Multispecies Ion Acceleration in 3D Magnetic Reconnection with Hybrid-Kinetic Simulations

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usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ndp3Ief5zXyW0HXrGXmpP8ve4FaCd3WepgBvL4YFG6kJFFEIrlCADqqe7ko9Fzrk"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ndp3Ief5zXyW0HXrGXmpP8ve4FaCd3WepgBvL4YFG6kJFFEIrlCADqqe7ko9Fzrk"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ndp3Ief5zXyW0HXrGXmpP8ve4FaCd3WepgBvL4YFG6kJFFEIrlCADqqe7ko9Fzrk"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ndp3Ief5zXyW0HXrGXmpP8ve4FaCd3WepgBvL4YFG6kJFFEIrlCADqqe7ko9Fzrk"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="38563953"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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<div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Zhang+Q&cauthor_id=38563953" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Qile Zhang">Qile Zhang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Guo+F&cauthor_id=38563953" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Fan Guo">Fan Guo</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Daughton+W&cauthor_id=38563953" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="William Daughton">William Daughton</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Li+H&cauthor_id=38563953" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Hui Li">Hui Li</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Le+A&cauthor_id=38563953" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ari Le">Ari Le</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Phan+T&cauthor_id=38563953" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Tai Phan">Tai Phan</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Desai+M&cauthor_id=38563953" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Mihir Desai">Mihir Desai</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78238, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" aria-controls="expanded-authors" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore 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Texas 78249, USA.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">38563953</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.115201&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.132.115201" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.115201 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> <div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading"> <h1 class="heading-title"> Multispecies Ion Acceleration in 3D Magnetic Reconnection with Hybrid-Kinetic Simulations </h1> <div class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Qile 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ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Guo+F&cauthor_id=38563953" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Fan Guo">Fan Guo</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Daughton+W&cauthor_id=38563953" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="William Daughton">William Daughton</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Li+H&cauthor_id=38563953" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Hui Li">Hui Li</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Le+A&cauthor_id=38563953" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ari Le">Ari Le</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Phan+T&cauthor_id=38563953" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Tai Phan">Tai Phan</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Desai+M&cauthor_id=38563953" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Mihir Desai">Mihir Desai</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78238, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2" id="short-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3" id="short-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78238, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">38563953</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.115201&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.132.115201" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.115201 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/38563953/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/38563953/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" 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We perform the first 3D hybrid simulations (fluid electrons, kinetic ions) that contain sufficient scale separation to produce nonthermal heavy-ion acceleration, with fragmented flux ropes critical for accelerating all species. We demonstrate the acceleration of all ion species (up to Fe) into power-law spectra with similar indices, by a common Fermi acceleration mechanism. The upstream ion velocities influence the first Fermi reflection for injection. The subsequent onsets of Fermi acceleration are delayed for ions with lower charge-mass ratios (Q/M), until growing flux ropes magnetize them. This leads to a species-dependent maximum energy/nucleon ∝(Q/M)^{α}. These findings are consistent with in situ observations in reconnection regions, suggesting Fermi acceleration as the dominant multispecies ion acceleration mechanism. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/34767407/" ref="article_id=34767407&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="34767407" data-ga-label=""> Efficient Nonthermal Ion and Electron Acceleration Enabled by the Flux-Rope Kink Instability in 3D Nonrelativistic Magnetic Reconnection. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Zhang Q, Guo F, Daughton W, Li H, Li X.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Zhang Q, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Phys Rev Lett. 2021 Oct 29;127(18):185101. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.185101.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Phys Rev Lett. 2021.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">34767407</span></span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/33861105/" ref="article_id=33861105&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="33861105" data-ga-label=""> Electron Acceleration during Macroscale Magnetic Reconnection. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Arnold H, Drake JF, Swisdak M, Guo F, Dahlin JT, Chen B, Fleishman G, Glesener L, Kontar E, Phan T, Shen C.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Arnold H, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Phys Rev Lett. 2021 Apr 2;126(13):135101. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.135101.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Phys Rev Lett. 2021.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">33861105</span></span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/37032657/" ref="article_id=37032657&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=3" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="37032657" data-ga-label=""> Properties and Acceleration Mechanisms of Electrons Up To 200 keV Associated With a Flux Rope Pair and Reconnection X-Lines Around It in Earth's Plasma Sheet. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Sun W, Turner DL, Zhang Q, Wang S, Egedal J, Leonard T, Slavin JA, Hu Q, Cohen IJ, Genestreti K, Poh G, Gershman DJ, Smith A, Le G, Nakamura R, Giles BL, Ergun RE, Burch JL.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Sun W, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">J Geophys Res Space Phys. 2022 Dec;127(12):e2022JA030721. doi: 10.1029/2022JA030721. 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Multispecies Ion Acceleration in 3D Magnetic Reconnection with Hybrid-Kinetic Simulations - PubMed