CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Syria–Lebanon campaign - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"cbf007ab-2543-42f1-8997-efce7c21624f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Syria–Lebanon_campaign","wgTitle":"Syria–Lebanon campaign","wgCurRevisionId":1259356989,"wgRevisionId":1259356989,"wgArticleId":1647400,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Middle East theatre of World War II","World War II campaigns of the Mediterranean Theatre","Military history of Lebanon","Military history of Syria","Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia", "Military history of India during World War II","Military battles of Vichy France","World War II occupied territories","1941 in France","1941 in Mandatory Syria","Lebanon under French rule","French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon","Conflicts in 1941","Syria–Lebanon campaign","1941 in Lebanon","Campaigns, operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Syria–Lebanon_campaign","wgRelevantArticleId":1647400,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{ "search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q770698","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons": "ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/AUSTRALIAN_FORCES_IN_LEBANON%2C_1941_AUS533.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1670"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/AUSTRALIAN_FORCES_IN_LEBANON%2C_1941_AUS533.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1113"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="890"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Syria–Lebanon campaign - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Syria–Lebanon_campaign rootpage-Syria–Lebanon_campaign skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prelude subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vichy_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vichy_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vichy Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vichy_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestine_and_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestine_and_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Palestine and Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestine_and_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_plan_of_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_plan_of_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>British plan of attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_plan_of_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Campaign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campaign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_on_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_on_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>War on land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_on_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_the_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_the_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>War in the air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_the_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_at_sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_at_sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>War at sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_at_sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armistice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armistice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Armistice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armistice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Subsequent events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victoria_Cross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victoria_Cross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Victoria Cross</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victoria_Cross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Syria–Lebanon campaign</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحملة السورية اللبنانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحملة السورية اللبنانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="سوریه-لوبنان ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوریه-لوبنان ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Сірыйска-Ліванская аперацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сірыйска-Ліванская аперацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сирийско-ливанска операция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сирийско-ливанска операция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operace_Exporter" title="Operace Exporter – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Operace Exporter" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrisch-Libanesischer_Feldzug" title="Syrisch-Libanesischer Feldzug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Syrisch-Libanesischer Feldzug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF_(1941)" title="Εκστρατεία στη Συρία και τον Λίβανο (1941) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκστρατεία στη Συρία και τον Λίβανο (1941)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1a_de_Siria_y_el_L%C3%ADbano_(1941)" title="Campaña de Siria y el Líbano (1941) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campaña de Siria y el Líbano (1941)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siria-Libano_kanpaina" title="Siria-Libano kanpaina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Siria-Libano kanpaina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="لشکرکشی سوری لبنانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لشکرکشی سوری لبنانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_de_Syrie_(1941)" title="Campagne de Syrie (1941) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Campagne de Syrie (1941)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84-%EB%A0%88%EB%B0%94%EB%85%BC_%EC%A0%84%EC%97%AD" title="시리아-레바논 전역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시리아-레바논 전역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanye_Suriah%E2%80%93Lebanon" title="Kampanye Suriah–Lebanon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kampanye Suriah–Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagna_di_Siria_(1941)" title="Campagna di Siria (1941) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campagna di Siria (1941)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="המערכה בסוריה ובלבנון במלחמת העולם השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המערכה בסוריה ובלבנון במלחמת העולם השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სირია-ლიბანის კამპანია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სირია-ლიბანის კამპანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempen_Syria%E2%80%93Lubnan" title="Kempen Syria–Lubnan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kempen Syria–Lubnan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatie_Exporter" title="Operatie Exporter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Operatie Exporter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%90%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3%E6%88%A6%E5%BD%B9" title="シリア・レバノン戦役 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シリア・レバノン戦役" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="د سوریه-لبنان کمپاین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د سوریه-لبنان کمپاین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacja_Exporter" title="Operacja Exporter – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Operacja Exporter" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_da_S%C3%ADria-L%C3%ADbano" title="Campanha da Síria-Líbano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campanha da Síria-Líbano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сирийско-Ливанская операция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сирийско-Ливанская операция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaatio_Exporter" title="Operaatio Exporter – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Operaatio Exporter" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சிரியா-லெபனான் போர்த்தொடர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிரியா-லெபனான் போர்த்தொடர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E2%80%93%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="การทัพซีเรีย–เลบานอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทัพซีเรีย–เลบานอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriye-L%C3%BCbnan_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Suriye-Lübnan Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Suriye-Lübnan Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сирійсько-Ліванська кампанія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сирійсько-Ліванська кампанія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_d%E1%BB%8Bch_Syria-Liban" title="Chiến dịch Syria-Liban – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến dịch Syria-Liban" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E-%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E6%88%B0%E5%A0%B4" title="敘利亞-黎巴嫩戰場 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="敘利亞-黎巴嫩戰場" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q770698#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&oldid=1259356989" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&id=1259356989&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSyria%25E2%2580%2593Lebanon_campaign"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSyria%25E2%2580%2593Lebanon_campaign"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Syria-Lebanon_Campaign_1941" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q770698" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1941 British offensive in World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Syria–Lebanon campaign</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East theatre</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AUSTRALIAN_FORCES_IN_LEBANON,_1941_AUS533.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AUSTRALIAN_FORCES_IN_LEBANON%2C_1941_AUS533.jpg/300px-AUSTRALIAN_FORCES_IN_LEBANON%2C_1941_AUS533.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AUSTRALIAN_FORCES_IN_LEBANON%2C_1941_AUS533.jpg/450px-AUSTRALIAN_FORCES_IN_LEBANON%2C_1941_AUS533.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/AUSTRALIAN_FORCES_IN_LEBANON%2C_1941_AUS533.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br />Australian troops among the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Sidon_Sea_Castle" title="Sidon Sea Castle">Sidon Sea Castle</a>, Lebanon, July 1941</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>8 June – 14 July 1941<br />(1 month and 6 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Syria and Lebanon</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Syria and Lebanon taken over by Free France</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Levies" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Levies">assyrian Levies</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Palmach.svg/11px-Palmach.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Palmach.svg/16px-Palmach.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Palmach.svg/21px-Palmach.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="180" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a></li></ul> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Czechoslovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovakia</a><br /></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Syria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/23px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/35px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/45px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="496" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li></ul> <hr /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Wavell">Archibald Wavell</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson" title="Henry Maitland Wilson">Henry Wilson</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Lavarack" title="John Lavarack">John Lavarack</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France"><img alt="Free France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Legentilhomme" title="Paul Legentilhomme">Paul Legentilhomme</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France"><img alt="Vichy France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dentz" title="Henri Dentz">Henri Dentz</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">~36,000 troops</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> 18,000 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 8,400 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> 5,000 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 2,000 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 1,600 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 280+ </li></ul> </div> 50+ aircraft<br />1 <a href="/wiki/HMS_Glengyle" title="HMS Glengyle">landing ship</a><br />5 <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a><br />8 destroyers</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Vichy France:</b><br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">~35,000 troops</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 8,000 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/23px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/35px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/45px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="496" /></span></span></span> 25,000 </li></ul> </div> 90 tanks<br />289 aircraft<br />2 <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9pard_class_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Guépard class destroyer">destroyers</a><br />3 submarines<br /> <b>German Luftwaffe:</b><br /> At least 10 bomber aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland53_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland53-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4,652</span> <br /> Australian: 1,552 <br />Free French: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,300</span> <br />Jordanian: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> <br />British and Indian: 1,800, 1,200 POW, 3,150 sick<br />41 aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Vichy France:</b><br /> 6,352 (Vichy figures) <br />8,912 (British figures)<br />179 aircraft<br />1 submarine sunk<br />5,668 <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defectors</a><br /> <b>Germany:</b><br /> 4 aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland53_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland53-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Campaigns_of_World_War_II" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Template:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Denmark and Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–1945:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)">1944–1945</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="Italian invasion of France">Alps 1940</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greek resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Asia-Pacific</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">pre-war border conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Attacks on Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Libya-Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Morocco-Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Adriatic campaign of World War II">Adriatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_campaign" title="Dodecanese campaign">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Southern France</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other campaigns</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuador–Peru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Coups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_Nazi_coup_and_invasion_of_Uruguay" title="Planned Nazi coup and invasion of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Norwegian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1940 Norwegian coup d'état">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Yugoslav coup d'état">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Romania 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_Coup" title="Palm Sunday Coup">Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorkovi%C4%87%E2%80%93Voki%C4%87_plot" title="Lorković–Vokić plot">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">Romania 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABj%C5%8D_incident" title="Kyūjō incident">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsue_incident" title="Matsue incident">Matsue</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_Theatre" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_Theatre" title="Template:Campaignbox Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_Theatre" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_Theatre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_Theatre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II"><span class="wrap">Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Adriatic campaign of World War II">Adriatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bahrain_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bahrain in World War II">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlas" title="Operation Atlas">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_campaign" title="Dodecanese campaign">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica#Liberation_of_Corsica_(Operation_Vesuvius)" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">Alpes-Maritimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syria–Lebanon_campaign" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon" title="Template:Campaignbox Syria–Lebanon"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Syria–Lebanon"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Syria–Lebanon"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syria–Lebanon_campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Syria–Lebanon campaign</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Litani_River" title="Battle of the Litani River">Litani River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidon_(1941)" title="Battle of Sidon (1941)">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kissou%C3%A9" title="Battle of Kissoué">Kissoué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merdjayoun" title="Battle of Merdjayoun">Merdjayoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jezzine_(1941)" title="Battle of Jezzine (1941)">Jezzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(1941)" title="Battle of Damascus (1941)">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palmyra_(1941)" title="Battle of Palmyra (1941)">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deir_ez-Zor_(1941)" title="Battle of Deir ez-Zor (1941)">Deir ez Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damour" title="Battle of Damour">Damour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beirut_(1941)" title="Battle of Beirut (1941)">Beirut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_French_campaigns" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Free_French" title="Template:Campaignbox Free French"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Free_French" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Free French"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Free_French" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Free French"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_French_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French</a> campaigns</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Africa and Middle East</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Dakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keren" title="Battle of Keren">Keren</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Exporter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Kufra" title="Capture of Kufra">Kufra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_Hakeim" title="Battle of Bir Hakeim">Bir Hakeim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_for_Tunis" title="Run for Tunis">Run for Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Normandie-Niemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandie-Niemen">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily"><i>Husky</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica#Opération_Vésuve" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_des_Gli%C3%A8res" title="Maquis des Glières">Glières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ist" title="Battle of Ist">Ist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Mont_Mouchet" title="Maquis du Mont Mouchet">Mont Mouchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Elba" title="Invasion of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saint-Marcel" title="Maquis de Saint-Marcel">Saint-Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercors" title="Battle of Vercors">Vercors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1944)" title="Battle of Toulon (1944)">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marseille" title="Battle of Marseille">Marseilles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_campaign" title="Lorraine campaign">Lorraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dompaire" title="Battle of Dompaire">Dompaire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)"><i>Nordwind</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">Alps</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Indian Ocean and Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crimson" title="Operation Crimson"><i>Crimson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Oceania</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna_during_the_Second_World_War#Rally_to_Free_France_and_installation_of_an_American_base" title="Wallis and Futuna during the Second World War">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_actions_of_Vichy_France_during_World_War_II" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Vichy_France_Military_in_World_War_II" title="Template:Campaignbox Vichy France Military in World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Vichy_France_Military_in_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Vichy France Military in World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Vichy_France_Military_in_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Vichy France Military in World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_actions_of_Vichy_France_during_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Military actions of <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1940</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Attack on Mers-el-Kébir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II#Vichy_French_attacks:_1940" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Battle of Dakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Battle of Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BA%AFc_S%C6%A1n_uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bắc Sơn uprising (page does not exist)">1940 Bắc Sơn uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1940 Cochinchina uprising">1940 Cochinchina uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%B4_L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_mutiny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Đô Lương mutiny (page does not exist)">Đô Lương mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Phum_Preav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Phum Preav (page does not exist)">Battle of Phum Preav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ko_Chang" title="Battle of Ko Chang">Battle of Ko Chang</a></li></ul> <p><b>1941</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Angkor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Angkor (page does not exist)">Battle of Angkor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> <p><b>1942</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Operation Torch</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton"><i>Case Anton</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_French_fleet_at_Toulon" title="Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon">Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Battle of Réunion</a></li></ul> <p><b>1944</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_des_Gli%C3%A8res" title="Maquis des Glières">Battle of Glières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Mont_Mouchet" title="Maquis du Mont Mouchet">Battle of Mont Mouchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercors" title="Battle of Vercors">Battle of Vercors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khai_Phat_and_Na_Ngan" title="Battles of Khai Phat and Na Ngan">Battles of Khai Phat and Na Ngan</a></li></ul> <p><b>1945</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba_T%C6%A1_uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ba Tơ uprising (page does not exist)">1945 Ba Tơ uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Syria–Lebanon campaign</b>, also known as <b>Operation Exporter</b>, was the invasion of <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria and Lebanon</a> (then controlled by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>) in June and July 1941 by <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> forces, during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. </p><p>On 1 April 1941, after the <a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">Iraqi coup d'état</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a> was controlled by Iraqi nationalists led by <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a>, who appealed for Italian and German support. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a> (2–31 May 1941) led to the overthrow of the Ali regime and the installation of a pro-British government. During this conflict, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a> allowed German aircraft to use Vichy airfields in Syria for attacks against the British in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British invaded Syria and Lebanon in June to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> from using the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Syrian Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">French Lebanon</a> as bases for attacks on <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a>, during an invasion scare in the aftermath of the Axis victories in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">Battle of Greece</a> (6–30 April 1941) and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a> (20 May – 1 June). In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Campaign">Western Desert Campaign</a> (1940–1943) in North Africa, the British fought <a href="/wiki/Operation_Battleaxe" title="Operation Battleaxe">Operation Battleaxe</a> to end the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">siege of Tobruk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a> (10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941) in Ethiopia and Eritrea. </p><p>The French conducted a vigorous defence of Syria but, on 10 July, as the <a href="/wiki/21st_Brigade_(Australia)" title="21st Brigade (Australia)">21st Australian Brigade</a> was on the verge of entering <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, the French sought an armistice. At one minute past midnight on 12 July, a ceasefire came into effect and ended the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armistice of <i>Saint Jean d'Acre</i> (Convention of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>) was signed on 14 July at the Sidney Smith Barracks on the outskirts of the city. While the surrender was being held, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine referred to the Syria-Lebanon campaign as a "mixed show", and the campaign to this day remains relatively unknown, even in the countries that participated in it. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 28 May 1941, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a>, on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, signed the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Protocols" title="Paris Protocols">Paris Protocols</a>, an agreement with the Germans which granted Germany access to military facilities in Vichy-controlled Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protocols remained unratified, but <a href="/wiki/Charles_Huntziger" title="Charles Huntziger">Charles Huntziger</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (France)">Vichy Minister of War</a>, sent orders to <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dentz" title="Henri Dentz">Henri Dentz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioners_of_French-mandated_Syria_and_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioners of French-mandated Syria and Lebanon">High Commissioner for the Levant</a>, to allow aircraft of the German <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i> and the Italian <i><a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a></i> to refuel in Syria. Marked as Iraqi aircraft, Axis aircraft under <i><a href="/wiki/Fliegerf%C3%BChrer_Irak" title="Fliegerführer Irak">Fliegerführer Irak</a></i> landed in Syria <i>en route</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> during the Anglo-Iraqi War. Darlan, a confirmed Anglophobe, allowed the German and Italian aircraft to use Syrian airfields partly because of attacks on Vichy French ships by the British. He calculated that, since July 1940, 167 French ships had been seized by British forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland35_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland35-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Paris Protocols, an agreement was also made for the French to launch an offensive against the British-held Iraqi oilfields, a proposal put forward by Darlan.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland35_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland35-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as the use of Syrian airfields, the Germans also requested permission from the Vichy authorities to use Syrian railways to send armaments to Iraqi nationalists in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>. In return for Darlan's enthusiastic pro-Axis gestures, the Germans released 7,000 French prisoners of war, many of whom were professional officers and non-commissioned officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland35_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland35-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite government prodding, General <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Archibald Percival Wavell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command" title="Middle East Command">Middle East Command</a>, was reluctant to intervene in Syria, because of the situation in the Western Desert, the imminent German attack on Crete and doubts about the <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a> intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh1993216–218_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh1993216–218-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vichy_Syria">Vichy Syria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vichy Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captured_French_Martin_167F_at_Aleppo_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Captured_French_Martin_167F_at_Aleppo_1941.jpg/220px-Captured_French_Martin_167F_at_Aleppo_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Captured_French_Martin_167F_at_Aleppo_1941.jpg/330px-Captured_French_Martin_167F_at_Aleppo_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Captured_French_Martin_167F_at_Aleppo_1941.jpg/440px-Captured_French_Martin_167F_at_Aleppo_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Captured French <a href="/wiki/Martin_Maryland" title="Martin Maryland">Martin 167F</a> at Aleppo 1941</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Dentz was Commander in Chief of the <i>Armée du Levant</i> (<a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Levant" title="Army of the Levant">Army of the Levant</a>), which had regular metropolitan colonial troops and <i>troupes spéciales</i> (special troops, indigenous Syrian and Lebanese soldiers).<sup id="cite_ref-Mollo144_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mollo144-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were seven infantry battalions of regular French troops at his disposal, which included the <a href="/wiki/6th_Foreign_Infantry_Regiment" title="6th Foreign Infantry Regiment">6th Foreign Infantry Regiment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=24th_Colonial_Infantry_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="24th Colonial Infantry Regiment (page does not exist)">24th Colonial Infantry Regiment</a> and eleven infantry battalions of "special troops", including at least 5,000 cavalry in horsed and motorized units, two artillery groups and supporting units.<sup id="cite_ref-Mollo144_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mollo144-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Army had <span class="nowrap">35,000 troops</span> with <span class="nowrap">35,000 regulars</span> including <span class="nowrap">8,000 French</span> and <span class="nowrap">25,000 Syrian</span> and Lebanese infantry. The French had <span class="nowrap">90 tanks</span> (according to British estimates), the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French_Air_Force" title="Vichy French Air Force"><i>Armée de l'air</i></a> had <span class="nowrap">90 aircraft</span> (increasing to <span class="nowrap">289 aircraft</span> after reinforcement) and the <i>Marine nationale</i> (<a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>) had two <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9pard_class_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Guépard class destroyer">destroyers</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_destroyer_Gu%C3%A9pard" title="French destroyer Guépard"><i>Guépard</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/French_destroyer_Valmy" title="French destroyer Valmy"><i>Valmy</i></a> as well as one sloop, <a href="/wiki/French_sloop_%C3%89lan" title="French sloop Élan"><i>Élan</i></a>, and three submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 May 1941, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Bristol Blenheim</a> bomber crew flying a reconnaissance mission over <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_(modern)" title="Palmyra (modern)">Palmyra</a>, in central Syria, spotted a <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_90" title="Junkers Ju 90">Junkers Ju 90</a> transport taking off, with more German and Italian aircraft seen later that day. An attack on the airfield was authorised later that evening.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attacks against German and Italian aircraft staging through Syria continued, and the British claimed six <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> aircraft destroyed by 8 June. Vichy French forces shot down a Blenheim on 28 May, killing the crew, and forced down another on 2 June.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland43_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French <a href="/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_M.S.406" title="Morane-Saulnier M.S.406">Morane-Saulnier M.S.406</a> fighters also escorted German <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52</a> aircraft into Iraq on 28 May.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland43_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RAF shot down a Vichy <a href="/wiki/Martin_Maryland" title="Martin Maryland">Martin 167F</a> bomber over the British <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandate of Palestine</a> on 6 June.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While German interest in the French mandates of Syria and Lebanon was limited, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> permitted reinforcement of the French troops by allowing French aircraft <i>en route</i> from <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> to Syria to fly over Axis-controlled territory and refuel at the German-controlled <a href="/wiki/Eleusina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusina">Eleusina</a> air base in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The activity of German aircraft based in Greece and the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecanese Islands">Dodecanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Islands_of_the_Aegean" title="Italian Islands of the Aegean">Italian Islands of the Aegean</a> was interpreted by the British as support for Vichy troops, but although Dentz briefly considered accepting German assistance, he rejected the offer on 13 June.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the Anglo-Iraqi War, all 14 of the original German <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110" title="Messerschmitt Bf 110">Messerschmitt Bf 110</a> aircraft sent to Syria and five <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_111" title="Heinkel He 111">Heinkel He 111</a> and a large number of transport aircraft had been destroyed by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestine_and_Iraq">Palestine and Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Palestine and Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a></div> <p>The British-led invasion of Syria and Lebanon aimed at preventing Germany from using the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Mandatory Syrian Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a>, controlled by Vichy France, for attacks on <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a> as the British fought the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Campaign">Western Desert Campaign</a> (1940–1943) against Axis forces in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. In September 1936, the French had ceded autonomy to Syria but it retained rights to maintain some armed forces and two airfields in the territory. The British were concerned about potential attacks by Nazi Germany from Syria and Lebanon, or that the Germans might gain access to airfields there. An additional concern related to the possibility of German troops on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> linking up with Vichy forces if Germany defeated the Soviet Union, by advancing south through the Caucasus. Both contingencies were unlikely, but would have exposed Allied forces in Egypt to a northern front at a time when all available resources were needed to halt Axis advances from the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames201799_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames201799-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 April 1941, after a <i><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i>, Iraq, on the eastern border of Syria, came under the control of nationalists led by <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali</a>, who was willing to appeal for German support. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a> (2–31 May 1941) led to the installation of a pro-British government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh1993211–216_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh1993211–216-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British forces to the south of Syria in Mandate Palestine were under the command of General Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson" title="Henry Maitland Wilson">Henry Maitland Wilson</a> and consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_7th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian 7th Division">7th Australian Division</a> (minus the 18th Brigade, which was in North Africa, besieged at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">siege of Tobruk</a>), <i>Gentforce</i> with two Free French brigades of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Free_French_Division" title="1st Free French Division">1st Free French Division</a> (including two battalions of the <a href="/wiki/13th_Foreign_Legion_Demi-Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Foreign Legion Demi-Brigade">13th Foreign Legion Demi-Brigade</a> attached to the 1st Free French Brigade) and the <a href="/wiki/5th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade" title="5th Indian Infantry Brigade">5th Indian Infantry Brigade</a> (<a href="/wiki/4th_Indian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Indian Infantry Division">4th Indian Infantry Division</a>) with artillery, engineers and other support services attached to form the 5th Indian Brigade Group. In northern and central Syria, <i><a href="/wiki/Iraqforce" title="Iraqforce">Iraq Command</a></i> (Lieutenant-General Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Quinan" title="Edward Quinan">Edward Quinan</a>) was used in the campaign to attack from the east, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/10th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="10th Indian Infantry Division">10th Indian Infantry Division</a>, elements of the <a href="/wiki/17th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade" title="17th Indian Infantry Brigade">17th Indian Infantry Brigade</a> (<a href="/wiki/8th_Indian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Indian Infantry Division">8th Indian Infantry Division</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Habforce" title="Habforce">Habforce</a>, the <a href="/wiki/4th_Cavalry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)">4th Cavalry Brigade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a>, under <a href="/wiki/John_Glubb" class="mw-redirect" title="John Glubb">John Glubb</a> (Glubb Pasha).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">Commando</a> and raiding operations were undertaken by <a href="/wiki/No._11_(Scottish)_Commando" title="No. 11 (Scottish) Commando">No. 11 (Scottish) Commando</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a> paramilitary and <a href="/wiki/Mista%27arvim" title="Mista'arvim">Mista'arvim</a> squads from Mandatory Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Air support was provided by squadrons from the RAF and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> (RAAF). Ground forces on the coast were supported by bombardments from <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> (RN) and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> (RAN) units of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Fleet (United Kingdom)">Mediterranean Fleet</a>. At the beginning, Air Commodore L. O. Brown, the <a href="/wiki/Air_officer_commanding" title="Air officer commanding">Air officer commanding</a> (AOC) <a href="/wiki/AHQ_Levant" title="AHQ Levant">HQ RAF Palestine and Transjordan</a> had the understrength <a href="/wiki/No._11_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 11 Squadron RAF">11 Squadron</a> (Blenheim Mk IV), <a href="/wiki/No._80_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 80 Squadron RAF">80 Squadron</a>, re-equipping with <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._3_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 3 Squadron RAAF">3 Squadron</a> RAAF, converting to <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">Curtiss Tomahawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._208_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 208 Squadron RAF">208 (Army Co-operation) Squadron</a> with a flight of Hurricanes and X Flight (<a href="/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator" title="Gloster Gladiator">Gloster Gladiators</a>). A detachment of <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a> (FAA) <a href="/wiki/815_Naval_Air_Squadron" title="815 Naval Air Squadron">815 Naval Air Squadron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fairey_Swordfish" title="Fairey Swordfish">Fairey Swordfish</a> torpedo bombers) in Cyprus and <a href="/wiki/No._84_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 84 Squadron RAF">84 Squadron</a> (Blenheims) in Iraq were to co-operate.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British forces in reserve included the <a href="/wiki/6th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">6th Infantry Division</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_11th_Infantry_Battalion" title="Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion">Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion–East</a> attached to the <a href="/wiki/23rd_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="23rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">23rd Infantry Brigade</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/17th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="17th Brigade (Australia)">17th Australian Brigade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004209_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004209-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-June, the division with its two infantry brigades came into the line as reinforcements, mainly on the <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> front, and the southern force was placed under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_I_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian I Corps">1st Australian Corps</a> on 19 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoslen200350_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoslen200350-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004211_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004211-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChappell198719_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChappell198719-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of Operation Exporter, the British and Commonwealth force consisted of about <span class="nowrap">34,000 men</span> <span class="nowrap">(18,000 Australians,</span> <span class="nowrap">9,000 British,</span> <span class="nowrap">2,000 Indian</span> and <span class="nowrap">5,000 Free French troops)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RAF and RAAF had about 50 aircraft, and the navy contributed the landing ship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Glengyle" title="HMS Glengyle">HMS <i>Glengyle</i></a>, five <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a> and eight destroyers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_plan_of_attack">British plan of attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: British plan of attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_Middle_East_1941_E3839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_British_Army_in_the_Middle_East_1941_E3839.jpg/200px-The_British_Army_in_the_Middle_East_1941_E3839.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_British_Army_in_the_Middle_East_1941_E3839.jpg/301px-The_British_Army_in_the_Middle_East_1941_E3839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_British_Army_in_the_Middle_East_1941_E3839.jpg/401px-The_British_Army_in_the_Middle_East_1941_E3839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Indian troops outside Damascus</figcaption></figure> <p>The British plan of attack devised by Wilson called for four lines of invasion, in Damascus and Beirut, in Palestine, in northern Syria and <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>, in central Syria, from Iraq, and in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> (in northern Lebanon) also from Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames2017119_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2017119-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 5th Indian Brigade Group (<a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brigadier</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Lewis_Lloyd" title="Wilfrid Lewis Lloyd">Wilfrid Lewis Lloyd</a>) was ordered to cross the Syrian border from Palestine and take <a href="/wiki/Quneitra" title="Quneitra">Quneitra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deraa" class="mw-redirect" title="Deraa">Deraa</a>. This was anticipated to open the way for the 1st Free French Division to advance to Damascus. Four days after the commencement of the operation, the force was brought under unified command and was named <i>Gentforce</i> after its French commander, <a href="/wiki/Major-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General">Major-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Legentilhomme" title="Paul Legentilhomme">Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 7th Australian Division (Major-General <a href="/wiki/John_Lavarack" title="John Lavarack">John Lavarack</a>, succeeded by Major-General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Samuel_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Samuel Allen">Arthur "Tubby" Allen</a> on 18 June when Lavarack took over <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Australia)" title="I Corps (Australia)">Australian I Corps</a>) advanced from Palestine along the coastal road from <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> towards Beirut.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/21st_Brigade_(Australia)" title="21st Brigade (Australia)">Australian 21st Brigade</a> was to take Beirut, advancing along the coast from <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, over the <a href="/wiki/Litani_River" title="Litani River">Litani River</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian <a href="/wiki/25th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="25th Brigade (Australia)">25th Brigade</a> was to attack the large Vichy French airbase at <a href="/wiki/Rayak_(Riyaq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayak (Riyaq)">Rayak</a> by advancing along a route further inland from the 21st Brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operation was also to include a supporting commando landing from Cyprus at the south of the Litani River.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the two southern prongs were well engaged, a third force of formations drawn from <i>Iraq Command</i>, was planned to invade Syria. The bulk of the 10th Indian Infantry Division (Major-General <a href="/wiki/William_Slim" class="mw-redirect" title="William Slim">William "Bill" Slim</a>) was to advance north-west, up the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a> from <a href="/wiki/Haditha" title="Haditha">Haditha</a> in Iraq (upstream from Baghdad), toward <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez_Zor" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez Zor">Deir ez Zor</a> and thence to <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>. The manoeuvre was intended to threaten the communication and supply lines of Vichy forces defending Beirut from the Australians advancing from the south, particularly the railway line running northwards through Aleppo to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, which was thought by some British strategists to be sympathetic to Vichy and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh1993221–222_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh1993221–222-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of two infantry battalions from the <a href="/wiki/20th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade" title="20th Indian Infantry Brigade">20th Indian Infantry Brigade</a> (10th Indian Division) and two from the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade (8th Indian Infantry Division) would operate independently to capture all the territory in north-eastern Syria. The 20th Indian Infantry Brigade were to make a feint from Mosul, and the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade would advance into the <i>Bec du Canard</i> (Duck's Bill) region, through which a railway from Aleppo ran eastward to Mosul and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habforce was in Iraq attached to <i>Iraq Command</i> because it had struck across the desert from the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> border as part of the relief of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Habbaniya" title="RAF Habbaniya">RAF Habbaniya</a> during the Anglo-Iraqi War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh1993222_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh1993222-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habforce consisted of the 4th Cavalry Brigade, the 1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/The_Essex_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Essex Regiment">Essex Regiment</a> and the Arab Legion Mechanized Regiment supported by field, anti-tank and anti-aircraft artillery units, to gather in western Iraq between <a href="/wiki/Rutbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutbah">Rutbah</a> and the Transjordan border.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the thrust up the Euphrates took place, Habforce would meanwhile advance north-westerly to take Palmyra, Syria, and secure the oil pipeline from Haditha to Tripoli.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh1993222_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh1993222-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_on_land">War on land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: War on land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IraqforceInSyria1941.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/IraqforceInSyria1941.svg/220px-IraqforceInSyria1941.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/IraqforceInSyria1941.svg/330px-IraqforceInSyria1941.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/IraqforceInSyria1941.svg/440px-IraqforceInSyria1941.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Main axes of invasion from Iraq</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Hostilities commenced on 8 June 1941. The battles of the campaign were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Litani_River" title="Battle of the Litani River">Battle of the Litani River</a> (9 June): part of the advance on Beirut from Palestine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jezzine_(1941)" title="Battle of Jezzine (1941)">Battle of Jezzine</a> (13 June): part of the advance on Beirut from Palestine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidon_(1941)" title="Battle of Sidon (1941)">Battle of Sidon</a> (13–15 June): part of the advance on Beirut from Palestine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kissou%C3%A9" title="Battle of Kissoué">Battle of Kissoué</a> (15–17 June): part of the advance on Damascus from Palestine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(1941)" title="Battle of Damascus (1941)">Battle of Damascus</a> (18–21 June): part of the advance on Damascus from Palestine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merdjayoun" title="Battle of Merdjayoun">Battle of Merdjayoun</a> (19–24 June): part of the advance on Beirut and Damascus from Palestine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palmyra_(1941)" title="Battle of Palmyra (1941)">Battle of Palmyra</a> (1 July): part of the advance on Palmyra and Tripoli from Iraq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deir_ez-Zor_(1941)" title="Battle of Deir ez-Zor (1941)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor</a> (3 July): part of the advance on central and northern Syria from Iraq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damour" title="Battle of Damour">Battle of Damour</a> (5–9 July): part of the advance on Beirut from Palestine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beirut_(1941)" title="Battle of Beirut (1941)">Battle of Beirut</a> (12 July): part of the advance on Beirut from Palestine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_the_air">War in the air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: War in the air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11_Squadron_RAF_Blenheims_bombing_Beirut_1941_IWM_HU_93073.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/11_Squadron_RAF_Blenheims_bombing_Beirut_1941_IWM_HU_93073.jpg/220px-11_Squadron_RAF_Blenheims_bombing_Beirut_1941_IWM_HU_93073.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/11_Squadron_RAF_Blenheims_bombing_Beirut_1941_IWM_HU_93073.jpg/330px-11_Squadron_RAF_Blenheims_bombing_Beirut_1941_IWM_HU_93073.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/11_Squadron_RAF_Blenheims_bombing_Beirut_1941_IWM_HU_93073.jpg/440px-11_Squadron_RAF_Blenheims_bombing_Beirut_1941_IWM_HU_93073.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">11 Squadron RAF <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Bristol Blenheim</a> bombing Beirut, 1941</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The initial advantage that the Vichy French Air Force (<i>Armée de l'Air de Vichy</i>) enjoyed did not last long. The Vichy French lost most of their aircraft destroyed on the ground where the flat terrain, the absence of infrastructure and the absence of modern <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft (AA) artillery</a> made them vulnerable to air attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Mollo146_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mollo146-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 June, a <a href="/wiki/Strafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Strafe">strafing</a> run by Tomahawks of 3 Squadron RAAF, on <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> airfield, destroyed five <a href="/wiki/Dewoitine_D.520" title="Dewoitine D.520">Dewoitine D.520s</a> of Fighter Squadron II/3 (<i>Groupe de Chasse II/3</i>) and damaged six more.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 July, five D.520s attacked Bristol Blenheim bombers of <a href="/wiki/No._45_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 45 Squadron RAF">45 Squadron</a> RAF, which were being escorted by seven Tomahawks from 3 Squadron RAAF.<sup id="cite_ref-Herington94_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herington94-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French pilots claimed three Blenheims but at least four D.520s were destroyed by the Australians.<sup id="cite_ref-Herington94_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herington94-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, a Dewoitine pilot shot down a Tomahawk from 3 Squadron, the only one lost during the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Herington94_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herington94-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the campaign, the Vichy forces had lost 179 aircraft from about 289 committed to the Levant, with remaining aircraft with the range to do so evacuating to <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_at_sea">War at sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: War at sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The war at sea was not a major part of Operation Exporter, although some significant actions were fought. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Litani_River" title="Battle of the Litani River">Battle of the Litani River</a>, rough seas kept commandos from landing along the coast on the first day of battle. On 9 June 1941, the French destroyers <i>Valmy</i> and <i>Guépard</i> fired on the advancing Australians at the Litani River before being driven off by shore-based artillery-fire. The French destroyers then exchanged fire with the British destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Janus_(F53)" title="HMS Janus (F53)">HMS <i>Janus</i></a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy" title="Royal New Zealand Navy">Royal New Zealand Navy</a> light cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMNZS_Leander" title="HMNZS Leander">HMNZS <i>Leander</i></a> came to the aid of <i>Janus</i> along with six British destroyers and the French retired.<sup id="cite_ref-Piekałkiewicz144_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piekałkiewicz144-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Luftwaffe</i> attempted to come to the aid of the French naval forces on 15 June. <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88" title="Junkers Ju 88">Junkers Ju 88s</a> of <i>II./LG</i> 1 (2nd Group, <a href="/wiki/Lehrgeschwader_1" title="Lehrgeschwader 1"><i>Lehrgeschwader</i> 1</a>), attacked British warships forces off the Syrian coast and hit the destroyers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ilex" title="HMS Ilex">HMS <i>Ilex</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Isis_(D87)" title="HMS Isis (D87)"><i>Isis</i></a>. That evening, French aircraft of the 4th Naval Air Group bombed British naval units off the Syrian coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Piekałkiewicz144_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piekałkiewicz144-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AWM_010546_allen_lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/AWM_010546_allen_lebanon.jpg/220px-AWM_010546_allen_lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/AWM_010546_allen_lebanon.jpg/330px-AWM_010546_allen_lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/AWM_010546_allen_lebanon.jpg/440px-AWM_010546_allen_lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Hammana" title="Hammana">Hammana</a>, September 1941. With terrain typical of the region in the background, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Samuel_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Samuel Allen">A. S. Allen</a> (centre), commander of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(Australia)" title="7th Division (Australia)">Australian 7th Division</a>, inspects some of his men. <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a> units <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrisoned</a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> for several months, following the end of the campaign. (Photographer: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Frank Hurley</a>.)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 June, British torpedo aircraft sank the French destroyer <a href="/wiki/French_destroyer_Chevalier_Paul_(1932)" title="French destroyer Chevalier Paul (1932)"><i>Chevalier Paul</i></a>, which had been en route from <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> to Syria, carrying ammunition from <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a>. The following day, British bombers attacked another French destroyer in the port of Beirut which was also carrying ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-Piekałkiewicz144_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piekałkiewicz144-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the night of 22/23 June, <i>Guépard</i> fought a brief engagement with two British cruisers and six destroyers off the Syrian coast, before the French destroyer retired under the cover of darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French suffered further losses on 25 June, when the British submarine <a href="/wiki/HMS_Parthian_(N75)" title="HMS Parthian (N75)">HMS <i>Parthian</i></a> torpedoed and sank the French submarine <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Souffleur_(1924)" title="French submarine Souffleur (1924)"><i>Souffleur</i></a> off the Lebanese coast; shortly afterwards, the French tanker <i>Adour</i>, which was carrying the entire fuel supply for the French forces in the Middle East, was attacked by British torpedo aircraft and badly damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armistice">Armistice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Armistice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 July, as the Australian 21st Brigade was on the verge of entering Beirut, Dentz sought an armistice. At one minute past midnight on 12 July, a ceasefire came into effect and ended the campaign. The <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Saint_Jean_d%27Acre" title="Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre">Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre</a> (also known as the "Convention of Acre") was signed on 14 July at the <a href="/wiki/William_Sidney_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="William Sidney Smith">Sidney Smith</a> Barracks on the outskirts of the city of <a href="/wiki/Akko" class="mw-redirect" title="Akko">Acre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wavell had not wanted the Syrian distraction, given that British forces in the Mediterranean were already overstretched. However, political factors, including pressure from Churchill and CIGS in addition to guarantees by the Free French that any operation into Syria and Lebanon would meet with little resistance, forced his hand. In the event, the Vichy government ordered its soldiers to resist the invasion and its troops offered stiff resistance to the advancing British Empire forces. The Vichy government also conducted an effective propaganda campaign within France, encouraging the people to fight the "hereditary enemy" (Britain) and equating the defence of Syria as a matter of national honour.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the unexpected resistance British forces quickly required reinforcements, which could only be provided piecemeal. Many of the British and Commonwealth troops were novices and the hot, dry, mountainous terrain was a severe test, in which Indian Army units excelled. The Australian contingent had to cope with the worst country but conducted the most effective attack, "with a good plan carried through with great determination". The achievement of air superiority was delayed by the lack of aircraft but the urgency of the situation made it impossible for the naval and ground forces to wait. Vichy French airmen concentrated their attacks on ships and ground targets, which were highly effective until they were forced to move north. The scare caused by the German success in Crete had been exaggerated because the German parachute and glider invasions of The Netherlands and Crete had been very costly and there was little chance of the Germans gaining a bridgehead in Syria. The Germans withdrew from Syria to preserve their forces and to deprive the British of a pretext for invasion. The British invaded Syria anyway and gained naval and air bases far north of Suez, thus increasing the security of the oil route from <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> to Baghdad in Iraq to Haifa in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August, the Vichy authorities announced <span class="nowrap">6,352 casualties</span> of whom <span class="nowrap">521 men</span> had been killed, <span class="nowrap">1,037 were</span> missing, <span class="nowrap">1,790 wounded</span> and <span class="nowrap">3,004 men</span> had been taken prisoner. After the war, Dentz stated that <span class="nowrap">1,092 men</span> had been killed, which would mean <span class="nowrap">1,790 wounded,</span> <span class="nowrap">466 missing</span> and <span class="nowrap">3,004 prisoners</span> against a British claim of <span class="nowrap">8,912 casualties</span> of all natures.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vichy Air Force lost <span class="nowrap">179 aircraft,</span> most destroyed on the ground, the navy lost one submarine and <span class="nowrap">5,668 men</span> <a href="/wiki/Defected" class="mw-redirect" title="Defected">defected</a> to the Free French.<sup id="cite_ref-Mollo146_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mollo146-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The armistice agreement led to the repatriation to France of <span class="nowrap">37,563 military</span> and civilian personnel in eight convoys, consisting of three <a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">hospital ships</a> and a "gleaner" ship, from 7 August to 27 September.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners taken by the Vichy French forces were returned but several British prisoners of war had been sent out of Syria, some after the armistice. The delay in obtaining the return of these prisoners led to the detention of Dentz and <span class="nowrap">29 senior</span> officers in Palestine who were released when the British prisoners were returned to Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British and Commonwealth casualties were <span class="nowrap">about 4,652;</span> the Australians suffered <span class="nowrap">1,552 casualties,</span> <span class="nowrap">(416 men</span> killed and <span class="nowrap">1,136 wounded.)</span> The Free French incurred about <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,300 losses</span> and <span class="nowrap">1,100 men</span> taken prisoner; British and Indian casualties were <span class="nowrap">1,800 wounded,</span> <span class="nowrap">1,200 men</span> captured and <span class="nowrap">3,150 sick,</span> including <span class="nowrap">350 malaria</span> cases.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RAF and RAAF lost <span class="nowrap">27 aircraft.</span><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_events">Subsequent events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Subsequent events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allied_leaders_meet_in_the_Middle_East.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Allied_leaders_meet_in_the_Middle_East.jpg/220px-Allied_leaders_meet_in_the_Middle_East.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Allied_leaders_meet_in_the_Middle_East.jpg/330px-Allied_leaders_meet_in_the_Middle_East.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Allied_leaders_meet_in_the_Middle_East.jpg/440px-Allied_leaders_meet_in_the_Middle_East.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Allied leaders meet in Syria. Left to right: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Longmore" title="Arthur Longmore">Air Chief Marshal Longmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Wavell">General Wavell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">General de Gaulle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Catroux" title="Georges Catroux">General Catroux</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Operations against the Vichy regime in Syria could only be conducted with troops withdrawn from the Western Desert, a dispersal that contributed to the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Battleaxe" title="Operation Battleaxe">Operation Battleaxe</a> and made the Syrian campaign take longer than necessary. Churchill had decided to sack Wavell in early May over his reluctance to divert forces to Iraq. Wavell was relieved on 22 June and relinquished command on 5 July, leaving for India two days afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh1993222,_238–239_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh1993222,_238–239-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late July 1941, De Gaulle flew from <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a> to congratulate the victors.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free French General <a href="/wiki/Georges_Catroux" title="Georges Catroux">Georges Catroux</a> was placed in control of Syria and Lebanon and on 26 November, shortly after assuming this post, Catroux recognized the independence of Syria and Lebanon in the name of the Free French movement.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After elections on 8 November 1943, Lebanon became an independent state on 22 November 1943 and on 27 February 1945, declared war on Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1945, however, continued French presence in the Levant saw nationalist demonstrations which the French attempted to quell. With heavy Syrian casualties, notably in Damascus, Churchill opposed French action but after being rebuffed by Charles De Gaulle, he ordered British forces into Syria from Jordan with orders to fire on the French. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Levant_Crisis" title="Levant Crisis">Levant Crisis</a>, British armored cars and troops reached Damascus, following which the French were escorted and confined to their barracks. With political pressure added, De Gaulle ordered a ceasefire and France withdrew from Syria the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Luce_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luce-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victoria_Cross">Victoria Cross</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Victoria Cross"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Roden_Cutler" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Roden Cutler">Arthur Roden Cutler</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames2017203–205_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2017203–205-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Private <a href="/wiki/James_Heather_Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="James Heather Gordon">Jim Gordon</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames2017225–227_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2017225–227-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria-Lebanon_Campaign_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria-Lebanon Campaign order of battle">Syria-Lebanon Campaign order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmahan" title="Asmahan">Asmahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Attack on Mers-el-Kébir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_Treaty_of_Independence_(1936)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence (1936)">Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombings_on_Palestine_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian bombings on Palestine in World War II">Italian bombings on Palestine in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Colonial_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="French Colonial Empire">French Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies" title="List of French possessions and colonies">List of French possessions and colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan#Eye_patch" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan#Eye patch</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sutherland53-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland53_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland53_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland & Canwell (2011), pp. 53–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland & Canwell (2011), p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland & Canwell (2011), p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), pp. 221, 335–337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keegan p. 676</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutherland35-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland35_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland35_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland35_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland & Canwell (2011), p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sarahsundin.com/today-in-world-war-ii-history-may-28-1941/">"Today in World War II History—May 28, 1941"</a>. 2021-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today+in+World+War+II+History%E2%80%94May+28%2C+1941&rft.date=2021-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sarahsundin.com%2Ftoday-in-world-war-ii-history-may-28-1941%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh1993216–218-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh1993216–218_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaugh1993">Raugh 1993</a>, pp. 216–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mollo144-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mollo144_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mollo144_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mollo (1981), p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), pp. 200, 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1953), pp. 333–334, 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards (1974), p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutherland43-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland43_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland43_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland & Canwell (2011), p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shores & Ehrengardt (July 1970).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shores & Ehrengardt (1987), p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Wailly (2016), p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland & Canwell (2011), p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames201799-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames201799_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames2017">James 2017</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh1993211–216-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh1993211–216_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaugh1993">Raugh 1993</a>, pp. 211–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), pp. 204, 206–209, 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2010), p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben-Eliezer, Uri (1998). <i>The Making of Israeli Militarism</i>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004209-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004209_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoslen200350-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoslen200350_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoslen2003">Joslen 2003</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004211-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004211_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChappell198719-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChappell198719_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChappell1987">Chappell 1987</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1953), p. 526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), pp. 203, 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2017119-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames2017119_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames2017">James 2017</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), pp. 210–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1953), pp. 338, 413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston (2005), pp. 48–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), pp. 208, 211, 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1953), pp. 360–361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh1993221–222-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh1993221–222_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaugh1993">Raugh 1993</a>, pp. 221–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackenzie (1951), p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh1993222-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh1993222_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh1993222_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaugh1993">Raugh 1993</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mollo146-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mollo146_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mollo146_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mollo (1981), p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shores & Ehrengardt (1987), p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herington94-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herington94_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herington94_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herington94_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herington (1954), p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown (1983), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shores & Ehrengardt (August 1970), pp. 283–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piekałkiewicz144-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piekałkiewicz144_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piekałkiewicz144_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piekałkiewicz144_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Piekałkiewicz (1987), p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piekałkiewicz, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piekałkiewicz, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), pp. 221, 335–337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2011" class="citation book cs1">Barr, James (2011). <i>A Line in the Sand: Britain and France and the Struggle that Shaped the Middle East</i> (1st ed.). London: Simon and Schuster. p. 218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Line+in+the+Sand%3A+Britain+and+France+and+the+Struggle+that+Shaped+the+Middle+East&rft.place=London&rft.pages=218&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), pp. 221–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1953), p. 526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), pp. 214, 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Auchinleck (1946), p. 4216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Auchinleck (1946), p. 4217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1953), p. 526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh1993222,_238–239-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh1993222,_238–239_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaugh1993">Raugh 1993</a>, pp. 222, 238–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,884370,00.html">"Foreign News: Reconquering An Empire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. August 4, 1941.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Foreign+News%3A+Reconquering+An+Empire&rft.date=1941-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C884370%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2011), p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luce-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luce_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuce1945" class="citation book cs1">Luce, Henry Robinson (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-ELAQAAIAAJ"><i>Time, Volume 45</i></a>. Time Incorporated. pp. 25–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%2C+Volume+45&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Time+Incorporated&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Luce&rft.aufirst=Henry+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-ELAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2017203–205-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames2017203–205_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames2017">James 2017</a>, pp. 203–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2017225–227-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames2017225–227_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames2017">James 2017</a>, pp. 225–227.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuchinleck1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Auchinleck, Claud</a> (1946). <i>Despatch on Operations in the Middle East From 5th July, 1941 to 31st October 1941</i>. London: War Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Despatch+on+Operations+in+the+Middle+East+From+5th+July%2C+1941+to+31st+October+1941&rft.place=London&rft.pub=War+Office&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Auchinleck&rft.aufirst=Claud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette37695" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37695/supplement/4215">"No. 37695"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 20 August 1946. pp. 4215–4230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+37695&rft.pages=4215-4230&rft.date=1946-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37695%2Fsupplement%2F4215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrune2003" class="citation book cs1">Brune, Peter (2003). <i>A Bastard of a Place: The Australians in Papua</i>. Crows Nest, NSW: <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-011-8"><bdi>978-1-74114-011-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bastard+of+a+Place%3A+The+Australians+in+Papua&rft.place=Crows+Nest%2C+NSW&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-74114-011-8&rft.aulast=Brune&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell1987" class="citation book cs1">Chappell, Mike (1987). <i>British Battle Insignia: 1939–1940</i>. Men-At-Arms. Vol. II. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-739-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-739-1"><bdi>978-0-85045-739-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Battle+Insignia%3A+1939%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Men-At-Arms&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-739-1&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Wailly2016" class="citation book cs1">de Wailly, H. (2016) [2006]. <i>Invasion Syria, 1941: Churchill and De Gaulle's Forgotten War</i> [<i>Syrie 1941: la guerre occultée: Vichystes contre gaullistes</i>]. trans. W. Land (2nd English trans. ed.). London: I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-449-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-449-3"><bdi>978-1-78453-449-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invasion+Syria%2C+1941%3A+Churchill+and+De+Gaulle%27s+Forgotten+War&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd+English+trans.&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78453-449-3&rft.aulast=de+Wailly&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gaunson, A.B. <i>The Anglo–French Clash in Lebanon and Syria, 1940–45</i> (St. Martin's Press, 1987).</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerington1954" class="citation book cs1">Herington, John (1954). <i>Air War Against Germany and Italy</i>. Australia in the War of 1939-1945. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+War+Against+Germany+and+Italy&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939-1945&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Herington&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2017" class="citation book cs1">James, Richard (2017). <i>Australia's War with France: The Campaign in Syria and Lebanon, 1941</i>. Newport, New South Wales: Big Sky Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925520-92-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925520-92-7"><bdi>978-1-925520-92-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+War+with+France%3A+The+Campaign+in+Syria+and+Lebanon%2C+1941&rft.place=Newport%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Big+Sky+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-925520-92-7&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2005" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Mark (2005). <i>The Silent 7th: An Illustrated History of the 7th Australian Division 1940–46</i>. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-191-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-191-7"><bdi>978-1-74114-191-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silent+7th%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+the+7th+Australian+Division+1940%E2%80%9346&rft.place=Crows+Nest%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-74114-191-7&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoslen2003" class="citation book cs1">Joslen, H. F. (2003) [1960]. <i>Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945</i>. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-474-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-474-1"><bdi>978-1-84342-474-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orders+of+Battle%3A+Second+World+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Uckfield%2C+East+Sussex&rft.pub=Naval+and+Military+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84342-474-1&rft.aulast=Joslen&rft.aufirst=H.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (2005). Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D. (eds.). <i>Oxford Companion to World War II</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280670-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280670-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280670-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280670-3&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1953" class="citation book cs1">Long, Gavin (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070201/">"Chapters 16 to 26"</a>. <i>Greece, Crete and Syria</i>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 1, Army. Vol. II (1st online ed.). Canberra: <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3134080">3134080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapters+16+to+26&rft.btitle=Greece%2C+Crete+and+Syria&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945%2C+Series+1%2C+Army&rft.edition=1st+online&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3134080&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070201%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Compton_Mackenzie" title="Compton Mackenzie">Mackenzie, Compton</a> (1951). <i>Eastern Epic: September 1939 – March 1943, Defence</i>. Vol. I. London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1412578">1412578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Epic%3A+September+1939+%E2%80%93+March+1943%2C+Defence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1412578&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Compton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2011" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Chris (2011). <i>World War II The Book of Lists</i>. Stroud: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6163-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6163-2"><bdi>978-0-7524-6163-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+The+Book+of+Lists&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-6163-2&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollo1981" class="citation book cs1">Mollo, Andrew (1981). <i>The Armed Forces of World War II</i>. London: Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-54478-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-54478-5"><bdi>978-0-517-54478-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armed+Forces+of+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-517-54478-5&rft.aulast=Mollo&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2012" class="citation book cs1">Owen, James (2012). <i>Commando</i>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-12362-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-12362-2"><bdi>978-0-349-12362-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commando&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-349-12362-2&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiekałkiewicz1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Pieka%C5%82kiewicz" title="Janusz Piekałkiewicz">Piekałkiewicz, Janusz</a> (1987). <i>Sea War: 1939–1945</i>. London/New York: Blandford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-1665-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-1665-8"><bdi>978-0-7137-1665-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+War%3A+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7137-1665-8&rft.aulast=Pieka%C5%82kiewicz&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfair2004" class="citation book cs1">Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; et al. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1956]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). <i>The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of their Ally (1941)</i>. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II. Naval & Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-066-5"><bdi>978-1-84574-066-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%3A+The+Germans+Come+to+the+Help+of+their+Ally+%281941%29&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84574-066-5&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=Major-General+I.+S.+O.&rft.au=Flynn%2C+Captain+F.+C.&rft.au=Molony%2C+Brigadier+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Toomer%2C+Air+Vice-Marshal+S.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaugh1993" class="citation book cs1">Raugh, H. E. (1993). <i>Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship</i> (1st ed.). London: Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-040983-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-040983-2"><bdi>978-0-08-040983-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wavell+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1939%E2%80%931941%3A+A+Study+in+Generalship&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-08-040983-2&rft.aulast=Raugh&rft.aufirst=H.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1974" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Denis (1974) [1953]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RAF-I/UK-RAF-I-5.html"><i>Royal Air Force 1939–1945: The Fight At Odds</i></a>. Vol. I (pbk. ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-771592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-771592-9"><bdi>978-0-11-771592-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Air+Force+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Fight+At+Odds&rft.place=London&rft.edition=pbk.&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-11-771592-9&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FUK%2FUK-RAF-I%2FUK-RAF-I-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoresEhrengardt,_Christian-Jacques1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shores, Christopher F.; Ehrengardt, Christian-Jacques (1987). <i>L' aviation de Vichy au combat 2 La campagne de Syrie, 8 juin – 14 juillet 1941</i> [<i>Vichy Air Combat: Syria Campaign, 8 June – 14 July 1941</i>] (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Lavauzelle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7025-0171-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7025-0171-9"><bdi>978-2-7025-0171-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27+aviation+de+Vichy+au+combat+2+La+campagne+de+Syrie%2C+8+juin+%E2%80%93+14+juillet+1941&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Lavauzelle&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-2-7025-0171-9&rft.aulast=Shores&rft.aufirst=Christopher+F.&rft.au=Ehrengardt%2C+Christian-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, C. (2010) [2009]. <i>England's Last War Against France: Fighting Vichy 1940–1942</i> (Phoenix ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2705-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2705-5"><bdi>978-0-7538-2705-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+Last+War+Against+France%3A+Fighting+Vichy+1940%E2%80%931942&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Phoenix&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2705-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherlandCanwell2011" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, Jon; Canwell, Diane (2011). <i>Vichy Air Force at War: The French Air Force that Fought the Allies in World War II</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation. pp. 53–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-336-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-336-3"><bdi>978-1-84884-336-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vichy+Air+Force+at+War%3A+The+French+Air+Force+that+Fought+the+Allies+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pages=53-67&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Aviation&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-336-3&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Canwell%2C+Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sutton, David. <i>Syria and Lebanon 1941: The Allied Fight Against the Vichy French</i> (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2022).</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWavell1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell, Archibald</a> (1946). <i>Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria and Iran from 10th April, 1941 to 12th January, 1942</i>. London: War Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Despatch+on+Operations+in+Iraq%2C+East+Syria+and+Iran+from+10th+April%2C+1941+to+12th+January%2C+1942&rft.place=London&rft.pub=War+Office&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Wavell&rft.aufirst=Archibald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette37685" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37685/supplement/4093">"No. 37685"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 13 August 1946. pp. 4093–4102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+37685&rft.pages=4093-4102&rft.date=1946-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37685%2Fsupplement%2F4093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journals">Journals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Betty S., and Götz Nordbruch. "Nazism in Syria and Lebanon: The Ambivalence of the German Option, 1933–1945." <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i> 44.1 (2012).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaudru1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baudru, Remi (October 1993). "Quand l'Armée de l'air partit en Syrie, combattre la RAF: ce que recontent les photos" [When the French Air Force Fought the RAF in Syria: What the Photos Say]. <i>Le Fana de l'Aviation</i> (in French) (287): 16–25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169">0757-4169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Fana+de+l%27Aviation&rft.atitle=Quand+l%27Arm%C3%A9e+de+l%27air+partit+en+Syrie%2C+combattre+la+RAF%3A+ce+que+recontent+les+photos&rft.issue=287&rft.pages=16-25&rft.date=1993-10&rft.issn=0757-4169&rft.aulast=Baudru&rft.aufirst=Remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBou-Nacklie1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bou-Nacklie, N. E. (1994). "The 1941 Invasion of Syria and Lebanon: The Role of the Local Paramilitary". <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 512–529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263209408701009">10.1080/00263209408701009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-7881">1743-7881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+1941+Invasion+of+Syria+and+Lebanon%3A+The+Role+of+the+Local+Paramilitary&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=512-529&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263209408701009&rft.issn=1743-7881&rft.aulast=Bou-Nacklie&rft.aufirst=N.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoresEhrengardt1970" class="citation journal cs1">Shores, Christopher F.; Ehrengardt, Christian-Jacques (July 1970). "Syrian Campaign, 1941: Forestalling the Germans: Air Battles Over S. Lebanon". <i>Air Pictorial</i>. <b>32</b> (7). Part I: 242–247. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29897622">29897622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Pictorial&rft.atitle=Syrian+Campaign%2C+1941%3A+Forestalling+the+Germans%3A+Air+Battles+Over+S.+Lebanon&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=242-247&rft.date=1970-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29897622&rft.aulast=Shores&rft.aufirst=Christopher+F.&rft.au=Ehrengardt%2C+Christian-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoresEhrengardt1970" class="citation journal cs1">Shores, Christopher F.; Ehrengardt, Christian-Jacques (August 1970). "Syrian Campaign, 1941: Breaking the Back of Vichy Air Strength Conclusion". <i>Air Pictorial</i>. <b>32</b> (8). Part II: 280–284. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29897622">29897622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Pictorial&rft.atitle=Syrian+Campaign%2C+1941%3A+Breaking+the+Back+of+Vichy+Air+Strength+Conclusion&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=280-284&rft.date=1970-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29897622&rft.aulast=Shores&rft.aufirst=Christopher+F.&rft.au=Ehrengardt%2C+Christian-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaunson1981" class="citation thesis cs1">Gaunson, Alexander Bruce (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:4656"><i>To End a Mandate: Sir E. L. Spears and the Anglo-French Collision in the Levant, 1941–1945</i></a>. <i>hydra.hull.ac.uk</i> (PhD). University of Hull. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53527058">53527058</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/EThOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EThOS">EThOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.348610">uk.bl.ethos.348610</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=To+End+a+Mandate%3A+Sir+E.+L.+Spears+and+the+Anglo-French+Collision+in+the+Levant%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.inst=University+of+Hull&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53527058&rft.aulast=Gaunson&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhydra.hull.ac.uk%2Fresources%2Fhull%3A4656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Syria-Lebanon_Campaign_1941" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Syria-Lebanon Campaign 1941">Syria-Lebanon Campaign 1941</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/37685.pdf">"Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria, and Iran From 10th April, 1941 to 12th January 1942"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Supplement to the <a href="/wiki/London_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="London Gazette">London Gazette</a>, Number 37685</i>. August 13, 1946<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supplement+to+the+London+Gazette%2C+Number+37685&rft.atitle=Despatch+on+Operations+in+Iraq%2C+East+Syria%2C+and+Iran+From+10th+April%2C+1941+to+12th+January+1942.&rft.date=1946-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FUK%2FLondonGazette%2F37685.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37695/pages/4215">"Claude Auchinleck's Despatch on Operations in the Middle East From 5th July, 1941 to 31st October 1941"</a>. <i>Supplement to the London Gazette, Number 37695</i>. August 20, 1946<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supplement+to+the+London+Gazette%2C+Number+37695&rft.atitle=Claude+Auchinleck%27s+Despatch+on+Operations+in+the+Middle+East+From+5th+July%2C+1941+to+31st+October+1941.&rft.date=1946-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-gazette.co.uk%2Fissues%2F37695%2Fpages%2F4215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/units/event_295.asp">Australian War Memorial, 2005, "Syrian Campaign"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,765709-1,00.html">"World War: MIDDLE EASTERN THEATER: The Syrian Show Begins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. June 16, 1941.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=World+War%3A+MIDDLE+EASTERN+THEATER%3A+The+Syrian+Show+Begins&rft.date=1941-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C765709-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyria%E2%80%93Lebanon+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930115501/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,795404,00.html">"Exit With A Flourish"</a> – <i>Time</i> magazine article, July 28, 1941</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.force9.net/rothwell/palestine.htm">The Palmach</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Commando_raids_of_the_Second_World_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Commando_raids_of_the_Second_World_War" title="Template:British Commando raids of the Second World War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Commando_raids_of_the_Second_World_War" title="Template talk:British Commando raids of the Second World War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Commando_raids_of_the_Second_World_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Commando raids of the Second World War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Commando_raids_of_the_Second_World_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Commando_operations_during_the_Second_World_War" title="British Commando operations during the Second World War">British Commando raids of the Second World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Abstention" title="Operation Abstention"><i>Abstention</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agreement" title="Operation Agreement"><i>Agreement</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ambassador" title="Operation Ambassador"><i>Ambassador</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Anklet_(Commando_raid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Anklet (Commando raid)"><i>Anklet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Archery" title="Operation Archery"><i>Archery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Aquatint" title="Operation Aquatint"><i>Aquatint</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Aflame" title="Operation Aflame"><i>Aflame</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Anglo" title="Operation Anglo"><i>Anglo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Amherst" title="Operation Amherst"><i>Amherst</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Archway" title="Operation Archway"><i>Archway</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Abercrombie" title="Operation Abercrombie"><i>Abercrombie</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Acid_Drop" title="Operation Acid Drop"><i>Acid Drop</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Albumen" title="Operation Albumen"><i>Albumen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astrakan" title="Operation Astrakan"><i>Astrakan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Baobab" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Baobab"><i>Baobab</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Basalt" title="Operation Basalt"><i>Basalt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Biting" title="Operation Biting"><i>Biting</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bigamy" title="Operation Bigamy"><i>Bigamy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Batman" title="Operation Batman"><i>Batman</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Begonia" title="Operation Begonia"><i>Begonia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bulbasket" title="Operation Bulbasket"><i>Bulbasket</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brandy" title="Operation Brandy"><i>Brandy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barricade" title="Operation Barricade"><i>Barricade</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardia_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardia raid">Bardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_170" title="Battle of Hill 170">Hill 170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bristle" title="Operation Bristle"><i>Bristle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Branford" title="Operation Branford"><i>Branford</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Litani_River" title="Battle of the Litani River">Litani River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Candytuft" title="Operation Candytuft"><i>Candytuft</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chestnut" title="Operation Chestnut"><i>Chestnut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claymore" title="Operation Claymore"><i>Claymore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cold_Comfort" title="Operation Cold Comfort"><i>Cold Comfort</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Collar_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Collar (commando raid)"><i>Collar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Colossus" title="Operation Colossus"><i>Colossus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartoon" title="Operation Cartoon"><i>Cartoon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid"><i>Chariot</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Canuck" title="Operation Canuck"><i>Canuck</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crackers" title="Operation Crackers"><i>Crackers</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chess" title="Operation Chess"><i>Chess</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Checkmate_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Checkmate (commando raid)"><i>Checkmate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chopper_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Chopper (commando raid)"><i>Chopper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Driftwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Driftwood"><i>Driftwood</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dryad" title="Operation Dryad"><i>Dryad</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Defoe" title="Operation Defoe"><i>Defoe</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dunhill" title="Operation Dunhill"><i>Dunhill</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Cut" title="Operation Deep Cut"><i>Deep Cut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Devon" title="Operation Devon"><i>Devon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Exporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Exporter"><i>Exporter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flipper" title="Operation Flipper"><i>Flipper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Frankton" title="Operation Frankton"><i>Frankton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Freshman" title="Operation Freshman"><i>Freshman</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fahrenheit" title="Operation Fahrenheit"><i>Fahrenheit</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Forfar" title="Operation Forfar"><i>Forfar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Farrier" title="Operation Farrier"><i>Farrier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Foxrock" title="Operation Foxrock"><i>Foxrock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gaff" title="Operation Gaff"><i>Gaff</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gauntlet" title="Operation Gauntlet"><i>Gauntlet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grouse_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Grouse (Norway)"><i>Grouse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gunnerside" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Gunnerside"><i>Gunnerside</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hardtack_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Hardtack (commando raid)"><i>Hardtack</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Wallace_and_Hardy" title="Operations Wallace and Hardy"><i>Hardy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hawthorn" title="Operation Hawthorn"><i>Hawthorn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Houndsworth" title="Operation Houndsworth"><i>Houndsworth</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Huckaback" title="Operation Huckaback"><i>Huckaback</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Infatuate" title="Operation Infatuate"><i>Infatuate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jaywick" title="Operation Jaywick"><i>Jaywick</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid"><i>Jubilee</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_J_V" title="Operation J V"><i>J V</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keystone" title="Operation Keystone"><i>Keystone</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kipling" title="Operation Kipling"><i>Kipling</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kitbag" title="Operation Kitbag"><i>Kitbag</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Loyton" title="Operation Loyton"><i>Loyton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maple_(Italy)" title="Operation Maple (Italy)"><i>Maple</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Manacle" title="Operation Manacle"><i>Manacle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Musketoon" title="Operation Musketoon"><i>Musketoon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Myrmidon" title="Operation Myrmidon"><i>Myrmidon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Narcissus" title="Operation Narcissus"><i>Narcissus</i></a></li> <li><i>Nelson</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Newton" title="Operation Newton"><i>Newton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nicety" title="Operation Nicety"><i>Nicety</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noah_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Noah (commando raid)"><i>Noah</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Opossum" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Opossum"><i>Opossum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Postmaster" title="Operation Postmaster"><i>Postmaster</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Partridge" title="Operation Partridge"><i>Partridge</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pistol" title="Operation Pistol"><i>Pistol</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rimau" title="Operation Rimau"><i>Rimau</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Roast" title="Operation Roast"><i>Roast</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Roundabout" title="Operation Roundabout"><i>Roundabout</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rumford" title="Operation Rumford"><i>Rumford</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Saxifrage" title="Operation Saxifrage"><i>Saxifrage</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Savanna" title="Operation Savanna"><i>Savanna</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Sidi_Haneish_Airfield" title="Raid on Sidi Haneish Airfield">Sidi Haneish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sunstar" title="Operation Sunstar"><i>Sunstar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Speedwell" title="Operation Speedwell"><i>Speedwell</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tarbrush" title="Operation Tarbrush"><i>Tarbrush</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thistledown" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Thistledown"><i>Thistledown</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tombola" title="Operation Tombola"><i>Tombola</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Pimples_raid" title="Twin Pimples raid">Twin Pimples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Wallace_and_Hardy" title="Operations Wallace and Hardy"><i>Wallace</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Commandos" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commandos">British Commandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commando_raids_on_the_Atlantic_Wall" title="List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall">List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Mandate_of_Syria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Mandate_of_Syria" title="Template:French Mandate of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Mandate_of_Syria" title="Template talk:French Mandate of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Mandate_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Mandate of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Mandate_of_Syria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate of Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">State of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_Province" title="Al-Jazira Province">Al-Jazira Province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon"><img alt="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/120px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/180px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/240px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_revolt_of_1919" title="Alawite revolt of 1919">1919 revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun" title="Battle of Maysalun">Battle of Maysalun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus_(1920)" title="Capture of Damascus (1920)">Capture of Damascus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hananu_Revolt" title="Hananu Revolt">Hananu Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">1925–1927 revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ain_Albu_Gomaa" title="Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa">Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Salkhad" title="Capture of Salkhad">Capture of Salkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Kafr" title="Battle of al-Kafr">Battle of al-Kafr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Mazraa" title="Battle of al-Mazraa">Battle of al-Mazraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Musayfirah" title="Battle of al-Musayfirah">Battle of al-Musayfirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Hama_uprising" title="1925 Hama uprising">1925 Hama uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Syrian_general_strike" title="1936 Syrian general strike">1936 general strike</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Crisis" title="Levant Crisis">Levant Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet%E2%80%93Newcombe_Agreement" title="Paulet–Newcombe Agreement">Paulet–Newcombe Agreement</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_Treaty_of_Independence" title="Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence">Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence</a> (1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azma" title="Yusuf al-Azma">Yusuf al-Azma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Ali" title="Saleh al-Ali">Saleh al-Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">Hashim al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Bey_Barmada" title="Mustafa Bey Barmada">Mustafa Bey Barmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">Shukri al-Quwatli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm" title="Khalid al-Azm">Khalid al-Azm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%27i_Pasha_al-Mallah" title="Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah">Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Mardam_Bey" title="Jamil Mardam Bey">Jamil Mardam Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Pasha_al-Qudsi" title="Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi">Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri">Saadallah al-Jabiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqqi_al-Azm" title="Haqqi al-Azm">Haqqi al-Azm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Ayyash Al-Haj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_Shahbandar" title="Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar">Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Levant" title="High Commissioner of the Levant">French High Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">Henri Gouraud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_Liberation_of_France" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberation_of_France" title="Template:Liberation of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberation_of_France" title="Template talk:Liberation of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_Liberation_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France"><img alt="Free France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II#Liberation" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#Liberation" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway#Liberation" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 4.5em">Forces</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">Army of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1er_Bataillon_de_Fusiliers_Marins_Commandos" title="1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos">Commando Kieffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(France)" title="1st Army (France)">First Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Corps_(France)" title="Cavalry Corps (France)">Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_Corps_(France)" title="3rd Army Corps (France)">3rd Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="4th Army Corps (France)">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="5th Army Corps (France)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(France)" title="1st Armored Division (France)">1st Armored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_(France)" title="32nd Infantry Division (France)">32nd Infantry</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">French Forces of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Liberation_Army" title="French Liberation Army">French Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Expeditionary_Corps_(1943%E2%80%9344)" title="French Expeditionary Corps (1943–44)">French Expeditionary Corps</a> Divisions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Free_French_Division" title="1st Free French Division">1st Free French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Moroccan_Infantry_Division" title="2nd Moroccan Infantry Division">2nd Moroccan Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Algerian_Infantry_Division" title="3rd Algerian Infantry Division">3rd Algerian Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Moroccan_Mountain_Division" title="4th Moroccan Mountain Division">4th Moroccan Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(France)" title="2nd Army (France)">Second Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_West" title="French Forces of the West">French Forces of the West</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Free_France_(1940-1944).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 4.23em">Leaders</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin" title="Jean Moulin">Jean Moulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_O._Barton" title="Raymond O. Barton">Raymond O. Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Leclerc_de_Hauteclocque" title="Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque">Philippe Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny" title="Jean de Lattre de Tassigny">Jean de Lattre de Tassigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Kieffer" title="Philippe Kieffer">Philippe Kieffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 2.6em">Administration</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Civil_and_Military_High_Command" title="French Civil and Military High Command">French Civil and Military High Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National_Committee" title="French National Committee">French National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Consultative_Assembly" title="Provisional Consultative Assembly">Provisional Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">French<br />campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov <a href="/wiki/1940_in_France" title="1940 in France">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Battle of Gabon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jun <a href="/wiki/1941_in_France" title="1941 in France">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Dec 1941</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov <a href="/wiki/1942_in_France" title="1942 in France">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Battle of Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sept <a href="/wiki/1943_in_France" title="1943 in France">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica#Liberation" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Liberation of Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jan <a href="/wiki/1944_in_France" title="1944 in France">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercors" title="Battle of Vercors">Battle of Vercors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_des_Gli%C3%A8res" title="Maquis des Glières">Battle of Glières</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">March 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Limousin" title="Maquis du Limousin">Liberation of Limousin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">May 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Mont_Mouchet" title="Maquis du Mont Mouchet">Battle of Mont Mouchet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jun 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Battle of Carentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Battle of Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Battle for Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Limousin" title="Maquis du Limousin">Liberation of Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_massacre" title="Tulle massacre">Tulle massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Gu%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Guéret (page does not exist)">Liberation of Guéret</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Gu%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Guéret">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oradour-sur-Glane_massacre" title="Oradour-sur-Glane massacre">Oradour-sur-Glane massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saint-Marcel" title="Maquis de Saint-Marcel">Maquis de Saint-Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saffr%C3%A9" title="Maquis de Saffré">Maquis de Saffré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1944)" title="Battle of Ushant (1944)">Battle of Ushant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">July 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Battle of Saint-Lô">Liberation of Saint-Lô</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mont_Gargan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mont Gargan (page does not exist)">Battle of Mont Gargan</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Mont_Gargan" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille du Mont Gargan">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aug 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brittany" title="Battle for Brittany">Battle for Brittany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Rennes" title="Liberation of Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Malo" title="Battle of Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Liberation of Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lioran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lioran (page does not exist)">Lioran</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Lioran" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille du Lioran">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C3%89gletons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Égletons (page does not exist)">Égletons</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27%C3%89gletons" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille d'Égletons">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Cros" title="Battle of Port Cros">Battle of Port Cros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Ciotat" title="Battle of La Ciotat">Battle of La Ciotat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Provence landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1944)" title="Battle of Toulon (1944)">Liberation of Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marseille" title="Battle of Marseille">Liberation of Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maill%C3%A9_massacre" title="Maillé massacre">Maillé massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Gu%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Guéret (page does not exist)">Liberation of Guéret</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Gu%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Guéret">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mont%C3%A9limar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Montélimar (page does not exist)">Battle of Montélimar</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Mont%C3%A9limar" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Montélimar">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Nice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Nice (page does not exist)">Liberation of Nice</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Nice" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Nice">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sept 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)" title="Battle of Nancy (1944)">Liberation of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Operation Astonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Operation Undergo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arracourt" title="Battle of Arracourt">Battle of Arracourt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Meximieux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Meximieux (page does not exist)">Battle of Meximieux</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Meximieux" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Meximieux">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov 1944 -<br />March 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alsace" title="Battle of Alsace">Battle of Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Liberation of Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Bitche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Bitche (page does not exist)">Bitche</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Bitche_en_1945" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Bitche en 1945">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Apr <a href="/wiki/1945_in_France" title="1945 in France">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">May 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 3.8em">Aftermath</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">End of Vichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France#Elections_of_May_1945" title="Liberation of France">1945 municipal elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Advance to the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Nazi_collaborators#France" title="Pursuit of Nazi collaborators">Épuration sauvage</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1946_French_legislative_election" title="June 1946 French legislative election">1946 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain#Trial_in_High_Court" title="Philippe Pétain">Trial of Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Klaus Barbie trial">Klaus Barbie trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">WW II theatres</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Sino Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syria–Lebanon_campaign&oldid=1259356989">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syria–Lebanon_campaign&oldid=1259356989</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Category:Middle East theatre of World War II">Middle East theatre of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_campaigns_of_the_Mediterranean_Theatre" title="Category:World War II campaigns of the Mediterranean Theatre">World War II campaigns of the Mediterranean Theatre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Lebanon" title="Category:Military history of Lebanon">Military history of Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Syria" title="Category:Military history of Syria">Military history of Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_Australia" title="Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia">Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_India_during_World_War_II" title="Category:Military history of India during World War II">Military history of India during World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_battles_of_Vichy_France" title="Category:Military battles of Vichy France">Military battles of Vichy France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_occupied_territories" title="Category:World War II occupied territories">World War II occupied territories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1941_in_France" title="Category:1941 in France">1941 in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1941_in_Mandatory_Syria" title="Category:1941 in Mandatory Syria">1941 in Mandatory Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lebanon_under_French_rule" title="Category:Lebanon under French rule">Lebanon under French rule</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Category:French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1941" title="Category:Conflicts in 1941">Conflicts in 1941</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Category:Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1941_in_Lebanon" title="Category:1941 in Lebanon">1941 in Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Campaigns,_operations_and_battles_of_World_War_II_involving_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Campaigns, operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom">Campaigns, operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_London_Gazette_template_with_parameter_supp_set_to_y" title="Category:Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y">Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 19:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-wfqsv","wgBackendResponseTime":198,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.071","walltime":"1.323","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9345,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":428055,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17562,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":190331,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 956.437 1 -total"," 25.75% 246.240 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 12.31% 117.705 24 Template:Cite_book"," 11.70% 111.883 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.30% 98.555 5 Template:Campaignbox"," 9.25% 88.448 1 Template:WWIITheatre"," 8.47% 80.976 3 Template:Cite_web"," 8.44% 80.721 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.61% 72.771 5 Template:Military_navigation"," 7.19% 68.742 14 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.516","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8853571,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAuchinleck1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarr2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaudru1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBou-Nacklie1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrune2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChappell1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaunson1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerington1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeegan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuce1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackenzie1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMollo1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiekałkiewicz1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlayfair2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaugh1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoresEhrengardt,_Christian-Jacques1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoresEhrengardt1970\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherlandCanwell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWavell1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Wailly2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"British Commando raids of the Second World War\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Free French\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Syria-Lebanon\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Vichy France Military in World War II\"] = 1,\n [\"Centre\"] = 5,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Clist\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Syria-Lebanon Campaign\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EThOS\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 7,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 10,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 6,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 3,\n [\"French Mandate of Syria\"] = 1,\n [\"HMNZS\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Joslen-OOB\"] = 1,\n [\"Liberation of France\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 2,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 2,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 36,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"WWIITheatre\"] = 1,\n [\"World War II\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-sw5q7","timestamp":"20241127132754","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q770698","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q770698","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-03-25T13:03:41Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T19:01:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6e\/AUSTRALIAN_FORCES_IN_LEBANON%2C_1941_AUS533.jpg","headline":"1941 Allied invasion of Vichy French-controlled Syria and Lebanon"}</script> </body> </html>