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id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Marcellin Berthelot</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88" title="مارسيلان بيرتيلو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارسيلان بيرتيلو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marselen_Bertlo" title="Marselen Bertlo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Marselen Bertlo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%AA" title="مارسلین بارتلت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارسلین بارتلت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Марселен Бертло – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марселен Бертло" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Pierre_Eug%C3%A8ne_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Pierre Eugène Berthelot – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marcellin Pierre Eugène Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelin_Berthelot" title="Marcelin Berthelot – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marcelin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%8C" title="Μαρσελέν Μπερτελό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρσελέν Μπερτελό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelin_Berthelot" title="Marcelin Berthelot – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marcelin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88" title="مارسلین بارتلو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارسلین بارتلو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BC_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%AC%D5%B8" title="Պիեռ Բերթլո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիեռ Բերթլո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="मर्सेलीन बर्टलो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मर्सेलीन बर्टलो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%AD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бертло Пьер Эжен Марселей – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бертло Пьер Эжен Марселей" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsel%C4%93ns_Bertlo" title="Marselēns Bertlo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marselēns Bertlo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B" title="മാർസെലിൻ ബെർതെലോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർസെലിൻ ബെർതെലോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="მარსელენ ბერტლო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარსელენ ბერტლო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88" title="مارسيلان بيرتيلو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارسيلان بيرتيلو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD" title="マルセラン・ベルテロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルセラン・ベルテロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Pierre_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Pierre Berthelot – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marcellin Pierre Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Бертло, Марселен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бертло, Марселен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Марселин Бертело – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марселин Бертело" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Марселен Бертло – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Марселен Бертло" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Marcellin Berthelot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French chemist and politician (1827–1907)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Marcellin Berthelot</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcellin_Berthelot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marcellin_Berthelot.jpg/220px-Marcellin_Berthelot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marcellin_Berthelot.jpg/330px-Marcellin_Berthelot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marcellin_Berthelot.jpg/440px-Marcellin_Berthelot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="2701" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Pierre Eugène Marcellin Berthelot</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1827-10-25</span>)</span>25 October 1827<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 March 1907<span style="display:none">(1907-03-18)</span> (aged 79)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Paris, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomsen%E2%80%93Berthelot_principle" title="Thomsen–Berthelot principle">Thomsen–Berthelot principle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Berthelot%27s_reagent" title="Berthelot's reagent">Berthelot's reagent</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_maximum_work" title="Principle of maximum work">Principle of maximum work</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Berthelot" title="Sophie Berthelot">Sophie Berthelot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Berthelot" title="André Berthelot">André</a></li><li>Marie-Hélène</li><li>Camille</li><li>Daniel</li><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Berthelot" title="Philippe Berthelot">Philippe</a></li><li>René</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Medal" title="Davy Medal">Davy Medal</a> (1883)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1900)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">thermochemistry</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pierre Eugène Marcellin Berthelot</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bɛʁtəlo]</a></span>; 25 October 1827<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 18 March 1907) was a French <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Union_(France)" title="Republican Union (France)">Republican</a> politician noted for the <a href="/wiki/Thomsen-Berthelot_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomsen-Berthelot principle">Thomsen–Berthelot principle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">thermochemistry</a>. He synthesized many <a href="/wiki/Organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic compounds">organic compounds</a> from inorganic substances,<sup id="cite_ref-Gross_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing a large amount of counter-evidence to the theory of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a> that organic compounds required organisms in their synthesis. Berthelot was convinced that chemical synthesis would revolutionize the food industry by the year 2000, and that synthesized foods would replace farms and pastures. "Why not", he asked, "if it proved cheaper and better to make the same materials than to grow them?"<sup id="cite_ref-Gross_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ogle_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was considered "one of the most famous chemists in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-Ogle_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon being appointed to the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs for the French government in 1895, he was considered "the most eminent living chemist" in France.<sup id="cite_ref-BP1895_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP1895-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1901, he was elected as one of the "Forty Immortals" of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hearst_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hearst-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave all his discoveries not only to the French government but to humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-Talbot_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbot-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcellin_Berthelot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berthelot was born in Rue du Mouton, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FRSE_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRSE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">France</a>, on 25 October 1827, the son of a doctor. He decided with his friend, the great historian <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>, not to attend a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école">grande école</a></i></span> where the vast majority of intellectuals were being educated.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After doing well at school in history and philosophy, he became a scientist. </p><p>He was an atheist but was very influenced by his wife, who was a <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (his wife came from <a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles_Breguet" title="Louis Charles Breguet">Louis Breguet</a>'s family).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discoveries">Discoveries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcellin_Berthelot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fundamental conception that underlay all Berthelot's chemical work was that all chemical phenomena depend on the action of physical forces which can be determined and measured. When he began his active career it was generally believed that, although some instances of the synthetic production of organic substances had been observed, on the whole <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> remained an analytical science and could not become a constructive one, because the formation of the substances with which it deals required the intervention of <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vital activity</a> in some shape.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He engaged in a long argument with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> on the subject of vitalism, in which Pasteur took the vitalist position on the basis of his work on alcoholic fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To this attitude he offered uncompromising opposition, and by the synthetic production of numerous <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a>, natural fats, sugars and other bodies he proved that organic compounds can be formed by ordinary methods of chemical manipulation and obey the same principles as inorganic substances, thus exhibiting the "creative character in virtue of which chemistry actually realizes the abstract conceptions of its theories and classifications—a prerogative so far possessed neither by the natural nor by the historical sciences."<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcellin_Berthelot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1863 he became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Nationale_de_M%C3%A9decine" title="Académie Nationale de Médecine">Académie Nationale de Médecine</a>; he was also awarded the Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1881 he became a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected an International Member of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1895, he was elected an International Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Berthelot" title="Avenue Berthelot">Avenue Berthelot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> was named after him on 25 March 1907. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcellin_Berthelot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bomb1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bomb1.jpg/500px-Bomb1.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bomb1.jpg/750px-Bomb1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bomb1.jpg/1000px-Bomb1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Bombs used for hydrogen explosion experiments</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berthelot,_Marcellin_%E2%80%93_R%C3%A9volution_chimique,_1890_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11800561.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Berthelot%2C_Marcellin_%E2%80%93_R%C3%A9volution_chimique%2C_1890_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11800561.jpg/220px-Berthelot%2C_Marcellin_%E2%80%93_R%C3%A9volution_chimique%2C_1890_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11800561.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Berthelot%2C_Marcellin_%E2%80%93_R%C3%A9volution_chimique%2C_1890_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11800561.jpg/330px-Berthelot%2C_Marcellin_%E2%80%93_R%C3%A9volution_chimique%2C_1890_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11800561.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Berthelot%2C_Marcellin_%E2%80%93_R%C3%A9volution_chimique%2C_1890_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11800561.jpg/440px-Berthelot%2C_Marcellin_%E2%80%93_R%C3%A9volution_chimique%2C_1890_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11800561.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption><i>La Révolution chimique</i>, 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>His investigations on the synthesis of organic compounds were published in numerous papers and books, including <i>Chimie organique fondée sur la synthèse</i> (1860) and <i>Les Carbures d'hydrogène</i> (1901). He stated that chemical phenomena are not governed by any peculiar laws special to themselves, but are explicable in terms of the general laws of mechanics that are in operation throughout the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>; and this view he developed, with the aid of thousands of experiments, in his <i>Mécanique chimique</i> (1878) and his <i>Thermochimie</i> (1897). This branch of study naturally conducted him to the investigation of explosives, and on the theoretical side led to the results published in his work <i>Sur la force de la poudre et des matières explosives</i> (1872), while in practical terms it enabled him to render important services to his country as president of the scientific defence committee during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%931871)" title="Siege of Paris (1870–1871)">siege of Paris (1870–1871)</a> and subsequently as chief of the French explosives committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He performed experiments to determine <a href="/wiki/Gas_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas pressure">gas pressures</a> during <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> explosions using a special chamber fitted with a piston, and was able to distinguish burning of mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen from true <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosions</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_and_philosophical_work">Historical and philosophical work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcellin_Berthelot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical and philosophical work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During later life he researched and wrote books on the early history of chemistry such as <i>Les Origines de l'alchimie</i> (1885)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Introduction à l'étude de la chimie des anciens et du moyen âge</i> (1889),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also translated various old Greek, Syriac and Arabic treatises on alchemy and chemistry: <i>Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs</i> (1887–1888)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>La Chimie au moyen âge</i> (1893).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the author of <i>Science et philosophie</i> (1886),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which contains a well-known letter to Renan on "<i>La Science idéale et la science positive</i>," of <i>La Révolution chimique, Lavoisier</i> (1890),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <i>Science et morale</i> (1897),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of numerous articles in <i><a href="/wiki/La_Grande_Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="La Grande Encyclopédie">La Grande Encyclopédie</a></i>, which he helped to establish. </p> <ul><li><i>Untersuchungen über die Affinitäten, über Bildung und Zersetzung der Äther.</i> <a href="/wiki/Ostwalds_Klassiker_der_exakten_Wissenschaften" title="Ostwalds Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften">Ostwalds Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften</a>; 173 Leipzig: Engelmann, 1910 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-169613">Digital edition</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_and_State_Library_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="University and State Library Düsseldorf">University and State Library Düsseldorf</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions">Editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcellin_Berthelot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12381565"><i>Introduction a l'étude de la chimie des anciens et du Moyen Age</i></a> (in French). Paris: Steinheil. 1889.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+a+l%27%C3%A9tude+de+la+chimie+des+anciens+et+du+Moyen+Age&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Steinheil&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D12381565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=11800561"><i>La Révolution chimique</i></a> (in French). Paris: Alcan. 1890.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+R%C3%A9volution+chimique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Alcan&rft.date=1890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D11800561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcellin_Berthelot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcellin_Berthelot_(Rodin).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Marcellin_Berthelot_%28Rodin%29.jpg/150px-Marcellin_Berthelot_%28Rodin%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Marcellin_Berthelot_%28Rodin%29.jpg/225px-Marcellin_Berthelot_%28Rodin%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Marcellin_Berthelot_%28Rodin%29.jpg/300px-Marcellin_Berthelot_%28Rodin%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4456" /></a><figcaption>Rodin's bust of Berthelot. <a href="/wiki/Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek" title="Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek">Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</a>, Copenhagen, Denmark</figcaption></figure> <p>Berthelot died suddenly on 18 March 1907, immediately after the death of his wife <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Berthelot" title="Sophie Berthelot">Sophie Niaudet</a> (1837–1907), in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His professorship was filled by <a href="/wiki/Emil_Jungfleisch" title="Emil Jungfleisch">Emil Jungfleisch</a>. </p><p>He was buried with his wife in the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon, Paris">Panthéon</a>. He had six children:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Berthelot" title="André Berthelot">Marcel André</a> (1862–1939), Marie-Hélène (1863–1895), Camille (1864–1928), Daniel (1865–1927), <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Berthelot" title="Philippe Berthelot">Philippe</a> (1866–1934), and René (1872–1960). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art">In art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcellin_Berthelot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a> created a bust of Berthelot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcellin_Berthelot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin" title="Abiogenic petroleum origin">Abiogenic petroleum origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthelot%27s_reagent" title="Berthelot's reagent">Berthelot's reagent</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcellin_Berthelot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJungfleisch1913" class="citation journal cs1">Jungfleisch, Émile (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pA9LAAAAYAAJ&dq=marcellin+berthelot+octobre+1827&pg=PR1">"Notice sur la vie et les travaux de Marcellin Berthelot"</a>. <i>Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France</i>. <b>13</b> (Extrait): 1–260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Chimique+de+France&rft.atitle=Notice+sur+la+vie+et+les+travaux+de+Marcellin+Berthelot&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=Extrait&rft.pages=1-260&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Jungfleisch&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpA9LAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dmarcellin%2Bberthelot%2Boctobre%2B1827%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gross-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gross_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gross_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gross, Daniel A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/brave-new-butter">"Brave New Butter"</a>. <i>Distillations</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 6–7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations&rft.atitle=Brave+New+Butter&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Fbrave-new-butter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogle-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ogle_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogle_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgle2013" class="citation news cs1">Ogle, Maureen (7 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2013/08/07/pierre_eug_ne_marcellin_berthelot_s_19th_century_quest_to_create_lab_grown.html">"A Century Before the Lab-Grown Burger, This Chemist Imagined "Toothsome" Manufactured Food"</a>. <i>Slate/Future Tense</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate%2FFuture+Tense&rft.atitle=A+Century+Before+the+Lab-Grown+Burger%2C+This+Chemist+Imagined+%22Toothsome%22+Manufactured+Food&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft.aulast=Ogle&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fblogs%2Ffuture_tense%2F2013%2F08%2F07%2Fpierre_eug_ne_marcellin_berthelot_s_19th_century_quest_to_create_lab_grown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BP1895-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BP1895_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SoJNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA574">"Biographies"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Pharmacy</i>. <b>9</b>: 574. 1895<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Pharmacy&rft.atitle=Biographies&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=574&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSoJNAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hearst-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hearst_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearst1903" class="citation book cs1">Hearst, W. R. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x1gTAAAAYAAJ"><i>The American Almanac, Year-book, Cyclopaedia and Atlas</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York American and Journal, Hearst's Chicago American and San Francisco Examiner. p. 219<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Almanac%2C+Year-book%2C+Cyclopaedia+and+Atlas&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=New+York+American+and+Journal%2C+Hearst%27s+Chicago+American+and+San+Francisco+Examiner&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Hearst&rft.aufirst=W.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx1gTAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CC_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UrZNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA139">"Contemporary celebrities"</a>. <i>Current Literature</i>. <b>32</b>: 139. 1902<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Literature&rft.atitle=Contemporary+celebrities&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=139&rft.date=1902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUrZNAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talbot-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Talbot_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1995" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Jean (1995). <i>Les éléments chimiques et les hommes</i>. Paris: SIRPE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments+chimiques+et+les+hommes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=SIRPE&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRSE-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FRSE_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919152306/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf">"Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 – 2002"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Royal Society of Edinburgh</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=Former+Fellows+of+The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh+1783+%E2%80%93+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsoced.org.uk%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Ffellows%2Fbiographical_index%2Ffells_indexp1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Berthelot, Sciences et Morales, On education, Paris, Impr. Nouvelle, <time>1895</time></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abraham Louis Breguet on www.hautehorlogerie.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_K._Wilcox2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert K. Wilcox (2010). <i>The Truth About the Shroud of Turin: Solving the Mystery</i>. Regnery Gateway. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-600-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-600-8"><bdi>978-1-59698-600-8</bdi></a>. <q>In 1902, Marcellin P. Berthelot, often called the founder of modern organic chemistry, was one of France's most celebrated scientists—if not the world's. He was permanent secretary of the French Academy, having succeeded the giant Louis Pasteur, the renowned microbiologist. Unlike Delage, an agnostic, Berthelot was an atheist—and militantly so.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+About+the+Shroud+of+Turin%3A+Solving+the+Mystery&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Regnery+Gateway&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59698-600-8&rft.au=Robert+K.+Wilcox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_de_Wesselow2012" class="citation book cs1">Thomas de Wesselow (2012). <i>The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-58855-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-58855-0"><bdi>978-1-101-58855-0</bdi></a>. <q>Although Delage made it clear that he did not regard Jesus as the resurrected Son of God, his paper upset the atheist members of the Academy, including its secretary, Marcellin Berthelot, who prevented its full publication in the Academy's bulletin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sign%3A+The+Shroud+of+Turin+and+the+Secret+of+the+Resurrection&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-101-58855-0&rft.au=Thomas+de+Wesselow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Berthelot,_Marcellin_Pierre_Eug%C3%A8ne" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Berthelot, Marcellin Pierre Eugène">Berthelot, Marcellin Pierre Eugène</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 811; see para 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berthelot%2C+Marcellin+Pierre+Eug%C3%A8ne&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=811%3B+see+para+2&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmann1997" class="citation book cs1">Friedmann, H C (1997). Cornish-Bowden, A (ed.). <i>From Friedrich Wöhler's urine to Eduard Buchner's alcohol</i>. Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain. pp. 67–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-370-3328-4" title="Special:BookSources/84-370-3328-4"><bdi>84-370-3328-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Friedrich+W%C3%B6hler%27s+urine+to+Eduard+Buchner%27s+alcohol&rft.pages=67-122&rft.pub=Universitat+de+Val%C3%A8ncia%2C+Valencia%2C+Spain&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=84-370-3328-4&rft.aulast=Friedmann&rft.aufirst=H+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+B&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00002064">"M. Berthelot (1827 - 1907)"</a>. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M.+Berthelot+%281827+-+1907%29&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwc.knaw.nl%2Fbiografie%2Fpmknaw%2F%3Fpagetype%3DauthorDetail%26aId%3DPE00002064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001929.html">"M. P. E. Berthelot"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=M.+P.+E.+Berthelot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20001929.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Marcelin+Berthelot&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DMarcelin%2BBerthelot%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lesoriginesdelal00bert">Les origines de l'alchemie</a> (Paris, G. Steinheil, 1885).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductionl00bert">Introduction à l'étude de la chimie, des anciens et du moyen âge</a> (Paris, G. Steinheil, 1889).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Collection des anciens alchimistes Grec</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectiondesanc01bert">Volume 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectiondesanc23bert">Volume 2–3</a> (Paris : G. Steinheil, 1887).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredesscie00duvagoog">Histoire des sciences: La chimie au moyen âge</a> (Imprimerie nationale, 1893).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scienceetphilos00bertgoog">Science et philosophie</a> (Levy, 1886).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/larvolutionchi00bertuoft">La révolution chimique: Lavoisier</a> (Paris Germer-Baillière, 1890)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scienceetmorale00bertgoog">Science Et Morale</a> (Levy, 1897).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mapage.noos.fr/genealogie-monod/www/mono0391.html#I2352">Individus</a> at mapage.noos.fr</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcellin_Berthelot&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Berthelot,_Marcellin_Pierre_Eug%C3%A8ne" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Berthelot, Marcellin Pierre Eugène">Berthelot, Marcellin Pierre Eugène</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 811.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berthelot%2C+Marcellin+Pierre+Eug%C3%A8ne&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=811&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoremus1907" class="citation journal cs1">Doremus, CG (April 1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1447980">"Pierre Eugene Marcelin Berthelot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>25</b> (641): 592–595. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1907Sci....25..592D">1907Sci....25..592D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.25.641.592">10.1126/science.25.641.592</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17749176">17749176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Pierre+Eugene+Marcelin+Berthelot&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=641&rft.pages=592-595&rft.date=1907-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17749176&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.25.641.592&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1907Sci....25..592D&rft.aulast=Doremus&rft.aufirst=CG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1447980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcellin_Berthelot&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosland1970–1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Crosland, M.P. (1970–1980). "Berthelot, Pierre Eugène Marcelin". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i>. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 63–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10114-9"><bdi>978-0-684-10114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berthelot%2C+Pierre+Eug%C3%A8ne+Marcelin&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63-72&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970%2F1980&rft.isbn=978-0-684-10114-9&rft.aulast=Crosland&rft.aufirst=M.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebe1908" class="citation journal cs1">Graebe, O. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1426319">"Marcelin Berthelot"</a>. <i>Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 4805–4872. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcber.190804103193">10.1002/cber.190804103193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berichte+der+Deutschen+Chemischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Marcelin+Berthelot&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4805-4872&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcber.190804103193&rft.aulast=Graebe&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1426319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcellin+Berthelot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jean Jacques, <i>Berthelot 1827-1907, autopsie d'un mythe</i>, Paris, Belin, 1987. (The author, who admits not liking Berthelot, seeks to sort out the chaff and good grain, not only in his political and ideological activity, but also in his scientific work.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcellin_Berthelot&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marcellin_Berthelot" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/5570">Works by Marcellin Berthelot</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Berthelot%2C%20Marcellin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Marcellin%20Berthelot%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Berthelot%2C%20Marcellin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Marcellin%20Berthelot%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Berthelot%2C%20M%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Marcellin%20Berthelot%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Berthelot%2C%20Marcellin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Marcellin%20Berthelot%22%29%20OR%20%28%221827-1907%22%20AND%20Berthelot%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Marcellin Berthelot</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Biographies_of_Scientific_Men/Berthelot" class="extiw" title="s:Biographies of Scientific Men/Berthelot">Biographies of Scientific Men/Berthelot - Wikisource, the free online library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/001614">Newspaper clippings about Marcellin Berthelot</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">René Goblet</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Instruction_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Public Instruction (France)">Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts</a> </b><br />1886–1887 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Spuller" title="Eugène Spuller">Eugène Spuller</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Jean Casimir-Perier</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1895–1896 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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40</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_de_Pri%C3%A9zac" title="Daniel de Priézac">Daniel de Priézac</a> (1639)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Le_Clerc" title="Michel Le Clerc">Michel Le Clerc</a> (1662)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Tourreil" title="Jacques de Tourreil">Jacques de Tourreil</a> (1692)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Roland_Malet" title="Jean-Roland Malet">Jean-Roland Malet</a> (1714)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Boyer" title="Jean-François Boyer">Jean-François Boyer</a> (1736)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Thyrel_de_Boismont" title="Nicolas Thyrel de Boismont">Nicolas Thyrel de Boismont</a> (1755)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude-Carloman_de_Rulhi%C3%A8re" title="Claude-Carloman de Rulhière">Claude-Carloman de Rulhière</a> (1787)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jean_Georges_Cabanis" title="Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis">Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis</a> (1803)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Destutt_de_Tracy" title="Antoine Destutt de Tracy">Antoine Destutt de Tracy</a> (1808)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a> (1836)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Jean-Baptiste Dumas</a> (1875)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bertrand" title="Joseph Bertrand">Joseph Bertrand</a> (1884)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marcellin Berthelot</a> (1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Charmes" title="Francis Charmes">Francis Charmes</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Cambon" title="Jules Cambon">Jules Cambon</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean-Lucien_Lacaze" title="Marie-Jean-Lucien Lacaze">Marie-Jean-Lucien Lacaze</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chastenet" title="Jacques Chastenet">Jacques Chastenet</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Georges Dumézil</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_R%C3%A9my" title="Pierre-Jean Rémy">Pierre-Jean Rémy</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Darcos" title="Xavier Darcos">Xavier Darcos</a> (2013)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1851–1900)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1851–1900)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1851–1900)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> (1851)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> (1852)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</a> (1853)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes Peter Müller">Johannes Peter Müller</a> (1854)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> (1855)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" title="Henri Milne-Edwards">Henri Milne-Edwards</a> (1856)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a> (1857)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (1859)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> (1860)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (1861)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a> (1862)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> (1863)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chasles" title="Michel Chasles">Michel Chasles</a> (1865)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Julius Plücker</a> (1866)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> (1867)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> (1868)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1869)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer">Julius Robert von Mayer</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> (1872)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (1874)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> (1875)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a> (1876)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a> (1877)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault">Jean-Baptiste Boussingault</a> (1878)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> (1879)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1880)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adolphe_Wurtz" title="Charles Adolphe Wurtz">Charles Adolphe Wurtz</a> (1881)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> (1882)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">William Thomson</a> (1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig" title="Carl Ludwig">Carl Ludwig</a> (1884)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz</a> (1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Franz Ernst Neumann</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Salmon" title="George Salmon">George Salmon</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanislao_Cannizzaro" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> (1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> (1895)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" title="Carl Gegenbaur">Carl Gegenbaur</a> (1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt</a> (1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marcellin Berthelot</a> (1900)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">A. J. Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Br%C3%BBlart,_marquis_de_Sillery" title="Pierre Brûlart, marquis de Sillery">Sillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Phélypeaux">R. Phélypeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier" title="Claude Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bouthillier,_comte_de_Chavigny" title="Léon Bouthillier, comte de Chavigny">Chavigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Auguste_de_Lom%C3%A9nie,_comte_de_Brienne" title="Henri-Auguste de Loménie, comte de Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Lionne" title="Hugues de Lionne">Lionne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Arnauld,_Marquis_de_Pomponne" title="Simon Arnauld, Marquis de Pomponne">Pomponne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colbert,_marquis_de_Croissy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Colbert, marquis de Croissy">Croissy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Colbert,_Marquis_of_Torcy" title="Jean Baptiste Colbert, Marquis of Torcy">Torcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chalon_du_Bl%C3%A9" title="Nicolas Chalon du Blé">Huxelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dubois" title="Guillaume Dubois">Dubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jean-Baptiste_Fleuriau" title="Charles Jean-Baptiste Fleuriau">Morville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germain_Louis_Chauvelin" title="Germain Louis Chauvelin">Chauvelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Amelot_de_Chaillou" title="Jean-Jacques Amelot de Chaillou">Chaillou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Maurice_de_Noailles,_3rd_Duke_of_Noailles" title="Adrien Maurice de Noailles, 3rd Duke of Noailles">Noailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy,_Marquis_of_Argenson" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy, Marquis of Argenson">Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philog%C3%A8ne_Br%C3%BBlart,_vicomte_de_Puisieulx" title="Louis Philogène Brûlart, vicomte de Puisieulx">Puisieulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dominique_de_Barberie_de_Saint-Contest" title="François Dominique de Barberie de Saint-Contest">Saint-Contest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Louis_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Antoine Louis Rouillé">Rouillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joachim_de_Pierre_de_Bernis" title="François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis">Bernis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Choiseul,_Duke_of_Choiseul" title="Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke of Choiseul">É. Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Gabriel_de_Choiseul" class="mw-redirect" title="César Gabriel de Choiseul">C. Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Choiseul,_Duke_of_Choiseul" title="Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke of Choiseul">É. Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_comte_de_Saint-Florentin" title="Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Saint-Florentin">L. Phélypeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Armand_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duke_of_Aiguillon" title="Emmanuel Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, Duke of Aiguillon">Aiguillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bertin" title="Henri Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin" title="Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin">Montmorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Qu%C3%A9len_de_Stuer_de_Caussade,_2nd_Duke_of_La_Vauguyon" title="Paul François de Quélen de Stuer de Caussade, 2nd Duke of La Vauguyon">Vauguyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin" title="Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin">Montmorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine_de_Valdec_de_Lessart" title="Claude Antoine de Valdec de Lessart">Lessart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_de_M%C3%A9redieu,_baron_de_Naillac" title="Pierre Paul de Méredieu, baron de Naillac">Naillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Scipion_Charles_Auguste_de_La_Garde_de_Chambonas" title="Victor Scipion Charles Auguste de La Garde de Chambonas">Chambonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_de_Gratet,_vicomte_Dubouchage" title="François Joseph de Gratet, vicomte Dubouchage">Dubouchage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bigot_de_Sainte-Croix" title="Claude Bigot de Sainte-Croix">Sainte-Croix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Henri_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Marie_Lebrun-Tondu" title="Pierre Henri Hélène Marie Lebrun-Tondu">Lebrun-Tondu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Michel_Chemin_Deforgues" title="François Louis Michel Chemin Deforgues">Deforgues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Claude_Alexandre_Goujon" title="Jean-Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon">Goujon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Herman" title="Martial Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Delacroix" title="Charles-François Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Reinhard" title="Charles-Frédéric Reinhard">Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Nomp%C3%A8re_de_Champagny" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny">Champagny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Bassano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Augustin-Louis_de_Caulaincourt" title="Armand-Augustin-Louis de Caulaincourt">Caulaincourt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">First Restoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Lafor%C3%AAt" title="Antoine de Laforêt">Laforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Augustin-Louis_de_Caulaincourt" title="Armand-Augustin-Louis de Caulaincourt">Caulaincourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pierre_%C3%89douard,_Baron_Bignon" title="Louis Pierre Édouard, Baron Bignon">Bignon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Second Restoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">A. E. Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph,_Marquis_Dessolles" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Joseph, Marquis Dessolles">Dessolles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Denis_Pasquier" title="Étienne-Denis Pasquier">Pasquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_de_Montmorency" title="Mathieu de Montmorency">M. Montmorency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ange_Hyacinthe_Maxence,_baron_de_Damas" title="Ange Hyacinthe Maxence, baron de Damas">Damas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste,_comte_de_La_Ferronays" title="Auguste, comte de La Ferronays">La Ferronays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Adrien-Pierre_de_Montmorency-Laval" title="Anne-Adrien-Pierre de Montmorency-Laval">Montmorency-Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Marie,_comte_Portalis" title="Joseph-Marie, comte Portalis">Portalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_de_Rochechouart,_11th_Duke_of_Mortemart" title="Casimir de Rochechouart, 11th Duke of Mortemart">Mortemart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pierre_%C3%89douard,_Baron_Bignon" title="Louis Pierre Édouard, Baron Bignon">Bignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Joseph_Maison" title="Nicolas Joseph Maison">Maison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bastien_S%C3%A9bastiani_de_La_Porta" title="Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta">Sébastiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny" title="Henri de Rigny">Rigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph,_comte_Bresson" title="Charles Joseph, comte Bresson">Bresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny" title="Henri de Rigny">Rigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Napol%C3%A9on_Lannes" title="Louis Napoléon Lannes">Montebello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Bastide" title="Jules Bastide">Bastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Alphonse_Bedeau" title="Marie Alphonse Bedeau">Bedeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Bastide" title="Jules Bastide">Bastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Rayneval" title="Alphonse de Rayneval">Rayneval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Ernest_Ducos_de_La_Hitte" title="Jean-Ernest Ducos de La Hitte">La Hitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole,_baron_Br%C3%A9nier_de_Renaudi%C3%A8re" title="Anatole, baron Brénier de Renaudière">Brénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_F%C3%A9lix_%C3%89tienne,_marquis_de_Turgot" title="Louis Félix Étienne, marquis de Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Colonna-Walewski" title="Alexandre Colonna-Walewski">Walewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Thouvenel" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Thouvenel">Thouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, marquis de La Valette">La Valette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Moustier" title="Lionel de Moustier">Moustier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, marquis de La Valette">La Valette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_prince_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri, prince de La Tour d'Auvergne">La Tour Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on,_comte_Daru" title="Napoléon, comte Daru">Daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier" title="Émile Ollivier">Ollivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenor,_duc_de_Gramont" class="mw-redirect" title="Agenor, duc de Gramont">Gramont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_prince_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri, prince de La Tour d'Auvergne">La Tour d'Auvergne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Favre" title="Jules Favre">Favre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_R%C3%A9musat" title="Charles de Rémusat">Rémusat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert,_4th_duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, 4th duc de Broglie">A. Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_duc_Decazes" title="Louis, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston-Robert,_Marquis_de_Banneville" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaston-Robert, Marquis de Banneville">Banneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Waddington" title="William Waddington">Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Barth%C3%A9lemy-Saint-Hilaire" title="Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire">Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Duclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Fallières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-Armand_Challemel-Lacour" title="Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour">Challemel-Lacour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Flourens" title="Émile Flourens">Flourens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Spuller" title="Eugène Spuller">Spuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Develle" title="Jules Develle">Develle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Casimir-Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Hanotaux" title="Gabriel Hanotaux">Hanotaux</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berthelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Hanotaux" title="Gabriel Hanotaux">Hanotaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Delcass%C3%A9" title="Théophile Delcassé">Delcassé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pichon" title="Stephen Pichon">Pichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cruppi" title="Jean Cruppi">Cruppi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_de_Selves" title="Justin de Selves">Selves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jonnart" title="Charles Jonnart">Jonnart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pichon" title="Stephen Pichon">Pichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Delcass%C3%A9" title="Théophile Delcassé">Delcassé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pichon" title="Stephen Pichon">Pichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Millerand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Leygues" title="Georges Leygues">Leygues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Lefebvre_du_Prey" title="Edmond Lefebvre du Prey">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Delbos" title="Yvon Delbos">Delbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baudouin" title="Paul Baudouin">Baudouin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baudouin" title="Paul Baudouin">Baudouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional<br />Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Pineau" title="Christian Pineau">Pineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Schumann" title="Maurice Schumann">Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bettencourt" title="André Bettencourt">Bettencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Jobert" title="Michel Jobert">Jobert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sauvagnargues" title="Jean Sauvagnargues">Sauvagnargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Guiringaud" title="Louis de Guiringaud">Guiringaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois-Poncet" title="Jean François-Poncet">François-Poncet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cheysson" title="Claude Cheysson">Cheysson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Dumas" title="Roland Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bernard_Raimond" title="Jean-Bernard Raimond">Raimond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Dumas" title="Roland Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_de_Charette" title="Hervé de Charette">Charette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_V%C3%A9drine" title="Hubert Védrine">Védrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Villepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Barnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Douste-Blazy" title="Philippe Douste-Blazy">Douste-Blazy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Kouchner" title="Bernard Kouchner">Kouchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie" title="Michèle Alliot-Marie">Alliot-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Fabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault" title="Jean-Marc Ayrault">Ayrault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Drian" title="Jean-Yves Le Drian">Le Drian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Colonna" title="Catherine Colonna">Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_S%C3%A9journ%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Séjourné">Séjourné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-No%C3%ABl_Barrot" title="Jean-Noël Barrot">Barrot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18425#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18425#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18425#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120961472">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54207651">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/180071/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJth6mxKVHVg4xkDj8jKVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119184869">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86842570">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12276589n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12276589n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00433156">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Berthelot, Marcellin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PARV350355">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36293907">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981000254&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX899653">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/39169">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069326339">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90680287">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Berthelot, Marcellin, 1827-1907"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000293591&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000685969&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000286626">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=88748">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000046818">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/53hkk8lp2j5p3st">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810680811205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/94452">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272882605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511729806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14070052">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0075298X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:berthelot.marcellin">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1242930">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119184869.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119184869">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03157825X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63j5dgd">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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