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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="علوم التاريخ المساعدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علوم التاريخ المساعدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciplines_auxiliares_de_la_historia" title="Disciplines auxiliares de la historia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Disciplines auxiliares de la historia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6m%C9%99k%C3%A7i_tarix_elml%C9%99ri" title="Köməkçi tarix elmləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Köməkçi tarix elmləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Спецыяльныя гістарычныя дысцыпліны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спецыяльныя гістарычныя дысцыпліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomocn%C3%A9_v%C4%9Bdy_historick%C3%A9" title="Pomocné vědy historické – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pomocné vědy historické" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historische_Hilfswissenschaften" title="Historische Hilfswissenschaften – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Historische Hilfswissenschaften" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Auxiliary sciences of history" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciplinas_afines_usadas_en_Historia" title="Disciplinas afines usadas en Historia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disciplinas afines usadas en Historia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helpaj_historiaj_sciencoj" title="Helpaj historiaj sciencoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Helpaj historiaj sciencoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_auxiliaire_de_l%27histoire" title="Science auxiliaire de l'histoire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Science auxiliaire de l'histoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%B3%B4%EC%A1%B0%ED%95%99" title="역사보조학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역사보조학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo%C4%87ne_povijesne_znanosti" title="Pomoćne povijesne znanosti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pomoćne povijesne znanosti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienze_ausiliarie_della_storia" title="Scienze ausiliarie della storia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scienze ausiliarie della storia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="מדעי עזר בהיסטוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדעי עזר בהיסטוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_ad_historiam_scribendam_pertinens" title="Scientia ad historiam scribendam pertinens – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scientia ad historiam scribendam pertinens" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%AE%E8%A3%9C%E5%8A%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="歴史の補助学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="歴史の補助学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia_auxiliara_de_l%27ist%C3%B2ria" title="Sciéncia auxiliara de l'istòria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sciéncia auxiliara de l'istòria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauki_pomocnicze_historii" title="Nauki pomocnicze historii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nauki pomocnicze historii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%AAncias_auxiliares_da_Hist%C3%B3ria" title="Ciências auxiliares da História – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciências auxiliares da História" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_auxiliare_ale_istoriei" title="Științe auxiliare ale istoriei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Științe auxiliare ale istoriei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Вспомогательные исторические дисциплины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вспомогательные исторические дисциплины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkencat_ndihm%C3%ABse_t%C3%AB_historis%C3%AB" title="Shkencat ndihmëse të historisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkencat ndihmëse të historisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomocn%C3%A1_veda_historick%C3%A1" title="Pomocná veda historická – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pomocná veda historická" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo%C5%BEne_zgodovinske_vede" title="Pomožne zgodovinske vede – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pomožne zgodovinske vede" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9B%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Помоћне историјске науке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Помоћне историјске науке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiska_hj%C3%A4lpvetenskaper" title="Historiska hjälpvetenskaper – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Historiska hjälpvetenskaper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin_yard%C4%B1mc%C4%B1_bilimleri" title="Tarihin yardımcı bilimleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tarihin yardımcı bilimleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Спеціальні історичні дисципліни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спеціальні історичні дисципліни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="历史的辅助科学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="历史的辅助科学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The <b>Auxiliary sciences of history</b> are <a href="/wiki/Discipline_(study)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discipline (study)">fields of study</a> based on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_sources&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical sources (not yet started)">historical sources</a> and items.<sup id="cite_ref-Drake_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of these fields of study started between the 16th and 19th centuries. At first, they were started by <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">students of old artifacts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, "History" was thought of only as a <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literary</a> skill. </p><p>In the late 18th century the study of history became more <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empirical</a>. This change was lead by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen_School_of_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Göttingen School of History (not yet started)">Göttingen School of History</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in the mid-19th century, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a> also focused on it. These changes lead to the rise of the trained <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> as a skill.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The auxiliary sciences of history include, but are not limited to:<sup id="cite_ref-Drake_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">Archeology</a>, the study of human activity</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeography (not yet started)">Archaeography</a>, the study of ancient documents</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archival_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archival science (not yet started)">Archival science</a>, the study and theory of making and maintaining archives</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chorography (not yet started)">Chorography</a>, the study of regions and places</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a>, the study of the sequence of past events</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliometrics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cliometrics (not yet started)">Cliometrics</a>, using <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic theory (not yet started)">economic theory</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mathematical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical">mathematical</a> methods to study history</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codicology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codicology (not yet started)">Codicology</a>, the study of books</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatics" title="Diplomatics">Diplomatics</a>, the study historical documents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a>, the study of ancient inscriptions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a>, the study of family relationships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a>, the study of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roll_of_arms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roll of arms (not yet started)">armorial devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics</a>, the study of coins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a>, the study of proper names</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleography" title="Paleography">Paleography</a>, the study of old handwriting</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phaleristics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phaleristics (not yet started)">Phaleristics</a>, the study of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_orders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military orders (not yet started)">military orders</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraternities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraternities (not yet started)">fraternities</a>, and award items</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">Philately</a>, the study of postage stamps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a>, the study of the language of historical sources</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosopography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prosopography (not yet started)">Prosopography</a>, the investigation of a historical group of individuals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a>, the study of seals</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toponymy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toponymy (not yet started)">Toponymy</a>, the study of place-names</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a>, the study of flags</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_sciences_of_history&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_sciences_of_history&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical method</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_sciences_of_history&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_sciences_of_history&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Drake-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Drake_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Drake_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDrake2003" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Miriam A. (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science</i>. Dekker Encyclopedias Series. Vol. 3. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CRC_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRC Press (not yet started)">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-2079-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-2079-2"><bdi>0-8247-2079-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Library+and+Information+Science&rft.series=Dekker+Encyclopedias+Series&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8247-2079-2&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Miriam+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAuxiliary+sciences+of+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSweet2004" class="citation book cs1">Sweet, Rosemary (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antiquariesdisco0000swee"><i>Antiquaries: the discovery of the past in eighteenth-century Britain</i></a>. London: Hambledon & London. p. xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-309-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-309-3"><bdi>1-85285-309-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquaries%3A+the+discovery+of+the+past+in+eighteenth-century+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=Hambledon+%26+London&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85285-309-3&rft.aulast=Sweet&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantiquariesdisco0000swee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAuxiliary+sciences+of+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRanke2011" class="citation book cs1">Ranke, Leopold von (2011). Iggers, Georg G. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GjRZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR19"><i>The Theory and Practice of History</i></a>. Abingdon: Routledge. p. xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78032-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78032-2"><bdi>978-0-415-78032-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+and+Practice+of+History&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-78032-2&rft.aulast=Ranke&rft.aufirst=Leopold+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGjRZBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAuxiliary+sciences+of+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGreenTroup,_Kathleen1999" class="citation book cs1">Green, Anna; Troup, Kathleen, eds. (1999). <i>The Houses of History: A Critical Reader in Twentieth-Century History and Theory</i>. Manchester University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5255-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5255-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-5255-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Houses+of+History%3A+A+Critical+Reader+in+Twentieth-Century+History+and+Theory&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5255-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAuxiliary+sciences+of+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFStern,_Fritz1972" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Fritz, ed. (1972). <i>The Varieties of History: From Voltaire to the Present</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Vintage Books. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71962-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-71962-X"><bdi>0-394-71962-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Varieties+of+History%3A+From+Voltaire+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-394-71962-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAuxiliary+sciences+of+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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