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China’s lonely-heart crisis fuels a growing ‘companionship economy’ | South China Morning Post
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I’ll pay whatever it takes,” read one recent post tagged with the hashtag. Within hours, the user had received dozens of replies from people offering their services.\nThe hashtag has racked up millions of views over the past couple of years, reflecting Chinese consumers’ growing willingness to spend money to stave off loneliness – part of a broader rise in what has been dubbed “emotional consumption”.\nAs the country’s single population skyrockets, more are turning to various forms of paid companionship – from chatting with strangers online to virtual role-playing games.\nThis burgeoning companionship economy is a “response to China’s changing demographics”, said Wang Pan, an associate professor in Chinese and Asian studies at the University of New South Wales, and the author of Love and Marriage in Globalizing China.\nAccording to China’s most recent census, the number of unmarried people between the ages of 20 and 49 in the country reached 134 million in 2020 – more than the entire population of Japan.\nChina’s marriage registrations have fallen by nearly half over the past decade, with only 4.75 million couples tying the knot during the first three quarters of this year, a historic low, according to data from the Ministry of Civil Affairs.\n\n\nThat has opened the door for a growing companionship industry, which runs the gamut from chatbots powered by artificial intelligence (AI) to human cosplayers offering to meet in person for a fee.\n“China has become increasingly lonely, so people have a strong desire for love, intimacy and closeness,” Wang said. “This created a space for the growth of [the companionship] business. Plus, it’s a profitable business.”\nBack in 2019, before the pandemic and prior to China’s housing crisis and consumption decline, a report by Sinolink Securities predicted that China’s companionship economy would be worth up to 50 billion yuan (US$6.9 billion) by 2025. While a more recent prediction was not available, it is possible the figure could be much higher, particularly given demographic changes that have had outsized impacts on China’s economy, such as a rising inclination among young adults to avoid marriage and having children.\nToday, one of the most lucrative segments of this emerging companionship-business sector is otome video games – largely played on mobile devices – which offer interactive, story-driven experiences in which players take on the role of a protagonist navigating romantic relationships.\nOriginally from Japan, otome games exploded in popularity in China following the breakout success of Love and Producer, created by the Chinese developer Papergames, in 2017.\nThe otome genre has since become a staple of China’s gaming industry, with major developers including Tencent, NetEase Games and miHoYo rushing to release their own titles.\n\n\nWhen Papergames released its latest otome offering, Love and Deepspace, in January, it generated more than 500 million yuan in the China market within a month, according to local media reports.\nThe games typically appeal to younger people who are tech-savvy but lonely, according to the Sinolink Securities report. They often develop powerful feelings toward the in-game characters, and at times may even feel that these virtual relationships are more meaningful than those they have in real life.\nAnd in the last couple of years, amid the massive leaps made in advanced generative AI, chatbots with customisable personalities have emerged as an increasingly popular outlet for young Chinese seeking digital companionship, providing more humanlike digital interactions than chatbots ever offered before.\n“Through these digital technologies, they can immerse themselves in their imagined fantasies and love to form relationships with these characters,” Wang said.\nAnd big businesses are not alone in profiting from China’s lonely hearts; an informal economy of individuals offering paid companionship is also developing.\nLi Shuying, an 18-year-old student, recently posted an ad on Xiaohongshu saying she was available for such chats.\n“I just want to earn money,” she said. “I think this is the easiest and least troublesome job out there.”\n\n\nOn Xiaohongshu, users offering companion chats typically charge anywhere from 8 yuan to more than 50 yuan for a 30-minute conversation. Li, with free time on her hands, has pitched herself at the lower end of the market.\nShe has already received several inquiries. Most came from men, but Li also chatted with a teenage girl who wanted to vent frustrations about her classmates.\nMany of the requests carried romantic undertones, Li said, but some clients were simply looking for some friendly company.\nFor Wang, the popularity of companion chats reflects a growing disconnectedness in Chinese society, which could exacerbate the loneliness crisis.\n“Relationships have become more diverse, more fluid, and increasingly commercialised,” she said.\nAs a result, the companionship economy is likely to continue flourishing in China for some time to come, especially if marriage rates remain on a downward trajectory, Wang predicted.\n“It’s an opportunity for businesses to capitalise on singles and those who feel lonely and need a companion,” she said. “More products and services will be developed to cater to the needs of the new demographics.”\n","articleSection":"Economic Indicators","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Xinyi Wu","sameAs":"https://www.scmp.com/author/xinyi-wu"},"dateCreated":"2024-11-15T17:28:42+08:00","dateModified":"2024-11-17T17:00:09+08:00","datePublished":"2024-11-17T17:00:09+08:00","description":"In China, young people are increasingly using social media to not only connect with friends, but to pay strangers to talk with them.","genre":"Economy","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","cssSelector":".piano-metering__paywall-container","isAccessibleForFree":"False"},"headline":"China’s lonely-heart crisis fuels a growing ‘companionship economy’","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","height":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","value":2670},"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/15/d31c2078-5260-41de-b104-fac9da6b065f_7dc7e11e.jpg","width":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","value":4000}},"inLanguage":"en-GB","isAccessibleForFree":"False","locationCreated":{"@type":"Place","name":"Hong Kong"},"mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/economic-indicators/article/3286761/chinas-lonely-heart-crisis-fuels-growing-companionship-economy","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","height":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","value":512},"url":"https://assets-v2.i-scmp.com/production/icons/scmp-icon-512x512.png","width":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","value":512}},"name":"South China Morning Post"},"publishingPrinciples":"https://www.scmp.com/policies-and-standards"}</script><article class="article-list css-cru7id e1d6iglh0" data-qa="ArticlePage-Article"><div data-qa="ArticleList-Item" class="css-1t2rj2z e1kvrr5t0"><div data-qa="Component-ArticleRenderContainer" class="css-1pyy6bv er6t7fe38"><div class="css-tfsthe ea45u6l30" data-qa="GenericArticle-GenericArticleContainer"><div class="ea45u6l5 css-jyecem e15slk7y0" data-qa="ArticleHeaderAdSlot-CSSTransition"><div data-qa="ArticleHeaderAdSlot-Placeholder" class="css-1j52pf e15slk7y1"><div 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efakuk41">Published: <!-- -->5:00pm, 17 Nov 2024</time></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Correction" class="css-1ou8zht ea45u6l11"></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Content" class="css-1u2o0u6 ea45u6l10"><section class="er6t7fe37 css-19sk4h4 e1pqt1t0" data-qa="ContentBody-ContentBodyContainer"><div class="js-reading-0-percent-completion-tracker css-19icq8a ekyy9du0" data-qa="useTrackViewedPercentageRender-trackViewedPercentageRenders-TrackPercentageBlock"></div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">In China, young people are increasingly using social media to not only connect with friends, but to pay strangers to talk with them.</p><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-y2bwcc e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">As society becomes more atomised, users on the social platform Xiaohongshu have begun using the hashtag “companion chat” to find others willing to buy or sell a few minutes of human conversation.</p><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">“Is anyone available to chat? I’ll pay whatever it takes,” read one recent post tagged with the hashtag. Within hours, the user had received dozens of replies from people offering their services.</p><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">The hashtag has racked up millions of views over the past couple of years, reflecting Chinese consumers’ growing willingness to spend money to stave off loneliness – part of a broader rise in what has been dubbed <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3283909/chinas-gen-z-seeks-solace-through-emotional-consumption?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">“emotional consumption”</span></a>.</div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">As the country’s single population skyrockets, more are turning to various forms of paid companionship – from chatting with strangers online to virtual role-playing games.</p><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-gy323d e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><div class="js-reading-20-percent-completion-tracker css-19icq8a ekyy9du0" data-qa="useTrackViewedPercentageRender-trackViewedPercentageRenders-TrackPercentageBlock"></div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">This burgeoning companionship economy is a “response to China’s changing demographics”, said Wang Pan, an associate professor in Chinese and Asian studies at the University of New South Wales, and the author of <em data-qa="ContentSchemaRender-defaultRenderMapFunctions-Component-1" class="css-1mniedq ex3nmsa15">Love and Marriage in Globalizing China</em>.</p></section></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-PaywallContainer" 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styleMoreOnThisArticles: moreOnThisArticles {\n ...entityLink\n ...magazinesStyleArticleMoreOnThisContentItemContent\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesArticle on Article {\n moreOnThisArticles {\n entityId\n ...articleMoreStoriesItemArticle\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesItemArticle on Article {\n ...entityLink\n headline\n socialHeadline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n url\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationCheckerArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationNavigationHistoryArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment articlePaywallCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePaywallContainerArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle on Article {\n printHeadline\n}\n\nfragment articleReactionArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sections {\n value {\n name\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleReadingTimeContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n readingTime\n}\n\nfragment articleRecommendationArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n moreOnThisArticles {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleRenderArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleActionWidgetArticle\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticleContent\n ...articleAuthorBlockArticle\n ...articleAuthorDetailsContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...articleBeforeYouGoTopicsContent\n ...articleBeforeYouGoWidget\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleCorrectionsWidgetArticle\n ...articleDateContent\n ...articleFurtherReadingWidgetArticle\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...articleLeadingArticle\n ...articleMoreOnThisListArticle\n ...articlePaywallContainerArticle\n ...articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle\n ...articleReactionArticle\n ...articleReadingTimeContent\n ...articleSectionsContent\n ...articleSeriesArticle\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleTopicContent\n ...articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle\n ...articleTopicsContent\n ...articleTopicWidgetArticle\n ...articleVocabBoxArticle\n ...authorAvatarsArticle\n ...authorNamesArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentLiveTagContent\n ...contentReadMoreButtonContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentSubHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...genericArticleContent\n ...postMagazineArticleContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4\n ...infographicArticleArticle\n ...liveArticleArticle\n ...morningStudioArticleContent\n ...newsletterArticleArticle\n ...pianoIntegrationArticle\n ...plusColumnsArticleContent\n ...plusGenericArticleContent\n ...seriesArticleArticle\n ...styleArticleContent\n ...contentActionBarContent\n}\n\nfragment articleSchemaContent_mN6kk on Query {\n article(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n authorLocations\n contentLock\n createdDate\n headline\n publishedDate\n socialHeadline\n sponsorType\n updatedDate\n urlAlias\n authors {\n location\n name\n types\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n text\n }\n corrections {\n correction {\n text\n }\n timestamp\n }\n images {\n isSlideshow\n height\n width\n url\n }\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n ...liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF\n}\n\nfragment articleSectionsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeoArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...hooksArticleSeoArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n entityId\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n summary {\n text\n }\n subHeadline {\n text\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n text\n }\n keywords\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesArticle on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle\n ...carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesCarouselContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ... on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT\n}\n\nfragment articleShareWidgetArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSponsorContent on Article {\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n description {\n json\n }\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n types\n image(filter: {type: AUTHOR_IMAGE}) {\n style(filter: {style: \"300x300\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorBioAuthor on Author {\n bio\n}\n\nfragment authorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...styleAuthorCardAuthor\n ...defaultAuthorCardAuthor\n ...plusAuthorCardAuthor\n}\n\nfragment authorNameAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n name\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment authorNamesArticle on Article {\n authorLocations\n authors {\n entityId\n location\n ...authorNameAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorRoleAuthor on Author {\n role {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorSocialLinksAuthor on Author {\n socialLinks {\n class\n title\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment beforeYouGoActionWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle on Article {\n entityId\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleSeriesCarouselContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentActionBarContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n createdDate\n updatedDate\n publishedDate\n ...articleCommentArticle\n ... on Article {\n hasVideoContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentBodyContent_3o8td4 on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_4isNar on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n landscape250x99: style(filter: {style: \"landscape_250_99\"}) {\n url\n }\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n factSheets {\n url\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n entityId\n sponsorType\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n published\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_4isNar\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ...contentUpdatedDateContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentPublishedDateContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n 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correction {\n text\n }\n timestamp\n }\n images {\n isSlideshow\n height\n width\n url\n }\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n ...liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF\n}\n\nfragment articleSectionsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeoArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...hooksArticleSeoArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n entityId\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n summary {\n text\n }\n subHeadline {\n text\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n text\n }\n keywords\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesArticle on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle\n ...carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesCarouselContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ... on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT\n}\n\nfragment articleShareWidgetArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSponsorContent on Article {\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n description {\n json\n }\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n types\n image(filter: {type: AUTHOR_IMAGE}) {\n style(filter: {style: \"300x300\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorBioAuthor on Author {\n bio\n}\n\nfragment authorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...styleAuthorCardAuthor\n ...defaultAuthorCardAuthor\n ...plusAuthorCardAuthor\n}\n\nfragment authorNameAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n name\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment authorNamesArticle on Article {\n authorLocations\n authors {\n entityId\n location\n ...authorNameAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorRoleAuthor on Author {\n role {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorSocialLinksAuthor on Author {\n socialLinks {\n class\n title\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment beforeYouGoActionWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle on Article {\n entityId\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleSeriesCarouselContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentActionBarContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n createdDate\n updatedDate\n publishedDate\n ...articleCommentArticle\n ... on Article {\n hasVideoContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentBodyContent_3o8td4 on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_4isNar on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n landscape250x99: style(filter: {style: \"landscape_250_99\"}) {\n url\n }\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n factSheets {\n url\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n entityId\n sponsorType\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n published\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_4isNar\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ...contentUpdatedDateContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentPublishedDateContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n ...videoDurationOverlayVideo\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksPaywallPromiseContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksSeriesArticleSectionTagArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ...atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4\n ...atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackPageViewArticle on Article {\n entityId\n publishedDate\n headline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n copyrighted\n entityUuid\n socialHeadline\n sponsor\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle on Article {\n entityId\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationsSection on Section {\n ...notificationSection\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment imageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n ...checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent\n}\n\nfragment infographicArticleArticle on Article {\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...landingBannerInfographicArticle\n}\n\nfragment inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment inlineWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment issuesNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n }\n ...issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment itemLiveArticleContentArticle on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment landingBannerInfographicArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n headline\n topics {\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n title\n url\n }\n coverHero: image(filter: {type: HERO}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment liveArticleArticle on Article 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I’ll pay whatever it takes,” read one recent post tagged with the hashtag. Within hours, the user had received dozens of replies from people offering their services.\nThe hashtag has racked up millions of views over the past couple of years, reflecting Chinese consumers’ growing willingness to spend money to stave off loneliness – part of a broader rise in what has been dubbed “emotional consumption”.\nAs the country’s single population skyrockets, more are turning to various forms of paid companionship – from chatting with strangers online to virtual role-playing games.\nThis burgeoning companionship economy is a “response to China’s changing demographics”, said Wang Pan, an associate professor in Chinese and Asian studies at the University of New South Wales, and the author of Love and Marriage in Globalizing China.\nAccording to China’s most recent census, the number of unmarried people between the ages of 20 and 49 in the country reached 134 million in 2020 – more than the entire population of Japan.\nChina’s marriage registrations have fallen by nearly half over the past decade, with only 4.75 million couples tying the knot during the first three quarters of this year, a historic low, according to data from the Ministry of Civil Affairs.\n\n\nThat has opened the door for a growing companionship industry, which runs the gamut from chatbots powered by artificial intelligence (AI) to human cosplayers offering to meet in person for a fee.\n“China has become increasingly lonely, so people have a strong desire for love, intimacy and closeness,” Wang said. “This created a space for the growth of [the companionship] business. Plus, it’s a profitable business.”\nBack in 2019, before the pandemic and prior to China’s housing crisis and consumption decline, a report by Sinolink Securities predicted that China’s companionship economy would be worth up to 50 billion yuan (US$6.9 billion) by 2025. While a more recent prediction was not available, it is possible the figure could be much higher, particularly given demographic changes that have had outsized impacts on China’s economy, such as a rising inclination among young adults to avoid marriage and having children.\nToday, one of the most lucrative segments of this emerging companionship-business sector is otome video games – largely played on mobile devices – which offer interactive, story-driven experiences in which players take on the role of a protagonist navigating romantic relationships.\nOriginally from Japan, otome games exploded in popularity in China following the breakout success of Love and Producer, created by the Chinese developer Papergames, in 2017.\nThe otome genre has since become a staple of China’s gaming industry, with major developers including Tencent, NetEase Games and miHoYo rushing to release their own titles.\n\n\nWhen Papergames released its latest otome offering, Love and Deepspace, in January, it generated more than 500 million yuan in the China market within a month, according to local media reports.\nThe games typically appeal to younger people who are tech-savvy but lonely, according to the Sinolink Securities report. They often develop powerful feelings toward the in-game characters, and at times may even feel that these virtual relationships are more meaningful than those they have in real life.\nAnd in the last couple of years, amid the massive leaps made in advanced generative AI, chatbots with customisable personalities have emerged as an increasingly popular outlet for young Chinese seeking digital companionship, providing more humanlike digital interactions than chatbots ever offered before.\n“Through these digital technologies, they can immerse themselves in their imagined fantasies and love to form relationships with these characters,” Wang said.\nAnd big businesses are not alone in profiting from China’s lonely hearts; an informal economy of individuals offering paid companionship is also developing.\nLi Shuying, an 18-year-old student, recently posted an ad on Xiaohongshu saying she was available for such chats.\n“I just want to earn money,” she said. “I think this is the easiest and least troublesome job out there.”\n\n\nOn Xiaohongshu, users offering companion chats typically charge anywhere from 8 yuan to more than 50 yuan for a 30-minute conversation. Li, with free time on her hands, has pitched herself at the lower end of the market.\nShe has already received several inquiries. Most came from men, but Li also chatted with a teenage girl who wanted to vent frustrations about her classmates.\nMany of the requests carried romantic undertones, Li said, but some clients were simply looking for some friendly company.\nFor Wang, the popularity of companion chats reflects a growing disconnectedness in Chinese society, which could exacerbate the loneliness crisis.\n“Relationships have become more diverse, more fluid, and increasingly commercialised,” she said.\nAs a result, the companionship economy is likely to continue flourishing in China for some time to come, especially if marriage rates remain on a downward trajectory, Wang predicted.\n“It’s an opportunity for businesses to capitalise on singles and those who feel lonely and need a companion,” she said. “More products and services will be developed to cater to the needs of the new demographics.”\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In China, young people are increasingly using social media to not only connect with friends, but to pay strangers to talk with them."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"As society becomes more atomised, users on the social platform Xiaohongshu have begun using the hashtag “companion chat” to find others willing to buy or sell a few minutes of human conversation."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Is anyone available to chat? I’ll pay whatever it takes,” read one recent post tagged with the hashtag. Within hours, the user had received dozens of replies from people offering their services."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The hashtag has racked up millions of views over the past couple of years, reflecting Chinese consumers’ growing willingness to spend money to stave off loneliness – part of a broader rise in what has been dubbed "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3283909/chinas-gen-z-seeks-solace-through-emotional-consumption","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"023a7a92-496b-4e57-b2bd-b3caad96658a","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"“emotional consumption”"}]},{"type":"text","data":"."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"As the country’s single population skyrockets, more are turning to various forms of paid companionship – from chatting with strangers online to virtual role-playing games."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"This burgeoning companionship economy is a “response to China’s changing demographics”, said Wang Pan, an associate professor in Chinese and Asian studies at the University of New South Wales, and the author of "},{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Love and Marriage in Globalizing China"}]},{"type":"text","data":"."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to China’s most recent census, the number of unmarried people between the ages of 20 and 49 in the country reached 134 million in 2020 – more than the entire population of Japan."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"China’s marriage registrations have fallen by nearly half over the past decade, with only 4.75 million couples tying the knot during the first three quarters of this year, a historic low, according to data from the Ministry of Civil Affairs."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"scmp-code-block methode-html-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"iframe","attribs":{"title":"Marriages \u0026amp; Divorces in China (1978-2022)","aria-label":"Interactive line chart","id":"datawrapper-chart-gs3nH","src":"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/gs3nH/3/","scrolling":"no","frameborder":"0","style":"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;","height":"400","data-external":"1","name":"datawrapper-chart-gs3nH"},"children":[]},{"type":"script","attribs":{"type":"text/javascript"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n\u003c!--//--\u003e\u003c![CDATA[// \u003e\u003c!--\n\n!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r=0;r\u003ce.length;r++)if(e[r].contentWindow===a.source){var i=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";e[r].style.height=i}}}))}();\n\n//--\u003e\u003c!]]\u003e\n"}]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"That has opened the door for a growing companionship industry, which runs the gamut from chatbots powered by artificial intelligence (AI) to human cosplayers offering to meet in person for a fee."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“China has become increasingly lonely, so people have a strong desire for love, intimacy and closeness,” Wang said. “This created a space for the growth of [the companionship] business. Plus, it’s a profitable business.”"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Back in 2019, before the pandemic and prior to China’s housing crisis and consumption decline, a report by Sinolink Securities predicted that China’s companionship economy would be worth up to 50 billion yuan (US$6.9 billion) by 2025. While a more recent prediction was not available, it is possible the figure could be much higher, particularly given demographic changes that have had outsized impacts on China’s economy, such as a rising inclination among young adults to avoid marriage and having children."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Today, one of the most lucrative segments of this emerging companionship-business sector is "},{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"otome"}]},{"type":"text","data":" video games – largely played on mobile devices – which offer interactive, story-driven experiences in which players take on the role of a protagonist navigating romantic relationships."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Originally from Japan, "},{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"otome"}]},{"type":"text","data":" games exploded in popularity in China following the breakout success of "},{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Love and Producer"}]},{"type":"text","data":", created by the Chinese developer Papergames, in 2017."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The "},{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"otome"}]},{"type":"text","data":" genre has since become a staple of China’s gaming industry, with major developers including Tencent, NetEase Games and miHoYo rushing to release their own titles."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"50"}},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"scmp-code-block methode-html-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"iframe","attribs":{"style":"border-radius:12px","src":"https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/04hr01kw223lXcWDMcTGZ2?utm_source=generator","width":"100%","height":"152","frameborder":"0","allowfullscreen":"","allow":"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture","loading":"lazy"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"When Papergames released its latest "},{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"otome"}]},{"type":"text","data":" offering, "},{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Love and Deepspace"}]},{"type":"text","data":", in January, it generated more than 500 million yuan in the China market within a month, according to local media reports."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"5"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The games typically appeal to younger people who are tech-savvy but lonely, according to the Sinolink Securities report. They often develop powerful feelings toward the in-game characters, and at times may even feel that these virtual relationships are more meaningful than those they have in real life."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"And in the last couple of years, amid the massive leaps made in advanced generative AI, chatbots with customisable personalities have emerged as an increasingly popular outlet for young Chinese seeking digital companionship, providing more humanlike digital interactions than chatbots ever offered before."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Through these digital technologies, they can immerse themselves in their imagined fantasies and love to form relationships with these characters,” Wang said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6","infiniteAdsAfterNumber":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"And big businesses are not alone in profiting from China’s lonely hearts; an informal economy of individuals offering paid companionship is also developing."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Li Shuying, an 18-year-old student, recently posted an ad on Xiaohongshu saying she was available for such chats."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“I just want to earn money,” she said. “I think this is the easiest and least troublesome job out there.”"}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"scmp-code-block methode-html-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"iframe","attribs":{"title":"China's youth unemployment rate (16-24)","aria-label":"Interactive line chart","id":"datawrapper-chart-HTVaQ","src":"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/HTVaQ/9/","scrolling":"no","frameborder":"0","style":"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;","height":"400","data-external":"1","name":"datawrapper-chart-HTVaQ"},"children":[]},{"type":"script","attribs":{"type":"text/javascript"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n\u003c!--//--\u003e\u003c![CDATA[// \u003e\u003c!--\n\n!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r=0;r\u003ce.length;r++)if(e[r].contentWindow===a.source){var i=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";e[r].style.height=i}}}))}();\n\n//--\u003e\u003c!]]\u003e\n"}]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"On Xiaohongshu, users offering companion chats typically charge anywhere from 8 yuan to more than 50 yuan for a 30-minute conversation. Li, with free time on her hands, has pitched herself at the lower end of the market."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"She has already received several inquiries. Most came from men, but Li also chatted with a teenage girl who wanted to vent frustrations about her classmates."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Many of the requests carried romantic undertones, Li said, but some clients were simply looking for some friendly company."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"For Wang, the popularity of companion chats reflects a growing disconnectedness in Chinese society, which could exacerbate the loneliness crisis."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Relationships have become more diverse, more fluid, and increasingly commercialised,” she said."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"90"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"As a result, the companionship economy is likely to continue flourishing in China for some time to come, especially if marriage rates remain on a downward trajectory, Wang predicted."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“It’s an opportunity for businesses to capitalise on singles and those who feel lonely and need a companion,” she said. “More products and services will be developed to cater to the needs of the new demographics.”"}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"7"}},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"100"}}]},"keywords":["Love and Marriage in Globalizing China, Papergames, companionship economy, Tencent, Ministry of Civil Affairs, Love and Deepspace, University of New South Wales, Wang Pan, otome games, companion chat, Xiaohongshu, Li Shunying, China, ChatGPT, Love and Producer"],"shortUrl":"https://sc.mp/ix63u","commentCount":13,"copyrighted":true,"sponsor":null,"relatedNewsletters":[],"createdDate":1731662922000,"authorLocations":["Hong Kong"],"corrections":[],"displaySlideShow":true,"multimediaEmbed":{"json":[]},"printHeadline":null,"readingTime":3,"seriesContainer":null,"firstTopic":{"__isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias":"Topic","__typename":"Topic","entityId":"321405","entityUuid":"5b5783fe-1b21-4390-af90-597597eabff2","urlAlias":"/topics/chinas-population","urlRedirect":null,"application":null,"name":"China's population","disableFollow":false,"contents":{"edges":[{"node":{"__typename":"Article","entityId":"3287769","__isContent":"Article","urlAlias":"/economy/china-economy/article/3287769/chinas-border-central-asia-deemed-concern-amid-demographic-decline","sponsorType":null,"__isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias":"Article","entityUuid":"f87b7cb0-a8cb-446f-a80d-ed321fb705a2","urlRedirect":null,"application":{"entityId":"325477","id":"QXBwbGljYXRpb246MjY5NWIyYzktOTZlZi00ZmU0LTk2ZjgtYmEyMGQwYTAyMGIz"},"flattenTypeIds":[],"liveArticle":null,"sections":[{"value":[{"entityId":"328461","id":"U2VjdGlvbjo0YWE4ODQzZi0xNmUyLTQ3MDUtOTlkNi1iNTNmMjJmNmY3NWE=","name":"Economy"},{"entityId":"318421","id":"U2VjdGlvbjoxYTNmZmZlNi0xYjU5LTQ0NmEtYTgwNi05ZWNhNzhmMTczZTg=","name":"China Economy"}]},{"value":[{"entityId":"91","id":"U2VjdGlvbjo4NmUxYzUxOS05NDhlLTQ0NjAtYWRjMy0xZGZhZmVmYTYwZGE=","name":"News"},{"entityId":"4","id":"U2VjdGlvbjowODkyNWNmZS0wMWNlLTQ5MzItYjllMi1iZTViMjU1ZWZlNjM=","name":"China"}]}],"paywallTypes":[],"images":[{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/22/37fcfbc6-61e0-40a8-9290-3b2eda8d26f8_ff3ae765.jpg","title":"China’s border with Central Asia, such as Manzhouli Port, has been named as a security concern related to population shrinkage. 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I’ll pay whatever it takes,” read one recent post tagged with the hashtag. Within hours, the user had received dozens of replies from people offering their services.\nThe hashtag has racked up millions of views over the past couple of years, reflecting Chinese consumers’ growing willingness to spend money to stave off loneliness – part of a broader rise in what has been dubbed “emotional consumption”.\nAs the country’s single population skyrockets, more are turning to various forms of paid companionship – from chatting with strangers online to virtual role-playing games.\nThis burgeoning companionship economy is a “response to China’s changing demographics”, said Wang Pan, an associate professor in Chinese and Asian studies at the University of New South Wales, and the author of Love and Marriage in Globalizing China.\nAccording to China’s most recent census, the number of unmarried people between the ages of 20 and 49 in the country reached 134 million in 2020 – more than the entire population of Japan.\nChina’s marriage registrations have fallen by nearly half over the past decade, with only 4.75 million couples tying the knot during the first three quarters of this year, a historic low, according to data from the Ministry of Civil Affairs.\n\n\nThat has opened the door for a growing companionship industry, which runs the gamut from chatbots powered by artificial intelligence (AI) to human cosplayers offering to meet in person for a fee.\n“China has become increasingly lonely, so people have a strong desire for love, intimacy and closeness,” Wang said. “This created a space for the growth of [the companionship] business. Plus, it’s a profitable business.”\nBack in 2019, before the pandemic and prior to China’s housing crisis and consumption decline, a report by Sinolink Securities predicted that China’s companionship economy would be worth up to 50 billion yuan (US$6.9 billion) by 2025. While a more recent prediction was not available, it is possible the figure could be much higher, particularly given demographic changes that have had outsized impacts on China’s economy, such as a rising inclination among young adults to avoid marriage and having children.\nToday, one of the most lucrative segments of this emerging companionship-business sector is otome video games – largely played on mobile devices – which offer interactive, story-driven experiences in which players take on the role of a protagonist navigating romantic relationships.\nOriginally from Japan, otome games exploded in popularity in China following the breakout success of Love and Producer, created by the Chinese developer Papergames, in 2017.\nThe otome genre has since become a staple of China’s gaming industry, with major developers including Tencent, NetEase Games and miHoYo rushing to release their own titles.\n\n\nWhen Papergames released its latest otome offering, Love and Deepspace, in January, it generated more than 500 million yuan in the China market within a month, according to local media reports.\nThe games typically appeal to younger people who are tech-savvy but lonely, according to the Sinolink Securities report. They often develop powerful feelings toward the in-game characters, and at times may even feel that these virtual relationships are more meaningful than those they have in real life.\nAnd in the last couple of years, amid the massive leaps made in advanced generative AI, chatbots with customisable personalities have emerged as an increasingly popular outlet for young Chinese seeking digital companionship, providing more humanlike digital interactions than chatbots ever offered before.\n“Through these digital technologies, they can immerse themselves in their imagined fantasies and love to form relationships with these characters,” Wang said.\nAnd big businesses are not alone in profiting from China’s lonely hearts; an informal economy of individuals offering paid companionship is also developing.\nLi Shuying, an 18-year-old student, recently posted an ad on Xiaohongshu saying she was available for such chats.\n“I just want to earn money,” she said. “I think this is the easiest and least troublesome job out there.”\n\n\nOn Xiaohongshu, users offering companion chats typically charge anywhere from 8 yuan to more than 50 yuan for a 30-minute conversation. Li, with free time on her hands, has pitched herself at the lower end of the market.\nShe has already received several inquiries. Most came from men, but Li also chatted with a teenage girl who wanted to vent frustrations about her classmates.\nMany of the requests carried romantic undertones, Li said, but some clients were simply looking for some friendly company.\nFor Wang, the popularity of companion chats reflects a growing disconnectedness in Chinese society, which could exacerbate the loneliness crisis.\n“Relationships have become more diverse, more fluid, and increasingly commercialised,” she said.\nAs a result, the companionship economy is likely to continue flourishing in China for some time to come, especially if marriage rates remain on a downward trajectory, Wang predicted.\n“It’s an opportunity for businesses to capitalise on singles and those who feel lonely and need a companion,” she said. “More products and services will be developed to cater to the needs of the new demographics.”\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In China, young people are increasingly using social media to not only connect with friends, but to pay strangers to talk with them."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"As society becomes more atomised, users on the social platform Xiaohongshu have begun using the hashtag “companion chat” to find others willing to buy or sell a few minutes of human conversation."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Is anyone available to chat? I’ll pay whatever it takes,” read one recent post tagged with the hashtag. Within hours, the user had received dozens of replies from people offering their services."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The hashtag has racked up millions of views over the past couple of years, reflecting Chinese consumers’ growing willingness to spend money to stave off loneliness – part of a broader rise in what has been dubbed "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3283909/chinas-gen-z-seeks-solace-through-emotional-consumption","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"023a7a92-496b-4e57-b2bd-b3caad96658a","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"“emotional consumption”"}]},{"type":"text","data":"."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"As the country’s single population skyrockets, more are turning to various forms of paid companionship – from chatting with strangers online to virtual role-playing games."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"This burgeoning companionship economy is a “response to China’s changing demographics”, said Wang Pan, an associate professor in Chinese and Asian studies at the University of New South Wales, and the author of "},{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Love and Marriage in Globalizing China"}]},{"type":"text","data":"."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to China’s most recent census, the number of unmarried people between the ages of 20 and 49 in the country reached 134 million in 2020 – more than the entire population of Japan."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"China’s marriage registrations have fallen by nearly half over the past decade, with only 4.75 million couples tying the knot during the first three quarters of this year, a historic low, according to data from the Ministry of Civil Affairs."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"scmp-code-block methode-html-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"iframe","attribs":{"title":"Marriages \u0026amp; Divorces in China (1978-2022)","aria-label":"Interactive line chart","id":"datawrapper-chart-gs3nH","src":"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/gs3nH/3/","scrolling":"no","frameborder":"0","style":"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;","height":"400","data-external":"1","name":"datawrapper-chart-gs3nH"},"children":[]},{"type":"script","attribs":{"type":"text/javascript"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n\u003c!--//--\u003e\u003c![CDATA[// \u003e\u003c!--\n\n!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r=0;r\u003ce.length;r++)if(e[r].contentWindow===a.source){var i=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";e[r].style.height=i}}}))}();\n\n//--\u003e\u003c!]]\u003e\n"}]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"That has opened the door for a growing companionship industry, which runs the gamut from chatbots powered by artificial intelligence (AI) to human cosplayers offering to meet in person for a fee."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“China has become increasingly lonely, so people have a strong desire for love, intimacy and closeness,” Wang said. “This created a space for the growth of [the companionship] business. Plus, it’s a profitable business.”"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Back in 2019, before the pandemic and prior to China’s housing crisis and consumption decline, a report by Sinolink Securities predicted that China’s companionship economy would be worth up to 50 billion yuan (US$6.9 billion) by 2025. While a more recent prediction was not available, it is possible the figure could be much higher, particularly given demographic changes that have had outsized impacts on China’s economy, such as a rising inclination among young adults to avoid marriage and having children."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Today, one of the most lucrative segments of this emerging companionship-business sector is "},{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"otome"}]},{"type":"text","data":" video games – largely played on mobile devices – which offer interactive, story-driven experiences in which players take on the role of a protagonist navigating romantic relationships."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Originally from Japan, "},{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"otome"}]},{"type":"text","data":" games exploded in popularity in China following the breakout success of "},{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Love and Producer"}]},{"type":"text","data":", created by the Chinese developer Papergames, in 2017."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The "},{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"otome"}]},{"type":"text","data":" genre has since become a staple of China’s gaming industry, with major developers including Tencent, NetEase Games and miHoYo rushing to release their own titles."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"50"}},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"scmp-code-block methode-html-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"iframe","attribs":{"style":"border-radius:12px","src":"https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/04hr01kw223lXcWDMcTGZ2?utm_source=generator","width":"100%","height":"152","frameborder":"0","allowfullscreen":"","allow":"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture","loading":"lazy"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"When Papergames released its latest "},{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"otome"}]},{"type":"text","data":" offering, "},{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Love and Deepspace"}]},{"type":"text","data":", in January, it generated more than 500 million yuan in the China market within a month, according to local media reports."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"5"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The games typically appeal to younger people who are tech-savvy but lonely, according to the Sinolink Securities report. They often develop powerful feelings toward the in-game characters, and at times may even feel that these virtual relationships are more meaningful than those they have in real life."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"And in the last couple of years, amid the massive leaps made in advanced generative AI, chatbots with customisable personalities have emerged as an increasingly popular outlet for young Chinese seeking digital companionship, providing more humanlike digital interactions than chatbots ever offered before."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Through these digital technologies, they can immerse themselves in their imagined fantasies and love to form relationships with these characters,” Wang said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6","infiniteAdsAfterNumber":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"And big businesses are not alone in profiting from China’s lonely hearts; an informal economy of individuals offering paid companionship is also developing."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Li Shuying, an 18-year-old student, recently posted an ad on Xiaohongshu saying she was available for such chats."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“I just want to earn money,” she said. “I think this is the easiest and least troublesome job out there.”"}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"scmp-code-block methode-html-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"iframe","attribs":{"title":"China's youth unemployment rate (16-24)","aria-label":"Interactive line chart","id":"datawrapper-chart-HTVaQ","src":"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/HTVaQ/9/","scrolling":"no","frameborder":"0","style":"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;","height":"400","data-external":"1","name":"datawrapper-chart-HTVaQ"},"children":[]},{"type":"script","attribs":{"type":"text/javascript"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n\u003c!--//--\u003e\u003c![CDATA[// \u003e\u003c!--\n\n!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r=0;r\u003ce.length;r++)if(e[r].contentWindow===a.source){var i=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";e[r].style.height=i}}}))}();\n\n//--\u003e\u003c!]]\u003e\n"}]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"On Xiaohongshu, users offering companion chats typically charge anywhere from 8 yuan to more than 50 yuan for a 30-minute conversation. Li, with free time on her hands, has pitched herself at the lower end of the market."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"She has already received several inquiries. Most came from men, but Li also chatted with a teenage girl who wanted to vent frustrations about her classmates."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Many of the requests carried romantic undertones, Li said, but some clients were simply looking for some friendly company."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"For Wang, the popularity of companion chats reflects a growing disconnectedness in Chinese society, which could exacerbate the loneliness crisis."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Relationships have become more diverse, more fluid, and increasingly commercialised,” she said."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"90"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"As a result, the companionship economy is likely to continue flourishing in China for some time to come, especially if marriage rates remain on a downward trajectory, Wang predicted."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“It’s an opportunity for businesses to capitalise on singles and those who feel lonely and need a companion,” she said. “More products and services will be developed to cater to the needs of the new demographics.”"}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"7"}},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"100"}}]},"keywords":["Love and Marriage in Globalizing China, Papergames, companionship economy, Tencent, Ministry of Civil Affairs, Love and Deepspace, University of New South Wales, Wang Pan, otome games, companion chat, Xiaohongshu, Li Shunying, China, ChatGPT, Love and Producer"],"shortUrl":"https://sc.mp/ix63u","commentCount":13,"copyrighted":true,"sponsor":null,"relatedNewsletters":[],"createdDate":1731662922000,"authorLocations":["Hong Kong"],"corrections":[],"displaySlideShow":true,"multimediaEmbed":{"json":[]},"printHeadline":null,"readingTime":3,"seriesContainer":null,"firstTopic":{"__isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias":"Topic","__typename":"Topic","entityId":"321405","entityUuid":"5b5783fe-1b21-4390-af90-597597eabff2","urlAlias":"/topics/chinas-population","urlRedirect":null,"application":null,"name":"China's population","disableFollow":false,"contents":{"edges":[{"node":{"__typename":"Article","entityId":"3287769","__isContent":"Article","urlAlias":"/economy/china-economy/article/3287769/chinas-border-central-asia-deemed-concern-amid-demographic-decline","sponsorType":null,"__isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias":"Article","entityUuid":"f87b7cb0-a8cb-446f-a80d-ed321fb705a2","urlRedirect":null,"application":{"entityId":"325477","id":"QXBwbGljYXRpb246MjY5NWIyYzktOTZlZi00ZmU0LTk2ZjgtYmEyMGQwYTAyMGIz"},"flattenTypeIds":[],"liveArticle":null,"sections":[{"value":[{"entityId":"328461","id":"U2VjdGlvbjo0YWE4ODQzZi0xNmUyLTQ3MDUtOTlkNi1iNTNmMjJmNmY3NWE=","name":"Economy"},{"entityId":"318421","id":"U2VjdGlvbjoxYTNmZmZlNi0xYjU5LTQ0NmEtYTgwNi05ZWNhNzhmMTczZTg=","name":"China Economy"}]},{"value":[{"entityId":"91","id":"U2VjdGlvbjo4NmUxYzUxOS05NDhlLTQ0NjAtYWRjMy0xZGZhZmVmYTYwZGE=","name":"News"},{"entityId":"4","id":"U2VjdGlvbjowODkyNWNmZS0wMWNlLTQ5MzItYjllMi1iZTViMjU1ZWZlNjM=","name":"China"}]}],"paywallTypes":[],"images":[{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/22/37fcfbc6-61e0-40a8-9290-3b2eda8d26f8_ff3ae765.jpg","title":"China’s border with Central Asia, such as Manzhouli Port, has been named as a security concern related to population shrinkage. 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