Kingdom of Israel - World History Encyclopedia

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src="/template/images/header/whe-logo-white-r.svg">'; } function lightMode() { document.getElementById('darkCSS').remove(); document.querySelector('#header_ahe_logo').innerHTML = '<img src="/template/images/header/whe-logo-r.svg">'; } if (localStorage.getItem('darkMode') == 'dark') { darkMode(); } </script>  <main class="left_3_column" id="main_content"> <nav id="toc_wrapper" style="display: none;"> <div id="toc"> <h2 class="no_toc">Contents</h2> <div id="toc_contents"></div> <p class="toc_buttons"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Asherah+Book_of_Amos+canaan+Gezer+Herod_the_Great+Israel+jerusalem+King_David+Kingdom_of_Israel+Masada+Moses+palestine+solomon+Tel_Kabri+Yahweh" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=JPryst" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </p> </div> </nav> <div id="tag_definition_wrapper"> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ async_load_js('https://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js') }); </script> <div class="pinterest_button"> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-id="https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Israel/" data-pin-media="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/285.png" data-pin-url="https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Israel/" data-pin-description="The Kingdom of Israel occupied that part of the land on the Mediterranean Sea known as the Levant which corresponds roughly to the State of Israel of modern times. The region was known, historically, as part of Canaan, as Phoenicia, as Palestine, Yehud Medinata, Judea and, after the Romans destroyed..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Definition</h2> <div id="tag_definition_text"> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Joshua J. Mark" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-JPryst.JPG" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="author" title="User Page: Joshua J. Mark">Joshua J. Mark</a> <br/> published on 26 October 2018 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/zh/1-180/" class="translation_link zh " rel="alternate">Chinese</a>, <a href="/trans/fr/1-180/israel/" class="translation_link fr " rel="alternate">French</a>, <a href="/trans/it/1-180/regno-disraele/" class="translation_link it " rel="alternate">Italian</a>, <a href="/trans/es/1-180/reino-de-israel/" class="translation_link es " rel="alternate">Spanish</a>, <a href="/trans/tr/1-180/israil-kralligi/" class="translation_link tr " rel="alternate">Turkish</a></div> </div> <div id="audio-outer-wrapper"> <iframe id="audio-frame-contents" data-src="/audioplayer/en/1-180/" height="80" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no"></iframe> </div> <script> pageReady.then(()=>{ jsQueue(()=>{ let litPlayer = $('#audio-frame-contents'); if (litPlayer) { litPlayer.attr('src',litPlayer.attr('data-src')); } }); }); </script> <style> #audio-outer-wrapper { height: 80px; width: 100%; margin: 1em 0em; } #audio-frame-contents { background-image: url("/template/images/loading-audio-3.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; max-height: 80px; } </style> <div class="pre_article_buttons no_print"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Asherah+Book_of_Amos+canaan+Gezer+Herod_the_Great+Israel+jerusalem+King_David+Kingdom_of_Israel+Masada+Moses+palestine+solomon+Tel_Kabri+Yahweh" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=JPryst" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </div> </div> <div class="body"> <article> <figure class="definition_image"> <a href="/image/285/map-of-the-levant-circa-830-bce/" title="Map of the Levant circa 830 BCE"> <picture>  <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/285.png.webp?v=1738022349 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/285.png.webp?v=1738022349 600w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/285.png?v=1738022349 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/285.png?v=1738022349 600w" type="image/jpeg"> <img src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/285.png?v=1738022349" width="300" height="359" alt="Map of the Levant circa 830 BCE (by Richardprins, GNU FDL)" title="Map of the Levant circa 830 BCE (by Richardprins, GNU FDL)" class="tag_definition_image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Map of the Levant circa 830 BCE</div><div class="figauthor">Richardprins (GNU FDL)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/285/map-of-the-levant-circa-830-bce/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/285/map-of-the-levant-circa-830-bce/","caption":"A map of Palestine circa 830 BC, showing the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, as well as the surrounding kingdoms and tribes.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/285.png","copyrightNotice":"Richardprins - GNU FDL - Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Richardprins"},"creditText":"Richardprins / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-02-26T15:35:18+0000","datePublished":"2012-04-26T07:45:12+0000","encodingFormat":"image/png","headline":"Map of the Levant circa 830 BCE","height":"2386","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.en.html","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/285/map-of-the-levant-circa-830-bce/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/285/map-of-the-levant-circa-830-bce/","width":"2000"} </script> <p>The Kingdom of <a href="/disambiguation/Israel/">Israel</a> occupied that part of the land on the <a href="/disambiguation/mediterranean/">Mediterranean</a> Sea known as the <a href="/levant/">Levant</a> which corresponds roughly to the State of Israel of modern times. The region was known, historically, as part of <a href="/canaan/">Canaan</a>, as <a href="/phoenicia/">Phoenicia</a>, as <a href="/palestine/">Palestine</a>, Yehud Medinata, Judea and, after the Romans destroyed the region in 136 CE, as <a href="/syria/">Syria</a>-Palaestina.</p> <p>According to the <a href="/bible/">Bible</a>, the region was named after the Hebrew patriarch <a href="/Jacob/">Jacob</a>, also known as Israel (from <em>Yisrae'el</em>, meaning to `persevere with <a href="/God/">God</a>') and, by extension, his nation. Israel was the region colonized by Abram (later <a href="/Abraham,_the_Patriarch/">Abraham</a>), developed by his son Isaac and grandson Jacob, and later allegedly conquered by the Hebrew General Joshua around 1250 BCE, following the Exodus from <a href="/egypt/">Egypt</a> under <a href="/Moses/">Moses</a>.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <div class="big_quote">Israel as a cultural entity is first mentioned in the stele of the <a href="/disambiguation/Egyptian/">Egyptian</a> <a href="/pharaoh/">pharaoh</a> Merenptah (1213-1203 BCE)</div> <p>Israel as a cultural entity is first mentioned in the stele of the Egyptian pharaoh Merenptah (r.1213-1203 BCE) in which he states that “Israel lies devastated, bereft of its seed” (Kerrigan, 59). The reference seems to be to a people, not a kingdom, but no scholarly consensus has been reached on a final meaning nor even why Israel should be mentioned on a stele which celebrates an Egyptian victory over the Libyans unless the Israelites were part of the coalition known as the <a href="/Sea_Peoples/">Sea Peoples</a>, which is improbable.</p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <p>By c. 1080 BCE the Israelites had established a kingship in the land and developed a <a href="/disambiguation/culture/">culture</a> which drew on earlier civilizations. As scholars J. Maxwell Miller and John H. Hayes note:</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <blockquote> <p>Roughly two thousand years of recorded history and impressive cultural achievements preceded the beginnings of Israelite and Judean history. This earlier span of time witnessed major literary, technological, and scientific developments, particularly in <a href="/Mesopotamia/">Mesopotamia</a> and Egypt. [Artifacts] unearthed at ancient sites in Palestine illustrate that the Israelites and Judeans were heirs to a long and sophisticated <a href="/civilization/">civilization</a>. (27-28)</p> </blockquote> <p>This interpretation of history is at odds with the traditional belief that the Israelites appeared in Canaan and imposed their culture on a pre-existing population following a military <a href="/warfare/">conquest</a> of the region.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="9384"> <a href="/image/9384/stele-of-merenptah/" title="Stele of Merenptah" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/9384.jpg.webp?v=1714404663 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/9384.jpg.webp?v=1714404663 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/9384.jpg?v=1714404663 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/9384.jpg?v=1714404663 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/9384.jpg?v=1714404663" alt="Stele of Merenptah" class="in_text_image" width="320" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Stele of Merenptah</div><div class="figauthor">Webscribe (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/9384/stele-of-merenptah/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/9384/stele-of-merenptah/","caption":"Stele of Merenptah. Israel as a cultural entity is first mentioned in this stele of the Egyptian pharaoh Merenptah (1213-1203 BCE) in which he states that \u201cIsrael lies devastated, bereft of its seed\u201d. (Cairo Museum, Egypt)","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/9384.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Webscribe - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Webscribe"},"creditText":"Webscribe / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-02-26T15:35:18+0000","datePublished":"2018-10-26T06:57:51+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Stele of Merenptah","height":768,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Merenptah_Israel_Stele_Cairo.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/9384/stele-of-merenptah/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/9384/stele-of-merenptah/","width":491} </script> </p> <p>The kingdom split in two following the <a href="/disambiguation/Death/">death</a> of King <a href="/solomon/">Solomon</a> (r.c. 965-931 BCE) with the Kingdom of Israel to the north and Judah to the south. In 722 BCE the northern kingdom was destroyed by the Assyrians and the population deported as per Assyrian military policy (resulting in the so-called Lost Ten Tribes of Israel). Judah was destroyed by the Babylonians in 598-582 BCE and the most influential citizens of the region taken to <a href="/babylon/">Babylon</a>.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p>The Persians, following their conquest of the Babylonian <a href="/empire/">Empire</a>, returned the Israelites to their homeland in 538 BCE and held the region as part of their empire until it fell to <a href="/Alexander_the_Great/">Alexander the Great</a> (l.356-323 BCE). Following <a href="/disambiguation/Alexander/">Alexander</a>'s death, the region was held by <a href="/Ptolemy_I/">Ptolemy I</a> and then the <a href="/Seleucid_Empire/">Seleucid Empire</a> until c. 168 BCE when the Israelites revolted under the leadership of the Maccabees who established the Hasmonaean Dynasty. The region was taken by <a href="/Rome/">Rome</a> in 63 BCE and the people's resentment against foreign occupation resulted in periods of more or less unrest until the Bar Kochba Revolt of 132-136 CE in which the Jews were defeated, <a href="/jerusalem/">Jerusalem</a> destroyed, and the area renamed Syria-Palaestina by the <a href="/Roman_Emperor/">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/hadrian/">Hadrian</a>.</p> <div class="big_quote">The reigns of Saul, David, & Solomon have been traditionally characterized as a `golden age' of unity & prosperity.</div> <h3>Biblical Narrative </h3> <p>According to the narrative in the biblical <a href="/Book_of_Genesis/">Book of Genesis</a>, the patriarch Abram led his people to the land of Canaan as directed to by his god (12:1-5). In Canaan, Abraham and then his son Isaac and then his son Jacob (Israel) established the culture of the Hebrews (literally “wanderers”). Jacob had twelve sons but favored his youngest, Joseph, which enraged his brothers and so they sold him to the Ishmaelites as a slave and he was then re-sold in Egypt. Once there, he rose to prominence through his ability to interpret dreams, and became a powerful administrator who saved the region from starvation during a famine. At this time, Joseph's brothers and father came and settled in Egypt as welcome guests (Genesis 37, 39-47). According to the Book of Exodus, in time, the Israelites became too populous and were enslaved by the Egyptians (1:7-11). </p> <p>The Israelites remained in bondage until they were liberated by Moses the Lawgiver who brought them to the land of Canaan, which had been promised to his people by their god. Moses was unable to enter the land himself owing to a misunderstanding with this god and passed his leadership to his second-in-command, Joshua, who then led the Israelites to victory over the indigenous people and divided the land among his own (Deuteronomy 32:51-52, Joshua 1-19). This version of history and the military conquest of Canaan, it should be noted, is only found in the Bible and, while archaeological evidence in the region once known as Canaan does support wide-spread upheaval in the region between c 1250-c. 1150 BCE, said evidence does not fit neatly with the biblical narrative.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-4"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_4' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="5740"> <a href="/image/5740/moses-on-mount-sinai/" title="Moses on Mount Sinai" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/5740.jpg.webp?v=1727835306 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/5740.jpg.webp?v=1727835306 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/5740.jpg?v=1727835306 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/5740.jpg?v=1727835306 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/5740.jpg?v=1727835306" alt="Moses on Mount Sinai" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="291" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Moses on Mount Sinai</div><div class="figauthor">Jean-Léon Gérôme (Public Domain)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/5740/moses-on-mount-sinai/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/5740/moses-on-mount-sinai/","caption":"A 19th century CE oil painting by Jean-L\u00e9on G\u00e9r\u00f4me depicting Moses receiving the Ten Commandments from God on Mt. Sinai.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/5740.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Jean-L\u00e9on G\u00e9r\u00f4me - Public Domain - This item is in the public domain, and can be used, copied, and modified without any restrictions.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Jean-L\u00e9on G\u00e9r\u00f4me"},"creditText":"Jean-L\u00e9on G\u00e9r\u00f4me / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-02-26T15:35:18+0000","datePublished":"2016-09-26T14:13:10+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Moses on Mount Sinai","height":1148,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me,_Jean-L%C3%A9on_-_Moses_on_Mount_Sinai_Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-1895-1900.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/5740/moses-on-mount-sinai/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/5740/moses-on-mount-sinai/","width":1979} </script> </p> <p>Whether there was such a general named Joshua and whether the Hebrews did, in fact, <a href="/warfare/">conquer</a> the Canaanites is a matter of belief in the biblical narrative. It has been established, however, that something of moment did occur c. 1250-c.1150 BCE (the <a href="/Bronze_Age_Collapse/">Bronze Age Collapse</a>) which resulted in a displacement of indigenous people, not only in Canaan, but elsewhere throughout the <a href="/Near_East/">Near East</a>. Some modern-day scholars completely reject the claim of a conquest and point to archaeological evidence to support their contention that the Israelites peacefully assimilated with the Canaanites and that belief in a conquest of the region by an Israelite general only emerged much later during the period of the Babylonian Captivity of 598-538 BCE and was only codified as part of the biblical narrative during the Second <a href="/temple/">Temple</a> Period (c.515 BCE-70 CE).</p> <p>The counter-claim to the biblical narrative is that Abram was an <a href="/amorite/">Amorite</a> in Mesopotamia who relocated to Canaan and that later Hebrew scribes, unsatisfied with their ancestral ties to Mesopotamia, created a new history which highlighted their people's unique relationship with the one true God of the universe in order to establish political superiority. They elevated a minor Canaanite deity, <a href="/Yahweh/">Yahweh</a>, to the level of supreme being and then instituted religious practices to further distance themselves from others in the region.</p> <p>This theory, as Miller and Hayes point out, is just as largely guesswork and belief as acceptance of the biblical narrative but also note that extra-biblical documentation and archaeological evidence suggest that the region at this time “was something of a melting pot, composed of diverse elements living under various `ad hoc' political and religious circumstances [which] formed the basis of the later kingdoms of Israel and Judah” (78). According to this theory, there was no conquest but only a gradual assimilation of immigrants into the general population of the region. </p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-5"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_5' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <h3>The First Kings</h3> <p>Israel developed into a united kingdom under the leadership of <a href="/King_David/">King David</a> (c.1035-970 BCE) who consolidated the various tribes under his single rule (having taken over from Israel's first king, Saul, who ruled c. 1080-1010 BCE). David chose the Canaanite <a href="/city/">city</a> of Jerusalem as his capital and is said to have had the <a href="/Ark_of_the_Covenant/">Ark of the Covenant</a> moved there. As the Ark was thought to contain the living presence of God, bringing it to Jerusalem would have made the city both a political and religious center of considerable importance. David intended to build a great temple to house the Ark but that task fell to his son, Solomon whose rule corresponds to the height of Israelite grandeur as depicted in the Bible.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="4029"> <a href="/image/4029/mosaic-of-temple-facade-with-torah-ark/" title="Mosaic of Temple Facade with Torah Ark" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/4029.jpg.webp?v=1697081043 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/4029.jpg.webp?v=1697081043 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/4029.jpg?v=1697081043 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/4029.jpg?v=1697081043 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/4029.jpg?v=1697081043" alt="Mosaic of Temple Facade with Torah Ark" class="in_text_image" width="501" height="375" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Mosaic of Temple Facade with Torah Ark</div><div class="figauthor">Dana Murray (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4029/mosaic-of-temple-facade-with-torah-ark/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4029/mosaic-of-temple-facade-with-torah-ark/","caption":"Carpet mosaic depicting Temple facade with Torah Ark dating to the 4th century CE. Excavated at Khirbet es-Samarah.\r\n\r\nCurrently housed in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/4029.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Dana Murray - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/murrayd7/#person","name":"Dana Murray","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/murrayd7/","image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-murrayd7.jpg","description":"PhD student with interest in the art, architecture, and religion of ancient Greece and the Near East."},"creditText":"Dana Murray / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-02-26T15:35:18+0000","datePublished":"2015-08-29T18:15:08+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Mosaic of Temple Facade with Torah Ark","height":2448,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4029/mosaic-of-temple-facade-with-torah-ark/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4029/mosaic-of-temple-facade-with-torah-ark/","width":3264} </script> </p> <p>Solomon consolidated treaties with neighboring kingdoms such as <a href="/Tyre/">Tyre</a> to the north, Egypt, Sheba and sponsored building projects which made Jerusalem a great and opulent city (including, of course, the First Temple). The reigns of Saul, David, and Solomon (but especially the latter two) have been traditionally characterized as a `golden age' of unity and prosperity although scholars have noted that the biblical account itself records economic difficulties which led to ceding <a href="/city/">cities</a> to the <a href="/phoenicia/">Phoenicians</a> (I Kings 9:10-14) and Solomon's brutal policies which led to Judah breaking away from the kingdom after his death (I Kings 12:1-20). </p> <div class="big_quote">After Solomon's reign the kingdom split in half, Israel occupying the northern region with a capital at Samaria & the Kingdom of Judah in the south with Jerusalem as capital. </div> <p>The <a href="/religion/">religion</a> of the Kingdom of Israel was henotheistic (a belief in many gods with a focus on a single most powerful deity among them) and David, as Saul before him, emphasized the preeminence of the god Yahweh as the focus of worship. David and Solomon, especially, seem to have used this belief to their benefit in unifying the people but after Solomon's reign the kingdom split in half, Israel occupying the northern region with a capital at Samaria and the Kingdom of Judah in the south with Jerusalem as capital. The two kingdoms would thereafter sometimes ally and sometimes <a href="/war/">war</a> but would never again achieve the strength and wealth of the kingdom during the reigns of David and his son.</p><div class="intext_6 ahe-ad book_rec_banner"></div> <h3>Later Kings & Foreign Conquerors</h3> <p>The Kingdom of Israel prospered under the reigns of the kings Omri (c.876-869 or 884-872 BCE) and Ahab (c.876-853 BCE) and, later, Jehu's dynasty (842-746 BCE) according to archaeological evidence and the biblical narrative, but seems often characterized by instability resulting from the rivalry between Israel and Judah. Even so, under Ahab's reign, Israel was a major military power as evidenced by the Stele Inscription of Shalmaneser III of <a href="/assyria/">Assyria</a> (859-824 BCE) who states that Ahab was able to field a massive army against him consisting of over 2,000 chariots and 10,000 infantry (although modern scholarship has contested these numbers).</p> <p>By the time of the reign of King Hezekiah of Judah (c.715-686 BCE), however, Judah had become the more powerful of the two kingdoms. In 722 BCE the kingdom of Israel fell to the Assyrians under <a href="/Sargon_II/">Sargon II</a> (r.722-705 BCE) and, as per Assyrian policy, the population was relocated to other regions (resulting in the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel). Miller and Hayes note:</p> <blockquote> <p>Israel ceased to exist as an independent kingdom quite early in the period of Assyrian domination. Its capital at Samaria was captured in 722 BCE, and Israelite territory was incorporated subsequently into the Assyrian provincial system. Judah maintained its national identity throughout this period but was almost completely dominated by Assyria. (314)</p> </blockquote> <p>The exception to this domination was the city of Jerusalem which withstood Assyrian aggression. Hezekiah, according to the Bible, witnessed the fall of Samaria and focused on preparations to protect his capital city of Jerusalem. He was able to prepare Jerusalem to withstand the Assyrian siege of 703 BCE under <a href="/disambiguation/sargon/">Sargon</a> II's son <a href="/sennacherib/">Sennacherib</a> (r.705-681 BCE) through the construction of the Siloam Tunnel and Broad <a href="/wall/">Wall</a>, which can still be seen today but, even so, afterwards paid the Assyrians tribute as a vassal state.</p><div id="mobilenewsletter" class="grey_box mobilenewsletter"> <div class="headline">Love History?</div> <p>Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter!</p> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mailchimp-mobile-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL-mobile" style="width:60%;" required> <input type="submit" value="Sign Up" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-mobile" style="margin-top: 10px;">  <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46_ac74a77c22" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> </form> </div> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="5543"> <a href="/image/5543/star-of-david-on-the-walls-of-jerusalem/" title="Star of David on the Walls of Jerusalem" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/5543.jpg.webp?v=1628433903 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/5543.jpg.webp?v=1628433903 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/5543.jpg?v=1628433903 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/5543.jpg?v=1628433903 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/5543.jpg?v=1628433903" alt="Star of David on the Walls of Jerusalem" class="in_text_image" width="448" height="336" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Star of David on the Walls of Jerusalem</div><div class="figauthor">Ze'ev Barkan (CC BY)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/5543/star-of-david-on-the-walls-of-jerusalem/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/5543/star-of-david-on-the-walls-of-jerusalem/","caption":"The star is located near the New Gate on the northern part of the walls of Jerusalem.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/5543.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Ze'ev Barkan - CC BY - This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ze'ev Barkan"},"creditText":"Ze'ev Barkan / Flickr","dateModified":"2025-02-26T15:35:18+0000","datePublished":"2016-08-29T09:31:47+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Star of David on the Walls of Jerusalem","height":336,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/zeevveez/149757471"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/5543/star-of-david-on-the-walls-of-jerusalem/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/5543/star-of-david-on-the-walls-of-jerusalem/","width":448} </script> </p> <p>When the Assyrian Empire fell in 612 BCE to a coalition led by the Babylonians and <a href="/Medes/">Medes</a>, the Babylonians took the region, sacked Jerusalem, and destroyed the temple in 598 BCE. The Babylonian king <a href="/Nebuchadnezzar_II/">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> (r.634-562 BCE) then deported the aristocracy, scribes, and skilled craftsmen back to Babylon, an event known as the Babylonian Captivity. Further Babylonian military campaigns from 589-582 BCE destroyed the Kingdom of Judah. </p> <p>Babylon was conquered by the Persians under <a href="/Cyrus_the_Great/">Cyrus the Great</a> (d. 530 BCE) who released the Jews to return to their homeland in c. 538 BCE. The destruction of their cities, and deportation from a land they believed had been promised them by their god, forced the Jewish clergy to re-think their religious beliefs.</p> <h3>Religion</h3> <p>Prior to this event – and, in fact, throughout all of Israel's early history – the belief system of the people was henotheistic. Although the Bible generally presents a picture of a people who were unwavering in their monotheism, there is evidence even in those narratives that the people recognized and worshipped other deities such as the Ugaritic goddess <a href="/Asherah/">Asherah</a>, the Phoenician god <a href="/baal/">Baal</a>, and the <a href="/Sumerians/">Sumerian</a> sun god <a href="/Utu-Shamash/">Utu-Shamash</a>, among others. The tribal desert god Yahweh, as noted, was advanced as the supreme deity as early as the reign of King Saul.</p> <p>As in many ancient belief systems (and modern ones), faith in Yahweh relied on <em>quid pro quo</em> – an agreement, spoken or unspoken, that one would receive what one desired in return for something else. The people were expected to honor Yahweh and worship him and, in return, he would help them and keep them safe. When the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and its temple and deported the leading citizens, some reason had to be found for why God had abandoned them and, exiled in Babylon, the Hebrew clerics concluded it was because they had not worshipped Yahweh exclusively. The Babylonian Captivity, then, was the turning point in Israelite religious belief and practice and, moving forward, it would be characterized by a strict monotheism.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-6"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_8' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="3625"> <a href="/image/3625/second-temple-model/" title="Second Temple Model" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/3625.jpg.webp?v=1730850366 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/3625.jpg.webp?v=1730850366 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/3625.jpg.webp?v=1730850366 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/3625.jpg.webp?v=1730850366 1500w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/3625.jpg?v=1730850366 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/3625.jpg?v=1730850366 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/3625.jpg?v=1730850366 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/3625.jpg?v=1730850366 1500w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/3625.jpg?v=1730850366" alt="Second Temple Model" class="in_text_image" width="750" height="375" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Second Temple Model</div><div class="figauthor">Dana Murray (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/3625/second-temple-model/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/3625/second-temple-model/","caption":"A 50:1 scale model of the Second Temple, this detailed replica was originally commissioned by Hans Kroch for the Holyland Hotel in memory of his son, Jacob, following Israel's War of Independence. It was designed by Hebrew University's Professor of Archaeology, Michael Avi-Yonah, in 1966CE and was later relocated to the Israel Museum in 2006 CE. \r\n\r\nThe model covers nearly one acre and recreates the layout and architectural style of 66 CE Jerusalem during the dawn of the Great Revolt against the Romans. The revolt would result in the destruction of the Temple as well as the city in 70 CE.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/3625.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Dana Murray - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/murrayd7/#person","name":"Dana Murray","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/murrayd7/","image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-murrayd7.jpg","description":"PhD student with interest in the art, architecture, and religion of ancient Greece and the Near East."},"creditText":"Dana Murray / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-02-26T15:35:18+0000","datePublished":"2015-02-05T22:06:00+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Second Temple Model","height":1628,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/3625/second-temple-model/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/3625/second-temple-model/","width":3264} </script> </p> <p>The era encompassing the return of the Jews to their homeland and the revision of their religious beliefs is known as the Second Temple Period (c. 515 BCE-70 CE), so-named because of the construction of a temple on the site of Solomon's temple which had been destroyed by the Babylonians in 598 BCE. The Babylonian Captivity and resulting <a href="/disambiguation/Reformation/">reformation</a> of belief essentially created the religion of <a href="/disambiguation/judaism/">Judaism</a> as recognized today. The synagogue, rabbinical schools, and the canonization of Hebrew scripture can all be traced initially to this time even though other reforms would emerge later during and after the Jewish-<a href="/disambiguation/Roman/">Roman</a> Wars. </p> <h3>The <a href="/article/827/the-maccabean-revolt/">Maccabean Revolt</a> & Hasmonaean Dynasty </h3> <p>The <a href="/disambiguation/Achaemenid/">Achaemenid</a> (Persian) Empire held the region until it was conquered by the armies of Alexander the Great in 334 BCE. As he did in every region he conquered, Alexander introduced <a href="/Hellenic_World/">Hellenistic</a> beliefs and cultural values in the region of Judea which some Jews accepted and others rejected. Following Alexander's death in 323 BCE, the region formerly known as the Kingdom of Judah was taken by his general <a href="/disambiguation/Ptolemy/">Ptolemy</a> I, who also held Egypt, but was lost to the Seleucids of Syria in 198 BCE. The Seleucids held the region until the edicts of their king Antiochus IV Epiphanes (174-163 BCE) to establish Hellenistic religious practices in the region (and especially the <a href="/article/852/the-temple-in-jerusalem/">temple in Jerusalem</a>) brought about the Maccabean Revolt of c.168 BCE. </p> <p>The Maccabean Revolt (c.168-160 BCE) concluded in victory for the Jewish forces and the consecration of the temple (commemorated by the festival of Chanukah). Although traditionally viewed as an insurrection by religious freedom fighters (led by Judas Maccabeus) against foreign occupation and religious oppression, it is possible that the revolt began as a civil war between Jews who had embraced the Hellenism of the Seleucids and the traditionalists who rejected it and Antiochus IV became involved as an ally of the Hellenistic Jews.</p> <p>However that may be, the Israelite victory over the Seleucids enabled them to found the Hasmonean Dynasty which would be the last independent Jewish kingdom in the region. The Hasmonaeans (possibly so named for Asmoneus, an ancestor of the Maccabees) engaged in a policy of expansion in which they claimed for themselves important <a href="/disambiguation/trade/">trade</a> centers formerly controlled by the wealthy <a href="/Kingdom_of_Nabatea/">Kingdom of Nabatea</a> on their border. These policies brought them into conflict with the Nabatean kings and also with each other for control of the kingdom.</p> <p>The wealth of the Nabatean Kingdom and civil wars of the Hasmonean Dynasty attracted the attention of Rome. In 64 BCE, <a href="/pompey/">Pompey the Great</a> took <a href="/Kingdom_of_Nabatea/">Nabatea</a> and, in 63 BCE, intervened in Hasmonean affairs and involved the region in his later power struggle with <a href="/Julius_Caesar/">Julius Caesar</a>. Although Hasmonean rulers still sat on the throne, Rome's intervention signaled the end of the independent kingdom. Rome installed their hand-picked king <a href="/Herod_the_Great/">Herod the Great</a> in 37 BCE and Judea became a client-state of the empire. </p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="4140"> <a href="/image/4140/kfar-baram-synagogue/" title="Kfar Bar'am Synagogue" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/4140.jpg.webp?v=1739097126 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/4140.jpg.webp?v=1739097126 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/4140.jpg?v=1739097126 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/4140.jpg?v=1739097126 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/4140.jpg?v=1739097126" alt="Kfar Bar'am Synagogue" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="376" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Kfar Bar'am Synagogue</div><div class="figauthor">MASQUERAID (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4140/kfar-baram-synagogue/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4140/kfar-baram-synagogue/","caption":"The ruins of the 3rd century CE synagogue at Kfar Bar'am, northern Israel.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/4140.jpg","copyrightNotice":"MASQUERAID - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"MASQUERAID"},"creditText":"MASQUERAID / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-02-26T15:35:18+0000","datePublished":"2015-10-23T15:33:40+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Kfar Bar'am Synagogue","height":3040,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ruins_of_the_Ancient_Synagogue_at_Bar%27am.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4140/kfar-baram-synagogue/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4140/kfar-baram-synagogue/","width":4048} </script> </p> <h3>Revolts & the Destruction of Judea</h3> <p>The people of Judea resisted the occupation by Rome, however, and tensions finally erupted in the First Jewish-Roman War (also known as the Great Revolt) of 66-73 CE which concluded with the Roman general <a href="/disambiguation/Titus/">Titus</a> destroying Jerusalem and laying siege to the mountain fortress of <a href="/Masada/">Masada</a>. The defenders of Masada killed themselves rather than surrender or be taken and with their deaths the last resistance was broken and a large part of the population scattered or were sold into slavery.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-7"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_9' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p>The second significant revolt was the Kitos War (so-named from a corruption of the name of Lucius Quietus, the Roman general who put down the revolt, also known as the Second Jewish-Roman War) of 115-117 CE which resulted in further wide-scale slaughter and displacement of the population. The final, and most significant, revolt was <a href="/The_Bar-Kochba_Revolt/">the Bar-Kochba Revolt</a> (also known as the Bar Kokhba Revolt and the Third Jewish-Roman War) of 132-136 CE. Although there were many factors contributing to this conflict, the flashpoint was emperor Hadrian's decision to build a new city, Aelia Capitonlina, on the ruins of Jerusalem and construct a temple to the god <a href="/jupiter/">Jupiter</a> on the holy site of the Jews, the Temple Mount.</p> <p>Led by Simon bar Kochba, the revolt was initially successful and he was able to establish his authority and rule the region for three years until the rebellion was crushed by Rome. Thousands of people were slaughtered and others scattered. Hadrian exiled all Jews from the region and prohibited their return on pain of death. </p> <p>Following the destruction of Judea and the resulting diaspora, Israel ceased to exist until the creation of the modern State of Israel in 1947-1948 CE by the United Nations. This link between the ancient Kingdom of Israel and the modern state of the same name has been hotly contested through the years and continues to remain a contentious subject of debate.</p> </article> <div id="ci_rating_wrapper"> <div class="rating_label filter_label">Did you like this definition?</div> <div id="ci_rating_buttons_wrapper"> <div class="rating_button up base" data-rating="1"></div> <div class="rating_button down base" data-rating="-1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="sections_below_links"> <p> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Asherah+Book_of_Amos+canaan+Gezer+Herod_the_Great+Israel+jerusalem+King_David+Kingdom_of_Israel+Masada+Moses+palestine+solomon+Tel_Kabri+Yahweh" class="topic_subscribe outline_button below_article">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="#ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" class="outline_button">Related Content</a> <a href="#books_preview" class="outline_button">Books</a> <a href="#citation_info" class="outline_button">Cite This Work</a> <a href="#ci_author_and_copyright" class="outline_button">License</a> </p> </div> <div class="editorial_review_notice"> <span class="editorial_review_header">Editorial Review</span> This human-authored article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our <a href="/static/editorial-policy/">editorial policy</a>. </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="ad_Flexi_BottomLeft ahe-ad"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_BottomLeft" class="adcontainer worldhistory_below_content"> </div> </div> <div class="map_section"> <h3>Map</h3> <div class="map_wrapper"> <div class="map_container il"> <iframe data-src="/template/files/map_animation.php?il_id=186,188,184" id="map_iframe" width="100%" height="400" frameborder="0"></iframe> </div> </div> </div> <style> .map_container.il { border: none; } .map_container h3 { text-align: center; } </style> <div id="references"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul id="reference_list" class="ref_list bibliography"> <li id="bibID__60611fa923a81b49d1c01557d9757713"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/B00005WJGO/" rel="sponsored">Durant, W. <i>Our Oriental Heritage.</i> Simon & Schuster, 1954.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__390014efbac803e926d11afc0dac1cb5"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="http://www.livius.org/io-iz/israel/kingdom.html" class="reference_link" rel="external" title="Israel (931-724)">Israel (931-724)</a><span class="accessed_date">, accessed 1 Dec 2016.</span></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__6ac92892a07fa7cc7fe17b22c7ff972e"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/1435107241/" rel="sponsored">Kerrigan, M. <i>The Ancients in Their Own Words.</i> Fall River Press, 2018.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__271db858bda5a362a15ac00f95dd5096"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/1250054168/" rel="sponsored">Kriwaczek, P. <i>Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization.</i> St. Martin's Griffin, 2012.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__fd8fbd2b401ce7497992f19801b2cfde"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0415527163/" rel="sponsored">Mellor, R. <i>The Historians of Ancient Rome.</i> Routledge, 2012.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__b81e5b7036516493e4524694899d2911"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/066421262X/" rel="sponsored">Miller, J. M. & Hayes, J. H. <i>A History of Ancient Israel and Judah.</i> Westminster Press, 1986.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__d6482ff835f3fa50d30b87b53d93c7ad"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/B002R2OFNC/" rel="sponsored">Nelson, T. <i>Holy Bible, New King James Version.</i> Thomas Nelson, 2009.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__64a6bb86981dfa9dae90f260fcae1d28"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/111871816X/" rel="sponsored">Van De Mieroop, M. <i>A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC.</i> Wiley-Blackwell, 2015.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__a80ad53bea0f656a2ff2a98cb84f7b5f"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0802801420/" rel="sponsored">Von Soden, W. <i>The Ancient Orient.</i> Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1994.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__6aa433bce8712ecc1898ce1a9228dfa7"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/039305974X/" rel="sponsored">Wise Bauer, S. <i>The History of the Ancient World.</i> W. W. 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J. (2018, October 26). <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Israel/" class="no_external">Kingdom of Israel</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Israel/ </p> </div> </div> <div class="citation_chicago"> <h4>Chicago Style</h4> <div class="citation_details citation_style"> <p> Mark, Joshua J.. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Israel/" class="no_external">Kingdom of Israel</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Last modified October 26, 2018. https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Israel/. </p> </div> </div> <div class="citation_mla citation_style"> <h4>MLA Style</h4> <div class="citation_details"> <p> Mark, Joshua J.. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Israel/" class="no_external">Kingdom of Israel</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. World History Encyclopedia, 26 Oct 2018. Web. 26 Feb 2025. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ci_author_and_copyright" id="ci_author_and_copyright"> <h2>License & Copyright</h2> <p> Submitted by <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="author" title="User Page: Joshua J. Mark">Joshua J. Mark</a>, published on 26 October 2018. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en" rel="nofollow">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike</a>. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. 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c. 1010 BCE</div> Saul reigns as the first king of <a href="/disambiguation/Israel/">Israel</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_5316" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1035 BCE - c. 970 BCE</div> Life of <a href="/King_David/">King David</a>, second king of the United <a href="/Kingdom_of_Israel/">Kingdom of Israel</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_119" title=""> <div class="date">1000 BCE</div> David captures <a href="/jerusalem/">Jerusalem</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_120" title=""> <div class="date">c. 965 BCE - 931 BCE</div> <a href="/solomon/">Solomon</a> is king of <a href="/disambiguation/Israel/">Israel</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_121" title=""> <div class="date">950 BCE</div> <a href="/solomon/">Solomon</a> builds the first <a href="/temple/">Temple</a> of <a href="/jerusalem/">Jerusalem</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_126" title=""> <div class="date">841 BCE</div> <a href="/disambiguation/Israel/">Israel</a> pays tribute to <a href="/assyria/">Assyria</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_5002" title=""> <div class="date">722 BCE</div> The upper class in <a href="/disambiguation/Israel/">Israel</a>, the Northern Kingdom, is exiled by the Assyrians. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_142" title=""> <div class="date">722 BCE</div> <a href="/disambiguation/Israel/">Israel</a> is conquered by <a href="/assyria/">Assyria</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_5007" title=""> <div class="date">c. 516 BCE</div> The <a href="/article/852/the-temple-in-jerusalem/">temple in Jerusalem</a>, destroyed in 586 BCE by the Babylonians, is rebuilt. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_4282" title=""> <div class="date">37 BCE</div> <a href="/Herod_the_Great/">Herod the Great</a> is made governor of Galilee. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_4283" title=""> <div class="date">37 BCE</div> <a href="/Herod_the_Great/">Herod the Great</a> retakes <a href="/jerusalem/">Jerusalem</a> from the Parthians. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_4286" title=""> <div class="date">9 BCE</div> <a href="/Herod_the_Great/">Herod the Great</a> wages <a href="/war/">war</a> against Nabataea. </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="mc_embed_signup"> <img loading="lazy" data-src="/template/images/newsletter-header-red.jpg" class="newsletter_banner" width="300" height="106" alt="Weekly Newsletter"> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll"> <p>History delivered to you once a week:</p> <div class="mc-field-group"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" autocomplete="email" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL" style="width:80%;" required> </div> <p>Are you a...?</p> <div class="mc-field-group input-group" style="margin-top: -10px;"> <input type="radio" value="1" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-0" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-0">History Enthusiast</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="2" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-1" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-1">Teacher</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="4" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-2" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-2">Student</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="8" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-3" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-3">Librarian</label> </div> <div id="mce-responses" class="clear"> <div class="response" id="mce-error-response" style="display:none"></div> <div class="response" id="mce-success-response" style="display:none"></div> </div>  <input type="hidden" name="tags" value="40497"> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="button content_button red" style="margin-top: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46_ac74a77c22" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </form> </div>  </aside> <p id="footer_spacer"> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ad_Flexi_MobileSticky ahe-ad">  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_MobileSticky" class="adcontainer"></div> </div> <div class="worldhistory_sticky_dynamic"></div> <a href="/membership/?utm_campaign=membership&utm_source=whe&utm_medium=sidetab_heart_en" id="membership_sidebar" title="Membership" class="no_membership_only"> <img src="/template/images/membership/membership-sidetab-en.svg?v=1738769252" width="29" height="133" alt="Membership" /> </a> <footer> <div class="print_membership_notice no_membership_only print_only"> <p>World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization publishing free history content that has been carefully researched and reviewed. 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