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Systém nepriameho vstrekovania paliva – Wikipédia
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Je dostupný v 10 jazykoch" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 jazykov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%86_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="حقن غير مباشر – arabčina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقن غير مباشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirekte_indspr%C3%B8jtning" title="Indirekte indsprøjtning – dánčina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indirekte indsprøjtning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorkammereinspritzung" title="Vorkammereinspritzung – nemčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vorkammereinspritzung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_injection" title="Indirect injection – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Indirect injection" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyecci%C3%B3n_indirecta" title="Inyección indirecta – španielčina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inyección indirecta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španielčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniezione_indiretta" title="Iniezione indiretta – taliančina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iniezione indiretta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="taliančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silnik_wysokopr%C4%99%C5%BCny_z_wtryskiem_po%C5%9Brednim" title="Silnik wysokoprężny z wtryskiem pośrednim – poľština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Silnik wysokoprężny z wtryskiem pośrednim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poľština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirekten_vbrizg" title="Indirekten vbrizg – slovinčina" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Indirekten vbrizg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="ระบบฉีดเชื้อเพลิงอ้อม – thajčina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบฉีดเชื้อเพลิงอ้อม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Непряме впорскування (паливна система) – ukrajinčina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Непряме впорскування (паливна система)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1153189#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Upraviť medzijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upraviť odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Menné priestory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva" title="Zobraziť obsah stránky [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stránka</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskusia:Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskusia o obsahu stránky (stránka neexistuje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Změnit variantu jazyka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">slovenčina</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Zobrazenia"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva"><span>Čítať</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva&veaction=edit" title="Upraviť túto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Upraviť</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva&action=edit" title="Upraviť zdrojový kód tejto stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Upraviť zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva&action=history" title="Minulé revízie tejto stránky. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zobraziť históriu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje stránky"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Nástroje" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nástroje</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skryť</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Další možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Akcie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva"><span>Čítať</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva&veaction=edit" title="Upraviť túto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Upraviť</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva&action=edit" title="Upraviť zdrojový kód tejto stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Upraviť zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva&action=history"><span>Zobraziť históriu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Všeobecné </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">z Wikipédie, slobodnej encyklopédie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sk" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Multi-point_Gasoline_fuel_injection_rail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Multi-point_Gasoline_fuel_injection_rail.jpg/220px-Multi-point_Gasoline_fuel_injection_rail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Multi-point_Gasoline_fuel_injection_rail.jpg/330px-Multi-point_Gasoline_fuel_injection_rail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Multi-point_Gasoline_fuel_injection_rail.jpg/440px-Multi-point_Gasoline_fuel_injection_rail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Viacbodové vstrekovanie <a href="/wiki/Dvan%C3%A1s%C5%A5valcov%C3%BD_vidlicov%C3%BD_motor" title="Dvanásťvalcový vidlicový motor">dvanásťvalcového vidlicového motora</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a> pred škrtiacu klapku.V strede je vidieť tlakový zásobník, elektronické vstrekovače majú červené objímky. V druhých hrdlách odspodu je vidieť škrtiacu klapku.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Systém nepriameho vstrekovanie paliva</b> je spôsob prípravy zmesi <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1%C5%BEihov%C3%BD_spa%C4%BEovac%C3%AD_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Zážihový spaľovací motor">zážihového spaľovacieho motora</a> spaľujúceho <a href="/wiki/Zmes" title="Zmes">zmes</a> pripravenú z ľahkoodpariteľných kvapalných <a href="/wiki/Palivo" title="Palivo">palív</a> a <a href="/wiki/Vzduch" title="Vzduch">vzduchu</a>. Palivo pod <a href="/wiki/Tlak" title="Tlak">tlakom</a> prechádza cez <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BDza" title="Dýza">dýzu</a> s malým <a href="/wiki/Priemer" class="mw-disambig" title="Priemer">priemerom</a>, následkom čoho dôjde k jeho rozprášeniu na drobné čiastočky a rýchlemu <a href="/wiki/Vyparovanie" title="Vyparovanie">odparovaniu</a>. Vstrekovanie a tvorba zmesi prebiehajú pred sacím (plniacim) ventilom, v potrubí, alebo kanáli. Preto sa takéto vstrekovanie nazýva <i>nepriame</i>. </p><p>Systémy s nepriamym vstrekom paliva majú za sebou dlhú históriu a patria k štandardnej výbave zážihových motorov. Ich základnou úlohou je pripraviť čo najhomogénnejšiu zmes paliva so vzduchom v správnom pomere. Pre bežné motory vybavené trojcestným katalyzátorom je správny <a href="/wiki/Stechiometrick%C3%BD_pomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stechiometrický pomer">stechiometrický pomer</a>, t. j. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BA%C4%8Dinite%C4%BE_prebytku_vzduchu" title="Súčiniteľ prebytku vzduchu">súčiniteľ prebytku vzduchu</a> λ = 1. Vstrekovacie tlaky sú 0,2 až 1 <a href="/wiki/Pascal" title="Pascal">MPa</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rozdelenie">Rozdelenie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Upraviť sekciu: Rozdelenie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Rozdelenie"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vstrekovacie systémy pre nepriamy vstrek je možné členiť podľa ďalších kritérií: </p> <ol><li>Podľa vyhotovenia vstrekovacieho zariadenia: <ul><li>mechanické</li> <li>elektromechanické</li> <li>elektronické</li></ul></li> <li>Podľa počtu vstrekovacích trysiek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A9m_jednobodov%C3%A9ho_vstrekovania_paliva" title="Systém jednobodového vstrekovania paliva">systém jednobodového vstrekovania paliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A9m_viacbodov%C3%A9ho_vstrekovania_paliva" title="Systém viacbodového vstrekovania paliva">systém viacbodového vstrekovania paliva</a></li></ul></li> <li>Podľa spôsobu práce: <ul><li>kontinuálne (niektoré staršie riešenia)</li> <li>diskontinuálne <ul><li>pulzné (simultánne a skupinové)</li> <li>sekvenčné</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Podľa miesta vstrekovania paliva (vždy však mimo spaľovacieho priestoru) <ul><li>do nasávacieho potrubia (väčšinou jednobodové)</li> <li>pred nasávací ventil (väčšinou viacbodové)</li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Princíp_práce"><span id="Princ.C3.ADp_pr.C3.A1ce"></span>Princíp práce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Upraviť sekciu: Princíp práce" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Princíp práce"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na rozdiel od <a href="/wiki/Karbur%C3%A1tor" title="Karburátor">karburátora</a>, pri ktorom je palivo vysávané podtlakom v jeho hrdle, sa pri vstrekovacom zariadení palivo vstrekuje do prúdu čistého vzduchu pretlakom. Pri pretlakovom vstrekovaní paliva je možné zabezpečiť lepšie rozprášenie paliva vo vzduchu. Rýchlosť odparovania paliva tak nie je závislá od tvaru a dĺžky sacieho potrubia, prípadne rýchlosti prúdenia vzduchu, ale môže byť priamo ovplyvnená vstrekovacím tlakom, dĺžkou a počtom vstrekov. Všeobecne platí, že čím vyšší vstrekovací tlak sa použije, tým lepšie sa palivo rozpráši a tým väčšia úspora paliva vzniká. </p><p>Vstrekovací systém obsahuje <a href="/wiki/Elektronick%C3%A1_riadiaca_jednotka" class="mw-disambig" title="Elektronická riadiaca jednotka">elektronickú riadiacu jednotku</a>, ktorá pomocou <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hallov_sn%C3%ADma%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hallov snímač (stránka neexistuje)">Hallovho snímača</a> zisťuje polohu kľukového hriadeľa. Vo vhodnom momente (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uhol_predvstreku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uhol predvstreku (stránka neexistuje)">uhol predvstreku</a>), súbežne s otváraním sacieho ventilu dáva riadiaca jednotka pokyn na spustenie vstrekovacej trysky, ktorá strekne do prúdu vzduchu dávku paliva. Dávka paliva sa určuje hlavne podľa aktuálneho <a href="/wiki/Prietok" class="mw-disambig" title="Prietok">prietoku</a> vzduchu meraného snímačom s prihliadnutím aj k ďalším faktorom tak, aby sa dosiahlo vhodné zloženie zmesi. Súčasne sa však kontroluje aj zloženie výfukových plynov motora pomocou <a href="/wiki/Sonda_lambda" title="Sonda lambda">λ-sondy</a>, ktorá zisťuje <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BA%C4%8Dinite%C4%BE_prebytku_vzduchu" title="Súčiniteľ prebytku vzduchu">súčiniteľ prebytku vzduchu</a> (λ). Tento snímač poskytuje riadiacej jednotke spätnú väzbu, pre korekciu dávky paliva. Pre bežné motory s <a href="/wiki/Trojcestn%C3%BD_katalyz%C3%A1tor" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojcestný katalyzátor">trojcestným katalyzátorom</a> je nutné dodržať λ = 1 z dôvodu dosiahnutia maximálnej účinnosti katalyzátora a jeho ochrany pred znehodnotením. </p><p>Čím viac je stlačený pedál akcelerátora, tým je väčší prietok vzduchu a tým dlhšie dávky paliva riadiaca jednotka vstrekuje. S rastúcimi otáčkami motora riadiaca jednotka zvyšuje uhol predvstreku podľa dopredu daného vzťahu. Prvé <i>jednobodové vstrekovacie jednotky</i> vstrekovali palivo takmer <i>kontinuálne</i>, pričom sa v závislosti od otáčok a stlačenia pedálu akcelerátora menila dĺžka vstrekov a páuz medzi vstrekmi. Po zavedení <i>viacbodových nepriamych vstrekovacích systémov</i> sa vykonával vstrek obvykle <i>simultánne</i> vo všetkých valcoch, alebo <i>skupinovo</i> po dvojiciach / trojiciach valcov. Tento prístup však nebol efektívny, pretože sa palivo vstrekovalo do sacieho potrubia aj v čase, keď nebolo potrebné (palivo nakoniec bolo spálené, ale až pri nasledujúcom cykle). Ďalším krokom bolo zavedenie <i>sekvenčného vstrekovania</i>, pri ktorom vstrekuje len vstrekovač zodpovedajúci práve nasávajúcemu valcu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pozri_aj">Pozri aj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Upraviť sekciu: Pozri aj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Pozri aj"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vstrekovanie_paliva_(z%C3%A1%C5%BEihov%C3%BD_motor)" title="Vstrekovanie paliva (zážihový motor)">Vstrekovanie paliva (zážihový motor)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zdroje">Zdroje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Upraviť sekciu: Zdroje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A9m_nepriameho_vstrekovania_paliva&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Zdroje"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hromádko J.,Hromádko J., Hönig V., Miler P.: <i>Spalovací motory</i>. Grada Publishing a.s. 2011.</li> <li>Trnka J., Urban J.: <i>Spaľovacie motory</i>. Alfa Bratislava, 1992.</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57b59b5979‐8jk6f Cached time: 20241127064320 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.023 seconds Real time usage: 0.306 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 34/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 2/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key skwiki:pcache:531664:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241127064320 and revision id 6855069. 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