失隱沒,是故聖教名為契經。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《大乘義章》:「言毘尼(Vinaya)者,名別有四。一曰毘尼,二名木叉(mokṣa),三曰尸羅(śīla),四名為律(Upalakṣa)...何故戒行名曰毘尼?有其兩義,一者戒行能滅業非,故稱為滅。二能得彼究竟滅果,故說名滅...言尸羅者,此名清涼,亦名為戒。三業炎非焚燒行人,事等如熱,戒能防息,故名清涼。」<br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「毘奈耶者,此云調伏。八十五云,四種有情,數習邪解脫見所集成界,佛以種種勝解智力及界智力,尋求彼先所有勝解及彼後界,如其所應,為調伏故,多分為轉四種法教,名毘奈耶。故毘奈耶名為調伏。天親釋云:犯罪故,等起故,還淨故,出離故,名毘奈耶,廣說如彼攝論第一。調者和御,伏者制滅,調和控御身.語等業,制伏滅除,諸惡行故,亦調亦伏。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《大乘義章》:「阿毘曇者,名別有四。一名優婆提舍(Upadeśa),二名阿毘曇,三名摩德勒伽(Mātṛkā),亦云摩多羅迦,此正一名,傳之音異。四名摩夷(Mātṛkā)。優婆提舍,此正名論,論諸法故。阿毘曇者,此方正翻,名無比法。阿謂無也,毘謂比也,曇摩名法。解釋有二:一就教論、二據行辨。言就教者,三藏之中毘曇最,為分別中勝,故曰無比。言就行者,毘曇詮慧,慧行最勝,故曰無比。毘曇之教,詮此勝行,故名無比。又能生彼無比之慧,故曰無比。摩德勒伽,此方正翻,名行境界。辨彰行儀,起行所依,名行境界。言摩夷者,此名行母。辨詮行法,能生行故,名為行母。與前境界,其義相似。」<br /> 《大乘法苑義林章》:「阿毘達摩。達摩云法。阿毘四義此云對法,亦云數法.伏法.通法。天親解云:言對義者,此法對向,無住涅槃,能說諸諦菩提分等諸妙行故。若依此解,能對名對,體即是教,能說妙行,向涅槃故。對即是法,名為對法。...亦名數法,於一一法數數宣說,訓釋言詞,自相等故。此以理為法,以教為數,法之數,故名為數法。...亦名伏法,由此具足論處所等,能伏勝他邪異論故。伏體是理,詮伏之法,名為伏法。即依主釋。或教法即伏。由此教法具論處等,能勝伏他邪異論故。...亦名通法,此能釋通,契經義故。經義稱法,此能通彼,名為通法。法之通故。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608215637/https://yifertw.blogspot.com/2014/07/blog-post_18.html">《高麗大藏經構成、底本及板刻之硏究》序</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2022-05-04</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yifertw.blogspot.com/2014/07/blog-post_18.html">原始内容</a>存档于2019-06-08).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%AB%98%E9%BA%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93%E6%A7%8B%E6%88%90%E3%80%81%E5%BA%95%E6%9C%AC%E5%8F%8A%E6%9D%BF%E5%88%BB%E4%B9%8B%E7%A1%8F%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8B%E5%BA%8F&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyifertw.blogspot.com%2F2014%2F07%2Fblog-post_18.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-工作底本-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-工作底本_142-0"><sup><b>128.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-工作底本_142-1"><sup><b>128.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504103000/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/6HSkYBnp8S8FFB6YAKfzsA">永崎研宣:《大正藏》源自《嘉興藏》</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-09-09</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/6HSkYBnp8S8FFB6YAKfzsA">原始内容</a>存档于2022-05-04).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%B0%B8%E5%B4%8E%E7%A0%94%E5%AE%A3%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E8%97%8F%E3%80%8B%E6%BA%90%E8%87%AA%E3%80%8A%E5%98%89%E8%88%88%E8%97%8F%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmp.weixin.qq.com%2Fs%2F6HSkYBnp8S8FFB6YAKfzsA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stone_inscription-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stone_inscription_143-0"><sup><b>129.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stone_inscription_143-1"><sup><b>129.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://163.17.79.102/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91/Content.asp?ID=792&amp;Query=2">石刻文獻</a>. 中國大百科全書. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-04-08</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011144831/http://163.17.79.102/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91/Content.asp?ID=792&amp;Query=2">存档</a>于2016-10-11).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%9F%B3%E5%88%BB%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F163.17.79.102%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E7%2599%25BE%25E7%25A7%2591%2FContent.asp%3FID%3D792%26Query%3D2&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calligraphy2-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calligraphy2_144-0"><sup><b>130.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calligraphy2_144-1"><sup><b>130.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_e353381d0101p8uf.html">佛教與書法:佛教對書法藝術的保存與傳播</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-12-14</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203030819/http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_e353381d0101p8uf.html">存档</a>于2020-12-03).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%9B%B8%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%B0%8D%E6%9B%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E7%9A%84%E4%BF%9D%E5%AD%98%E8%88%87%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.sina.com.cn%2Fs%2Fblog_e353381d0101p8uf.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stone_inscription2-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stone_inscription2_145-0"><sup><b>131.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stone_inscription2_145-1"><sup><b>131.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stone_inscription2_145-2"><sup><b>131.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">徐自强. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nssd.org/articles/Article_Read.aspx?id=1003191622#">北京图书馆藏石刻叙录(七)</a>. 文献. 1982, <b>4</b>: 195–205 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-04-08</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123070327/http://www.nssd.org/articles/Article_Read.aspx?id=1003191622">存档</a>于2020-11-23).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E8%97%8F%E7%9F%B3%E5%88%BB%E5%8F%99%E5%BD%95%28%E4%B8%83%29&amp;rft.au=%E5%BE%90%E8%87%AA%E5%BC%BA&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&amp;rft.pages=195-205&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nssd.org%2Farticles%2FArticle_Read.aspx%3Fid%3D1003191622%23&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stone_inscription3-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stone_inscription3_146-0"><sup><b>132.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stone_inscription3_146-1"><sup><b>132.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">何梅. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419225310/http://www.zhibeifw.com/wap/r.php?id=10303&amp;t=1">石刻佛經</a>. 智悲佛网. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-04-08</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zhibeifw.com/wap/r.php?id=10303&amp;t=1">原始内容</a>存档于2016-04-19).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%9F%B3%E5%88%BB%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93&amp;rft.au=%E4%BD%95%E6%A2%85&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%99%BA%E6%82%B2%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zhibeifw.com%2Fwap%2Fr.php%3Fid%3D10303%26t%3D1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stone_inscription4-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stone_inscription4_147-0"><sup><b>133.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stone_inscription4_147-1"><sup><b>133.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">林子青. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200915014447/http://163.17.79.102/%A4%A4%B0%EA%A4j%A6%CA%AC%EC/Content.asp?ID=63331&amp;Query=8">中國佛教石經</a>. 中國大百科全書. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-04-08</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://163.17.79.102/%A4%A4%B0%EA%A4j%A6%CA%AC%EC/Content.asp?ID=63331&amp;Query=8">原始内容</a>存档于2020-09-15).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9F%B3%E7%B6%93&amp;rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E5%AD%90%E9%9D%92&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F163.17.79.102%2F%25A4%25A4%25B0%25EA%25A4j%25A6%25CA%25AC%25EC%2FContent.asp%3FID%3D63331%26Query%3D8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">釋氏通鑑:「蘇州重玄寺刊石壁經成。白居易為碑。略云。夫開示悟入諸佛知見。以了義度無邊。以圓教垂無窮。莫尊於法華經。凡六萬九千五百五言。證無生忍。造不二門。住不思議解脫。莫極於維摩經。凡二萬七千九十二言。攝四生九類。入無餘涅槃。實無得度者。莫先於金剛經。凡五千二百八十七言。壞罪集福。淨一切惡道。莫急於尊勝陀羅尼經。凡三千二十言。應念隨願生極樂土。莫急於彌陀經。凡一千八百言。用正見觀真相。莫出於普賢行法經。凡六千九百九十言。詮自性認本覺。莫深於實相法密經。凡三千一百五言。空法塵依佛智。莫過於般若心經。凡二百五十八言。是八種經。具十二部三乘之要旨。萬佛之祕藏盡矣」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">黃夏年. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404140412/http://wwwcnkicomcn.cnkimm.mm.yuntsg.cn:2222/Article/CJFDTotal-WXQS201705008.htm">唐代重元寺考</a>. 江南大學學報. 2017, <b>5</b> <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-04-04</span>&#93;</span>. 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(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcedu.org/fjwh/shufa/02.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2016-10-11).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.btitle=%E7%A6%AA%E4%BD%9B%E6%9B%B8%E8%97%9D%E8%88%89%E9%9A%85&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcedu.org%2Ffjwh%2Fshufa%2F02.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">汪娟. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151227043319/http://mcu.edu.tw/~cwang/4/4-1.pdf">敦煌遺書中的佛經簡介</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 法光. 1990, <b>12</b> <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-12-26</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcu.edu.tw/~cwang/4/4-1.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2015-12-27).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E9%81%BA%E6%9B%B8%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8B&amp;rft.au=%E6%B1%AA%E5%A8%9F&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%85%89&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcu.edu.tw%2F~cwang%2F4%2F4-1.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">鄭阿財. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zgs.org.tw/epaperSystem/periodical/9609/epaper6-2.htm">幾件極具深意的敦煌特殊寫經</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-04-08</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205225018/https://www.zgs.org.tw/epaperSystem/periodical/9609/epaper6-2.htm">存档</a>于2020-12-05).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E9%84%AD%E9%98%BF%E8%B2%A1&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%B9%BE%E4%BB%B6%E6%A5%B5%E5%85%B7%E6%B7%B1%E6%84%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E5%AF%AB%E7%B6%93&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zgs.org.tw%2FepaperSystem%2Fperiodical%2F9609%2Fepaper6-2.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">方廣錩. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yifertw.blogspot.tw/2009/08/blog-post_28.html">敦煌遺書中的佛教文獻及其價值</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-04-08</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220064102/http://yifertw.blogspot.tw/2009/08/blog-post_28.html">存档</a>于2016-12-20).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;rft.au=%E6%96%B9%E5%BB%A3%E9%8C%A9&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E9%81%BA%E6%9B%B8%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyifertw.blogspot.tw%2F2009%2F08%2Fblog-post_28.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.sanmin.com.tw/Product/Index/004698512">歷代名家書金剛經(簡體書)</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-04-08</span>&#93;</span>. 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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789575982447" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-957-598-244-7</a></li> <li>水野弘元,《佛典成立史》,東大圖書,2007,<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789571928814" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-957-19-2881-4</a></li> <li>陳士強,《大藏經總目提要·經藏》,上海古籍出版社,2007</li> <li>陳士強,《大藏經總目提要·律藏》,上海古籍出版社,2015</li> <li>陳士強,《大藏經總目提要·論藏》,上海古籍出版社,2019</li> <li>何梅,《歴代漢文大藏經目録新考》,社會科學文獻出版社,2014年</li> <li>唐納德·羅佩茲,《佛教解釋學》,上海古籍出版社,2009年</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="编辑章节:英文佛典"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/index.html">Access to Insight</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120814120331/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/index.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)(南傳上座部佛典英譯)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://84000.co/ch">八萬四千•佛典傳譯</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201118022427/http://84000.co/ch">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)(欽哲基金會 - 藏文大藏經英譯)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="參考資源"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.BA.90"></span>參考資源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="编辑章节:參考資源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/DLMBS/index.jsp">佛學數位圖書館暨博物館</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201206011426/http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/DLMBS/index.jsp">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaya.org.tw/library/index.html">香光尼眾佛學院圖書館</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201206011417/http://www.gaya.org.tw/library/index.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idp.bl.uk/">International Dunhuang Project-國際敦煌項目</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110720084858/http://idp.bl.uk/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbrc.org/#!home">Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110210163458/http://www.tbrc.org/#!home">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhistelibrary.org/">Buddhist eLibrary Project</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201112024850/http://www.buddhistelibrary.org/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ckc.eduhk.hk:8080/">梵漢對勘雙語語料庫</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200921014658/http://ckc.eduhk.hk:8080/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authority.dila.edu.tw/">佛學規範資料庫</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201206011518/http://authority.dila.edu.tw/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhistdoor.net/dictionary">佛學辭典</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201127211559/https://www.buddhistdoor.net/dictionary">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a 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style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dharma_wheel.svg/50px-Dharma_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dharma_wheel.svg/75px-Dharma_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dharma_wheel.svg/100px-Dharma_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="538" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Portal:佛教">佛教主题</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" 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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:佛教主题"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="class=noviewer&amp;#124;16x16px_佛教主题" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Portal:佛教">佛教主题</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛學大綱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛學大綱(页面不存在)">佛學大綱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%9D_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三宝 (佛教)">三宝</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼">佛</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E5%90%8D%E8%99%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="佛陀名號列表">諸佛</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="法 (佛教)">法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD" title="僧伽">僧</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B" title="四谛">四圣谛</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="苦 (佛教)">苦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B#集諦" title="四谛">集</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="滅諦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nirodha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AD%E8%B0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="灭谛">滅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirodha" class="extiw" title="en:Nirodha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nirodha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B#道諦" title="四谛">道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%81%96%E9%81%93%E5%88%86" title="八聖道分">八正道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%BC%98" title="十二因缘">十二因缘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8A" title="蘊">五蘊</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="色 (佛教)">色</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97" title="受">受</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="想 (佛教)">想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%98%8A" title="行蘊">行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%98" title="識">識</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%95%8C" title="十八界">十八界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7" title="緣起">緣起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%B8" title="三學">三學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" title="波羅密">波罗密</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%BA%A6" title="六度">六度</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0" title="三法印">三法印</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="空 (佛教)">空性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">真如</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%81%93_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="中道 (佛教)">中道</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼">釋迦牟尼佛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛陀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5" title="如来">如来</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%95" title="佛誕">佛誕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%96%80%E9%81%8A%E8%A7%80" title="四門遊觀">四門遊觀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E7%A8%AE%E5%A5%BD" title="三十二相八十種好">三十二相八十種好</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%B6%B3%E7%9F%B3" title="佛足石">足印</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛陀的神迹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E%E8%BF%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛陀的神迹(页面不存在)">神迹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Miracles of Gautama Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Miracles of Gautama Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛陀的家庭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Family of Gautama Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛陀的家庭(页面不存在)">家庭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Family of Gautama Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Family of Gautama Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E9%A5%AD%E7%8E%8B" title="净饭王">净饭王<small>(父亲)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="摩耶夫人">摩耶夫人 <small>(母亲)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E6%B3%A2%E9%97%8D%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90" title="摩訶波闍波提">摩訶波闍波提<small>(姨母,庶母)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%BE%93%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97" title="耶输陀罗">耶输陀罗 <small>(妻子)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%9D%BA%E7%BD%97" title="罗睺罗">罗睺罗 <small>(儿子)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9A%BE" title="阿难">阿难 <small>(堂弟)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%86%E9%81%94%E5%A4%9A" title="提婆達多">提婆達多 <small>(堂弟)</small></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%">佛陀弟子</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90" title="十大弟子">十大弟子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="大迦葉">大迦葉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%8A%8D%E9%80%A3" title="目犍連">目犍連</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E6%A8%93%E9%82%A3" title="富樓那">富樓那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90" class="mw-redirect" title="須菩提">須菩提</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97" title="舍利弗">舍利弗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%9D%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="羅睺羅">羅睺羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="阿難陀">阿難陀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E9%9B%A2" title="優婆離">優婆離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿那律">阿那律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%83%E5%BB%B6" title="迦旃延">迦旃延</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="五比丘">五比丘</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%A5%E6%86%8D%E9%99%88%E5%A6%82" title="阿若憍陈如">憍陳如</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%8B%E6%8F%90" title="跋提">跋提</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%8B%E6%B3%A2" title="跋波">跋波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AA%AA%E7%A4%BA" title="阿說示">阿說示</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E7%94%B7" title="摩訶男">摩訶男</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E5%88%A9%E6%A7%83%E7%89%B9" title="周利槃特">周利槃特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AE%E6%8E%98%E9%AD%94%E7%BE%85" title="央掘魔羅">央掘魔羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%83%E5%BB%B6" title="迦旃延">迦旃延</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教人物列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Buddhists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教人物列表(页面不存在)">佛教人物列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" class="extiw" title="en:List of Buddhists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Buddhists</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="佛教用语列表">术语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三相 (佛教)">三相</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%B8%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="无常 (佛教)">无常</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="苦 (佛教)">苦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%91" title="非我">非我</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7" title="緣起">緣起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8A" title="蘊">蕴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="因果论 (佛教)">因果论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E7%94%9F" title="結生">結生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="轮回 (佛教)">轮回</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-disambig" title="行">行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A9%E6%83%B1_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="煩惱 (佛教)">烦恼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%98%8E" title="无明">无明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="愛 (佛教)">贪爱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%93%8B" title="五蓋">五蓋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="結 (佛教)">結</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="根 (佛教)">根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%8A%E6%AD%A3%E7%AD%89%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%BA" title="無上正等正覺">無上正等正覺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="般涅槃">般涅槃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">真如</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%AB%A6" title="二諦">二諦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="空 (佛教)">空性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E5%BF%83" title="菩提心">菩提心</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" title="菩萨">菩萨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7" title="佛性">佛性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%9B%B8%E7%BA%8C" title="心相續">心相續</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%86%E6%BB%A1" title="大圆满">大圆满</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%">倫理和世界觀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教伦理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist ethics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教伦理(页面不存在)">佛教伦理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist ethics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist ethics</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%B6%E7%9C%BE" title="在家眾">在家眾</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB" title="居士">居士</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A1%9E" title="優婆塞">優婆塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A4%B7" title="優婆夷">優婆夷</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E6%89%80%E8%AA%AA%E7%B6%93" title="維摩詰所說經">维摩经</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="維摩詰菩薩">維摩詰菩薩</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88%E5%B0%B8%E8%BF%A6%E7%BE%85%E8%B6%8A%E7%B6%93" title="教授尸迦羅越經">善生經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB%E6%88%92" title="居士戒">居士戒</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%88%92" title="五戒">五戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E9%97%9C%E9%BD%8B%E6%88%92" title="八關齋戒">八戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%96%84" title="十善">十善業戒</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%88%92" title="菩薩戒">菩薩戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="因果论 (佛教)">佛教因果論</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="業 (佛教)">業與業力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%A0%E4%BA%94%E6%9E%9C" title="六因五果">六因五果</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%91" title="非我">非我</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%B8%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="无常 (佛教)">無常</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93" title="菩薩道">菩薩道</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E6%82%B2" title="慈悲">慈悲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%88%E6%96%BD" title="佈施">佈施</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="轮回 (佛教)">轮回</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E4%B8%96" title="轉世">轉世</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A1%E4%BA%BA%E8%90%BD%E9%81%93" title="亡人落道">亡人落道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%93%B6%E6%8E%A3%E7%B1%A4" title="金瓶掣籤">金瓶掣籤</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%8F%A4" title="祖古">活佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E4%B8%96%E7%81%B5%E7%AB%A5" title="转世灵童">转世灵童</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%95%8C" title="法界">法界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E9%96%93" title="世間">世間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E4%B8%96%E9%96%93" title="出世間">出世間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="大千世界">大千世界</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E5%A9%86%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="娑婆世界">娑婆世界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BB%E5%BC%A5%E5%B1%B1" title="须弥山">须弥山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%B2" title="四大部洲">四大部洲</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E7%95%8C" title="十界">十法界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%95%8C_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三界 (佛教)">三界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%B2%E7%95%8C" title="欲界">欲界</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%B2%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="欲界天">欲界天</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%81%93" title="六道">五道</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%81%93" title="六道">六道</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="天人 (佛教)">天道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="人道 (佛教)">人道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BF%AE%E7%BD%97_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="阿修罗 (佛教)">阿修罗道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A4%93%E9%AC%BC" title="餓鬼">餓鬼道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%9C%E7%94%9F" title="畜生">畜生道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%8D%84_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="地獄 (佛教)">地獄道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="福德 (佛教)">功德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7" title="佛性">佛性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E4%BE%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="法供 (佛教)">供养</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="Category:佛教神話">佛教神話</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教與暴力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and violence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教與暴力(页面不存在)">佛教與暴力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and violence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and violence</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%A2%AE%E8%83%8E" title="佛教與墮胎">佛教與墮胎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="佛教與自殺">佛教與自盡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%8B%E9%A3%9F" title="斋食">斋食</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%94%9F" title="放生">放生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%92%B0%E4%BF%9D%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="佛教環保運動">佛教環保運動</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教中的女性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Women in Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教中的女性(页面不存在)">佛教中的女性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Women in Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Women in Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%95%AC%E6%B3%95" title="八敬法">八敬法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E5%A5%B3%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%BE%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83" title="善女子佛教女眾國際協會">善女子佛教女眾國際協會</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教与身体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and the body"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E8%BA%AB%E4%BD%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教与身体(页面不存在)">佛教与身体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_body" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and the body"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and the body</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教和性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and sexuality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E6%80%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教和性(页面不存在)">佛教和性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and sexuality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and sexuality</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80%E8%88%87%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="同性戀與佛教">同性戀與佛教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="佛教经济学">佛教经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="佛教哲学">佛教哲学</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教和西方哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and Western philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教和西方哲学(页面不存在)">佛教和西方哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and Western philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and Western philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教和心理学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教和心理学(页面不存在)">佛教和心理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教和科学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教和科学(页面不存在)">佛教和科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and science</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0" title="佛教聖地">佛教聖地</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="佛教修行制度">修行制度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="比丘">比丘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98%E5%B0%BC" title="比丘尼">比丘尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C" title="沙彌">沙彌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C%E5%B0%BC" title="沙彌尼">沙彌尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6%E7%9C%BE" title="出家眾">出家人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%9C" title="阿姜">阿姜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%9A" title="西亞多">西亞多</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%88" title="三藏法师">三藏法师</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%B8%AB" title="禪師">禪師</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="老師 (禅宗)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rōshi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E5%B8%AB_(%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="老師 (禅宗)(页面不存在)">老师</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" class="extiw" title="en:Rōshi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rōshi</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="喇嘛">喇嘛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%87" title="仁波切">仁波切</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%A5%BF" title="格西">格西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%8F%A4" title="祖古">祖古</a>(活佛)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" title="菩萨">菩萨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%B6%E7%9C%BE" title="在家眾">在家眾</a>/ <a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB" title="居士">居士</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A1%9E" title="優婆塞">優婆塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A4%B7" title="優婆夷">優婆夷</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%BB" title="声闻">声闻</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%B3%95%E9%96%80" title="Category:佛教修行法門">修行法门</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%AD%B7%E8%A1%9B%E7%A6%AA" title="四護衛禪">四護衛禪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%A2%B5%E4%BD%8F" title="四梵住">四梵住</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="慈 (佛教)">慈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%B2_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="悲 (佛教)">悲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="喜 (佛教)">喜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="捨 (佛教)">捨</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%B8" title="三學">三學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%91%A9%E5%9C%B0" title="三摩地">定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="慧 (佛教)">慧</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E5%88%86%E6%B3%95" title="三十七菩提分法">三十七菩提分法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BF%B5%E4%BD%8F" title="四念住">四念住</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%AD%A3%E5%8B%A4" title="四正勤">四正勤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%A5%9E%E8%B6%B3" title="四神足">四神足</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="力 (佛教)">五力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E8%A6%BA%E6%94%AF" title="七覺支">七覺支</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%81%96%E9%81%93%E5%88%86" title="八聖道分">八正道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" title="波羅密">波罗密</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%88%E6%96%BD" title="佈施">佈施</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">持戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%8D_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="忍 (佛教)">忍辱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%BF%9B" title="精进">精进</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%9A" title="禪定">禪定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="慧 (佛教)">般若</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%88%E4%BE%9D" title="皈依">皈依</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%BE%9D%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%9D" title="四依四不依">四依四不依</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="献身 (佛教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist devotion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8C%AE%E8%BA%AB_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="献身 (佛教)(页面不存在)">献身</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist devotion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist devotion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%83" title="法會">法會</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="祭品 (佛教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Offering (Buddhism)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%AD%E5%93%81_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="祭品 (佛教)(页面不存在)">祭品</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="extiw" title="en:Offering (Buddhism)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Offering (Buddhism)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="跪拜 (佛教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prostration (Buddhism)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AA%E6%8B%9C_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="跪拜 (佛教)(页面不存在)">跪拜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" class="extiw" title="en:Prostration (Buddhism)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prostration (Buddhism)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">持戒</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%88%92" title="五戒">五戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%88%92" title="菩薩戒">菩薩戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E6%9C%A8%E5%8F%89" title="波羅提木叉">波羅提木叉</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="福德 (佛教)">功德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="护卫经" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paritta"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%A4%E5%8D%AB%E7%BB%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="护卫经(页面不存在)">护卫经</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paritta" class="extiw" title="en:Paritta"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paritta</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E9%9B%A2" title="出離">出離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="力 (佛教)">五学力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="信 (佛教)">信</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="禪學">禪學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%A6_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8)" title="諦 (印度哲學)">諦 (印度哲學)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="諦 (佛教)">諦 (佛教)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%9A" title="禪定">禪定</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E6%80%9B%E7%BE%85" title="曼怛羅">曼怛羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9A%E5%A4%84" title="业处">四十业处</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E5%BF%B5" title="随念">随念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E8%88%AC%E9%82%A3%E5%BF%B5" title="安那般那念">安那般那念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A2%E6%91%A9%E4%BB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="奢摩他">奢摩他</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="觀 (佛教)">觀 (佛教)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E7%85%A7%E7%A6%AA" title="默照禪">默照禪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%9D%90" class="mw-redirect" title="禪坐">禪坐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%A1%88" title="公案">公案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%8D%BC%E7%BE%85" title="曼荼羅">曼荼羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%BB%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E6%B3%95" title="自他交換法">自他交換法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9B%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86%E6%95%99" title="怛特羅密教">怛特羅密教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%AB" title="伏藏師">伏藏師</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E8%97%8F" title="伏藏">伏藏</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%B5%E4%BD%9B" title="念佛">念佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E6%B3%95%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="淨土法門">淨土法門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%8F%E6%82%94" title="忏悔">忏悔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6%E8%A1%8C" title="苦行">苦行</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="頭陀">頭陀</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E9%87%8F" title="現量">證量</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛陀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">辟支佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93#菩薩位階" title="菩薩道">菩萨位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%90%91%E5%9B%9B%E6%9E%9C" title="四向四果">四向四果</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E9%99%80%E6%B4%B9" title="須陀洹">須陀洹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%99%80%E5%90%AB" title="斯陀含">斯陀含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%90%AB" title="阿那含">阿那含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" title="阿罗汉">阿罗汉</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="般涅槃">般涅槃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E5%9C%B0" title="悉地">悉地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E6%AC%A1%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%9A" title="九次第定">九次第定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%80%9A" title="神通">神通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%98%8E%E5%85%AD%E9%80%9A" title="三明六通">三明六通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E4%BD%8D" title="果位">果位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B3%E8%BA%AB%E6%88%90%E4%BD%9B" title="即身成佛">即生成佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E8%BA%AB%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="肉身菩薩">肉身菩薩</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">經典</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="三藏">三藏</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E8%97%8F" title="经藏">经藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="律藏">律藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%97%8F" title="論藏">論藏</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="大藏经">大藏经</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="巴利三藏">巴利三藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%B0%E8%84%A9%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93" title="大正新脩大藏經">大正藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93" title="乾隆大藏經">乾隆大藏經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="藏文大藏经">藏文大藏经</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">原始佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="阿含經">阿含經</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%9F%AF%E8%80%B6" title="尼柯耶">巴利經藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%A5%E7%B6%93" title="法句經">法句經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="本生 (佛教)">本生經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E5%BE%8B" title="四分律">四分律</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%88%86%E5%BE%8B" title="五分律">五分律</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="巴利律藏">巴利律藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" title="阿毘達磨">阿毘達磨</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E6%89%80%E8%AA%AA%E7%B6%93" title="維摩詰所說經">維摩經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="大般若经">大般若经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B6%93" title="金剛經">金剛經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%B6%93" title="般若波羅蜜多心經">心經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E7%A5%96%E5%9D%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="六祖坛经">六祖坛经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%99%E6%B3%95%E8%8E%B2%E5%8D%8E%E7%BB%8F" title="妙法莲华经">妙法莲华经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="淨土五經一論">淨土三經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E7%B6%B2%E7%B6%93" class="mw-disambig" title="梵網經">梵網經</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">金剛乘佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E7%B6%93" title="大日經">大日經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E7%B6%93" title="金光明經">金光明經</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%88%86%E6%95%99" title="九分教">九分教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E6%95%99" title="十二分教">十二分教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%88%A4" title="教判">判教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97%E5%88%A4%E6%95%99" title="天台宗判教">天台宗判教</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%AB" title="佛教派别">流派與系統</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B9%98" title="三乘">三乘</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%BB" title="声闻">聲聞乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">緣覺乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93" title="菩薩道">菩薩道</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%A0%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="南传菩萨道">南传菩萨道</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%9B%E4%B9%98" title="一佛乘">一佛乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="小乘佛教">小乘佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="北傳佛教">北傳佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="汉传佛教">漢傳大乘佛教</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E6%B4%BE" title="漢傳佛教宗派">十宗</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">漢傳密宗</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%AF%86" title="唐密">唐密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="东密">东密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="台密">台密</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97" title="禅宗">禅宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E5%AE%97" title="淨土宗">淨土宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%97" title="律宗">律宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97" title="天台宗">天台宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%9B%B8%E5%AE%97" title="法相宗">唯識宗</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="藏傳密宗">金刚乘佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E7%8E%9B%E6%B4%BE" title="宁玛派">宁玛派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E8%88%89%E6%B4%BE" title="噶舉派">噶舉派</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Category:佛教組織">佛教组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="佛教现代主义">佛教现代主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="佛教历史">歷史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">初期佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">金剛乘佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="结集">結集</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%88%8D%E5%9F%8E%E7%B5%90%E9%9B%86" title="王舍城結集">第一次結集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="第二次结集">第二次结集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="第三次结集">第三次结集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="第四次结集">第四次结集</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8B" title="十事">十事非法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="根本分裂">根本分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%9B%A3" title="法難">法難</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%AD%A6%E7%81%AD%E4%BD%9B" title="三武灭佛">三武一宗滅佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E9%9D%9E%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E8%AB%96%E8%AB%8D" title="大乘非佛說論諍">大乘非佛說論諍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86" title="上座部佛教与大乘佛教的基本共识">上座部佛教与大乘佛教的基本共识</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%9F%E6%B3%95%E8%BF%90" title="三期法运">三期法运</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%">地区/国别</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南亞佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in South Asia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="南亞佛教(页面不存在)">南亞佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Asia" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in South Asia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in South Asia</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="印度佛教">印度佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="阿富汗佛教">阿富汗佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="孟加拉國佛教">孟加拉國佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="尼泊尔佛教">尼泊尔佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="巴基斯坦佛教">巴基斯坦佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="斯里兰卡佛教">斯里兰卡佛教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="东南亚佛教">东南亚佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="泰國佛教">泰國佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="緬甸佛教">緬甸佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="柬埔寨佛教">柬埔寨佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="寮國佛教">寮國佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="越南佛教">越南佛教</a>中、南部</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="印尼佛教">印尼佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="马来西亚佛教">马来西亚佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="新加坡佛教">新加坡佛教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菲律宾佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in the Philippines"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="菲律宾佛教(页面不存在)">菲律宾佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in the Philippines"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in the Philippines</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文莱佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Brunei"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%8E%B1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="文莱佛教(页面不存在)">文莱佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brunei" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Brunei"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Brunei</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马尔代夫佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in the Maldives"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%AB%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="马尔代夫佛教(页面不存在)">马尔代夫佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in the Maldives"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in the Maldives</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="東亞佛教">東亞佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="中国佛教">中国佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教">日本佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="朝鲜佛教">朝鲜佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="台灣佛教">台灣佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="越南佛教">越南佛教</a>北部</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏地佛教</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藏地佛教史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="藏地佛教史(页面不存在)">藏地佛教史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:History of Tibetan Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="不丹佛教">不丹佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="蒙古國佛教">蒙古佛教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="內蒙古宗教#佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia#Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="內蒙古宗教(页面不存在)">內蒙古佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia#Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Religion in Inner Mongolia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia#Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="俄罗斯佛教">俄罗斯佛教</a>西、南部</li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中亞佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Central Asia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中亞佛教(页面不存在)">中亞佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Central Asia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Central Asia</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%8C%B2%E5%88%A5%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="烏茲別克斯坦佛教">烏茲別克斯坦佛教</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中东佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in the Middle East"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中东佛教(页面不存在)">中东佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in the Middle East"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in the Middle East</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="伊朗佛教">伊朗佛教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">西方佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="美国佛教">美国佛教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英国佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="英国佛教(页面不存在)">英国佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in the United Kingdom"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in the United Kingdom</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="法国佛教(页面不存在)">法国佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in France</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="比利时佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Belgium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="比利时佛教(页面不存在)">比利时佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Belgium" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Belgium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Belgium</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="澳大利亚佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Australia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="澳大利亚佛教(页面不存在)">澳大利亚佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Australia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Australia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿根廷佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Argentina"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿根廷佛教(页面不存在)">阿根廷佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Argentina"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Argentina</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴西佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Brazil"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="巴西佛教(页面不存在)">巴西佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Brazil"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Brazil</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="委内瑞拉佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Venezuela"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%94%E5%86%85%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="委内瑞拉佛教(页面不存在)">委内瑞拉佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Venezuela"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Venezuela</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%">藝術</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="佛教藝術">佛教藝術</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教象征符号" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist symbolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%81%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教象征符号(页面不存在)">符号</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist symbolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist symbolism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教建築" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教建築(页面不存在)">佛教建築</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist architecture</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%AF%BA" title="佛寺">寺院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="日本佛教建築">日本佛教建築</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藏地佛教建築" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="藏地佛教建築(页面不存在)">藏地佛教建築</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Tibetan Buddhist architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="佛教音樂">佛教音樂</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E5%94%84" title="梵唄">梵唄</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%99%A8" title="法器">法器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%83%8F" title="佛像">佛像</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="中国佛教雕塑">中国佛教雕塑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%B6%B3%E7%9F%B3" title="佛足石">佛足石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%A2%98%E6%9D%90%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" title="Category:佛教题材作品">佛教題材作品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82" title="Category:佛教电影节">佛教電影節</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffeec2;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Buddhism_dham_jak.gif/20px-Buddhism_dham_jak.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Buddhism_dham_jak.gif/30px-Buddhism_dham_jak.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Buddhism_dham_jak.gif/40px-Buddhism_dham_jak.gif 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li> <li><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛學大綱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛學大綱(页面不存在)">提纲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Category:佛教">分类</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="佛教用语列表">詞表</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="汉传佛教"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/20px-Dharma_Wheel.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/30px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/40px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></li> <li><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教相关條目索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of Buddhism-related articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教相关條目索引(页面不存在)">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of Buddhism-related articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of Buddhism-related articles</span></a></span>)</span></span></b></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Buddhism" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Buddhism"><b>共享</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Buddhism" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Buddhism"><b>语录</b></a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏传佛教"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tibetian_Wheel.gif/20px-Tibetian_Wheel.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tibetian_Wheel.gif/30px-Tibetian_Wheel.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tibetian_Wheel.gif/40px-Tibetian_Wheel.gif 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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