CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head>  <link rel="preconnect" href="//cdn.shopify.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//cdn.shopify.com"> <link rel="preload" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/main-style.css?v=129786468726129743101731684242" as="style"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn.matomo.cloud"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.googletagmanager.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.google-analytics.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//stats.g.doubleclick.net"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//shop.app"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com">  <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];</script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WRVWSTG');</script>  <meta name="google-site-verification" content="omK80dho3EyPdBHGxmXmUp2Vkp-ocp7MJfLR3Cz0s0g" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="xKEp_-nP7x29cfuAWtHLv48Ct_b6jpeKwqfZMvOAxbE" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="EB63B887BD3CE1B8D4E50B80A0ECAA4B" /> <meta name="ahrefs-site-verification" content="6c7d0dfa52dac66a14b1b1076f7f2c70ac72eb934e781f22eafa93718ea15121">  <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><title> Scientific Guides, Articles, Videos & More | Ossila </title><meta name="description" content="We’ve put together a number of written guides, application notes, system overviews, videos, literature reviews and articles. These resources cover the underpinning theory behind our products." /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/apple-touch-icon.png?v=47689890648139992551729065668"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/favicon-32x32.png?v=170914528706734454101729065668"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/favicon-16x16.png?v=162550173345868048431729065668"> <link rel="manifest" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/site.webmanifest?v=100969836723433583841729065669"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v=95647162979764929801729065669" color="#39499c"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#418fde"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/resources" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/main-style.css?v=129786468726129743101731684242">  <script>var shopifyMoneyFormat = '${{amount}}';</script> <script defer src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/main.js?v=120109391065215852831729088283"></script>  <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Scientific Guides, Articles, Videos & More" /> <meta property="og:description" content="We’ve put together a number of written guides, application notes, system overviews, videos, literature reviews and articles. These resources cover the underpinning theory behind our products." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.ossila.com/pages/resources" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Ossila" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ossilascience"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Scientific Resources"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="As part of our mission to help researchers to jump-start their projects and to help our customers get started with our products, we’ve put together a number of written guides, application notes, system overviews, videos, literature reviews and articles. These resources cover the underpinning theory behind our products and their intended applications. In addition, they include a wealth of practical user advice which we have learned from decades of research experience. Learn about how to use and maintain your glove box, or the theory behind inert atmosphere processing and our glove box design principles. Browse by resource type or product to find what you are looking for or alternatively, navigate to a field-specific page to browse the resources relating to your particular area of interest. If you need further help with one of our products or advice on their applications,"> <script>window.performance && window.performance.mark && window.performance.mark('shopify.content_for_header.start');</script><meta id="shopify-digital-wallet" name="shopify-digital-wallet" content="/8230287/digital_wallets/dialog"> <script async="async" src="/checkouts/internal/preloads.js?locale=en-US"></script> <script id="shopify-features" type="application/json">{"accessToken":"617cbb4d26a0b7cdd5a40372523be336","betas":["rich-media-storefront-analytics"],"domain":"www.ossila.com","predictiveSearch":true,"shopId":8230287,"smart_payment_buttons_url":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shopifycloud\/payment-sheet\/assets\/latest\/spb.en.js","dynamic_checkout_cart_url":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shopifycloud\/payment-sheet\/assets\/latest\/dynamic-checkout-cart.en.js","locale":"en"}</script> <script>var Shopify = Shopify || {}; Shopify.shop = "ossila.myshopify.com"; Shopify.locale = "en"; Shopify.currency = {"active":"USD","rate":"1.3"}; Shopify.country = "US"; Shopify.theme = {"name":"theme-export-16-32-00","id":144855990488,"schema_name":null,"schema_version":null,"theme_store_id":null,"role":"main"}; Shopify.theme.handle = "null"; Shopify.theme.style = {"id":null,"handle":null}; Shopify.cdnHost = "www.ossila.com/cdn"; Shopify.routes = Shopify.routes || {}; Shopify.routes.root = "/";</script> <script type="module">!function(o){(o.Shopify=o.Shopify||{}).modules=!0}(window);</script> <script>!function(o){function n(){var o=[];function n(){o.push(Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments))}return n.q=o,n}var t=o.Shopify=o.Shopify||{};t.loadFeatures=n(),t.autoloadFeatures=n()}(window);</script> <script id="shop-js-analytics" type="application/json">{"pageType":"page"}</script> <script id="__st">var __st={"a":8230287,"offset":0,"reqid":"8e513f38-eb1e-476b-a035-765c40d64967-1732362917","pageurl":"www.ossila.com\/pages\/resources","s":"pages-79686238371","u":"d65422818b01","p":"page","rtyp":"page","rid":79686238371};</script> <script>window.ShopifyPaypalV4VisibilityTracking = true;</script> <script id="captcha-bootstrap">!function(){'use strict';const t='contact',e='account',n='new_comment',o=[[t,t],['blogs',n],['comments',n],[t,'customer']],c=[[e,'customer_login'],[e,'guest_login'],[e,'recover_customer_password'],[e,'create_customer']],r=t=>t.map((([t,e])=>`form[action*='/${t}']:not([data-nocaptcha='true']) input[name='form_type'][value='${e}']`)).join(',');function s(t,e,n=!1){try{const o=window.sessionStorage;for(const[n,c]of Object.entries(JSON.parse(o.getItem(e))))t.elements[n]&&(t.elements[n].value=c);n&&o.removeItem(e)}catch{}}const a='form_key',i=['recaptcha-v3-token','g-recaptcha-response','h-captcha-response','password'],u=()=>{try{return window.sessionStorage}catch{return}},m=t=>t.elements[a],f='form_type',d='cptcha';function p(t){t.dataset[d]=!0}const l=window,h=l.document,_='Shopify',y='ce_forms',E='captcha';let v=!1;((t,e)=>{const n=(g='f06e6c50-85a8-45c8-87d0-21a2b65856fe','https://cdn.shopify.com/shopifycloud/storefront-forms-hcaptcha/ce_storefront_forms_captcha_hcaptcha.v1.4.0.iife.js',T={infoText:'Protected by hCaptcha',privacyText:'Privacy',termsText:'Terms'},(t,e,n)=>{const o=l[_][y],c=o.bindForm;if(c)return c(t,g,e,T).then(n);o.q.push([[t,g,e,T],n]),v||(h.body.append(Object.assign(h.createElement('script'),{id:'captcha-provider',async:!0,src:'https://cdn.shopify.com/shopifycloud/storefront-forms-hcaptcha/ce_storefront_forms_captcha_hcaptcha.v1.4.0.iife.js'})),v=!0)});var g,T;l[_]=l[_]||{},l[_][y]=l[_][y]||{},l[_][y].q=[],l[_][E]=l[_][E]||{},l[_][E].protect=function(t,e){n(t,void 0,e),p(t)},Object.freeze(l[_][E]),function(t,e,n,l,h,_){const[y,E,v,g]=function(t,e,n){const s=e?o:[],a=t?c:[],i=[...s,...a],u=[...o],m=r(i),f=r(s),d=n&&r(i.filter((([t,e])=>n.includes(e)))),p=r(u),l=t=>()=>t?[...document.querySelectorAll(t)].map((t=>t.form)):[];return[l(m),l(f),l(d),l(p)]}(l,h,_),T=t=>{const e=t.target;return e instanceof HTMLFormElement?e:e&&e.form},S=t=>y().includes(t);t.addEventListener('submit',(t=>{const e=T(t);if(!e)return;const n=S(e)&&!e.dataset.hcaptchaBound&&!e.dataset.recaptchaBound,o=m(e),c=g().includes(e)&&(!o||!o.value);(n||c)&&t.preventDefault(),c&&!n&&(function(t){try{if(!u())return;!function(t){const e=u();if(!e)return;const n=m(t);if(!n)return;const o=n.value;o&&e.removeItem(o)}(t);const e=Array.from(Array(32),(()=>Math.random().toString(36)[2])).join('');!function(t,e){m(t)||t.append(Object.assign(document.createElement('input'),{type:'hidden',name:a})),t.elements[a].value=e}(t,e),function(t,e){const n=u();if(!n)return;const o=[...t.querySelectorAll('input[type="password"]')].map((({name:t})=>t)),c=[...i,...o],r={};for(const[s,a]of new FormData(t).entries())c.includes(s)||(r[s]=a);n.setItem(e,JSON.stringify(r))}(t,e)}catch(e){console.error('failed to persist form',e)}}(e),e.submit())}));const w=(t,e)=>{t&&!t.dataset[d]&&(n(t,e.some((e=>e===t))),p(t))};for(const o of['focusin','change'])t.addEventListener(o,(t=>{const e=T(t);S(e)&&w(e,E())}));const A=e.get('form_key'),b=e.get(f),I=A&&b;t.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',(()=>{const t=E();if(I)for(const e of t)e.elements[f].value===b&&s(e,A);[...new Set([...v(),...y().filter((t=>'true'===t.dataset.shopifyCaptcha))])].forEach((e=>w(e,t)))}))}(h,new URLSearchParams(l.location.search),n,!0,!1,['guest_login'])})()}();</script> <script integrity="sha256-EGCDRYTvIEOXsReXgqGwkAR+5Dl8tickSrieA/ZcQwc=" data-source-attribution="shopify.loadfeatures" defer="defer" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shopifycloud/shopify/assets/storefront/load_feature-1060834584ef204397b1179782a1b090047ee4397cb627244ab89e03f65c4307.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script integrity="sha256-HAs5a9TQVLlKuuHrahvWuke+s1UlxXohfHeoYv8G2D8=" data-source-attribution="shopify.dynamic-checkout" defer="defer" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shopifycloud/shopify/assets/storefront/features-1c0b396bd4d054b94abae1eb6a1bd6ba47beb35525c57a217c77a862ff06d83f.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script>window.performance && window.performance.mark && window.performance.mark('shopify.content_for_header.end');</script> <link href="https://monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com" rel="dns-prefetch"> <script>(function(){if ("sendBeacon" in navigator && "performance" in window) {var session_token = document.cookie.match(/_shopify_s=([^;]*)/);function handle_abandonment_event(e) {var entries = performance.getEntries().filter(function(entry) {return /monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com/.test(entry.name);});if (!window.abandonment_tracked && entries.length === 0) {window.abandonment_tracked = true;var currentMs = Date.now();var navigation_start = performance.timing.navigationStart;var payload = {shop_id: 8230287,url: window.location.href,navigation_start,duration: currentMs - navigation_start,session_token: session_token && session_token.length === 2 ? session_token[1] : "",page_type: "page"};window.navigator.sendBeacon("https://monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com/v1/produce", JSON.stringify({schema_id: "online_store_buyer_site_abandonment/1.1",payload: payload,metadata: {event_created_at_ms: currentMs,event_sent_at_ms: currentMs}}));}}window.addEventListener('pagehide', handle_abandonment_event);}}());</script> <script id="web-pixels-manager-setup">(function d(d,e,r,a,n){var o,i,t,s,l=(i=(o={modern:/Edge?\/(1{2}[4-9]|1[2-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Firefox\/(1{2}[4-9]|1[2-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Chrom(ium|e)\/(9{2}|\d{3,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|(Maci|X1{2}).+ Version\/(15\.\d+|(1[6-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+)([,.]\d+|)( $\w+$|)( Mobile\/\w+|) Safari\/|Chrome.+OPR\/(9{2}|\d{3,})\.\d+\.\d+|(CPU[ +]OS|iPhone[ +]OS|CPU[ +]iPhone|CPU IPhone OS|CPU iPad OS)[ +]+(15[._]\d+|(1[6-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})[._]\d+)([._]\d+|)|Android:?[ /-](12[89]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})(\.\d+|)(\.\d+|)|Android.+Firefox\/(12[7-9]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Android.+Chrom(ium|e)\/(12[89]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|SamsungBrowser\/([2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+/,legacy:/Edge?\/(1[6-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Firefox\/(5[4-9]|[6-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Chrom(ium|e)\/(5[1-9]|[6-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)([\d.]+$|.*Safari\/(?![\d.]+ Edge\/[\d.]+$))|(Maci|X1{2}).+ Version\/(10\.\d+|(1[1-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+)([,.]\d+|)( $\w+$|)( Mobile\/\w+|) Safari\/|Chrome.+OPR\/(3[89]|[4-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+\.\d+|(CPU[ +]OS|iPhone[ +]OS|CPU[ +]iPhone|CPU IPhone OS|CPU iPad OS)[ +]+(10[._]\d+|(1[1-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})[._]\d+)([._]\d+|)|Android:?[ /-](12[89]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})(\.\d+|)(\.\d+|)|Mobile Safari.+OPR\/([89]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+\.\d+|Android.+Firefox\/(12[7-9]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Android.+Chrom(ium|e)\/(12[89]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Android.+(UC? ?Browser|UCWEB|U3)[ /]?(15\.([5-9]|\d{2,})|(1[6-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+)\.\d+|SamsungBrowser\/(5\.\d+|([6-9]|\d{2,})\.\d+)|Android.+MQ{2}Browser\/(14(\.(9|\d{2,})|)|(1[5-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})(\.\d+|))(\.\d+|)|K[Aa][Ii]OS\/(3\.\d+|([4-9]|\d{2,})\.\d+)(\.\d+|)/}).modern,t=o.legacy,s=navigator.userAgent,i.test(s)?"modern":(t.test(s),"legacy"));window.Shopify=window.Shopify||{};var c=window.Shopify;c.analytics=c.analytics||{};var u=c.analytics;u.replayQueue=[],u.publish=function(d,e,r){return u.replayQueue.push([d,e,r]),!0};try{self.performance.mark("wpm:start")}catch(d){}var h=[r,"/wpm","/b",n,l.substring(0,1),".js"].join("");!function(d){var e=d.src,r=d.async,a=void 0===r||r,n=d.onload,o=d.onerror,i=document.createElement("script"),t=document.head,s=document.body;i.async=a,i.src=e,n&&i.addEventListener("load",n),o&&i.addEventListener("error",o),t?t.appendChild(i):s?s.appendChild(i):console.error("Did not find a head or body element to append the script")}({src:h,async:!0,onload:function(){var r=window.webPixelsManager.init(d);e(r);var a=window.Shopify.analytics;a.replayQueue.forEach((function(d){var e=d[0],a=d[1],n=d[2];r.publishCustomEvent(e,a,n)})),a.replayQueue=[],a.publish=r.publishCustomEvent,a.visitor=r.visitor},onerror:function(){var e=d.storefrontBaseUrl.replace(/\/$/,""),r="".concat(e,"/.well-known/shopify/monorail/unstable/produce_batch"),n=JSON.stringify({metadata:{event_sent_at_ms:(new Date).getTime()},events:[{schema_id:"web_pixels_manager_load/3.1",payload:{version:a||"latest",bundle_target:l,page_url:self.location.href,status:"failed",surface:d.surface,error_msg:"".concat(h," has failed to load")},metadata:{event_created_at_ms:(new Date).getTime()}}]});try{if(self.navigator.sendBeacon.bind(self.navigator)(r,n))return!0}catch(d){}var o=new XMLHttpRequest;try{return o.open("POST",r,!0),o.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","text/plain"),o.send(n),!0}catch(d){console&&console.warn&&console.warn("[Web Pixels Manager] Got an unhandled error while logging a load error.")}return!1}})})({shopId: 8230287,storefrontBaseUrl: "https://www.ossila.com",extensionsBaseUrl: "https://extensions.shopifycdn.com/cdn/shopifycloud/web-pixels-manager",surface: "storefront-renderer",enabledBetaFlags: [],webPixelsConfigList: [{"id":"shopify-app-pixel","configuration":"{}","eventPayloadVersion":"v1","runtimeContext":"STRICT","scriptVersion":"0220","apiClientId":"shopify-pixel","type":"APP","privacyPurposes":["ANALYTICS","MARKETING"]},{"id":"shopify-custom-pixel","eventPayloadVersion":"v1","runtimeContext":"LAX","scriptVersion":"0220","apiClientId":"shopify-pixel","type":"CUSTOM","privacyPurposes":["ANALYTICS","MARKETING"]}],isMerchantRequest: false,initData: {"shop":{"name":"Ossila","paymentSettings":{"currencyCode":"GBP"},"myshopifyDomain":"ossila.myshopify.com","countryCode":"GB","storefrontUrl":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com"},"customer":null,"cart":null,"checkout":null,"productVariants":[],"purchasingCompany":null},},function pageEvents(webPixelsManagerAPI) {webPixelsManagerAPI.publish("page_viewed", {});},"https://www.ossila.com/cdn","1518c2ba4d2b3301a1e3cb6576947ef22edf7bb6","3c762e5aw5b983e43pc2dc4883m545d5a27",);</script> <script>window.ShopifyAnalytics = window.ShopifyAnalytics || {}; window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta = window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta || {}; window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta.currency = 'USD'; var meta = {"page":{"pageType":"page","resourceType":"page","resourceId":79686238371}}; for (var attr in meta) { window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta[attr] = meta[attr]; }</script> <script>window.ShopifyAnalytics.merchantGoogleAnalytics = function() { }; </script> <script class="analytics">(function () { var customDocumentWrite = function(content) { var jquery = null; if (window.jQuery) { jquery = window.jQuery; } else if (window.Checkout && window.Checkout.$) { jquery = window.Checkout.$; } if (jquery) { jquery('body').append(content); } }; var hasLoggedConversion = function(token) { if (token) { return document.cookie.indexOf('loggedConversion=' + token) !== -1; } return false; } var setCookieIfConversion = function(token) { if (token) { var twoMonthsFromNow = new Date(Date.now()); twoMonthsFromNow.setMonth(twoMonthsFromNow.getMonth() + 2); document.cookie = 'loggedConversion=' + token + '; expires=' + twoMonthsFromNow; } } var trekkie = window.ShopifyAnalytics.lib = window.trekkie = window.trekkie || []; if (trekkie.integrations) { return; } trekkie.methods = [ 'identify', 'page', 'ready', 'track', 'trackForm', 'trackLink' ]; trekkie.factory = function(method) { return function() { var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); args.unshift(method); trekkie.push(args); return trekkie; }; }; for (var i = 0; i < trekkie.methods.length; i++) { var key = trekkie.methods[i]; trekkie[key] = trekkie.factory(key); } trekkie.load = function(config) { trekkie.config = config || {}; trekkie.config.initialDocumentCookie = document.cookie; var first = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; var script = document.createElement('script'); script.type = 'text/javascript'; script.onerror = function(e) { var scriptFallback = document.createElement('script'); scriptFallback.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptFallback.onerror = function(error) { var Monorail = { produce: function produce(monorailDomain, schemaId, payload) { var currentMs = new Date().getTime(); var event = { schema_id: schemaId, payload: payload, metadata: { event_created_at_ms: currentMs, event_sent_at_ms: currentMs } }; return Monorail.sendRequest("https://" + monorailDomain + "/v1/produce", JSON.stringify(event)); }, sendRequest: function sendRequest(endpointUrl, payload) { // Try the sendBeacon API if (window && window.navigator && typeof window.navigator.sendBeacon === 'function' && typeof window.Blob === 'function' && !Monorail.isIos12()) { var blobData = new window.Blob([payload], { type: 'text/plain' }); if (window.navigator.sendBeacon(endpointUrl, blobData)) { return true; } // sendBeacon was not successful } // XHR beacon var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); try { xhr.open('POST', endpointUrl); xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain'); xhr.send(payload); } catch (e) { console.log(e); } return false; }, isIos12: function isIos12() { return window.navigator.userAgent.lastIndexOf('iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 12_') !== -1 || window.navigator.userAgent.lastIndexOf('iPad; CPU OS 12_') !== -1; } }; Monorail.produce('monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com', 'trekkie_storefront_load_errors/1.1', {shop_id: 8230287, theme_id: 144855990488, app_name: "storefront", context_url: window.location.href, source_url: "//www.ossila.com/cdn/s/trekkie.storefront.20de3b35f21c3bd6ff73e3f1547eb7d54e6e94e4.min.js"}); }; scriptFallback.async = true; scriptFallback.src = '//www.ossila.com/cdn/s/trekkie.storefront.20de3b35f21c3bd6ff73e3f1547eb7d54e6e94e4.min.js'; first.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptFallback, first); }; script.async = true; script.src = '//www.ossila.com/cdn/s/trekkie.storefront.20de3b35f21c3bd6ff73e3f1547eb7d54e6e94e4.min.js'; first.parentNode.insertBefore(script, first); }; trekkie.load( {"Trekkie":{"appName":"storefront","development":false,"defaultAttributes":{"shopId":8230287,"isMerchantRequest":null,"themeId":144855990488,"themeCityHash":"16159948506774673750","contentLanguage":"en","currency":"USD"},"isServerSideCookieWritingEnabled":true,"monorailRegion":"shop_domain"},"Session Attribution":{},"S2S":{"facebookCapiEnabled":false,"source":"trekkie-storefront-renderer","apiClientId":580111}} ); var loaded = false; trekkie.ready(function() { if (loaded) return; loaded = true; window.ShopifyAnalytics.lib = window.trekkie; var originalDocumentWrite = document.write; document.write = customDocumentWrite; try { window.ShopifyAnalytics.merchantGoogleAnalytics.call(this); } catch(error) {}; document.write = originalDocumentWrite; window.ShopifyAnalytics.lib.page(null,{"pageType":"page","resourceType":"page","resourceId":79686238371}); var match = window.location.pathname.match(/checkouts\/(.+)\/(thank_you|post_purchase)/) var token = match? match[1]: undefined; if (!hasLoggedConversion(token)) { setCookieIfConversion(token); } }); var eventsListenerScript = document.createElement('script'); eventsListenerScript.async = true; eventsListenerScript.src = "//www.ossila.com/cdn/shopifycloud/shopify/assets/shop_events_listener-61fa9e0a912c675e178777d2b27f6cbd482f8912a6b0aa31fa3515985a8cd626.js"; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(eventsListenerScript); })();</script> <script class="boomerang"> (function () { window.BOOMR = window.BOOMR || {}; window.BOOMR.themeName = ""; window.BOOMR.themeVersion = ""; window.BOOMR.shopId = 8230287; window.BOOMR.themeId = 144855990488; })();</script> <script defer src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shopifycloud/perf-kit/shopify-perf-kit-1.0.2.min.js" data-application="storefront-renderer" data-shop-id="8230287" data-render-region="gcp-asia-southeast1" data-page-type="page" data-theme-instance-id="144855990488" data-monorail-region="shop_domain" data-resource-timing-sampling-rate="10" ></script> </head> <body>  <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <defs>  <symbol id="icon-bars" viewBox="0 0 24 28"> <path d="M24 21v2c0 0.547-0.453 1-1 1h-22c-0.547 0-1-0.453-1-1v-2c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h22c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1zM24 13v2c0 0.547-0.453 1-1 1h-22c-0.547 0-1-0.453-1-1v-2c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h22c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1zM24 5v2c0 0.547-0.453 1-1 1h-22c-0.547 0-1-0.453-1-1v-2c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h22c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-shopping-cart" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M11 21c0-0.552-0.225-1.053-0.586-1.414s-0.862-0.586-1.414-0.586-1.053 0.225-1.414 0.586-0.586 0.862-0.586 1.414 0.225 1.053 0.586 1.414 0.862 0.586 1.414 0.586 1.053-0.225 1.414-0.586 0.586-0.862 0.586-1.414zM22 21c0-0.552-0.225-1.053-0.586-1.414s-0.862-0.586-1.414-0.586-1.053 0.225-1.414 0.586-0.586 0.862-0.586 1.414 0.225 1.053 0.586 1.414 0.862 0.586 1.414 0.586 1.053-0.225 1.414-0.586 0.586-0.862 0.586-1.414zM7.221 7h14.57l-1.371 7.191c-0.046 0.228-0.166 0.425-0.332 0.568-0.18 0.156-0.413 0.246-0.688 0.241h-9.734c-0.232 0.003-0.451-0.071-0.626-0.203-0.19-0.143-0.329-0.351-0.379-0.603zM1 2h3.18l0.848 4.239c0.108 0.437 0.502 0.761 0.972 0.761h1.221l-0.4-2h-0.821c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1 0 0.053 0.004 0.105 0.012 0.155 0.004 0.028 0.010 0.057 0.017 0.084l1.671 8.347c0.149 0.751 0.57 1.383 1.14 1.811 0.521 0.392 1.17 0.613 1.854 0.603h9.706c0.748 0.015 1.455-0.261 1.995-0.727 0.494-0.426 0.848-1.013 0.985-1.683l1.602-8.402c0.103-0.543-0.252-1.066-0.795-1.17-0.065-0.013-0.13-0.019-0.187-0.018h-16.18l-0.84-4.196c-0.094-0.462-0.497-0.804-0.98-0.804h-4c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-search" viewBox="0 0 400 400"> <defs> <style> .cls-1 { stroke-width: 0px; } </style> </defs> <path class="cls-1" d="m318.38,297.56l-68.3-68.3c14.49-19.6,23.07-43.84,23.07-70.09,0-65.17-52.83-118-118-118s-118,52.83-118,118,52.83,118,118,118c16.62,0,32.43-3.44,46.78-9.64l73.24,73.24c3.6,3.6,8.43,5.34,13.7,5.34,7.8,0,16.59-3.81,23.81-11.04,5.37-5.37,9.08-11.9,10.46-18.39,1.6-7.54-.14-14.51-4.76-19.13Zm-163.51-71.57c-37.05,0-67.19-30.14-67.19-67.19s30.14-67.19,67.19-67.19,67.19,30.14,67.19,67.19-30.14,67.19-67.19,67.19Z"/> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-navigate_next" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M9.984 6l6 6-6 6-1.406-1.406 4.594-4.594-4.594-4.594z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-star" viewBox="0 0 26 28"> <path d="M26 10.109c0 0.281-0.203 0.547-0.406 0.75l-5.672 5.531 1.344 7.812c0.016 0.109 0.016 0.203 0.016 0.313 0 0.406-0.187 0.781-0.641 0.781-0.219 0-0.438-0.078-0.625-0.187l-7.016-3.687-7.016 3.687c-0.203 0.109-0.406 0.187-0.625 0.187-0.453 0-0.656-0.375-0.656-0.781 0-0.109 0.016-0.203 0.031-0.313l1.344-7.812-5.688-5.531c-0.187-0.203-0.391-0.469-0.391-0.75 0-0.469 0.484-0.656 0.875-0.719l7.844-1.141 3.516-7.109c0.141-0.297 0.406-0.641 0.766-0.641s0.625 0.344 0.766 0.641l3.516 7.109 7.844 1.141c0.375 0.063 0.875 0.25 0.875 0.719z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-envelope" viewBox="0 0 28 28"> <path d="M28 11.094v12.406c0 1.375-1.125 2.5-2.5 2.5h-23c-1.375 0-2.5-1.125-2.5-2.5v-12.406c0.469 0.516 1 0.969 1.578 1.359 2.594 1.766 5.219 3.531 7.766 5.391 1.313 0.969 2.938 2.156 4.641 2.156h0.031c1.703 0 3.328-1.188 4.641-2.156 2.547-1.844 5.172-3.625 7.781-5.391 0.562-0.391 1.094-0.844 1.563-1.359zM28 6.5c0 1.75-1.297 3.328-2.672 4.281-2.438 1.687-4.891 3.375-7.313 5.078-1.016 0.703-2.734 2.141-4 2.141h-0.031c-1.266 0-2.984-1.437-4-2.141-2.422-1.703-4.875-3.391-7.297-5.078-1.109-0.75-2.688-2.516-2.688-3.938 0-1.531 0.828-2.844 2.5-2.844h23c1.359 0 2.5 1.125 2.5 2.5z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-phone" viewBox="0 0 22 28"> <path d="M22 19.375c0 0.562-0.25 1.656-0.484 2.172-0.328 0.766-1.203 1.266-1.906 1.656-0.922 0.5-1.859 0.797-2.906 0.797-1.453 0-2.766-0.594-4.094-1.078-0.953-0.344-1.875-0.766-2.734-1.297-2.656-1.641-5.859-4.844-7.5-7.5-0.531-0.859-0.953-1.781-1.297-2.734-0.484-1.328-1.078-2.641-1.078-4.094 0-1.047 0.297-1.984 0.797-2.906 0.391-0.703 0.891-1.578 1.656-1.906 0.516-0.234 1.609-0.484 2.172-0.484 0.109 0 0.219 0 0.328 0.047 0.328 0.109 0.672 0.875 0.828 1.188 0.5 0.891 0.984 1.797 1.5 2.672 0.25 0.406 0.719 0.906 0.719 1.391 0 0.953-2.828 2.344-2.828 3.187 0 0.422 0.391 0.969 0.609 1.344 1.578 2.844 3.547 4.813 6.391 6.391 0.375 0.219 0.922 0.609 1.344 0.609 0.844 0 2.234-2.828 3.187-2.828 0.484 0 0.984 0.469 1.391 0.719 0.875 0.516 1.781 1 2.672 1.5 0.313 0.156 1.078 0.5 1.188 0.828 0.047 0.109 0.047 0.219 0.047 0.328z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-chevron-left" viewBox="0 0 21 28"> <path d="M18.297 4.703l-8.297 8.297 8.297 8.297c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.016 0 1.406l-2.594 2.594c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-11.594-11.594c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.016 0-1.406l11.594-11.594c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l2.594 2.594c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.016 0 1.406z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 19 28"> <path d="M17.297 13.703l-11.594 11.594c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-2.594-2.594c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.016 0-1.406l8.297-8.297-8.297-8.297c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.016 0-1.406l2.594-2.594c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l11.594 11.594c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.016 0 1.406z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-chevron-down" viewBox="0 0 28 28"> <path d="M26.297 12.625l-11.594 11.578c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-11.594-11.578c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.031 0-1.422l2.594-2.578c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l8.297 8.297 8.297-8.297c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l2.594 2.578c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.031 0 1.422z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-chevron-up" viewBox="0 0 28 28"> <path d="M26.297 20.797l-2.594 2.578c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-8.297-8.297-8.297 8.297c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-2.594-2.578c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.031 0-1.422l11.594-11.578c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l11.594 11.578c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.031 0 1.422z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-download" viewBox="0 0 26 28"> <path d="M20 21c0-0.547-0.453-1-1-1s-1 0.453-1 1 0.453 1 1 1 1-0.453 1-1zM24 21c0-0.547-0.453-1-1-1s-1 0.453-1 1 0.453 1 1 1 1-0.453 1-1zM26 17.5v5c0 0.828-0.672 1.5-1.5 1.5h-23c-0.828 0-1.5-0.672-1.5-1.5v-5c0-0.828 0.672-1.5 1.5-1.5h7.266l2.109 2.125c0.578 0.562 1.328 0.875 2.125 0.875s1.547-0.313 2.125-0.875l2.125-2.125h7.25c0.828 0 1.5 0.672 1.5 1.5zM20.922 8.609c0.156 0.375 0.078 0.812-0.219 1.094l-7 7c-0.187 0.203-0.453 0.297-0.703 0.297s-0.516-0.094-0.703-0.297l-7-7c-0.297-0.281-0.375-0.719-0.219-1.094 0.156-0.359 0.516-0.609 0.922-0.609h4v-7c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h4c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1v7h4c0.406 0 0.766 0.25 0.922 0.609z"></path> </symbol> </defs> </svg> <form method="post" action="/localization" id="hidden-country-currency-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="shopify-localization-form" enctype="multipart/form-data"><input type="hidden" name="form_type" value="localization" /><input type="hidden" name="utf8" value="✓" /><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put" /><input type="hidden" name="return_to" value="/pages/resources" /><input type="hidden" id="hidden-country-currency-select" name="country_code" value=""></form> <noscript><iframe class="noscript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WRVWSTG" height="0" width="0"></iframe></noscript> <div id="hamburger-menu-button"> <svg class="icon icon-bars"><use xlink:href="#icon-bars"></use></svg> </div>  <div id="mobile-navbar"> <div class="mobile-navbar-container"> <nav id="mobile-navbar-nav" class="mobile-navbar-row">  <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/cart"> <svg class="icon icon-shopping-cart"><use xlink:href="#icon-shopping-cart"></use></svg><span id='cart-notification-dot'class="invisible"></span>View Cart / Quote </a> <div role="separator" class="divider" id="empty-divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_equipment">Equipment <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div id="navbar_alt_equipment" class="mobile-nav-collapse"> <div class="mobile-nav-row" id="all"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_thin_film_coating">Thin Film Coating <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_thin_film_coating"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/dip-coater">Dip Coater</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/slot-die-coater">Slot Die Coater</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/spin-coater">Spin Coater</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/spin-coater?variant=49558270476504">Spin Coater Advanced</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/spin-coater-syringe-pump-bundle">Spin Coating Kit</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/syringe-pump">Syringe Pump</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/dual-syringe-pump">Dual Syringe Pump</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_sample_preparation">Sample Preparation <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_sample_preparation"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/analytical-balance">Analytical Balance</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/microbalances">Microbalance</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/uv-ozone-cleaner">UV Ozone Cleaner</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_cleanroom_equipment">Cleanroom Equipment <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_cleanroom_equipment"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/glove-box">Glove Box</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/laminar-flow-hood">Laminar Flow Hood</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_electrical_characterization">Electrical Characterization <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_electrical_characterization"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/four-point-probe-system?variant=49564303392984">Four-Point Probe</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/four-point-probe-system">Four-Point Probe Plus</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/led-measurement-system">LED Measurement System</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/potentiostat">Potentiostat</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/solar-cell-iv-test-system">Solar Cell I-V Test System</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/xtralien-source-measure-unit-source-meter">Source Measure Unit</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/micromanipulator">Micromanipulator</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/test-boards">Electrical Test Boards</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_solar_simulators">Solar Simulators <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_solar_simulators"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/solar-simulator">Solar Simulator</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/solar-simulator-iv-test-system-bundle">Solar Cell Testing Kit</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/indoor-solar-simulator">Indoor Light Simulator</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/solar-simulators">All Solar Simulators</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_surface_characterization">Surface Characterization <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_surface_characterization"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/contact-angle-goniometer">Contact Angle Goniometer</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/four-point-probe-system?variant=49564303392984">Four-Point Probe</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/four-point-probe-system">Four-Point Probe Plus</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_electrochemistry">Electrochemistry Supplies <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_electrochemistry"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/potentiostat">Potentiostat</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/electrochemical-cells">Electrochemical Cells</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/photoelectrochemical-cells">Photoelectrochemical Cells</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/electrodes">Electrodes</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/electrochemistry">All Electrochemistry Supplies</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_spectroscopy">Spectroscopy Equipment <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_spectroscopy"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/optical-spectrometer">USB Spectrometer</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/optical-spectroscopy-bundle">Optical Spectroscopy Kit</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/spectroscopy?constraint=light-source#browse-products">LED Light Sources</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/spectroscopy?constraint=optical-filter#browse-products">Optical Filters</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/spectroscopy">All Spectroscopy Equipment</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_linear_stages">Motion Control <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_linear_stages"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/linear-stage">Linear Stages</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/micromanipulator">Micromanipulator</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_life_sciences">Life Sciences <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_life_sciences"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/glove-box">Glove Box</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/laminar-flow-hood">Laminar Flow Hood</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/analytical-balance">Analytical Balance</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/microbalances">Microbalance</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="https://www.ossila.com/products/micropipette-variable-volume">Micropipette</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/syringe-pump">Syringe Pump</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="https://www.ossila.com/products/quartz-coated-microscope-slides">Microscope Slides</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies">Laboratory Supplies</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/life-sciences">All Life Science Equipment</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_materials">Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div id="navbar_alt_materials" class="mobile-nav-collapse"> <div class="mobile-nav-row" id="all"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_building_blocks">Chemistry Building Blocks <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_building_blocks"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/fluorinated-building-blocks">Fluorinated Building Blocks</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/heterocyclic-building-blocks">Heterocyclic Building Blocks</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/non-heterocyclic-building-blocks">Non-heterocyclic Building Blocks</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/building-blocks">All Chemistry Building Blocks</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_monomers">Monomers <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_monomers"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/boronate-monomers">Boronate Monomers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/stannylated-monomers">Organotin Compounds</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/dibromo-monomers">Dibromo Monomers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/carbaldehyde-monomers">Carbaldehyde Monomers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/diamines-dianhydrides">Diamines & Dianhydrides</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/monomers">All Monomers</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_organometallic">Organometallic Chemistry <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_organometallic"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/mof-ligands">MOF Ligands</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/cof-ligands">COF Ligands</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/organic-frameworks">All Porous Organic Frameworks</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_low_dimensional">Low Dimensional Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_low_dimensional"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/quantum-dots">Nanodots and Quantum Dots</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/carbon-nanotubes">Carbon Nanotubes</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/2d-materials">2D Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/low-dimensional-materials">All Low Dimensional Materials</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_battery">Battery Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_battery"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/cathode-active-materials">Cathode Active Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/anode-active-materials">Anode Active Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/battery-materials">All Battery Materials </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_optoelectronic">Optoelectronic Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_optoelectronic"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/photonic-and-optical-materials">Photonic & Optical Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/liquid-crystals">Liquid Crystals</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/optoelectronic-materials">All Optoelectronic Materials</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_fullerenes_nfas">Fullerenes and NFAs <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_fullerenes_nfas"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/fullerene-acceptors">Fullerene Acceptors</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/non-fullerene-acceptors">Non-Fullerene Acceptors</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_polymers">Semiconducting Polymers <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_polymers"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/opv-polymers">OPV Polymers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/ofet-and-oled-polymers">OFET and OLED Polymers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/interface-polymers">Interface Polymers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/luminosyn-polymers">Luminosyn™ Polymers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/semiconducting-polymers">All Semiconducting Polymers</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_perovskites">Perovskite Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_perovskites"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/perovskite-inks">Perovskite Inks</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/perovskite-precursor-materials">Perovskite Precursors</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/perovskite-interface-materials">Perovskite Interface Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/perovskite-quantum-dots">Perovskite Quantum Dots</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/self-assembled-monolayers">Self-Assembled Monolayers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/perovskite-materials">All Perovskite Materials</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/dssc-materials">DSSC Dyes & Electrolytes</a> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_semiconducting_molecules">Semiconducting Molecules <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_semiconducting_molecules"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/transport-layer-materials">Transport Layer Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/host-materials">Host Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/dopant-materials">Dopant Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/tadf-materials">TADF Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/sublimed-materials">High Purity Sublimed Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/semiconducting-molecules">All Semiconducting Molecules</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_organic_conductors">Organic Conductors <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_organic_conductors"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/pedot">PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT Complexes</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/small-molecule-opv-donors">Small Molecule OPV Donors</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/cathode-interlayer-materials">Cathode Interlayer Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/green-energy-materials">Green Energy Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/organic-conductors">All Organic Conductors </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/materials">Popular and New Materials</a> </div> </div> </div> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/substrates-and-fabrication" id="">Substrates & Fabrication </a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_supplies">Laboratory Supplies <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div id="navbar_alt_supplies" class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse"> <div class="mobile-nav-row" id="all"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/substrates-and-fabrication">Substrates & Fabrication</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/electrochemistry">Electrochemistry Supplies</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/spectroscopy">Spectroscopy Equipment</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/solution-making">Solution Making Supplies</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/equipment-accessories">Equipment Accessories</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies">General Laboratory Supplies</a> </div> </div> <div role="separator" class="divider" id="empty-divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_careers">Join The Team <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div id="navbar_alt_careers" class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse"> <div class="mobile-nav-row" id="all"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/careers">Careers Home</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/jobs-in-sheffield">Jobs in Sheffield</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/jobs-in-leiden">Jobs in Leiden</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/how-to-apply">How to Apply</a> </div> </div> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/resources">Resources</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/about">About Ossila</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/contact-us">Contact Us</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/account/login">Log In</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/account/register">Create Account</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="header-container"> <div id="top-banner" class="affix"> <div class="container"> <span id="top-banner-default-message">FREE shipping to <span class='country-name'></span> on qualifying orders when you spend <span class='OssilaCurrencyExchange' data-type='freeshipping'></span> or more<span id="country-banner-eu-short">, <a href="/pages/worldwide-shipping">processed by Ossila BV</a></span>. <span class='localise'><span data-region='GB'>All prices ex. VAT.</span></span></span> <span id="top-banner-fallback-message">Qualifying orders ship free worldwide! Fast, secure, and backed by the Ossila guarantee.</span> <span id="top-banner-geoip-message"><a id="top-banner-geoip-link" href="#" >It looks like you are visiting from <span class='country-name'></span>, <span class="top-banner-link-cta">click to shop in <span id='suggested-currency'></span></span></a> or <a class="top-banner-link-cta access-bar-location" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#choose-country-modal" >change country</a>.</span> <span id="country-banner-eu">Orders to the EU are processed by <a href="/pages/worldwide-shipping" class="top-banner-link-cta">our EU office</a>.</span> </div> </div>  <div id="full-width-quick-access-bar" class="affix"> <div class="container">  <a href="/pages/careers">Join the Team</a> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="/pages/about">About Ossila</a> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="/pages/contact-us">Contact Us</a> <span class="access-bar-link-style-two">|</span> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/how-to-order">How to Order</a> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/worldwide-shipping">Shipping</a> <span class="access-bar-link-style-two">|</span><a class="access-bar-link-style-two" href="/account/login">Log In</a> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="/account/register">Create Account</a><span class="access-bar-link-style-two">|</span> <a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#choose-country-modal" title="Change location" class="access-bar-location"><span id="country-picker-link">Worldwide</span><b>, </b><span class="OssilaCurrencyExchangeCode">$ USD  </span> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAASCAQAAAAwXnw3AAAADklEQVR42mNkYGAkHQEAAjcAE0gePCMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" id="country-flag" alt="Flag" width="18" height="13" loading="lazy" /> </a> </div> </div>  <div id="full-width-logo-bar" class="affix"> <div class="container"> <div class="row">  <div id="ossila-logo-container" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-5ths ossila-logo-container"> <a href="/"> <img id="ossila-logo-cropped" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/ossila-logo-cropped-solid.svg?v=90346444705215197591729065669" alt="Ossila" width="112.766" height="47" loading="lazy"/> <div class="translate"> <span data-language="default" class="no-fade-in"><img class="ossila-logo-strapline" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/ossila-logo-enabling-science-en.svg?v=172663942863124619311729065669" alt="enabling materials science" loading="lazy" width="111.766" height="14.250" /></span> <span data-language="nl" class="no-fade-in"><img class="ossila-logo-strapline" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/ossila-logo-enabling-science-nl.svg?v=14793549594696857181729065669" alt="enabling materials science" loading="lazy" width="165.594" height="14.250" /></span> <span data-language="zh-cn" class="no-fade-in"><img class="ossila-logo-strapline" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/ossila-logo-enabling-science-zh-cn.svg?v=61077249394089122901729065669" alt="enabling materials science" loading="lazy" width="58.969" height="14.250" /></span> </div> </a>  </div> <div id="search-and-currency-container" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8">  <div id="search-bar-container"> <form id="search-bar" action="/search" method="get">  <div id="search-bar-input-group" class="input-group search-bar-input-group"> <input id="search-bar-input" class="form-control search-bar-input" name="q" placeholder="Search for..."> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button id="search-bar-button" class="btn btn-primary search-bar-button" type="submit" name="search" aria-label="search"><svg class="icon icon-search"><use xlink:href="#icon-search"></use></svg></button> </span> </div> </form> </div>  <div id="cart-and-currency-container" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 cart-and-currency-container"> <div id="cart-container" class="cart-container"> <a href="/cart"><div id="search-bar-cart-button" class="btn btn-primary btn-ossila-green search-bar-cart-button"><svg class="icon icon-shopping-cart"><use xlink:href="#icon-shopping-cart"></use></svg><span id='cart-notification-dot'class="invisible"></span>View Cart / Quote<span id="cart-quantity-badge">0</span></div></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="full-width-top-navbar affix"> <div class="mega-menu-container"> <nav class="mega-menu-navbar"> <ul class="mega-menu-navbar-nav mega-menu-row"> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown mega-menu-col"> <a href="/pages/resources">Resources</a> </li> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown custom-mega-menu mega-menu-col"> <a class="mega-menu-dropdown-toggle" href="#">Equipment <b class="caret"></b> </a> <ul class="mega-menu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="mega-menu-row"> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/thin-film-coating"> Thin Film Coating<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/dip-coater"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Dip Coater</a> <a href="/products/slot-die-coater"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Slot Die Coater <strong>(Upgraded!)</strong></a> <a href="/products/spin-coater"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spin Coater</a> <a href="/products/spin-coater?variant=49558270476504"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spin Coater Advanced</a> <a href="/products/spin-coater-syringe-pump-bundle"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spin Coating Kit</a> <a href="/products/syringe-pump"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Syringe Pump</a> <a href="/products/dual-syringe-pump"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Dual Syringe Pump</a> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Sample Preparation</p> <a href="/products/analytical-balance"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Analytical Balance</a> <a href="/products/microbalances"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Microbalance</a> <a href="/products/uv-ozone-cleaner"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> UV Ozone Cleaner</a> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Cleanroom Equipment</p> <a href="/products/glove-box"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Glove Box</a> <a href="/collections/laminar-flow-hood"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Laminar Flow Hood</a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Electrical Characterization</p> <a href="/collections/test-boards"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Electrical Test Boards</a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/products/four-point-probe-system?variant=49564303392984"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Four-Point Probe</a> <a href="/products/four-point-probe-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Four-Point Probe Plus <strong>(New!)</strong></a> <a href="/products/led-measurement-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> LED Measurement System</a> <a href="/products/potentiostat"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Potentiostat</a> <a href="/products/solar-cell-iv-test-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solar Cell I-V Test System</a> <a href="/products/xtralien-source-measure-unit-source-meter"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Source Measure Unit</a> <a href="/products/micromanipulator"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Micromanipulator <strong>(Coming Soon!)</strong></a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/solar-simulators"> Solar Simulators<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/solar-simulator"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solar Simulator</a> <a href="/products/solar-simulator-iv-test-system-bundle"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solar Cell Testing Kit</a> <a href="/products/indoor-solar-simulator"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Indoor Light Simulator</a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Surface Characterization</p> <a href="/products/contact-angle-goniometer"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Contact Angle Goniometer</a> <a href="/products/four-point-probe-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Four-Point Probe</a> <a href="/products/four-point-probe-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Four-Point Probe Plus <strong>(New!)</strong></a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/electrochemistry"> Electrochemistry Supplies<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/potentiostat"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Potentiostat</a> <a href="/collections/electrochemical-cells"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Electrochemical Cells</a> <a href="/collections/photoelectrochemical-cells"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Photoelectrochemical Cells</a> <a href="/collections/electrodes"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Electrodes</a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/spectroscopy"> Spectroscopy Equipment<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/optical-spectrometer"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> USB Spectrometer</a> <a href="/products/optical-spectroscopy-bundle"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Optical Spectroscopy Kit</a> <a href="/collections/spectroscopy?constraint=light-source#browse-products"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> LED Light Sources</a> <a href="/collections/spectroscopy?constraint=optical-filter#browse-products"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Optical Filters</a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <p class="mega-menu-section-header"> Motion Control </p> <a href="/collections/linear-stage"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Linear Stages</a> <a href="/products/micromanipulator"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Micromanipulator <strong>(Coming Soon!)</strong></a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/life-sciences"> Life Sciences<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/glove-box"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Glove box</a> <a href="/collections/laminar-flow-hood"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Laminar Flow Hood</a> <a href="/products/analytical-balance"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Analytical Balance</a> <a href="/products/microbalances"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Microbalance</a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/products/micropipette-variable-volume"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Micropipettes</a> <a href="/products/syringe-pump"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Syringe Pump</a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/products/quartz-coated-microscope-slides"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Microscope Slides</a> <a href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Laboratory Supplies</a> </div> </div> </ul> </li> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown custom-mega-menu mega-menu-col"> <a class="mega-menu-dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-hover="dropdown" data-toggle="dropdown"> Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <ul class="mega-menu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="mega-menu-row"> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/building-blocks"> Chemistry Building Blocks <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/fluorinated-building-blocks"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Fluorinated Building Blocks </a> <a href="/collections/heterocyclic-building-blocks"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Heterocyclic Building Blocks </a> <a href="/collections/non-heterocyclic-building-blocks"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Non-heterocyclic Building Blocks </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/monomers"> Monomers <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/boronate-monomers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Boronate Monomers </a> <a href="/collections/stannylated-monomers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Organotin Compounds </a> <a href="/collections/dibromo-monomers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Dibromo Monomers </a> <a href="/collections/carbaldehyde-monomers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Carbaldehyde Monomers </a> <a href="/collections/diamines-dianhydrides"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Diamines & Dianhydrides </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/organic-frameworks"> Porous Organic Frameworks <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/mof-ligands"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> MOF Ligands </a> <a href="/collections/cof-ligands"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> COF Ligands </a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/low-dimensional-materials"> Low Dimensional Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/quantum-dots"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Nanodots and Quantum Dots </a> <a href="/collections/carbon-nanotubes"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Carbon Nanotubes </a> <a href="/collections/2d-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> 2D Materials </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/battery-materials"> Battery Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/cathode-active-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Cathode Active Materials </a> <a href="/collections/anode-active-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Anode Active Materials </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/optoelectronic-materials"> Optoelectronic Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/photonic-and-optical-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Photonic & Optical Materials </a> <a href="/collections/liquid-crystals"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Liquid Crystals </a> <p class="mega-menu-section-header"> Fullerenes and NFAs </p> <a href="/collections/fullerene-acceptors"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Fullerene Acceptors </a> <a href="/collections/non-fullerene-acceptors"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Non-Fullerene Acceptors </a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/semiconducting-polymers"> Semiconducting Polymers <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/opv-polymers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> OPV Polymers </a> <a href="/collections/ofet-and-oled-polymers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> OFET and OLED Polymers</a> <a href="/collections/interface-polymers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Interface Polymers</a> <a href="/collections/luminosyn-polymers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Luminosyn™ Polymers</a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/perovskite-materials"> Perovskite Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/perovskite-inks"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Perovskite Inks </a> <a href="/collections/perovskite-precursor-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Perovskite Precursors</a> <a href="/collections/perovskite-interface-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Perovskite Interface Materials</a> <a href="/products/perovskite-quantum-dots"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Perovskite Quantum Dots</a> <a href="/collections/self-assembled-monolayers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Self-Assembled Monolayers</a> <p class="mega-menu-section-header"> DSSC Dyes and Electrolytes </p> <a href="/collections/dssc-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> DSSC Dyes & Electrolytes </a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/semiconducting-molecules"> Semiconducting Molecules <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/transport-layer-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Transport Layer Materials </a> <a href="/collections/host-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Host Materials </a> <a href="/collections/dopant-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Dopant Materials </a> <a href="/collections/tadf-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> TADF Materials </a> <a href="/collections/sublimed-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> High Purity Sublimed Materials </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/organic-conductors"> Organic Conductors <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/pedot"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT Polymer Blends </a> <a href="/collections/small-molecule-opv-donors"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Small Molecule OPV Donors </a> <a href="/collections/cathode-interlayer-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Cathode Interlayer Materials </a> <a href="/collections/green-energy-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Green Energy Materials </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/materials"> Popular and New Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </ul> </li> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown custom-mega-menu mega-menu-col"> <a href="/collections/substrates-and-fabrication">Substrates & Fabrication </a> </li> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown custom-mega-menu mega-menu-col"> <a href="#">Laboratory Supplies <b class="caret"></b> </a> <ul class="mega-menu-dropdown-menu mega-menu-quarter-col" id="menu-supplies"> <div class="mega-menu-row"> <div class="mega-menu-full-col"> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Supplies and Accessories</p> <a href="/collections/substrates-and-fabrication"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Substrates & Fabrication</a> <a href="/collections/electrochemistry"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Electrochemistry Supplies</a> <a href="/collections/spectroscopy"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spectroscopy Equipment</a> <a href="/collections/solution-making"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solution Making Supplies</a> <a href="/collections/equipment-accessories"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Equipment Accessories</a> <a href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> General Laboratory Supplies</a> </div> </div> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="container"> <div id="unsupported-browser-message" class="alert-warning"> <p>It looks like you are using an unsupported browser. You can still place orders by emailing us on <a href="mailto:info@ossila.com">info@ossila.com</a>, but you may experience issues browsing our website. Please consider upgrading to a modern browser for better security and an improved browsing experience.</p> </div> </div>  <main> <div id="informational-page"> <h1>Scientific Resources</h1> <div class="container"> <img width="1340" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Featured-Photo-Software.jpg" loading="lazy" height="280" class="featured-image" alt="Ossila Materials Science Resources"> <p>As part of our mission to help researchers to jump-start their projects and to help our customers get started with our products, we’ve put together a number of written guides, application notes, system overviews, videos, literature reviews and articles. These resources cover the underpinning theory behind our products and their intended applications. In addition, they include a wealth of practical user advice which we have learned from decades of research experience. Learn about how to use and maintain your <a title="The Ossila Glove Box" href="/products/glove-box">glove box</a>, or the theory behind inert atmosphere processing and our glove box design principles.</p> <p>Browse by resource type or product to find what you are looking for or alternatively, navigate to a field-specific page to browse the resources relating to your particular area of interest.</p> <p>If you need further help with one of our products or advice on their applications, please feel free to <a title="Contact Ossila" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/contact-us">contact us</a> to be put in touch with a member of our technical support team. Alternatively, if you do not require a response but would like to make a suggestion, we welcome all comments via our <a title="Content Feedback" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/feedback?type=content&page-handle=/pages/resources">feedback form</a>.</p> <div class="info-tip-box">Looking for <a title="Software and Drivers" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/software-drivers">software and drivers</a> or MSDS documents? Click the 'software' or 'MSDS' link in the top right-hand corner of the relevant product page.</div> <hr> <span class="filter-container"> <p class="text-left">Filter by field: <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="batteries-check" value="batteries"> <label for="batteries-check" class="filter-text">batteries</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="electrochemistry-check" value="electrochemistry"> <label for="electrochemistry-check" class="filter-text">electrochemistry</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="low-dimensional-materials-check" value="low-dimensional-materials"> <label for="low-dimensional-materials-check" class="filter-text">low dimensional materials</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="oled-check" value="oled"> <label for="oled-check" class="filter-text">oled</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="opv-check" value="opv"> <label for="opv-check" class="filter-text">opv</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="organic-semiconductors-check" value="organic-semiconductors"> <label for="organic-semiconductors-check" class="filter-text">organic semiconductors</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="perovskites-check" value="perovskites"> <label for="perovskites-check" class="filter-text">perovskites</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="wet-thin-film-coating-check" value="wet-thin-film-coating"> <label for="wet-thin-film-coating-check" class="filter-text">wet thin film coating</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="solar-cells-check" value="solar-cells"> <label for="solar-cells-check" class="filter-text">solar cells</label> </p> </span> <span class="filter-container"> <p class="text-left">Filter by product: <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="contact-angle-check" value="contact-angle"> <label for="contact-angle-check" class="filter-text">contact angle</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="dip-coater-check" value="dip-coater"> <label for="dip-coater-check" class="filter-text">dip coater</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="four-point-probe-check" value="four-point-probe"> <label for="four-point-probe-check" class="filter-text">four-point probe</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="glove-box-check" value="glove-box"> <label for="glove-box-check" class="filter-text">glove box</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="laminar-flow-hood-check" value="laminar-flow-hood"> <label for="laminar-flow-hood-check" class="filter-text">laminar flow hood</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="led-measurement-system-check" value="led-measurement-system"> <label for="led-measurement-system-check" class="filter-text">led measurement system</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="materials-check" value="materials"> <label for="materials-check" class="filter-text">materials</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="optical-spectrometer-check" value="optical-spectrometer"> <label for="optical-spectrometer-check" class="filter-text">optical spectrometer</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="potentiostat-check" value="potentiostat"> <label for="potentiostat-check" class="filter-text">potentiostat</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="slot-die-coater-check" value="slot-die-coater"> <label for="slot-die-coater-check" class="filter-text">slot die coater</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="solar-cell-i-v-test-system-check" value="solar-cell-i-v-test-system"> <label for="solar-cell-i-v-test-system-check" class="filter-text">solar cell i-v test system</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="solar-simulator-check" value="solar-simulator"> <label for="solar-simulator-check" class="filter-text">solar simulator</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="source-measure-unit-check" value="source-measure-unit"> <label for="source-measure-unit-check" class="filter-text">source measure unit</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="spin-coater-check" value="spin-coater"> <label for="spin-coater-check" class="filter-text">spin coater</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="syringe-pump-check" value="syringe-pump"> <label for="syringe-pump-check" class="filter-text">syringe pump</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="uv-ozone-cleaner-check" value="uv-ozone-cleaner"> <label for="uv-ozone-cleaner-check" class="filter-text">uv ozone cleaner</label> </p> </span> <span class="filter-container"> <p class="text-left">Filter by type: <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="application-note-check" value="application-note"> <label for="application-note-check" class="filter-text">application note</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="article-check" value="article"> <label for="article-check" class="filter-text">article</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="download-check" value="download"> <label for="download-check" class="filter-text">download</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="literature-review-check" value="literature-review"> <label for="literature-review-check" class="filter-text">literature review</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="manual-check" value="manual"> <label for="manual-check" class="filter-text">manual</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="system-overview-check" value="system-overview"> <label for="system-overview-check" class="filter-text">system overview</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="video-check" value="video"> <label for="video-check" class="filter-text">video</label> <input class="filter-tick" type="checkbox" name="filter" id="written-guide-check" value="written-guide"> <label for="written-guide-check" class="filter-text">written guide</label> </p> </span> <hr> <div class="tile-container"> <div data-tags="written-guide, potentiostat, electrochemistry" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/cyclic-voltammetry"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-cyclic-voltammetry.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Cyclic Voltammetry Basic Principles, Theory and Setup"></a><a href="/pages/cyclic-voltammetry"> Cyclic Voltammetry Basic Principles, Theory and Setup</a> <p>Cyclic voltammetry is an electrochemical technique for measuring the current response of a redox active solution to a linearly cycled potential sweep between two or more set values.</p> <a href="/pages/cyclic-voltammetry">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, glove-box, spin-coater, slot-die-coater, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Perovskite-stack-general-2.png?v=1638201589&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="The Ultimate Guide to Making Perovskite Solar Cells"></a><a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells"> The Ultimate Guide to Making Perovskite Solar Cells</a> <p>Over the past 10 years, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved record efficiencies of 25.5% single junction solar cells (as of 20211) and these efficiencies are rising impressively.</p> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, potentiostat, electrochemistry" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/cyclic-voltammetry-applications"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/cyclic-voltammogram-thumbnail.png?v=1644923395&crop=center&width=160&height=158" loading="lazy" alt="Cyclic Voltammetry Applications and Uses"></a><a href="/pages/cyclic-voltammetry-applications"> Cyclic Voltammetry Applications and Uses</a> <p>Cyclic voltammetry is a versatile electrochemical method with a range of different applications. In cyclic voltammetry, each successful forwards and backwards potential sweep produces a 'duck-shaped' plot known as a cyclic voltammogram.</p> <a href="/pages/cyclic-voltammetry-applications">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, glove-box, spin-coater, slot-die-coater, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-is-perovskite-solar-cell"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/What_is_a_Perovskite_Solar_Cell_Perovskite_crystal_structure.svg?v=1676968311&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="perovskite crystal structure"></a><a href="/pages/what-is-perovskite-solar-cell"> What is a Perovskite Solar Cell</a> <p>A perovskite solar cell is a thin film photovoltaic device. In these devices, perovskites absorb sunlight and convert it into electrical energy. Certain perovskites have fundamental properties which make them excellent at this. In some ways, perovskites are even better than the materials used in current solar cells.</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-perovskite-solar-cell">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-are-metal-organic-frameworks"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/MOF_with_pore.png?v=1712043091" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="solvothermal/hydrothermal synthesis of MOF"></a> <a href="/pages/what-are-metal-organic-frameworks">What are Metal Organic Frameworks?</a> <p>Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are a class of 3D materials that are made up of metals connected by organic linker compounds. Think of metals and organic compounds as building blocks that form structures. These structures come in a variety of shapes and sizes, ranging from 1D to 3D.</p> <a href="/pages/what-are-metal-organic-frameworks">Learn more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, written guide, materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-to-make-metal-organic-frameworks"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Solvothermal_MOF_synthesis_square.svg?v=1713357157" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="solvothermal/hydrothermal synthesis of MOF"></a> <a href="/pages/how-to-make-metal-organic-frameworks">How to Make Metal-Organic Frameworks</a> <p>Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are made by connecting metal centers with organic linkers through coordination bonds. The process of creating MOFs plays a crucial role in crystal structure formation. This determines their properties and how well they perform in various applications.</p> <a href="/pages/how-to-make-metal-organic-frameworks">Learn more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, dip-coater, spin-coater, slot-die-coater, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/how-semiconductors-are-made"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/LS_Semiconductor.jpg?v=1706882309&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Semiconductor Chips"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/how-semiconductors-are-made"> How Semiconductors are Made</a> <p>Semiconductors are amongst the smallest and most detailed technologies that exist. One thumb-sized chip can contain billions of transistors – the miniature units used for conducting and switching electrical current.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/how-semiconductors-are-made">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="organic-semiconductors, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-organic-semiconductors"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/semiconductor_wafer.jpg?v=1728388349&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Semiconductor Chips"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-organic-semiconductors">What are Organic Semiconductors?</a> <p>Organic semiconductors are materials, ranging from small molecules to polymers, that can transport charge. Unlike in conductors, where electrons move freely across the material, organic semiconductors rely on a structure primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-organic-semiconductors">Read more...</a> </div> <div class="card-box card-truncate" data-tags="article, solar simulator"> <a href="/pages/photodetectors"><img alt="Photodetector" height="160" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/photodetector-in-optical-sensor.jpg?v=1730977118&width=160&height=160&crop=center" width="160"></a> <a href="/pages/photodetectors">What is a Photodetector?</a> <p>A photodetector is a device that can detect light, or more specifically photons. They are classed as optoelectronic devices like photovoltaic devices. This is because they produce an electronic signal which is proportional to the incident optical input.</p> <a href="/pages/photodetectors">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, organic semiconductors, materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/organic-electrochemical-transistors-oects"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/OECT-structure.svg?v=1726140254" loading="lazy" alt="OECT"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/organic-electrochemical-transistors-oects">What are Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTS)?</a> <p>Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) regulate charge flow through an organic semiconductor channel via ion injection from an electrolyte. The most common organic semiconductor used is PEDOT:PSS.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/organic-electrochemical-transistors-oects">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/homo-lumo"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/square-H2-molecular-orbital-diagram.jpg?v=1725888633" loading="lazy" alt="Illustration of HOMO-LUMO Energy Levels"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/homo-lumo">Understanding HOMO and LUMO</a> <p>HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) and LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) are fundamental concepts in molecular orbital theory. HOMO and LUMO are known as the "frontier molecular orbitals" because they are the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals, respectively.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/homo-lumo">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, syringe-pump, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-is-microfluidics"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Microfluidics-icon.png?v=1719907982&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Semiconductor Chips"></a> <a href="/pages/what-is-microfluidics">What is Microfluidics?</a> <p>Microfluidics is a ground-breaking field of research focused on the development of fluid-processing technology at the microscale.</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-microfluidics">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/internet-of-things-semiconductors-organic-electronics"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Internet_of_Things_Semiconductors_and_Organic_Electronics-01_Square.svg?v=1712218795" loading="lazy" alt="IoT Devices : Edge Devices, Hub Devices and Cloud"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/internet-of-things-semiconductors-organic-electronics"> Internet of Things: Semiconductors and Organic Electronics</a> <p>The Internet of Things (IoT), also known as the Internet of Everything (IoE), essentially extends the power of the internet beyond computing devices to other devices, processes and environments.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/internet-of-things-semiconductors-organic-electronics">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, potentiostat, electrochemistry" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/cyclic-voltammetry-troubleshooting"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/potentiostat-test-cell-chip.jpg?v=162999016&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Troubleshooting Cyclic Voltammetry and Voltammograms"></a><a href="/pages/cyclic-voltammetry-troubleshooting"> Troubleshooting Cyclic Voltammetry and Voltammograms</a> <p>Cyclic voltammetry is a powerful and versatile electrochemical technique. With modern potentiostats and software packages, the method is relatively straight-forward to perform. Despite this apparent simplicity, there are still a number of things that can go wrong, particularly when setting up the electrochemical cell.</p> <a href="/pages/cyclic-voltammetry-troubleshooting">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, potentiostat, electrochemistry" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/potentiostat-application-notes"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-potentiostat-application-notes.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Potentiostat Working Principles and Fundamentals"></a><a href="/pages/potentiostat-application-notes"> Potentiostat Working Principles and Fundamentals</a> <p>Potentiostats are voltage sources that vary their output potential in response to changes in the resistance across the circuit.</p> <a href="/pages/potentiostat-application-notes">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, glove-box, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/glove-box-buying-guide"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Choosing-Glove-Box-dimensions.jpg?v=1677067256&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Choosing a glove box"></a><a href="/pages/glove-box-buying-guide"> How to Choose a Laboratory Glove Box</a> <p>When buying a glove box, it's important that you choose the most suitable system for your specific lab and experiments. The first question that you should be asking yourself when looking for a glove box is what do I need?</p> <a href="/pages/glove-box-buying-guide">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, glove-box, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/glove-box-installation"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/glovebox-gloves-placement-zoom.jpg?v=1667832953&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Glove Box installation"></a><a href="/pages/glove-box-installation"> Glove Box Installation</a> <p>The Ossila Glove Box is designed to be easy to install and maintain, and is suitable for most laboratories. Its small footprint and quick set up also means that it is relatively portable and can be conveniently transferred between labs as required.</p> <a href="/pages/glove-box-installation">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, glove-box" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/air-free-techniques"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Air-Free-Processing-Glove-Box.jpg?v=1680706569&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Inert Gases"></a><a href="/pages/air-free-techniques"> Air Free Techniques</a> <p>Air free techniques are essential for the handling and storage of materials that are unstable when exposed to air. Compounds are defined as unstable if they react with an element in air, often moisture or oxygen.</p> <a href="/pages/air-free-techniques">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, glove-box" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/air-sensitive-compounds"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/DSC_0237.png?v=1703064853&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Glove Box Antechamber"> </a> <a href="/pages/air-sensitive-compounds"> Air Sensitive Compounds</a> <p>There are many reasons that a compound would be sensitive to air. The magnitude of an air-sensitive material's reaction to oxygen or moisture can vary dependent on the material properties.</p> <a href="/pages/air-sensitive-compounds">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, glove-box" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/negative-vs-positive-glove-box-pressure"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Glove_box_Correct_Arms.jpg?v=1689938343&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Positive pressure glove box with gloves inflated"> </a> <a href="/pages/negative-vs-positive-glove-box-pressure"> Glove Box Pressure: Positive or Negative?</a> <p>Glove boxes are essential tools for creating controlled atmospheres where you can handle hazardous or air sensitive materials. They can be maintained at positive pressure or negative pressure.</p> <a href="/pages/negative-vs-positive-glove-box-pressure">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, glove-box" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/glove-box-operating-procedure"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/glove-box-purge-inactive.jpg?v=1667897091&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Glove Box System Configuration Screen"> </a> <a href="/pages/glove-box-operating-procedure"> Glove Box Standard Operating Procedure</a> <p>Working safely within an inert laboratory glove box requires care and co-operation from everyone who uses it. For this reason, we recommend outlining a standard operating procedure for your laboratory.</p> <a href="/pages/glove-box-operating-procedure">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, glove-box" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/inert-gases"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/argon-electronic-configuration.png?v=1674575012&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Inert Gases"></a><a href="/pages/inert-gases"> Inert Gases</a> <p>Inert gases are gases which are chemically inactive, so will not undergo chemical reactions with many materials. Inert gases are used for many purposes in a wide range of industries - for example in welding, chemical processing, and as filler gases in light sources.</p> <a href="/pages/inert-gases">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, glove-box" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/argon-nitrogen-glove-box"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/argon-vs-nitrogen-price.png?v=1674659539&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Argon vs Nitrogen for Glove Box"></a><a href="/pages/argon-nitrogen-glove-box"> Argon vs Nitrogen for Glove Box</a> <p>Argon and nitrogen are both unreactive gases which can be used to create an inert environment within a glove box. Both gases will efficiently displace air within a confined space, are easy to store and will not react with most materials. Therefore, both N2 and Ar can create a glove box environment with very low moisture and oxygen levels.</p> <a href="/pages/argon-nitrogen-glove-box">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, glove-box, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/glove-box-maintenance"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/glove-box-leakage-test.jpg?v=1667897091&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Glove Box installation"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/glove-box-maintenance"> Glove Box Maintenance And Troubleshooting</a> <p>The Ossila Glove Box uses automatic purging and programmable leak tests making it easy to maintain an inert environment. However, there are a number of steps that you as the glove box user can take to ensure that the inert atmosphere remains intact.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/glove-box-maintenance">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, glove-box, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/glove-box-application-notes"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Glove_Box_Design.svg?v=1680253235" loading="lazy" alt="Glove Box Uses, Leaks, and Design"></a><a href="/pages/glove-box-application-notes"> Glove Box Uses, Leaks, and Design</a> <p>Scientific glove boxes create a sealed environment for work that involves hazardous materials or samples that react with air. The main chamber of such a glove box is generally filled with an inert gas, usually Nitrogen.</p> <a href="/pages/glove-box-application-notes">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, glove-box, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/glove-box-leaks"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Gloves-hole-glovebox.jpg?v=1667814649&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Glove Box Leaks"></a><a href="/pages/glove-box-leaks"> Glove Box Leaks</a> <p>The most common cause of glove box leaks is human error, either as a result of not following operating procedures correctly or from accidental damage. In terms of physical damage, the most likely puncture points will be the glove box gloves or the seals around the antechamber doors.</p> <a href="/pages/glove-box-leaks">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, glove-box, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/replace-glove-box-gloves"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/glove-box-glove-change-step4.jpg?v=1667897091&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="How to Replace Glove Box Gloves"></a><a href="/pages/replace-glove-box-gloves"> How to Replace Glove Box Gloves</a> <p>Glove box gloves must be flexible and relatively thin. This allows for movement within the main chamber. The gloves will be the most vulnerable exposure point to air and moisture in your glove box as small holes can easily occur.</p> <a href="/pages/replace-glove-box-gloves">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written guide" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-to-write-a-coshh-form"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/How_to_write_a_COSHH_form_-_Filled_In.jpg?v=1707735544&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="COSHH form template"></a><a href="/pages/how-to-write-a-coshh-form">How to Write a COSHH Form</a> <p>The COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) form is a health and safety document that is written for individual substances.</p> <a href="/pages/how-to-write-a-coshh-form">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/introduction-to-fullerene"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/fullerenes.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="fullerene"></a><a href="/pages/introduction-to-fullerene">A Simple Introduction to Fullerene: Structure, Properties and Applications</a> <p>Fullerenes are a special type, or allotrope, of carbon. They are famous for their hollow, cage-like structures typically made entirely of carbon atoms. These carbon atoms are arranged in patterns of hexagons and pentagons, similar to the pattern on a football or a geodesic dome.</p> <a href="/pages/introduction-to-fullerene">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-is-carbon-60"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/fullerenes.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="fullerene"></a><a href="/pages/what-is-carbon-60">What is Carbon 60 (C60)? Benefits and Properties</a> <p>Academic research has examined the Nobel Prize-winning molecule carbon 60 (C60) for various applications, including electronics and catalysis. More recently, its potential use in cosmetics and medicine has gained attention. Tests have been conducted globally to evaluate the effects of carbon 60 on human white blood cell cultures and animals.</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-carbon-60">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, laminar-flow-hood" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-is-laminar-flow"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Laminar-flow.png?v=1695811492&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="What is Laminar Flow?"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-is-laminar-flow"> What is Laminar Flow?</a> <p>Laminar flow is a concept in fluid dynamics which describes the smooth and orderly movement of a fluid (liquid or gas). In laminar flow, fluid particles move in predictable, parallel layers with minimal mixing between layers.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-is-laminar-flow">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, laminar-flow-hood" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/laminar-flow-hoods-vertical-vs-horizontal"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/laminar_flow_hood_diagram.png?v=1691401043&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Vertical vs Horizontal Laminar Flow Hood"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/laminar-flow-hoods-vertical-vs-horizontal"> Vertical vs Horizontal Laminar Flow Hood</a> <p>Laminar flow hoods (LFH) are essential tools used in scientific and industrial settings to create a controlled, clean environment for various applications.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/laminar-flow-hoods-vertical-vs-horizontal">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, laminar-flow-hood" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/laminar-flow-hood-vs-fume-hood"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Fume_Hood.png?v=1694176758&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Laminar Flow Hood vs Fume Hood"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/laminar-flow-hood-vs-fume-hood"> Laminar Flow Hood vs Fume Hood</a> <p>In lab environments, both laminar flow hoods and fume hoods operate to provide workspaces with enhanced ventilation and filtration mechanisms.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/laminar-flow-hood-vs-fume-hood">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, laminar-flow-hood" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/biological-safety-cabinets-laminar-flow-hoods"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Biological_Safety_Cabinet_Class_II.png?v=1694177277&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Biological Safety Cabinet vs Laminar Flow Hood"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/biological-safety-cabinets-laminar-flow-hoods"> Biological Safety Cabinet vs Laminar Flow Hood</a> <p>When working in laboratories, ensuring a safe and clean environment is paramount. Biological Safety Cabinets and Laminar Flow Hoods are two units that can be used to achieve these standards.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/biological-safety-cabinets-laminar-flow-hoods">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, glove-box, laminar-flow-hood, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/laminar-flow-hood-vs-glove-box"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Working-agar-plates-Ossila-laminar-flow-hood.jpg?v=1698394918&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Agar growth plates inside a laminar flow hood"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/laminar-flow-hood-vs-glove-box"> Laminar Flow Hood vs Glove Box</a> <p>Laminar flow hoods and glove boxes both provide controlled environments to be used in laboratory settings, but they have distinct differences in terms of their features and functions within the laboratory.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/laminar-flow-hood-vs-glove-box">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, laminar-flow-hood" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/how-does-a-laminar-flow-hood-work"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Laminar-Flow-insitu-2.png?v=1695645302&crop=right&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="How Does A Laminar Flow Hood Work?"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/how-does-a-laminar-flow-hood-work"> How Does A Laminar Flow Hood Work?</a> <p>In settings and applications where a clean environment is essential, laminar flow hoods (LFHs) are a vital tool. Use of a LFH ensures a contamination-free workspace by generating a continuous flow of clean air to remove airborne particles.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/how-does-a-laminar-flow-hood-work">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, laminar-flow-hood" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/getting-started-laminar-flow-hood"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Laminar-flow-hood-interface.png?v=1696931380&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Getting Started with the Laminar Flow Hood"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/getting-started-laminar-flow-hood"> Getting Started with the Laminar Flow Hood</a> <p>Ossila laminar flow hoods are designed for effortless setup, user-friendly operation, and efficient control. This short video guide shows you how to get started with your new equipment.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/getting-started-laminar-flow-hood">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="video, laminar-flow-hood" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/overview-of-the-ossila-horizontal-laminar-flow-hood"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Hor-LFH-side-panel-alignment.jpg?v=1701096931&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Getting Started with the Laminar Flow Hood"></a><a href="/pages/overview-of-the-ossila-horizontal-laminar-flow-hood">Overview of the Ossila Horizontal Laminar Flow Hood</a> <p>Ossila laminar flow hoods have been meticulously crafted to provide a contaminant free environment with a compact and efficient design. HEPA filters can be easily installed and replaced. Its benchtop design makes it perfect for bench or small-scale experiments.</p> <a href="/pages/overview-of-the-ossila-horizontal-laminar-flow-hood">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, laminar-flow-hood" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/horizontal-laminar-flow-hood-assembly"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/1-Hor-LFH-position-baffle-on-plenum.jpg?v=1701096502&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Position baffle on plenum with motor facing forwards"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/horizontal-laminar-flow-hood-assembly">Assembling the Horizontal Laminar Flow Hood</a> <p>Our laminar flow hoods arrive flat-packed. You can assemble this as a vertical or a horizontal laminar flow hood depending on what better suits your research. You can also switch between configurations for different uses or if your needs change.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/horizontal-laminar-flow-hood-assembly">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, laminar-flow-hood" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/how-does-hepa-filter-work"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/HEPA_Filter_Work.png?v=1694700026&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="HEPA Filter: What Is It and How Does It Work?"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/how-does-hepa-filter-work"> HEPA Filter: What Is It and How Does It Work?</a> <p>The acronym HEPA stands for High Efficiency Particulate Air, and these filters boast an exceptional ability to achieve a high standard of particle filtration.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/how-does-hepa-filter-work">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, laminar-flow-hood" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/hepa-filter-size-chart"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/HEPA_Filter_Size_Graph.png?v=1694700154&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="HEPA Filter Size Chart"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/hepa-filter-size-chart"> HEPA Filter Size Chart</a> <p>High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are designed to efficiently remove airborne particles and contaminants, making them indispensable tools in laboratories and cleanroom facilities.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/hepa-filter-size-chart">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, laminar-flow-hood" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/ulpa-vs-hepa-filters"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/HEPA-filter-mesh.png?v=1695304254&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="ULPA vs HEPA Filters: Which One is Right for You?"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/ulpa-vs-hepa-filters"> ULPA vs HEPA Filters: Which One is Right for You?</a> <p>Ultra-Low Particulate Air (ULPA) and High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are both used in laminar flow hoods to remove particles from incoming air.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/ulpa-vs-hepa-filters">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, laminar-flow-hood" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/laminar-flow-hood-cleaning-preparation"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Laminar_Flow_-_BACK_CLEANING_1.png?v=1694790207&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Laminar Flow Hood Cleaning Procedure"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/laminar-flow-hood-cleaning-preparation"> Laminar Flow Hood Cleaning Procedure</a> <p>Regular and thorough cleaning of your laminar flow hood allows you to reliably conduct your experiments without risk of contamination.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/laminar-flow-hood-cleaning-preparation">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, laminar-flow-hood" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/uv-sterilization"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/UV-wavelength.png?v=1696931662&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="UV Sterilization"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/uv-sterilization"> UV Sterilization</a> <p>Ultraviolet (UV) sterilization is a disinfecting technique that uses UV light to kill or damage microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/uv-sterilization">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, laminar-flow-hood" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/air-flow-in-laminar-flow-hoods"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Air-flow-laminar-flow-hood.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Air Flow in Laminar Flow Hoods"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/air-flow-in-laminar-flow-hoods"> Air Flow in Laminar Flow Hoods</a> <p>Laminar flow must be achieved to guarantee air flow will move in a single direction and ensure optimal performance of the hood. This is needed to achieve the clean air functions listed above.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/air-flow-in-laminar-flow-hoods">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spin-coater, syringe-pump, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/spin-coating"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-spin-coating.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Spin Coating: Complete Guide to Theory and Techniques"></a><a href="/pages/spin-coating"> Spin Coating: Complete Guide to Theory and Techniques</a> <p>Spin coating is a common technique for applying thin films to substrates. When a solution of a material and a solvent is spun at high speeds, the centripetal force and the surface tension of the liquid together create an even covering.</p> <a href="/pages/spin-coating">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spin-coater, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/advanced-spin-coater-features"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Spin_Coater_in_hand.jpg?v=1675438386&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="The Ossila Spin Coater"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/advanced-spin-coater-features"> Which Spin Coater Features Do I Need?</a> <p>Depending on your application and scale of film production, these features can be both beneficial and damaging to your final films. Before investing in a new spin coater, it is crucial to consider the different features and specifications available in the market.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/advanced-spin-coater-features">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="video, spin-coater, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-to-spin-coat-to-the-very-edge-of-a-substrate-when-using-viscous-solutions"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/close-up-of-Spin-Coater.jpg?v=1705505181&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="The Ossila Spin Coater"></a> <a href="/pages/how-to-spin-coat-to-the-very-edge-of-a-substrate-when-using-viscous-solutions"> How to Spin Coat to the Very Edge of a Substrate</a> <p>This video demonstrates the static dispense spin coating method using 45 degree angle to avoid touching the edge of the substrate whilst moving the ink.</p> <a href="/pages/how-to-spin-coat-to-the-very-edge-of-a-substrate-when-using-viscous-solutions">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spin-coater, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/getting-started-with-the-ossila-spin-coater"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/pedot-deposition-spin-coater.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="PEDOT being added to a spin coater"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/getting-started-with-the-ossila-spin-coater"> Getting Started with the Ossila Spin Coater</a> <p>Spin coating is a widely used and versatile technique for depositing materials onto substrates with accurate and controllable film thicknesses.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/getting-started-with-the-ossila-spin-coater">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spin-coater, wet-thin-film-coating, laminar-flow-hood, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spin-coating-in-laminar-flow-hood"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Spin-coating-lfh-lab-comparison.png?v=1715847044" loading="lazy" alt="Spin coating coated inside and outside a laminar flow hood - films have less and more defects respectively."></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spin-coating-in-laminar-flow-hood"> Spin Coating in Laminar Flow Hood</a> <p>To achieve successful thin-film deposition via spin coating, it is crucial to minimize particle contamination. A vertical laminar flow hood can create a contamination free environment.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spin-coating-in-laminar-flow-hood">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, dip-coater, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/dip-coating"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/dip-coating-flow-of-solution.svg?v=16763896798" loading="lazy" alt="Dip Coating: Practical Guide to Theory and Troubleshooting"></a><a href="/pages/dip-coating"> Dip Coating: Practical Guide to Theory and Troubleshooting</a> <p>Dip coating is a simple and effective technique which is commonly used in manufacturing across a wide range of different industries. Within research and development, it has become an important coating method for the fabrication of thin films using a purpose-built dip coater.</p> <a href="/pages/dip-coating">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, dip-coater, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/getting-started-with-the-ossila-dip-coater"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/dip-coater-featured-image.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Ossila Dip Coater"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/getting-started-with-the-ossila-dip-coater"> Getting Started with the Ossila Dip Coater</a> <p>Dip coating is one of the most widely-used coating processes in industry and academia for producing thin films. To create a film, the substrate is first lowered into, and then withdrawn from, the solution.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/getting-started-with-the-ossila-dip-coater">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, potentiostat, electrochemistry" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/linear-sweep-voltammetry"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Cell-top-view.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Linear Sweep Voltammetry: Introduction and Applications"></a><a href="/pages/linear-sweep-voltammetry"> Linear Sweep Voltammetry: Introduction and Applications</a> <p>Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) is a simple electrochemical technique. The method is similar to cyclic voltammetry, but rather than linearly cycling over the potential range in both directions, linear sweep voltammetry involves only a single linear sweep from the lower potential limit to the upper potential limit.</p> <a href="/pages/linear-sweep-voltammetry">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spin-coater, slot-die-coater, dip-coater, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/solution-processing-techniques-comparison"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/SCM_Comparison.svg?v=1680253577" loading="lazy" alt="Thin Film Deposition: Comparing Coating Methods"></a><a href="/pages/solution-processing-techniques-comparison"> Thin Film Deposition: Comparing Coating Methods</a> <p>When it comes to depositing highly-uniform wet thin films, there are many different solution-processing techniques capable of producing high-quality films at low cost.</p> <a href="/pages/solution-processing-techniques-comparison">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, contact-angle, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/contact-angle-theory-measurement"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-contact-angle-theory-measurement.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Contact Angle: A Guide to Theory and Measurement"></a><a href="/pages/contact-angle-theory-measurement"> Contact Angle: A Guide to Theory and Measurement</a> <p>This guide will explain what a contact angle is and how it is measured. It will also show you how the Ossila Contact Angle Goniometer works and how to get the best measurement results.</p> <a href="/pages/contact-angle-theory-measurement">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, contact-angle, uv-ozone-cleaner, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/a-guide-to-surface-energy"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-a-guide-to-surface-energy.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="What is Surface Energy? Formula & Definition"></a><a href="/pages/a-guide-to-surface-energy"> What is Surface Energy? Formula & Definition</a> <p>Surface free energy is a measure of the excess energy present at the surface of a material, in comparison to at its bulk. It can be used to describe wetting and adhesion between materials.</p> <a href="/pages/a-guide-to-surface-energy">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, contact-angle, uv-ozone-cleaner, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/uv-ozone-theory"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Substrate-After-UV-Ozone-Cleaning.jpg?v=1719214779&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="UV Ozone Theory and Application"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/uv-ozone-theory"> UV Ozone Theory and Application</a> <p>UV ozone cleaning is a photo-sensitized oxidation process in which organic molecules in their excited state chemically react with ozone molecules, resulting in the cleaving of bonds and the dissociation of molecules from the surface.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/uv-ozone-theory">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, contact-angle, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/contact-angle-measurements-surface-wetting"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Contact_Angle_Measurements_of_Surface_Wetting-square.svg" loading="lazy" alt="Contact Angle Measurements of Surface Wetting"></a><a href="/pages/contact-angle-measurements-surface-wetting"> Contact Angle Measurements of Surface Wetting</a> <p>Surface wetting occurs when a droplet spreads out over a surface, such that its contact angle is below 90°. When the droplet spreads out completely, this angle will be 0°, and 'complete wetting' will have occurred.</p> <a href="/pages/contact-angle-measurements-surface-wetting">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, contact-angle, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/contact-angle-goniometer-applications"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/solvent-ingress-square.jpg?v=1712303833" loading="lazy" alt="Solution ingress"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/contact-angle-goniometer-applications"> Contact Angle Goniometer Applications</a> <p>A contact angle goniometer is an instrument that measures the contact angle of a droplet on a surface. This is a useful, indirect measurement of surface wetting.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/contact-angle-goniometer-applications">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, contact-angle, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/contact-angle-measurements-on-uneven-surfaces"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Contact_Angle_measurements.svg?v=1680253786" loading="lazy" alt="Contact Angle Measurements on Uneven Surfaces"></a><a href="/pages/contact-angle-measurements-on-uneven-surfaces"> Contact Angle Measurements on Uneven Surfaces</a> <p>In this guide we will use the Ossila Contact Angle software to measure a droplet on an uneven surface.</p> <a href="/pages/contact-angle-measurements-on-uneven-surfaces">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, contact-angle, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-to-measure-surface-tension-with-the-goniometer"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/surface-tension.jpg?v=1710413784" loading="lazy" alt="Droplet Surface Tension"> </a> <a href="/pages/how-to-measure-surface-tension-with-the-goniometer"> How to Measure Surface Tension with the Goniometer</a> <p>Video guide to measure the surface tension of a droplet.</p> <a href="/pages/how-to-measure-surface-tension-with-the-goniometer">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, contact-angle, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-to-measure-contact-angles-with-the-goniometer"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Theory_and_Measurement-01.svg?v=1710416259" loading="lazy" alt="Contact Angle"> </a> <a href="/pages/how-to-measure-contact-angles-with-the-goniometer"> How to Measure Contact Angles with the Goniometer</a> <p>Video guide to measure the contact angles of droplets on a surface.</p> <a href="/pages/how-to-measure-contact-angles-with-the-goniometer">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="syringe-pump, written-guide" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-to-use-syringe-pump"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/syringe-pump-in-situ-double-driver.jpg?v=1649686030&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="How to Set Up and Use the Ossila Syringe Pump"></a><a href="/pages/how-to-use-syringe-pump"> How to Set Up and Use the Ossila Syringe Pump</a> <p>With no external dependencies, the Ossila Syringe Pump is quick and easy to set up and use.</p> <a href="/pages/how-to-use-syringe-pump">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="syringe-pump, application-note" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/syringe-pump-application-notes"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Syringe-Pump-side-view.jpg?v=1613169893&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Syringe Pumps Explained: Types of Syringe Pump"></a><a href="/pages/syringe-pump-application-notes"> Syringe Pumps Explained: Types of Syringe Pump</a> <p>Syringe pumps, or syringe drivers, are motorised devices that accurately control the movement of a fluid from a syringe by mechanically inserting or retracting the plunger. Syringe pumps feature stepper motors which can accurately move a platform attached to the plunger of a syringe.</p> <a href="/pages/syringe-pump-application-notes">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="syringe-pump, application-note" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/key-features-ossila-syringe-pump"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Single-syringe-pump-user-interface.jpg?v=1710751982&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Syringe pump user interface"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/key-features-ossila-syringe-pump"> Key Features of Ossila Syringe Pumps</a> <p>Syringe pumps are commonly used in scientific research for precise and controlled delivery of fluids during experiments. They can be utilised for various applications in chemistry, biology, biochemistry, pharmaceuticals, and medical research.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/key-features-ossila-syringe-pump">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="syringe-pump, application-note" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-do-syringe-pumps-work"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Rotor-Stator-cropped.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="How do Syringe Pumps Work?"></a><a href="/pages/how-do-syringe-pumps-work"> How do Syringe Pumps Work?</a> <p>Syringe pumps are electromechanical devices which are designed to convert rotational motion to linear motion. This linear motion can then be used to drive the plunger of a syringe and deliver a precise amount of solution.</p> <a href="/pages/how-do-syringe-pumps-work">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="syringe-pump, application-note" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/syringe-pump-flow-rate"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Syringe_tube_cropped.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Syringe pump flow rate depends on the diameter of your syringe vs the velocity of plunger movement"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/syringe-pump-flow-rate"> Syringe Pump Flow Rate</a> <p>The flow rate for a syringe pump refers to the rate at which a fluid is dispensed or withdrawn from a syringe using a syringe pump. It is typically measured in volume per unit of time.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/syringe-pump-flow-rate">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="syringe-pump, application-note" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/syringe-pump-accuracy-precision"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Syringe_Pump_Accuracy_and_Precision_Potentiostat_Specifications.svg?v=16778465899" loading="lazy" alt="Syringe Pump Accuracy and Precision"></a><a href="/pages/syringe-pump-accuracy-precision"> Syringe Pump Accuracy and Precision</a> <p>Syringe pumps provide precise control over the movement and delivery of fluids and can be incorporated into a wide range of experimental setups to ensure that any work done is reproducible and accurate.</p> <a href="/pages/syringe-pump-accuracy-precision">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, syringe-pump" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/syringe-pump-troubleshooting"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/SPT-icon.svg?v=1682078313" loading="lazy" alt="Syringe Pump Troubleshooting"></a><a href="/pages/syringe-pump-troubleshooting"> Syringe Pump Troubleshooting</a> <p>When auto dispensing solvents, droplets are sometimes dispensed after the syringe pump has stopped. The cause of solution dripping can be due to several factors.</p> <a href="/pages/syringe-pump-troubleshooting">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spectrometer-application-notes"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/ossila-spectrometer-in-lab.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="What is a Spectrometer? Types and Uses"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spectrometer-application-notes"> What is a Spectrometer? Types and Uses</a> <p>A spectrometer is a device that measures a continuous, non-discrete physical characteristic by first separating it into a spectrum of its constituent components.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spectrometer-application-notes">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spectrometer-working-principles"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/spectrometer-components.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="How Does a Spectrometer Work? Principles Explained"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spectrometer-working-principles"> How Does a Spectrometer Work? Principles Explained</a> <p>Optical spectrometers take light and separate it by wavelength to create a spectra which shows the relative intensity of each. This basic principle has a wide range of applications and uses.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spectrometer-working-principles">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spectrometer-optics"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/littrow-configuration.svg?v=1676369636" loading="lazy" alt="Spectrometer Optics"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spectrometer-optics"> Spectrometer Optics</a> <p>Spectrometers can be designed and built using a number of different optical configurations. Careful choice of components and configuration can avoid aberrations, which result in distorted or blurred spectra.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spectrometer-optics">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/troubleshooting-uv-vis-spectroscopy"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Spectrometer-substrate-positioning-wrong.jpg?v=1682496743&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="UV-Vis spectroscopy troubleshooting"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/troubleshooting-uv-vis-spectroscopy"> UV-Vis Spectroscopy Troubleshooting</a> <p>It can be incredibly frustrating if you encounter a problem while performing UV-Vis spectroscopy, and usually causes an unnecessary delay.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/troubleshooting-uv-vis-spectroscopy">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application-note, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/sources-of-error-uv-vis-spectroscopy"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/FWHM-Measurement.svg?v=1679392523" loading="lazy" alt="UV-Vis spectroscopy errors"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/sources-of-error-uv-vis-spectroscopy"> UV-Vis Spectroscopy Errors</a> <p>Like any analytical technique, spectrometers are subject to error, including dark noise, stray light, and spectral bandwidth.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/sources-of-error-uv-vis-spectroscopy">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-is-an-exciton"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/exciton-formation-icon.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Excitons: An Introduction"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-is-an-exciton"> Excitons: An Introduction</a> <p>When an electron is excited into a higher energy state, either through absorption of a photon or another excitation method, this creates a positively charged space in the lower energy leel known as a "hole."</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-is-an-exciton">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-simulator" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/standard-solar-spectrum"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/yearly-horizontal-global-irradiance.jpg?v=1669979653&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="The AM1.5 Spectrum"></a><a href="/pages/standard-solar-spectrum"> The AM1.5 Spectrum</a> <p>Solar irradiance varies depending on where you are in the world. This is because of a combination of local atmospheric conditions and geometric considerations.</p> <a href="/pages/standard-solar-spectrum">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-simulator" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/the-solar-spectrum"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/The_Solar_Spectrum.svg?v=1680254336" loading="lazy" alt="The Solar Spectrum"></a><a href="/pages/the-solar-spectrum"> The Solar Spectrum</a> <p>The purpose of a solar simulator is to recreate the sunlight received on Earth. This is easier said than done as sunlight starts its journey in complex nuclear reactions in the sun's core, and is modified on it's journey to us through interactions with the Earth's atmosphere.</p> <a href="/pages/the-solar-spectrum">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-simulator" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/radiometry-and-photometry"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/radiometry-1.svg?v=1676368006" loading="lazy" alt="Radiometry and Photometry"></a><a href="/pages/radiometry-and-photometry"> Radiometry and Photometry</a> <p>Light can be measured either photometrically (only light visible to the human eye is considered) or radiometrically (also considers the energy in the invisible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum).</p> <a href="/pages/radiometry-and-photometry">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-simulator, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/flexible-solar-cells"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Example_Solar_Cell_Device_Architecture.svg?v=1685695874" loading="lazy" alt="What are Flexible Solar Cells?"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/flexible-solar-cells"> What are Flexible Solar Cells?</a> <p>New developments in solar cell technology have enabled the realisation of flexible solar cells, the applications of which can be utilized in more imaginative ways than ever before.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/flexible-solar-cells">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-simulator" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/solar-simulator-working-principles-and-optics"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Solar_Sim.svg?v=1680254564" loading="lazy" alt="Solar Simulator Design, Working Principles & Optics"></a><a href="/pages/solar-simulator-working-principles-and-optics"> Solar Simulator Design, Working Principles & Optics</a> <p>A solar simulator has several components that help to simulate the solar spectrum uniformly for a defined test area. The most important part of the several components is the light source, however the other components ensure the light source outputs the solar spectrum correctly.</p> <a href="/pages/solar-simulator-working-principles-and-optics">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-simulator" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-to-set-up-the-solar-simulator"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Solar_Simulator_Light_Source.jpg?v=1680261692" loading="lazy" alt="How to Set Up a Solar Simulator Light Source"></a><a href="/pages/how-to-set-up-the-solar-simulator"> How to Set Up a Solar Simulator Light Source</a> <p>The solar simulator light source is compact, lightweight and can be easily installed in any lab using adjustable height stand provided with it.</p> <a href="/pages/how-to-set-up-the-solar-simulator">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-simulator, solar-cell-i-v-test-system" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/automated-solar-simulator-assembly"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/SolarSimulatorIVTestSystem20x15mm_WHITELIGHT_-ProductPhoto.jpg?v=1718725186&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Automated Solar Simulator Assembly"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/automated-solar-simulator-assembly"> Automated Solar Simulator Assembly</a> <p>This system was designed to be easy to use, and effortless to assemble. This video and subsequent guide will demonstrate how easy setting up your testing lab can be with the Ossila Automated Solar Cell Testing Bundle.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/automated-solar-simulator-assembly">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="video, solar-simulator, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-to-assemble-the-automated-solar-simulator"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/SolarSimulatorIVTestSystem20x15mm_WHITELIGHT_-ProductPhoto.jpg?v=1718725186&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Automated Solar Simulator Assembly"></a><a href="/pages/how-to-assemble-the-automated-solar-simulator"> How to Assemble the Automated Solar Cell Testing Kit: Video Guide</a> <p>An easy step-by-step guide to assembling the automated solar cell testing kit.</p> <a href="/pages/how-to-assemble-the-automated-solar-simulator">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-simulator" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/check-calibration-solar-simulator"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/solar-simulator-optimum-distance.jpg?v=16740580276&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="How to Check Solar Simulator Calibration"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/check-calibration-solar-simulator"> How to Check Solar Simulator Calibration</a> <p>It is important to ensure that your solar simulator is outputting a consistent spectral output. Different solar simulators will have different bulb lifetimes.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/check-calibration-solar-simulator">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-simulator" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/solar-simulator-classification"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/solar-simulator-classification-wavelength-bins.png?v=1673608949&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Solar Simulator Classification and Calibration"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/solar-simulator-classification"> Solar Simulator Classification and Calibration</a> <p>Solar simulators must be evaluated according to one of the three standards, and comply with the specifications set out within.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/solar-simulator-classification">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-simulator" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/solar-simulator-irradiance-and-spectral-mismatch"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/integrated-irradiance.png?v=1671018107&crop=left&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Solar Simulator Irradiance and Spectral Mismatch"></a><a href="/pages/solar-simulator-irradiance-and-spectral-mismatch"> Solar Simulator Irradiance and Spectral Mismatch</a> <p>Solar simulators generally attempt to replicate the standard AM1.5G spectrum which has a total integrated irradiance of 1000.4 W/m2 over the wavelength range of 280 nm – 4000 nm.</p> <a href="/pages/solar-simulator-irradiance-and-spectral-mismatch">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-simulator, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/solar-cell-testing"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/solar-simulator-manual-lab-cropped.png?v=1670422692&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Solar Cell Testing & Characterization"></a><a href="/pages/solar-cell-testing"> Solar Cell Testing & Characterization</a> <p>One main application of solar simulators is to test solar cell devices and modules. To characterise how solar cells will perform in the real world, it is vital that you use a solar source that mimics the suns spectrum well. You could of course use actual sunlight, but this is an uncontrollable variable.</p> <a href="/pages/solar-cell-testing">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-simulator, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/measuring-i-v-curves-ossila-solar-cell-testing"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Reference_Solar_cell_1.jpg?v=1681312757&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Measuring J-V Curves with Ossila Solar Cell Testing Equipment"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/measuring-i-v-curves-ossila-solar-cell-testing"> Measuring J-V Curves with Ossila Solar Cell Testing Equipment</a> <p>When it comes to testing the performance of solar cells, accurate measurements and reliable equipment are essential. If you are conducting research into PV materials, understanding how to measure and interpret J-V curves is crucial in assessing device performance</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/measuring-i-v-curves-ossila-solar-cell-testing">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-simulator, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/solar-cells-low-device-metrics"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/J-V-curve-place-device-in-board.jpg?v=1685518690&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Analyzing and Improving Low Device Metrics: FF, VOC and JSC"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/solar-cells-low-device-metrics"> Analyzing and Improving Low Device Metrics: FF, V<sub>OC</sub> and J<sub>SC</sub></a> <p>Anaylzing key device metrics such as fill factor (FF), open-circuit voltage (V<sub>OC</sub>), and power conversion efficiency (PCE), can help you find potential issues with your solar cell devices</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/solar-cells-low-device-metrics">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-simulator" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/solar-simulator-light-sources"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/SolarSimulatorHead-ProductPhoto.jpg?v=1718718829&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Solar Simulator Light Sources"></a><a href="/pages/solar-simulator-light-sources"> Solar Simulator Light Sources</a> <p>Choosing the right light source for your solar simulator is one the most important decisions to make when setting up a PV testing laboratory</p> <a href="/pages/solar-simulator-light-sources">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-to-write-a-research-paper"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Our-writing-team.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Writing a research paper"></a><a href="/pages/how-to-write-a-research-paper">How To Write A Research Paper</a> <p>A research paper is an academic document that involves analysis, interpretation, and argumentation derived from independent research. Unlike academic essays, research papers tend to be lengthier and more intricate, assessing both writing proficiency and scholarly research abilities. Crafting a research paper entails showcasing a deep understanding of the topic, interacting with diverse sources, and offering an original perspective to the discourse. Our guide will guide you through writing individual sections from abstract to conclusion.</p> <a href="/pages/how-to-write-a-research-paper">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-to-give-a-great-presentation"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/ossila-epsrc-cdtpv-james-kingsley.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="How to give a great presentation"></a><a href="/pages/how-to-give-a-great-presentation"> How To Give A Great Presentation</a> <p>In the world of science, sharing your research findings is significant. Whether you are talking about it in person, putting up a poster, or writing it down, getting the word out is important for moving science forward and getting people talking.</p> <a href="/pages/how-to-give-a-great-presentation">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/optical-spectroscopy"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/broadband-white-light-source-breadboard.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Optical Spectroscopy"></a><a href="/pages/optical-spectroscopy"> Optical Spectroscopy</a> <p>Optical spectroscopy (or UV-Vis spectroscopy) is a versatile and non-invasive technique that can be used to study a wide range of materials.</p> <a href="/pages/optical-spectroscopy">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/spectroscopy-light-sources"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/spectrometer-applications-emission-cropped.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Light Sources for Spectroscopy"></a><a href="/pages/spectroscopy-light-sources"> Light Sources for Spectroscopy</a> <p>Spectroscopy can be performed using a range of different light sources. These can typically be categorised as being either monochromatic or broadband.</p> <a href="/pages/spectroscopy-light-sources">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/jablonski-diagrams"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/photoluminescence-jablonksi-diagram.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Jablonski Diagrams"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/jablonski-diagrams"> Jablonski Diagrams</a> <p>Jablonski diagrams are the simplest way to the transitions between electronic and vibrational states. The representative energy levels are arranged with energy on the vertical axis and vary horizontally according to energy state multiplicity.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/jablonski-diagrams">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/plotting-spectra-with-python"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/saving-spectrum.png?v=1674214649&crop=left&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Python for Spectroscopy, Spectra Data Visualization"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/plotting-spectra-with-python"> Python for Spectroscopy | Spectra Data Visualization</a> <p>Optical spectroscopy data can be processed faster and more consistently using programming tools such as Python. This is a step-by-step guide of how researchers process multiple spectra that were taken using the Ossila Optical Spectrometer. The code in this guide is designed for the Ossila Optical Spectrometer.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/plotting-spectra-with-python">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/plotting-j-v-curve-python"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/solar_cell_testing_graphs_Perovskite-JV-sweep-hysteresis.svg?v=1684489810" loading="lazy" alt="Plotting I-V Curves using Python"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/plotting-j-v-curve-python"> Plotting I-V Curves using Python</a> <p>Data can be easily plotted using the following Python code to plot data using Pandas DataFrame.Just copy and paste the code below into your Python virtual environment and start plotting.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/plotting-j-v-curve-python">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spectroscopy"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Spec_Def_and_Types.svg?v=1680255016" loading="lazy" alt="What is Spectroscopy? Definition and Types"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spectroscopy"> What is Spectroscopy? Definition and Types</a> <p>Spectroscopy is an invaluable technique used to study the interaction between radiative energy and matter. Different types of radiative energy used in spectroscopy include electrons, neutrons, ions, and acoustic waves.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spectroscopy">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/history-of-spectroscopy"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/spectrometer-software-spectrum-colour.png" loading="lazy" alt="History of Spectroscopy"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/history-of-spectroscopy"> History of Spectroscopy</a> <p>The history of spectroscopy is a rarely told story, though it is a fascinating one that has profoundly shaped modern science. The research spans three centuries. This history takes us from age-old curiosities over the nature of light, to discoveries about the solar system and chemical elements and their structures.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/history-of-spectroscopy">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/beer-lambert-law"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/beer-lambert-icon.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Beer Lambert Law"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/beer-lambert-law"> Beer Lambert Law</a> <p>The Beer-Lambert Law is a fundamental principle in spectroscopy. Optical spectrometers can quantify the absorption of light by a sample. Using the Beer-Lambert law, you can use these absorbance measurements to easily measure and monitor the concentration of different materials within a solution.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/beer-lambert-law">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/fluorescence-phosphorescence"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/fluorescence-energy-transitions.png?v=1675769281&crop=left&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Fluorescence and Phosphorescence"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/fluorescence-phosphorescence"> Fluorescence and Phosphorescence</a> <p>Both fluorescence and phosphorescence are types of photoluminescence. Photoluminescence refers to radiative emissions where the absorbance of a photon is followed by the emission of a lower energy photon. The main empirical difference between fluorescence and phosphorescence is the time in between absorbance and the emission of photons.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/fluorescence-phosphorescence">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/blazed-gratings"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/blazed-gratings-icon.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Blazed Gratings"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/blazed-gratings"> Blazed Gratings</a> <p>The blazed diffraction grating is a type of grating that has a "sawtooth" profile. Blazed diffraction gratings will maximise the grating efficiency in one desired diffraction order at a specific wavelength, while other orders are minimised.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/blazed-gratings">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/thin-film-spectroscopy-setup-measurement"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/fluorescence-measurement-45-degree-angle.jpg?v=1675077002&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Thin Film Spectroscopy: Setup and Measurement"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/thin-film-spectroscopy-setup-measurement"> Thin Film Spectroscopy: Setup and Measurement</a> <p>This article contains some advice from our researchers that should help you get started taking optical spectroscopy measurements of thin films.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/thin-film-spectroscopy-setup-measurement">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/measuring-thin-film-fluorescence"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/fluorescence-measurement-180-degree-angle.jpg?v=1675077003&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Measuring Thin Film Fluorescence"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/measuring-thin-film-fluorescence"> Measuring Thin Film Fluorescence</a> <p>To measure the fluorescence of a thin film, you will need an optical spectrometer, a fixed sample holder and a high energy light source (such as a UV laser or the Ossila UV light source). We also recommend using optical fiber cables between modular elements to reduce the attenuation of your signal.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/measuring-thin-film-fluorescence">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/optical-fiber-spectroscopy"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/optical-fibre-core-cladding-diagram.svg?v=1675687110" loading="lazy" alt="Optical Fiber Spectroscopy"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/optical-fiber-spectroscopy"> Optical Fiber Spectroscopy</a> <p>Optical fibers (or fiber optic cables) are cables which transmit light efficiently along an extremely thin glass (silica) or plastic fiber. Light travels down the cable due to total internal reflection.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/optical-fiber-spectroscopy">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/electroluminescence"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/EL-Recombination-Region.svg?v=1675182339&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Electroluminescence"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/electroluminescence"> Electroluminescence</a> <p>Electroluminescence (EL) is the generation of light through the radiative recombination of holes and electrons which have been injected into the material from cathode and anode contacts. The charge carriers are injected into the material due to an applied bias over the cathode and anode. These cathode and anodes are orientated opposite each other.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/electroluminescence">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/organic-spectroscopy"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/spectroscopy-for-organic-electronics-icon.png?v=1721032254&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Spectroscopy For Organic Electronics"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/organic-spectroscopy"> Spectroscopy For Organic Electronics</a> <p>The different types of spectroscopy can be categorised by either the application it is used for or by type of radiative energy employed. The application of spectroscopic methods in organic (carbon-based) chemistry and organic electronics is known as organic spectroscopy.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/organic-spectroscopy">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/absorbance-spectroscopy"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/spectrometer-applications-absorption-cropped.png?width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Absorption Spectroscopy"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/absorbance-spectroscopy"> Absorption Spectroscopy</a> <p>In absorption spectroscopy, the intensity of light absorbed by a sample is measured as a function of wavelength. This can provide important information about the electronic structure of an atom or molecule.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/absorbance-spectroscopy">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/negative-absorbance"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Absorbance.svg?v=1688124132" loading="lazy" alt="Can Absorbance be Negative?"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/negative-absorbance"> Can Absorbance be Negative?</a> <p>You should not be measuring negative absorbance values for any sample. Absorbance measurements come from transmission measurements where light that passes through your sample is collected by the spectrometer (or spectrophotometer) and compared to a reference spectrum.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/negative-absorbance">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/photoluminescence"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Spectrometer_Diagrams-07.svg?v=1677862034" loading="lazy" alt="Photoluminescence Spectroscopy"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/photoluminescence"> Photoluminescence Spectroscopy</a> <p>Photoluminescence is luminescence resulting from photoexcitation. In other words, photoluminescence is when a material emits light following the absorption of energy from incident light from another light source.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/photoluminescence">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/bodipy-fluorescence-optical-spectrometer"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/BODIPY_OD.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Measuring BODIPY Fluorescence with UV Vis Spectroscopy"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/bodipy-fluorescence-optical-spectrometer"> Measuring BODIPY Fluorescence with UV Vis Spectroscopy</a> <p>BODIPY is an organic fluorophore with impressive fluorescent quantum yield, small stokes shift and impressive chemical and photostability. These are often used in biological labelling and as an organic fluorescent dye.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/bodipy-fluorescence-optical-spectrometer">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/preparing-samples-uv-vis-spectroscopy"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Sample-not-in-beam-path.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="film with and without full coverage"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/preparing-samples-uv-vis-spectroscopy"> Sample Preparation for UV-Vis Spectroscopy</a> <p>When done correctly, UV-Vis (or optical) spectroscopy can be a powerful technique which can reveal intricate details about the molecular structure and optical properties of a sample. However, without well prepared samples, the results can be not only challenging to interpret but also potentially deceptive.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/preparing-samples-uv-vis-spectroscopy">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/fluorescence-quenching"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Fluorescence_Quenching.svg?v=1680257851" loading="lazy" alt="Fluorescence Quenching and Non-Radiative Relaxation"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/fluorescence-quenching"> Fluorescence Quenching and Non-Radiative Relaxation</a> <p>Photoluminescence occurs when electrons relax from photoexcited states radiatively. Emissions resulting from singlet-singlet transitions are known as fluorescence. However, there are a number of ways in which electrons in these excited states can relax non-radiatively.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/fluorescence-quenching">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/thermally-activated-delayed-fluorescence"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Thermally_Activated_Delayed_Fluorescence-01.svg?v=1679653694" loading="lazy" alt="Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF)"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/thermally-activated-delayed-fluorescence"> Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF)</a> <p>Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) is a mechanism by which triplet state electrons can be harvested to generate fluorescence.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/thermally-activated-delayed-fluorescence">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/intramolecular-charge-transfer"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/intramolecular_charge_transfer_electronic_states.svg?v=1731326148" loading="lazy" alt="Intramolecular charge transfer"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/intramolecular-charge-transfer">What is Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT)?</a> <p>Intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) refers to the transfer of charge within a single molecule (intra = “within” in Latin). In molecules containing one or more electron donor and acceptor groups, ICT can occur if the molecule is in an excited state.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/intramolecular-charge-transfer">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="optical spectrometer, materials, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-is-a-fluorophore?"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Fluorescent_protein.jpg?v=1721227592&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Fluorescent protein"></a> <a href="/pages/what-is-a-fluorophore?">What is a fluorophore?</a> <p>A fluorophore is a chemical compound that is fluorescent, meaning it emits strong glowing colours. There are three key groups of chemical compounds that can fluoresce:</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-a-fluorophore?">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spectroscopy, optical-spectrometer, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/exciplexes-and-excimers"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Exciplex.svg?v=1680258395" loading="lazy" alt="Exciplex and Excimer Absorption and Emission"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/exciplexes-and-excimers"> Exciplex and Excimer Absorption and Emission</a> <p>An exciplex (or excited complex) is a complex formed between two different conjugated molecules (monomers), one of which is in an excited state.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/exciplexes-and-excimers">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, four-point-probe, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/sheet-resistance-theory"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Calculate_Sheet_Resistance_Using_the_Four-Probe_Method-04.svg?v=1680003070" loading="lazy" alt="Calculate Sheet Resistance Using the Four-Probe Method"></a><a href="/pages/sheet-resistance-theory"> Calculate Sheet Resistance Using the Four-Probe Method</a> <p>This guide explains the theory behind sheet resistance, an electrical property of thin films of materials, and demonstrates how the four-probe method can be used to measure it.</p> <a href="/pages/sheet-resistance-theory">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, four-point-probe, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/four-point-probe-measurement-guide"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-four-point-probe-measurement-guide.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="How to Measure Sheet Resistance using a Four-Point Probe"></a><a href="/pages/four-point-probe-measurement-guide"> How to Measure Sheet Resistance using a Four-Point Probe</a> <p>This guide gives an overview of how to use the Ossila Four-Point Probe System, as well as some general tips and tricks for measuring sheet resistance.</p> <a href="/pages/four-point-probe-measurement-guide">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, slot-die-coater, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/slot-die-coating-theory"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Slot-Die.svg?v=1680258859" loading="lazy" alt="Slot-Die Coating: Practical Guide to Theory and Troubleshooting"></a><a href="/pages/slot-die-coating-theory"> Slot-Die Coating: Practical Guide to Theory and Troubleshooting</a> <p>Slot-die coating is an extremely versatile deposition technique in which a solution is delivered onto a substrate via a narrow slot positioned close to the surface.</p> <a href="/pages/slot-die-coating-theory">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, slot-die-coater, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/getting-started-with-the-ossila-slot-die-coater"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/slot-die-featured-image.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Ossila Slot Die Coater"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/getting-started-with-the-ossila-slot-die-coater"> Getting Started with the Ossila Slot Die Coater</a> <p>Compatible with both roll-to-roll and sheet-to-sheet deposition processes, slot die coating is one of the best techniques available for scalable thin film deposition.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/getting-started-with-the-ossila-slot-die-coater">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/solar-cells-theory"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Solar_Cells.svg?v=1680259294" loading="lazy" alt="Solar Cells: A Guide to Theory and Measurement"></a><a href="/pages/solar-cells-theory"> Solar Cells: A Guide to Theory and Measurement</a> <p>A solar cell is a device that converts light into electricity via the ‘photovoltaic effect’. They are also commonly called ‘photovoltaic cells’ after this phenomenon, and also to differentiate them from solar thermal devices.</p> <a href="/pages/solar-cells-theory">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/history-of-solar-cells"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/solar-cells.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="A timeline of the history of solar cells. 1839: Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel discovers the photoelectric effect. 1840s: Scientists experiment with selenium to convert solar energy to electricity. The efficiency is very low at 1%. 1905: Albert Einstein publishes his paper on the photoelectric effect. 1916: Robert Milikan presents experimental proof of the photoelectric effect. 1918: Jan Czochralski develops a method of growing single crystal silicon. 1954: Bell Laboratories invent the Bell Solar Battery. 1950-1960s: The Cold War leads to the use of solar cells in solar technology. 1970s and beyond: Post-Cold War research reveals new terrestrial application of solar cells. 2023: Solar power generated in space is beamed to Earth."></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/history-of-solar-cells"> History of Solar Cells</a> <p>Humans have been using solar energy for light and heat for hundreds of years. Chinese, Greek, and Roman inventors built structures that tracked the sun to capture light and warmth. Later, concentrated light was applied to ignite fires using curved metallic objects known as 'burning mirrors'. By the 18th century, natural philosophers were trapping solar heat with glass.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/history-of-solar-cells">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/how-do-solar-panels-work"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/How-Do-Solar-Pannels-Work_Energy-Transfer-Square.svg?v=1714029920" loading="lazy" alt="The working principles of solar cells: the illumination of solar cells, the excitation of electrons in the semiconductor materials, the conversion of free electrons into a DC current, the conversion of DC to AC for use in household appliances"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/how-do-solar-panels-work"> How Do Solar Panels Work?</a> <p>The global demand for electricity is continuously increasing. More and more resources are being invested into finding new energy sources rather than relying on our finite fossil fuel supply. One of these sources is sunlight.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/how-do-solar-panels-work">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/transparent-solar-panels"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Transparent-solar-cells-square.svg?v=1715848868" loading="lazy" alt="The working principle of transparent solar panels."></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/transparent-solar-panels"> Transparent Solar Panels</a> <p>One of the factors preventing widespread adoption of solar panels is the limited space for installation, particularly in densely populated areas like cities where land and roof space are scarce. To address this issue, transparent solar panels are being introduced as a potential solution to capture solar energy in more areas.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/transparent-solar-panels">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/do-solar-panels-work-on-cloudy-days"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Do-Solar-Panels-Work-on-a-Cloudy-Day_UK-vs-Monthly-Coverage_Square.svg?v=1715850427" loading="lazy" alt="Do solar panels work on cloudy days? Energy generated by solar panels vs. cloud coverage in the UK in 2023"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/do-solar-panels-work-on-cloudy-days"> Do Solar Panels Work On Cloudy Days?</a> <p>A common concern amongst home and business owners is whether solar panels can work efficiently in the climate they operate in. Solar panels are more efficient the more sunlight is incident on them.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/do-solar-panels-work-on-cloudy-days">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/monocrystalline-vs-polycrystalline-solar-panels"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/solar-panels.jpg?crop=bottom&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Monocrystalline vs polycrystalline solar cells"></a> <a href="/pages/monocrystalline-vs-polycrystalline-solar-panels"> Monocrystalline vs Polycrystalline Solar Panels</a> <p>The rise in popularity of solar panels has resulted in several types of solar panels being developed. Each uses slightly different materials or technology to achieve the same goal: convert the sun’s energy into useable electricity. Of these, monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels are by far the most popular choices.</p> <a href="/pages/monocrystalline-vs-polycrystalline-solar-panels">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/do-solar-panels-work-on-cloudy-days"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/using-solar-panels.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="How is the energy from solar cells stored"></a> <a href="/pages/how-is-solar-energy-stored"> How Is Solar Energy Stored?</a> <p>Solar panels harness the free and renewable energy produced by the sun to generate electricity. While they have many advantages, they face a significant drawback: they're unable to produce electricity without sunlight. Consequently, energy production is reduced and reliability suffers at night or during long periods of poor weather.</p> <a href="/pages/how-is-solar-energy-stored">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/ptaa-vs-spiro-ometad-perovskite-solar-cells"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/ptaa-structure-icon.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="PTAA for perovskite chemical structure"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/ptaa-vs-spiro-ometad-perovskite-solar-cells"> PTAA or Spiro-OMeTAD? | Choosing a HTL for your Solar Cells</a> <p>PTAA and Spiro-OMeTAD are both used as hole transport layers in high efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Regular architecture devices using PTAA and Spiro-OMeTAD layers have demonstrated power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of over 22% and 25% respectively.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/ptaa-vs-spiro-ometad-perovskite-solar-cells">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, source-measure-unit, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/iv-curves-measurement"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/I-V_Curves_Quadrants_of_an_I-V_curve.svg?v=1678812512" loading="lazy" alt="I-V Curves: A Guide to Measurement"></a><a href="/pages/iv-curves-measurement"> I-V Curves: A Guide to Measurement</a> <p>An I-V curve (short for 'current-voltage characteristic curve'), is a graphical representation of the relationship between the voltage applied across an electrical device and the current flowing through it.</p> <a href="/pages/iv-curves-measurement">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, potentiostat, electrochemistry" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/voltammetry"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Cell-top-view.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="What is Voltammetry? Types and Applications"></a><a href="/pages/voltammetry"> What is Voltammetry? Types and Applications</a> <p>Voltammetry is the study of the current response of a chemical under an applied potential difference. Voltammetry encompasses a number of different methods.</p> <a href="/pages/voltammetry">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, organic-semiconductors, opv" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/organic-photovoltaics-introduction"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-organic-photovoltaics-introduction.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Organic Photovoltaics: An Introduction"></a><a href="/pages/organic-photovoltaics-introduction"> Organic Photovoltaics: An Introduction</a> <p>Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have received widespread attention due to promising qualities, such as solution processability, tunable electronic properties, low temperature manufacture, and cheap and light materials.</p> <a href="/pages/organic-photovoltaics-introduction">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, organic-semiconductors, perovskites, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/organic-photovoltaics-vs-2nd-gen-solar-cell-tech"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/2nd-Generation.svg?v=1680259602" loading="lazy" alt="Organic Photovoltaics vs. 2nd-Generation Solar Cell Technologies"></a><a href="/pages/organic-photovoltaics-vs-2nd-gen-solar-cell-tech"> Organic Photovoltaics vs. 2nd-Generation Solar Cell Technologies</a> <p>Due to their high efficiency and well-established manufacture, crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells currently dominate the solar cell market.</p> <a href="/pages/organic-photovoltaics-vs-2nd-gen-solar-cell-tech">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/organic-photovoltaics-vs-3rd-gen-solar-tech"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/3rd-Generation.svg?v=1680260011" loading="lazy" alt="Organic Photovoltaics vs 3rd-Generation Solar Cell Technologies"></a><a href="/pages/organic-photovoltaics-vs-3rd-gen-solar-tech"> Organic Photovoltaics vs 3rd-Generation Solar Cell Technologies</a> <p>Whilst the majority of commercial solar cells are currently made using crystalline silicon (c-Si), thin-film alternatives have the potential to be cheaper, flexible, and more straightforward to produce.</p> <a href="/pages/organic-photovoltaics-vs-3rd-gen-solar-tech">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spin-coater, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, oled, opv" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/organic-photovoltaic-opv-and-organic-light-emitting-diode-oled-fabrication-manual"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-organic-photovoltaic-opv-and-organic-light-emitting-diode-oled-fabrication-manual.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="OPV and OLED Fabrication Guide"></a><a href="/pages/organic-photovoltaic-opv-and-organic-light-emitting-diode-oled-fabrication-manual"> OPV and OLED Fabrication Guide</a> <p>Ossila’s pre-patterned ITO substrates are used for a wide variety of teaching and research devices (both organic and inorganic) where a high-quality ITO surface is required.</p> <a href="/pages/organic-photovoltaic-opv-and-organic-light-emitting-diode-oled-fabrication-manual">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, organic-semiconductors, opv" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/green-solvents-for-organic-photovoltaics"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-green-solvents-for-organic-photovoltaics.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Green Solvents for Organic Photovoltaics"></a><a href="/pages/green-solvents-for-organic-photovoltaics"> Green Solvents for Organic Photovoltaics</a> <p>Whilst efficiencies of lab-scale organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells have continued to rise in recent years, the majority of systems use aromatic halogenated solvents to dissolve the active layer.</p> <a href="/pages/green-solvents-for-organic-photovoltaics">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="low dimensional materials, materials, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-is-molecular-engineering?"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/molecular_synthesis.jpg?v=1722237845&crop=left&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="molecular engineering"></a> <a href="/pages/what-is-molecular-engineering">What is molecular engineering?</a> <p>Molecular engineering is simply the design and synthesis of molecules with specific properties and functions in mind. Certain chemical groups and atoms incorporated into molecules results in them having certain characteristics.</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-molecular-engineering">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="low dimensional materials, materials, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-is-molecular-electronics"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Powerful_Electronics.svg?v=1718710451" loading="lazy" alt="powerful electronics" heigh="160"></a> <a href="/pages/what-is-molecular-electronics">What is molecular electronics?</a> <p>Molecular electronics or "moletronics" is to use molecules as building blocks to create electronic components. These molecular electronic components include transistors, diodes, capacitors, insulators, and wires.</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-molecular-electronics">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-is-pedot-pss?"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/pedot-pss-title-chemical-strucutre.png?width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="PEDOT:PSS"></a> <a href="/pages/what-is-pedot-pss?"> What is PEDOT:PSS?</a> <p>PEDOT:PSS is a blend of two distinct polymers: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS).</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-pedot-pss?">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="application note, materials, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/pedot-synthesis"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/PEDOT-Cover-01.svg?v=1713185025&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="PEDOT:PSS Polymerization"></a> <a href="/pages/pedot-synthesis">PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS Synthesis</a> <p>PEDOT synthesis involves the oxidative chemical or electrochemical polymerization of EDOT monomer.</p> <a href="/pages/pedot-synthesis">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials, organic semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-conductivity"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/PEDOTPSS_Conductivity-01.svg?v=1713279131&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="PEDOT:PSS Conjugation"></a> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-conductivity">PEDOT:PSS Conductivity</a> <p>PEDOT:PSS has conductivities in the range of 10<sup>-4</sup> - 10<sup>3</sup> S cm<sup>-1</sup>. PEDOT:PSS is conductive because it contains the conjugated intrinsically conductive polymer (ICP) PEDOT.</p> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-conductivity">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials, organic semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-work-function"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/PEDOT_PSS_work_function.svg?v=1713351138&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="PEDOT:PSS"></a> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-work-function">PEDOT:PSS Work Function</a> <p>PEDOT:PSS work function ranges 4.8 - 5.2 eV for commercially available products.</p> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-work-function">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials, organic semiconductors, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-in-solar-cells"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-guide-to-making-organic-photovoltaics-solar-cells-or-organic-light-emitting-diodes-oleds.jpg?v=1613179047" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="PEDOT:PSS in Solar Cells"></a> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-in-solar-cells">PEDOT:PSS in Solar Cells</a> <p>PEDOT:PSS layers are often used in third generation photovoltaics like organic or perovskite solar cells. It is an attractive material for these applications due to its:</p> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-in-solar-cells">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials, organic semiconductors, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-electrodes"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/PEDOT-PSS_Electrode_temp.png?v=1713775008" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="PEDOT:PSS Electrodes"></a> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-electrodes">PEDOT:PSS Electrodes</a> <p>The choice of electrode is very important in many optoelectronic devices. Solar cells, LEDs and photodetectors all need an electrode on either side of the device. These electrodes should meet the following criteria.</p> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-electrodes">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, perovskites, glove-box, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/solar-cell-encapsulation"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Encapsulate-device-place-epoxy.jpg?v=1685978743&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Solar Cell Encapsulation in a Glove Box"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/solar-cell-encapsulation"> Solar Cell Encapsulation in a Glove Box</a> <p>When working with air sensitive compounds, it is vital that to protect your materials before removing them from inert atmospheres (like a glove box). One way to do this is to encapsulate your devices before exposing them to ambient conditions.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/solar-cell-encapsulation">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spin-coater, materials, slot-die-coater, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, syringe-pump, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/perovskites-and-perovskite-solar-cells-an-introduction"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Perovskites_and_Perovskite_Solar_Cells_An_Introduction-04.svg?v=1679652566" loading="lazy" alt="Perovskites and Perovskite Solar Cells - An Introduction"></a><a href="/pages/perovskites-and-perovskite-solar-cells-an-introduction"> Perovskites and Perovskite Solar Cells - An Introduction</a> <p>The rapid improvement of perovskite solar cells has made them the rising star of the photovoltaics world and of huge interest to the academic community.</p> <a href="/pages/perovskites-and-perovskite-solar-cells-an-introduction">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spin-coater, materials, slot-die-coater, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, syringe-pump, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/history-and-evolution-of-perovskites"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Perovskite_Mineral.jpg?v=1686565210&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="History and Evolution of Perovskites"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/history-and-evolution-of-perovskites"> History and Evolution of Perovskites</a> <p>The discovery of perovskite crystals in the Ural Mountains in the 19th century was followed by the discovery of metal halide perovskites some 50 years later.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/history-and-evolution-of-perovskites">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spin-coater, materials, slot-die-coater, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, syringe-pump, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/wide-bandgap-perovskites"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Wide-Bandgap-Perovskites.svg?v=1714141612" loading="lazy" alt="Light transmission through a wide band gap perovskite- any photons with energy over 1.7 eV will be absorbed WBG perovskite."></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/wide-bandgap-perovskites"> Wide Bandgap Perovskites</a> <p>Wide bandgap (WBG) perovskites are a subset of perovskite semiconductor materials. These perovskite materials are characterized by a bandgap energy (Eg) >1.7 eV.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/wide-bandgap-perovskites">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spin-coater, materials, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, wet-thin-film-coating, perovskites, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/methylammonium-lead-halide-mapbi3"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/MAPbI3-Perovskite-Unit-Cell.svg?v=1709652220" loading="lazy" alt="MAPbI3 unit cell structure"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/methylammonium-lead-halide-mapbi3"> Introduction to MAPbI3 : Methylammonium Lead Iodide, CH3NH3PbI3</a> <p>Methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) was one of the first perovskite materials used in perovskite solar cells. These crystal structures combine the organic A cation methylammonium (MA+, CH3NH3+) and divalent lead (Pb+) with three iodide anions (I-).</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/methylammonium-lead-halide-mapbi3">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spin-coater, materials, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, wet-thin-film-coating, perovskites, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/formamdinium-lead-iodide"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/FAPbI3-crystal-structure-unit-cell.svg?v=1710850936" loading="lazy" alt="FAPbI3 unit cell structure"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/formamdinium-lead-iodide"> An Introduction to FAPbI3: Formamadinium Lead Iodide, CH(NH2)2PbI3</a> <p>Formamidinum lead iodide (FAPbI3) is a material used for perovskite solar cells. FAPbI3 was introduced in 2014 as an alternative to MAPbI3 (Eperon 2014).</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/formamdinium-lead-iodide">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spin-coater, materials, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-fabrication-guide-using-i101-perovskite-precursor-ink"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-perovskite-solar-cells-fabrication-guide-using-i101-perovskite-precursor-ink.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Perovskite Fabrication"></a><a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-fabrication-guide-using-i101-perovskite-precursor-ink">Perovskite Fabrication</a> <p>This guide describes our recommended fabrication routine for perovskite solar cells using Ossila I101 Perovskite Precursor Ink which is designed to be used with a bottom ITO/PEDOT:PSS anode and a top PC70BM/Ca/Al cathode.</p> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-fabrication-guide-using-i101-perovskite-precursor-ink">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/fto-substrates-adapting-unpatterened-substrates-for-the-photovoltaic-system"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/FTO.svg?v=1680252474" loading="lazy" alt="FTO Substrates: Adapting Unpatterened Substrates for Photovoltaic Devices"></a><a href="/pages/fto-substrates-adapting-unpatterened-substrates-for-the-photovoltaic-system"> FTO Substrates: Adapting Unpatterened Substrates for Photovoltaic Devices</a> <p>As part of our photovoltaic substrate system, Ossila offers patterned Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) substrates which are designed to work with our evaporation masks to create multi pixel devices.</p> <a href="/pages/fto-substrates-adapting-unpatterened-substrates-for-the-photovoltaic-system">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, perovskites, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-methods-increase-stability"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Perovskite_Solar_Cells_Methods_of_Increasing_Stability_Durability-05.svg?v=1679652096" loading="lazy" alt="Perovskite Solar Cells: Methods of Increasing Stability & Durability"></a><a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-methods-increase-stability"> Perovskite Solar Cells: Methods of Increasing Stability & Durability</a> <p>This article aims to introduce some methods that have been adapted to improve perovskite solar cell stability.</p> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-methods-increase-stability">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, perovskites, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cell-degradation-causes"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Degradation.svg?v=1680260168" loading="lazy" alt="Perovskite Solar Cells: Causes of Degradation"></a><a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cell-degradation-causes"> Perovskite Solar Cells: Causes of Degradation</a> <p>Perovskite solar cells show impressive efficiencies and offer “a different kind of solar cell” that could be cheap to manufacture and could be semi-transparent, lightweight, and flexible.</p> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cell-degradation-causes">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-2d-perovskites"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/2D-perovskite-quasi-2D-3D-square.svg?v=1712302303" loading="lazy" alt="2D perovskites and quasi-2D perovskites crystal structure"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-2d-perovskites"> What Are 2D Perovskites?</a> <p>2D perovskites are perovskite materials with a layered crystal structure. They are made up of metal-halide sheets, separated by large organic cations called spacers.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-2d-perovskites">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, perovskites, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-passivation-techniques"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Perovskite_Solar_Cells_Passivation_Techniques-04.svg?v=1678811098" loading="lazy" alt="Perovskite Solar Cells: Passivation Techniques"></a><a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-passivation-techniques"> Perovskite Solar Cells: Passivation Techniques</a> <p>Perovskite solar cells have demonstrated impressive device metrics, including open-circuit voltages of up to 1.2V. However, in order for PSCs to achieve their theoretical best efficiencies, all non-essential recombination pathways should be eliminated.</p> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-passivation-techniques">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, perovskites, spin-coater, glove-box, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/i301-triple-cation-perovskite-solar-cells-processing"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/spin-coater-inside-glove-box.jpg?v=1687341819&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Perovskite being spin coated within Ossila Laboratory Glove Box"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/i301-triple-cation-perovskite-solar-cells-processing"> I301 Triple Cation Perovskite Solar Cells Processing</a> <p>A condensed summary of our fabrication routine for standard architecture devices using our I301 Triple Cation Perovskite Precursor Ink. This recipe is based on the one described by Saliba et al (2018).</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/i301-triple-cation-perovskite-solar-cells-processing">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, glove-box, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/perovskite-frequently-asked-questions-faq"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-perovskite-frequently-asked-questions-faq.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Perovskite FAQ"></a><a href="/pages/perovskite-frequently-asked-questions-faq"> Perovskite FAQ</a> <p>Our technical support team receive enquiries about perovskite solar cell or photovoltaic fabrication on a regular basis. For your convenience, we've collated some of the most common questions here which you may find helpful when using I101 or I201 perovskite precursor inks.</p> <a href="/pages/perovskite-frequently-asked-questions-faq">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="low dimensional materials, materials, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-is-a-self-assembled-monolayer-sam"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Self-Assembled_Monolayers.svg?v=1707738228" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Self-assembled monolayer"></a> <a href="/pages/what-is-a-self-assembled-monolayer-sam">What are Self-Assembled Monolayers?</a> <p>Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) are well-organised, one molecule thick layers that form on a solid surface. SAM molecules adsorb on a substrate via chemical or physical bonds. They spontaneously organize themselves into ordered structures on the substrate.</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-a-self-assembled-monolayer-sam">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="low dimensional materials, materials, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/deposition-of-self-assembled-monolayers"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/spin-coating-sam.png?v=17189647828" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Self-assembled monolayer"></a> <a href="/pages/deposition-of-self-assembled-monolayers">Deposition of Self-Assembled Monolayers</a> <p>Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are well-organized one molecule thick layers that spontaneously form on a surface. They have a high potential for use in a wide range of applications due to their well-defined structure and properties.</p> <a href="/pages/deposition-of-self-assembled-monolayers">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="low dimensional materials, materials, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/applications-of-self-assembled-monolayers"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/sam-electrocatalysis.png?v=1719918318&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Self-assembled monolayer"></a> <a href="/pages/applications-of-self-assembled-monolayers">Applications of Self-Assembled Monolayers</a> <p>Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are highly organized single layers of molecules that form on a surface. This is driven by the chemisorption of specific functional groups on the SAM molecules that have a strong affinity for a particular surface.</p> <a href="/pages/applications-of-self-assembled-monolayers">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="low dimensional materials, materials, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/self-assembled-monolayers-in-electronic-devices"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/SAMs_in_polymer_solar_cells-01.svg?v=1720018393" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Self-assembled monolayer"></a> <a href="/pages/self-assembled-monolayers-in-electronic-devices">Self-Assembled Monolayers in Electronic Devices</a> <p>Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) provide a versatile and cost-effective method for surface modification and the creation of molecular-scale electronic devices. By selecting the appropriate head, spacer and tail group for the SAM molecules the following properties can be adjusted:</p> <a href="/pages/self-assembled-monolayers-in-electronic-devices">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="low dimensional materials, materials, article, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/sam-perovskite-solar-cells-pscs"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/SAMs-as-HTLs.svg?v=1721211406" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Self-assembled monolayer"></a> <a href="/pages/sam-perovskite-solar-cells-pscs">Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) in Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs)</a> <p>Incorporating self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) within perovskite solar cells has improved device efficiency. SAMs exist as ultrathin layers that can be engineered to improve various aspects of the solar cell including charge transport and stability. SAMs have benefits including:</p> <a href="/pages/sam-perovskite-solar-cells-pscs">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/introduction-2d-materials"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-introduction-2d-materials.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Introduction to 2D Materials"></a><a href="/pages/introduction-2d-materials"> Introduction to 2D Materials</a> <p>The foundation of technology is the understanding of material systems. Specific material properties are required depending on the application.</p> <a href="/pages/introduction-2d-materials">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-carbon-nanotubes"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Single-Walled-Carbon-Nanotube-Structure-lc.jpg?v=1718708448&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Carbon Nanotubes: Uses, Properties and Limitations"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-carbon-nanotubes"> Carbon Nanotubes: Uses, Properties and Limitations</a> <p>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been deemed a wonder material due to their remarkable and highly unique physical and chemical properties. They have received much attention over the past decade as a promising material, particularly in the trending field of nanotechnology.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-carbon-nanotubes">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-are-multi-walled-carbon-nanotubes"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/MWNT.jpg?v=1718708448&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Graphite vs Graphene"></a> <a href="/pages/what-are-multi-walled-carbon-nanotubes">What are Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes?</a> <p>Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) consist of multiple carbon nanotubes nested within one another. The carbon nanotubes are just one atom thick and this gives MWCNTs unique electrical and mechanical properties.</p> <a href="/pages/what-are-multi-walled-carbon-nanotubes">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-are-single-walled-carbon-nanotubes"><img alt="SWCNT" height="160" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Single-Walled-Carbon-Nanotube-Structure-lc.jpg?v=1718708448"></a> <a href="/pages/what-are-single-walled-carbon-nanotubes">What are Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT)?</a> <p>Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are sheets of graphene that have been rolled up to form a long hollow tube, with wall thickness of a single atom. Their one-dimensional structure gives them extraordinary mechanical, electrical and thermal properties.</p> <a href="/pages/what-are-single-walled-carbon-nanotubes">Learn more...</a> </div> <div class="card-box card-truncate" data-tags="written-guide, materials, low-dimensional-materials"> <a href="/pages/properties-of-carbon-nanotubes"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/carbon-nanotubes-bottle.jpg?v=1724162898&width=160&height=160&crop=center" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="SWCNT"></a> <a href="/pages/properties-of-carbon-nanotubes">The Properties of Carbon Nanotubes</a> <p>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have unique properties such as high conductivity and strength. They have similar properties to another carbon allotrope known as graphene. This is due to the similarity in structure of 2D sheet-like graphene and 1D carbon nanotubes which are essentially cylindrical tubes of rolled up graphene.</p> <a href="/pages/properties-of-carbon-nanotubes">Learn more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-are-carbon-nanotubes-made"><img alt="carbon nanotubes" height="160" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/carbon-nanotubes-bottle.jpg?v=1724162898&width=160&height=160&crop=center"></a> <a href="/pages/how-are-carbon-nanotubes-made">How are Carbon Nanotubes Made?</a> <p>There are multiple methods for producing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and they usually involve gas phase processing. The three key methods are; chemical vapour deposition (CVD), laser ablation and arc discharge.</p> <a href="/pages/how-are-carbon-nanotubes-made">Learn more...</a> </div> <div class="card-box card-truncate" data-tags="written-guide, materials, low-dimensional-materials"> <a href="/pages/types-of-carbon-nanotubes"><img alt="carbon nanotubes" height="160" loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0823/0287/files/encapsulation-cnt.png?v=1728049323&width=160&height=160&crop=center"></a> <a href="/pages/types-of-carbon-nanotubes">The Different Types of Carbon Nanotubes</a> <p>The two main types of carbon nanotubes are single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Scientific research has led to the development of other types of carbon nanotubes with distinct features. Modifications to the chemistry and structure of carbon nanotubes have improved specific properties for various applications.</p> <a href="/pages/types-of-carbon-nanotubes">Learn more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/swcnt-vs-mwcnt"><img src="https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0823/0287/files/Single-Walled-Carbon-Nanotube-Structure-lc.jpg?v=1718708448" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="SWCNT"></a> <a href="/pages/swcnt-vs-mwcnt">What's the difference between SWCNT and MWCNT?</a> <p>Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have some similarities and some key differences. Both materials are made from hexagonal lattices of carbon, specifically graphene sheets rolled up to form tubular structures. However, the nested structure of MWCNTs gives them distinct properties that differentiate them from SWCNTs.</p> <a href="/pages/swcnt-vs-mwcnt">Learn more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/carbon-nanotube-battery"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Battery-Materials.jpg?v=1720082249&width=160&height=160&crop=center" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="carbon nanotubes"></a> <a href="/pages/carbon-nanotube-battery">What is a Carbon Nanotube Battery?</a> <p>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), have been tipped as one of the most exciting nanomaterials in the development of battery technology. The key properties of CNTs that make them ideal candidates as battery components is their high electron conductivity, high strength and lightweight nature.</p> <a href="/pages/carbon-nanotube-battery">Learn more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/carbon-nanotubes-vs-graphene"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/graphene-structure.png?v=1718720107&width=160&height=160&crop=center" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="carbon nanotubes"></a> <a href="/pages/carbon-nanotubes-vs-graphene">Carbon Nanotubes vs Graphene: Structure, Properties and Uses</a> <p>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene are two ground-breaking nanomaterials composed entirely of carbon atoms. Both are allotropes of carbon where atoms are bonded in a hexagonal lattice.</p> <a href="/pages/carbon-nanotubes-vs-graphene">Learn more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/properties-of-fullerene"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/FullereneAcceptors_C60_Fullerene.jpg?v=1718716198&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="fullerene c60"></a> <a href="/pages/properties-of-fullerene">Properties of Fullerene</a> <p>Fullerene C60 exhibits unique structural, chemical, electronic, and thermal properties. This is due to its highly symmetrical icosahedral structure that contains a mixture of single and double bonds. All fullerenes have partial electron sharing across the molecule and a high affinity for electrons.</p> <a href="/pages/properties-of-fullerene">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-are-fullerenes"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/FullereneAcceptors_C60_Fullerene.jpg?v=1718716198&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="fullerene c60"></a> <a href="/pages/what-are-fullerenes">What are Fullerenes?</a> <p>Fullerenes are an allotrope of carbon and are known for their hollow, cage-like structures. They are composed entirely of carbon atoms that form closed, convex polyhedra. The atoms are bonded together to form hexagonal and pentagonal rings, like the pattern found on a soccer ball or geodesic dome.</p> <a href="/pages/what-are-fullerenes">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-are-fullerenes-made"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Huffman-Kratschmer-Method.png?v=1723101405&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="fullerene c60"></a> <a href="/pages/how-are-fullerenes-made">How are fullerenes made?</a> <p>Today, fullerenes are made using three main methods; Huffman-Krätschmer, combustion and microwave. Chemical synthesis techniques, such as laser irradiation and pyrolysis, offer exciting possibilities for producing fullerene derivatives that were previously not accessible.</p> <a href="/pages/how-are-fullerenes-made">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, uv-ozone-cleaner, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/viscoelastic-transfer-of-2d-material-using-pdms"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-viscoelastic-transfer-of-2d-material-using-pdms.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Viscoelastic Transfer of 2D Material Using PDMS"></a><a href="/pages/viscoelastic-transfer-of-2d-material-using-pdms"> Viscoelastic Transfer of 2D Material Using PDMS</a> <p>Viscoelastic transfer using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps is one of the methods used for the deterministic placement of 2D materials and the fabrication of van der Waals heterostructures.</p> <a href="/pages/viscoelastic-transfer-of-2d-material-using-pdms">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="materials, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/uses-of-fullerenes"><img alt="powerful electronics" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/FullereneAcceptors_C60_Fullerene.jpg?v=1718716198&width=160&height=160" width="160" heigh="160"></a> <a href="/pages/uses-of-fullerenes">Uses of Fullerene and its Derivatives</a> <p>Fullerene and its derivatives are used in chemical, electronic, medicinal, and biological sciences due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Fullerene, also known as C60 or buckminsterfullerene, is a type of carbon allotrope that has properties that can be tuned depending on what it will be used for.</p> <a href="/pages/uses-of-fullerenes">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="materials, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/water-soluble-fullerenes"><img alt="fullerene c60" height="160" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/c60-fullerenol-chemical-structure-title.png?v=1723638613&width=160&height=160"></a> <a href="/pages/water-soluble-fullerenes">Water-Soluble Fullerenes: Preparation and Applications</a> <p>Water-soluble fullerenes, such as fullerenol C60, are either chemically modified, polymer grafted, or encapsulated in a hydrophillic agent. Fullerenes can then disperse or solubilize in aqueous media.</p> <a href="/pages/water-soluble-fullerenes">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="materials, article, opv, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/polymer-fullerene-bulk-heterojunction-solar-cells"><img alt="polymer-fullerene solar cell" height="160" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/solar-cells.jpg?v=171888174345&crop=center&width=160&height=160" width="160"></a> <a href="/pages/polymer-fullerene-bulk-heterojunction-solar-cells">Polymer-Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells</a> <p>Polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells are based on blends of semiconducting polymers and fullerene derivatives, such as PCBM. It is described as a bulk heterojunction as it involves a blend of two materials with differing energy band gaps, forming a dispersed, interpenetrating network.</p> <a href="/pages/polymer-fullerene-bulk-heterojunction-solar-cells">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/molybdenum-disulfide-mos2"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-molybdenum-disulfide-mos2.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Molybdenum Disulfide"></a><a href="/pages/molybdenum-disulfide-mos2"> Molybdenum Disulfide</a> <p>Molybdenum disulfide belongs to a class of materials called 'transition metal dichalcogenides'. Materials in this class have the chemical formula MX2, where M is a transition metal atom and X is a chalcogen.</p> <a href="/pages/molybdenum-disulfide-mos2">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spin-coater, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/reducing-graphene-oxide-to-graphene-using-environmentally-safe-materials"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-reducing-graphene-oxide-to-graphene-using-environmentally-safe-materials.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Reducing Graphene Oxide to Graphene Using Environmentally Safe Materials"></a><a href="/pages/reducing-graphene-oxide-to-graphene-using-environmentally-safe-materials"> Reducing Graphene Oxide to Graphene Using Environmentally Safe Materials</a> <p>Graphene has many potential electronic, optoelectronic and biological uses. However, graphene itself is non-soluble, and this makes it very difficult to deposit from solution.</p> <a href="/pages/reducing-graphene-oxide-to-graphene-using-environmentally-safe-materials">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-is-graphene"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/tile-structure-Graphene.png?v=1613175272" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="What is Graphene Oxide?"></a> <a href="/pages/what-is-graphene">What is Graphene?</a> <p>Graphene is a hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms that connect to form a single sheet in 2 dimensions.</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-graphene">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-is-graphene-oxide"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Graphene_Oxide_PNG.png?v=1713358930&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="What is Graphene Oxide?"></a> <a href="/pages/what-is-graphene-oxide">What is Graphene Oxide?</a> <p>Graphene oxide (GO) is a two-dimensional material with oxygen-functionalized surfaces, derived from graphite.</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-graphene-oxide">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="low dimensional materials, materials, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/graphene-batteries"> <img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Battery-Materials.jpg?v=1720082249&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="What is Graphene?"></a> <a href="/pages/graphene-batteries">Graphene Batteries</a> <p>Graphene batteries are advanced energy storage devices. Graphene materials are two-dimensional and are typically made solely of carbon.</p> <a href="/pages/graphene-batteries">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="low dimensional materials, materials, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/graphene-vs-graphite"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/graphite.png?v=1695208374" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Graphite vs Graphene"></a> <a href="/pages/graphene-vs-graphite">Graphene vs Graphite</a> <p>Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal pattern, like a sheet of paper. Graphite, on the other hand, is made up of many layers of graphene stacked on top of each other, like a stack of paper.</p> <a href="/pages/graphene-vs-graphite">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="low dimensional materials, materials, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/graphene-properties-and-applications"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/tile-structure-Graphene.png?v=1613175272&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="graphene"></a> <a href="/pages/graphene-properties-and-applications">Graphene Properties and Applications</a> <p>Graphene materials have ultrahigh surface area, high strength, and exceptional conductivity making them highly valuable for various applications. Its large surface area enhances energy storage, sensor sensitivity, and water purification efficiency.</p> <a href="/pages/graphene-properties-and-applications">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/hexagonal-boron-nitride-h-bn-structure"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/tile-structure-h-BN.png?v=1613175272" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="h-BN"></a> <a href="/pages/hexagonal-boron-nitride-h-bn-structure">Hexagonal Boron Nitride Structure</a> <p>Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has a layered structure. In a layer of h-BN, each boron atom is covalently bonded to three nitrogen atoms and vice versa.</p> <a href="/pages/hexagonal-boron-nitride-h-bn-structure">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/hexagonal-boron-nitride-properties"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/tile-structure-h-BN.png?v=1613175272" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="hexagonal boron nitride"></a> <a href="/pages/hexagonal-boron-nitride-properties">Hexagonal Boron Nitride Properties</a> <p>The properties of bulk hexagonal boron nitride crystals differ from that of the monolayer material. The bulk exists as layered hexagonal lattice material similar to graphite.</p> <a href="/pages/hexagonal-boron-nitride-properties">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, low-dimensional-materials" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/tungsten-disulfide-properties"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Tungsten_disulfide_bulk-tungsten-disulfide.svg?v=1716212529" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Tungsten Disulfide Properties"></a> <a href="/pages/tungsten-disulfide-properties"> Tungsten Disulfide Properties</a> <p>Tungsten disulfide (WS<sub>2</sub>) exits in different forms, each with their own beneficial properties. Bulk WS<sub>2</sub> offers advantages such as exceptional lubricity and high thermal stability.</p> <a href="/pages/tungsten-disulfide-properties">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="materials, batteries, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-batteries-work"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/how-batteries-work-diagram.png?v=1696342943&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="An Introduction to Batteries"></a> <a href="/pages/how-batteries-work"> An Introduction to Batteries</a> <p>Typically, batteries work by a process known as intercalation. This process occurs across the battery components. Most batteries consist of the same components.</p> <a href="/pages/how-batteries-work">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="materials, batteries, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/lithium-ion-batteries"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/lithium-ion-battery-work-diagram.png?v=1696343218&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="How Lithium-Ion Batteries Work"></a> <a href="/pages/lithium-ion-batteries"> How Lithium-Ion Batteries Work</a> <p>Lithium-ion batteries use the reversible lithium intercalation reaction. The battery has several important components to enable this intercalation.</p> <a href="/pages/lithium-ion-batteries">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="materials, batteries, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/anode-vs-cathode-batteries"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/cathode-vs-anode.png?v=1718371020&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Cathode vs Anode: What is the Difference?"></a> <a href="/pages/anode-vs-cathode-batteries"> Cathode vs Anode: What is the Difference?</a> <p>Defining a cathode and anode as positive and negative, or as the source and sink of a current, depends on your definition of current itself. Current can describe the flow of positive or negative charge.</p> <a href="/pages/anode-vs-cathode-batteries">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="materials, batteries, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/lithium-ion-vs-graphene-batteries"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Battery-Materials.jpg?v=1720082249&width=160&height=160&crop=center" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="carbon nanotubes"></a> <a href="/pages/lithium-ion-vs-graphene-batteries">Graphene Battery vs Lithium-Ion Battery</a> <p>This page discusses the pros and cons of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries and graphene batteries and the future outlook for battery research.</p> <a href="/pages/lithium-ion-vs-graphene-batteries">Learn more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="materials, batteries, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/thermal-runaway"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/battery-temperatures_temp-cycle.svg?v=1724226562&width=160&height=160&crop=center" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="carbon nanotubes"></a> <a href="/pages/thermal-runaway">Thermal Runaway: Why do Li-ion batteries catch fire?</a> <p>Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries can catch fire due to a process known as thermal runaway, which is triggered by various factors and involves a series of heat-releasing reactions. While Li-ion batteries are widely used in laptops, cameras, and electric vehicles (EVs) such as scooters and cars, their rise in popularity has not been without issues. In the UK alone, fire services responded to 921 lithium-ion battery fires in 2023, a 46% increase from the previous year.</p> <a href="/pages/thermal-runaway">Learn more...</a> </div> <div class="card-box card-truncate" data-tags="materials, batteries, article"> <a href="/pages/what-is-battery-c-rate"><img alt="EV battery" height="160" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Battery-Materials.jpg?v=1720082249&width=160&height=160&crop=center"></a> <a href="/pages/what-is-battery-c-rate">What is a Battery C-Rate?</a> <p>C-rate refers to the rate at which a battery charges or discharges relative to its maximum capacity. In other words, the speed at which delithiation and lithiation occurs in a lithium-ion battery. The higher the C-rate the faster charging or discharging occurs.</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-battery-c-rate">Learn more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spin-coater, materials, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/organic-thin-film-field-effect-transistor-fabrication-guide"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-organic-thin-film-field-effect-transistor-fabrication-guide.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Solution Based OFETs"></a><a href="/pages/organic-thin-film-field-effect-transistor-fabrication-guide"> Solution Based OFETs</a> <p>This guide describes the fabrication of evaporation-free OFETs using the Ossila pre-patterned ITO OFET substrates (product codes S161 & S162).</p> <a href="/pages/organic-thin-film-field-effect-transistor-fabrication-guide">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, source-measure-unit, led-measurement-system, organic-semiconductors, oled" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/oled-testing-guide"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-oled-testing-guide.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="OLED Testing Guide"></a><a href="/pages/oled-testing-guide"> OLED Testing Guide</a> <p>This guide gives you an overview of what to consider when characterising an OLED, as well as tips for their measurement.</p> <a href="/pages/oled-testing-guide">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="source-measure-unit" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-is-a-source-measure-unit"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/intergrated-Source-measure-unit-resizes.jpg?v=1705667067&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Source Measure Unit: Python Programming Guide"></a><a href="/pages/what-is-a-source-measure-unit"> What is a Source Measure Unit?</a> <p>A source measure unit (also known as a source meter or SMU) is a tool that can power your electronics and measure their performance at the same time.</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-a-source-measure-unit">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="source-measure-unit" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/source-measure-unit-benefits"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Source-measure-unit-with-solar-simulator.jpg?v=1705484900" loading="lazy" alt="Ossila Source Measure Unit with the Ossila Solar Simulator to test solar cells"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/source-measure-unit-benefits"> When To Use A Source Measure Unit</a> <p>Using an integrated Source Measure Unit (also known as SMU or source meter) offers numerous advantages over assembling separate components. This article highlights the benefits of using an SMU, including speed, synchronization, programmability, cost-effectiveness, the ability to handle negative voltages, and its superiority over traditional multimeters and power supplies.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/source-measure-unit-benefits">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="source-measure-unit" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/source-measure-unit-example-units"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Source-measure-unit-close-up-resize.jpg?v=1705667428&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Source measure unit in use"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/source-measure-unit-example-units"> When To Use A Source Measure Unit</a> <p>Source measure units (also known as source meters or SMUs) are versatile tools widely used in electronic testing and characterization. This article explores the practical applications of SMUs.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/source-measure-unit-example-units">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="source-measure-unit" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/measurement-channels-source-measure-unit"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/source-measure-unit-front-panel.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Ossila Source Measure Unit Front Panel"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/measurement-channels-source-measure-unit"> What Are The Channels On The Source Measure Unit For?</a> <p>The Ossila Source Measure Unit is designed to test and measure small devices/films which operate between 10V to -10V, and can measure currents up to 200 mA. Potential applications include solar cell characterization, OLED testing, measuring certain battery properties, FET characterization and much more.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/measurement-channels-source-measure-unit">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="source-measure-unit, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/measurement-of-a-solar-cell-with-a-source-measure-unit"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/measure-solar-cells-with-smu-icon.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Graph plotting the power density produced by a pervoskite solar cell"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/measurement-of-a-solar-cell-with-a-source-measure-unit"> Measuring Solar Cells with a Source Measure Unit</a> <p>Source measure units are vital pieces of equipment used for many applications, including the measurement of new solar cells. A small-scale test device is usually used to characterize the solar cell efficiency.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/measurement-of-a-solar-cell-with-a-source-measure-unit">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="source-measure-unit, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/smu-measurements"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/J-V-curve-place-device-in-board.jpg?v=1685518690&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Electrical Testing Boards can be used with the Ossila Source Measure Unit to test Solar devices."></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/smu-measurements"> SMU Measurements: The Basics, I-V Curves, and Voltage Tracking</a> <p>Learn how to conduct various SMU measurements such as solar cell I-V curves, external voltage tracking, and basic quick measurements.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/smu-measurements">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, source-measure-unit" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/source-measure-unit-python-programming-guide"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/source-measure-unit-featured-image.jpg?v=1718708448&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Source Measure Unit: Python Programming Guide"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/source-measure-unit-python-programming-guide"> Source Measure Unit: Python Programming Guide</a> <p>The Ossila Source Measure Unit can be controlled directly over USB or Ethernet using various commands. These can be sent as strings, enabling the use of a large variety of programming languages, including Python, MATLAB, LabVIEW, Java, and C/C++.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/source-measure-unit-python-programming-guide">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, four-point-probe, source-measure-unit, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, led-measurement-system, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/xtralien-scientific-python"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-xtralien-scientific-python.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Xtralien Scientific Python (Legacy)"></a><a href="/pages/xtralien-scientific-python"> Xtralien Scientific Python (Legacy)</a> <p>The Xtralien Scientific Python distribution is a development environment aimed at scientists and includes all the relevant tools and libraries that a scientist will need to get started.</p> <a href="/pages/xtralien-scientific-python">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, source-measure-unit, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/xtralien-x100-source-measure-unit-getting-started"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-xtralien-x100-source-measure-unit-getting-started.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Getting Started with the X100 Source Measure Unit (Legacy)"></a><a href="/pages/xtralien-x100-source-measure-unit-getting-started"> Getting Started with the X100 Source Measure Unit (Legacy)</a> <p>The X100 (now discontinued, see X200 Source Measure Unit instead) is a powerful and versatile device. The tutorials and demos on this page are intended to help get you started with the X100 and make device characterisation as easy as possible.</p> <a href="/pages/xtralien-x100-source-measure-unit-getting-started">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, organic-semiconductors, oled" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-is-an-oled"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/What_is_an_OLED-01.svg?v=1680015608" loading="lazy" alt="What is an OLED?"></a><a href="/pages/what-is-an-oled"> What is an OLED?</a> <p>The acronym ‘OLED’ stands for Organic Light-Emitting Diode - a technology that uses LEDs in which the light is produced by organic molecules. These organic LEDs are used to create what are considered to be the world’s best display panels.</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-an-oled">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, organic-semiconductors, oled" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/history-of-oleds"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/OLED_History_thumbnail.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="History of OLEDs"></a><a href="/pages/history-of-oleds"> History of OLEDs</a> <p>Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology spans over a thirty-year history. It touches our everyday lives through our reliance on devices like smartphones.</p> <a href="/pages/history-of-oleds">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, organic-semiconductors, oled" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/oleds-vs-leds"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/iPhone_Display.jpg?v=1705672173&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Phone with OLED screen"></a> <a href="/pages/oleds-vs-leds">OLED vs LED</a> <p>Traditional LEDs use inorganic light producing materials, whereas OLEDs use organic molecules. With different materials come different advantages.</p> <a href="/pages/oleds-vs-leds">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, organic-semiconductors, oled" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/oled-burn-in"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/OLED_burn_in.jpg?v=1706791026&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Black phosphorus monolayer structure"></a> <a href="/pages/oled-burn-in">OLED Burn-In</a> <p>As the commercial popularity of OLEDs increased, their advantages over the traditional LED-powered displays became clear.</p> <a href="/pages/oled-burn-in">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, organic-semiconductors, oled" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/why-are-oleds-expensive"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Foldable_OLED.jpg?v=1708512629&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Foldable OLED technology is expensive"></a> <a href="/pages/why-are-oleds-expensive">Why are OLEDs Expensive?</a> <p>Advanced features, material availability, fabrication issues, and the blue pixel problem are among some of the factors that keep the price of OLED technologies so high.</p> <a href="/pages/why-are-oleds-expensive">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, organic-semiconductors, oled" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/oled-lifetime"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/OLED_lifespan_thumbnail.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Dark spots reduce OLED lifespan"></a> <a href="/pages/oled-lifetime">How Long Do OLEDs Last?</a> <p>Researchers and consumers are both very interested in how long OLEDs last. Issues like black spots, burn-in, and pixel failure still affect OLED devices.</p> <a href="/pages/oled-lifetime">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, materials, organic-semiconductors, oled" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/transparent-oleds"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/TOLED_tablet.jpg?v=1709207687&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Transparent OLED tablet"></a> <a href="/pages/transparent-oleds">How Do Transparent OLEDs Work?</a> <p>TOLEDs only contain transparent layers, unlike standard OLEDs which include some opaque layers. The transparent layers allow light to pass through the device from all angles but also render parts of the window or display panel opaque when in use.</p> <a href="/pages/transparent-oleds">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, potentiostat, electrochemistry" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/bulk-electrolysis"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/ossila-chemistry-lab-stock-image.jpg?v=1640094238&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Introduction to Bulk Electrolysis"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/bulk-electrolysis"> Introduction to Bulk Electrolysis</a> <p>Unlike many other electrochemical techniques, which are limited to the diffusion layer, bulk electrolysis (sometimes referred to just ‘electrolysis’) changes the composition of the bulk solution. Bulk electrolysis experiments aim to generate a quantitative conversion such that the amount of substrate consumed is directly proportional to the total consumed charge.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/bulk-electrolysis">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, spectrometry, electrochemistry, potentiostat, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spectroelectrochemistry"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/ossila-chemistry-lab-stock-image.jpg?v=1640094238&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) Techniques"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spectroelectrochemistry"> Spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) Techniques</a> <p>Spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) is an experimental technique that combines electrochemistry and spectroscopy. While electrochemical experiments provide information on macroscopic properties like reaction rates, spectroscopic techniques give information on a molecular level, such as the structure of molecules and their electronic configuration.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spectroelectrochemistry">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="system-overview, materials, uv-ozone-cleaner, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/photovoltaic-substrate-8-pixel-overview-and-schematic"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-photovoltaic-substrate-8-pixel-overview-and-schematic.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Photovoltaic Substrate Overview"></a><a href="/pages/photovoltaic-substrate-8-pixel-overview-and-schematic"> Photovoltaic Substrate Overview</a> <p>Ossila's photovoltaic substrates have been developed to maximise performance and fabrication efficiency for a range of modern photovoltaic device types where ITO series resistance becomes critical.</p> <a href="/pages/photovoltaic-substrate-8-pixel-overview-and-schematic">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="system-overview, materials, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, led-measurement-system, organic-semiconductors, oled" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/oled-substrate-pixelated-anode-overview"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-oled-substrate-pixelated-anode-overview.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="OLED Substrate (Pixelated Anode) System Overview"></a><a href="/pages/oled-substrate-pixelated-anode-overview"> OLED Substrate (Pixelated Anode) System Overview</a> <p>The schematics below show the layout of the substrates along with the available deposition shadow masks. The pixelated anode substrates come with six ITO fingers which define the pixels plus an additional cathode bus-bar.</p> <a href="/pages/oled-substrate-pixelated-anode-overview">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="system-overview, materials, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/long-channel-ofet-fabrication-system-overview"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-long-channel-ofet-fabrication-system-overview.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Long Channel OFET Fabrication System Overview"></a><a href="/pages/long-channel-ofet-fabrication-system-overview"> Long Channel OFET Fabrication System Overview</a> <p>The Long Channel Organic Field-Effect Transistor (OFET) source/drain evaporation stack is designed to make fabrication as simple as possible so you can focus on material testing rather than fabrication.</p> <a href="/pages/long-channel-ofet-fabrication-system-overview">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="video, spin-coater, four-point-probe, materials, uv-ozone-cleaner, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, oled, opv, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/guide-to-making-organic-photovoltaics-solar-cells-or-organic-light-emitting-diodes-oleds"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-guide-to-making-organic-photovoltaics-solar-cells-or-organic-light-emitting-diodes-oleds.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Making OLED and OPV solar cells: Quickstart Guide"></a><a href="/pages/guide-to-making-organic-photovoltaics-solar-cells-or-organic-light-emitting-diodes-oleds"> Making OLED and OPV solar cells: Quickstart Guide</a> <p>Organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) or organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) can be easily manufactured using Ossila’s pre-patterned ITO substrates and a few simple spin coating and evaporating steps.</p> <a href="/pages/guide-to-making-organic-photovoltaics-solar-cells-or-organic-light-emitting-diodes-oleds">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="video, spin-coater, glove-box, wet-thin-film-coating, perovskites, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-to-make-perovskites-solar-cells-in-a-glovebox-part-2"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/device_DSC_0016.jpg?v=1668783093&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="How to Make Efficient Perovskites Solar Cells in A Glove Box"></a><a href="/pages/how-to-make-perovskites-solar-cells-in-a-glovebox-part-2"> How to Make Efficient Perovskites Solar Cells in A Glove Box</a> <p>This video is a guide on how to make perovskite films when processed inside a nitrogen filled glove box. The resultant devices achieve efficiencies greater than 19% PCE.</p> <a href="/pages/how-to-make-perovskites-solar-cells-in-a-glovebox-part-2">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="video, organic-semiconductors, oled" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-to-clean-substrates-for-photovoltaic-or-oled-fabrication"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-how-to-clean-substrates-for-photovoltaic-or-oled-fabrication.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="How to Clean Substrates for Photovoltaic or OLED Fabrication"></a><a href="/pages/how-to-clean-substrates-for-photovoltaic-or-oled-fabrication"> How to clean substrates for photovoltaic or OLED fabrication</a> <p>This video provides a walk through guide on how to clean substrates for photovoltaic and OLED fabrication.</p> <a href="/pages/how-to-clean-substrates-for-photovoltaic-or-oled-fabrication">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="video, spin-coater, materials, wet-thin-film-coating, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/video-guide-to-make-efficient-air-processed-perovskite-devices"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-video-guide-to-make-efficient-air-processed-perovskite-devices.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Guide to make efficient air processed perovskite devices"></a><a href="/pages/video-guide-to-make-efficient-air-processed-perovskite-devices"> Guide to Making Efficient Air Processed Perovskite Devices</a> <p>This video provides a guide to making efficient air-processed perovskite devices.</p> <a href="/pages/video-guide-to-make-efficient-air-processed-perovskite-devices">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="video, spin-coater, materials, wet-thin-film-coating, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-humidity-affects-air-processed-perovskite-films"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-video-how-humidity-affects-air-processed-perovskite-films.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="How Humidity Affects Air Processed Perovskite Films"></a><a href="/pages/how-humidity-affects-air-processed-perovskite-films"> How humidity affects air processed perovskite films</a> <p>This video details the effects humidity has on air-processed perovskite films.</p> <a href="/pages/how-humidity-affects-air-processed-perovskite-films">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="literature-review, materials, glove-box, organic-semiconductors, opv, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/impact-of-opv-processing-conditions"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/opv-stack-icon.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="The Impact of OPV Processing Conditions"></a><a href="/pages/impact-of-opv-processing-conditions">The Impact of OPV Processing Conditions</a> <p>While a large part of research into the bulk heterojunction morphology of organic solar cells focuses on component choice,1 the morphology is also tuned by a host of processing conditions.</p> <a href="/pages/impact-of-opv-processing-conditions">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="literature-review, materials, organic-semiconductors, opv" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/itic-and-derivatives-as-opv-acceptors"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/opv-stack-icon.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="ITIC Molecule & its Derivatives as OPV Acceptors"></a><a href="/pages/itic-and-derivatives-as-opv-acceptors">ITIC Molecule & its Derivatives as OPV Acceptors</a> <p>Of the significant efforts in research devoted to NFAs, the proposal of the fused-ring system ‘ITIC’ in 2015 has generated the most success.</p> <a href="/pages/itic-and-derivatives-as-opv-acceptors">Read more...</a> </div> <div class="card-box card-truncate" data-tags="article, materials, organic-semiconductors, opv, solar-cells"> <a href="/pages/what-are-non-fullerene-acceptors"><img height="160" width="160" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/L8-BO-chemical-structure.png?v=1718725075&width=160&height=160&crop=left" loading="lazy" alt="ITIC features"></a> <a href="/pages/what-are-non-fullerene-acceptors">What are Non-Fullerene Acceptors?</a> <p>Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) are organic molecules that, like fullerenes, act as electron acceptors in organic solar cells and other organic electronic devices. However, unlike fullerenes, NFAs lack the hollow cage structure and offer greater flexibility in molecular design, allowing for tunable electronic and optical properties.</p> <a href="/pages/what-are-non-fullerene-acceptors">Read more...</a> </div> <div class="card-box card-truncate" data-tags="article, materials, organic-semiconductors, opv, solar-cells"> <a href="/pages/non-fullerene-acceptors-in-organic-solar-cells"><img height="160" width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/solar-cell-in-solar-cell-testing-kit.jpg?v=1718710455&width=160&height=160&crop=center" loading="lazy" alt="ITIC features"></a> <a href="/pages/non-fullerene-acceptors-in-organic-solar-cells">Application of Non-Fullerene Acceptors in Organic Solar Cells</a> <p>Non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) molecules are currently being used in the active layer of organic solar cells to enhance their efficiency. Organic solar cells, also known as organic photovoltaics (OPVs), consist of several organic components, each playing a distinct role in capturing solar energy.</p> <a href="/pages/non-fullerene-acceptors-in-organic-solar-cells">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials, organic-semiconductors" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-is-an-n-type-semiconductor"><img alt="conjugated nfa" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/conjugation-in-n-type-semiconductors.svg?v=1728399620width=160&height=160&crop=center" width="160" heigh="160"></a> <a href="/pages/what-is-an-n-type-semiconductor">What is an n-type semiconductor?</a> <p>An n-type semiconductor is a type of semiconductor where electrons serve as the majority charge carriers, leading to a negative charge transport characteristic. These electron-donating properties make n-type semiconductors suitable for electrical applications, particularly in transistors, LEDs, solar cells and electrodes. The two main types of n-type semiconducting materials are:</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-an-n-type-semiconductor">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials, organic-semiconductors, opv, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-are-y6-acceptors"><img alt="Y6" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/y6-acceptor-structural-features.svg?v=1728473227width=160&height=160&crop=center" width="160" heigh="160"></a> <a href="/pages/what-are-y6-acceptors">Y6 Acceptor in Solar Cells: Structure, Benefits and Compatible Donors</a> <p>In photovoltaics, researchers are constantly seeking better materials for organic solar cells (OPV). One standout example is Y6, a non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) that is an n-type organic semiconductor. Y6 is commonly paired with a polymer donor in bulk heterojunction solar cells.</p> <a href="/pages/what-are-y6-acceptors">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="literature-review, materials, organic-semiconductors, opv" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/fine-tuning-small-molecule-acceptors"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/A-D-A-Small.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Fine-Tuning A-D-A Small-Molecule Acceptors"></a><a href="/pages/fine-tuning-small-molecule-acceptors">Fine-Tuning A-D-A Small-Molecule Acceptors</a> <p>Typically, polymer-based organic semiconductors (OSCs) are associated with OPVs. However, small molecules are also showing significant promise in terms of NFAs,2–4 and have similarly tunable properties (such as band-gap width).</p> <a href="/pages/fine-tuning-small-molecule-acceptors">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, materials, organic-semiconductors, opv, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/fullerene-vs-non-fullerene-acceptors"><img width="160" src="https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0823/0287/files/FullereneAcceptors_PCBM.jpg?v=1718716070width=160&height=160&crop=center" loading="lazy" alt="solar cells" heigh="160"></a> <a href="/pages/fullerene-vs-non-fullerene-acceptors">Fullerene vs Non-Fullerene Acceptors for OPVs</a> <p>Fullerene and non-fullerene acceptors play a pivotal role in organic photovoltaics (OPVs). OPVs are promising candidates for next-generation solar cells due to their lightweight, flexibility, and potential for low-cost production.</p> <a href="/pages/fullerene-vs-non-fullerene-acceptors">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="literature-review, materials, organic-semiconductors, opv" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/factors-influencing-opv-stability"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/OPV_PHD.svg?v=1680257236" loading="lazy" alt="Factors Influencing OPV Stability"></a><a href="/pages/factors-influencing-opv-stability">Factors Influencing OPV Stability</a> <p>Typically, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are manufactured in the form of a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) cell, where the active layer consists of a blend of donor and acceptor materials with various interfacial layers and electrodes.</p> <a href="/pages/factors-influencing-opv-stability">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="literature-review, materials, organic-semiconductors, opv, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/intro-to-ternary-organic-solar-cells"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Ternary_Organic.svg?v=1680260414" loading="lazy" alt="Introduction to Ternary Organic Solar Cells"></a><a href="/pages/intro-to-ternary-organic-solar-cells">Introduction to Ternary Organic Solar Cells</a> <p>The majority of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) in research are based upon a binary active-layer mixture (of donor and acceptor materials) in the form of a bulk heterojunction (BHJ).</p> <a href="/pages/intro-to-ternary-organic-solar-cells">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="literature-review, materials, opv, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/layer-by-layer-processing-opvs"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/layer-by-layer-opv.svg?v=1731939883" loading="lazy" alt="Layer-by-Layer processing for high efficiency opvs"></a><a href="/pages/layer-by-layer-processing-opvs">Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Processing for Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells</a> <p>"Layer-by-layer" (LbL) processing, also known as "layer-by-layer" deposition, is a technique used for the fabrication of photovoltaic solar cells, in particular organic solar cells. This method involves the sequential addition of ultra-thin layers of materials to build up the device's structure.</p> <a href="/pages/layer-by-layer-processing-opvs">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="potentiostat, electrochemistry, article" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/blogs/articles/introducing-the-ossila-potentiostat"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Potentiostat-in-lab.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Introducing the Ossila Potentiostat"></a><a href="/blogs/articles/introducing-the-ossila-potentiostat"> Introducing the Ossila Potentiostat</a> <p>The new Ossila Potentiostat has been designed to help electrochemists perform cyclic voltammetry for less. The complete system includes cyclic voltammetry software, an electrochemical cell, and everything you need to start taking measurements.</p> <a href="/blogs/articles/introducing-the-ossila-potentiostat">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, low-dimensional-materials, materials, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/blogs/articles/perovskite-quantum-dot-synthesis"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/perovskite-quantum-dots.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Synthesis of Perovskite Quantum Dots"></a><a href="/blogs/articles/perovskite-quantum-dot-synthesis"> Synthesis of Perovskite Quantum Dots</a> <p>Synthesising high quality quantum dots (QDs) can be a complex process. Two major routes to the synthesis have now been developed: room temperate synthesis and synthesis by hot injection.</p> <a href="/blogs/articles/perovskite-quantum-dot-synthesis">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="article, low-dimensional-materials, materials, perovskites" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/blogs/articles/perovskite-quantum-dots-rapidly-expanding-area-of-research"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/perovskite-quantum-dots.jpg?width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Perovskite Quantum Dots: A Rapidly Expanding Area of Research"></a><a href="/blogs/articles/perovskite-quantum-dots-rapidly-expanding-area-of-research"> Perovskite Quantum Dots: A Rapidly Expanding Area of Research</a> <p>Over the last two decades, quantum dots have elicited a considerable amount of excitement and attention from both research scientists and the media. When Sony launched their XBR line of televisions in 2013, quantum dots successfully moved from pure research into the commercial sphere. Despite this, there are still some barriers to overcome before we can expect to see widespread adoption of quantum dot-based products.</p> <a href="/blogs/articles/perovskite-quantum-dots-rapidly-expanding-area-of-research">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="written-guide, organic-semiconductors, spin-coater, wet-thin-film-coating" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/choosing-spin-coater-chuck"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/E461-Chuck.png?crop=left&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Spin coater chuck diagram"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/choosing-spin-coater-chuck"> Choosing the Right Spin Coater Chuck</a> <p>A well-designed and correctly chosen chuck provides stability and balance during the spin coating process. It needs to be able to withstand the rotational forces of a spin coater and also to maintain the substrate firmly in place.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/choosing-spin-coater-chuck">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="video, organic-semiconductors, spin-coater, wet-thin-film-coating" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-to-change-spin-coater-chucks"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/spin-coater-chuck-full.jpg?v=1718871122&crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Spin coater chuck in spin coater"></a> <a href="/pages/how-to-change-spin-coater-chucks">How to Change Spin Coater Chucks: Video Guide</a> <p>By following these instructions, you can easily manage the spin coater substrate chucks and achieve better film quality with the polypropylene chucks' recessed design.</p> <a href="/pages/how-to-change-spin-coater-chucks">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="manual, contact-angle" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/contact-angle-goniometer-user-manual"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/contact-angle-featured-image.jpg?v=1718708519&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Contact Angle Goniometer User Manual"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/contact-angle-goniometer-user-manual"> Ossila Contact Angle Goniometer User Manual</a> <p>The Ossila Contact Angle Goniometer provides a fast, reliable, and easy method to measure the contact angle or surface tension of a droplet.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/contact-angle-goniometer-user-manual">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="manual, dip-coater" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/dip-coater-user-manual"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/dip-coater-featured-image.jpg?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="Dip Coater User Manual"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/dip-coater-user-manual"> Ossila Dip Coater User Manual</a> <p>Ossila's Dip Coater is a system designed to deposit thin wet films through the controlled immersion and withdrawal of a substrate from a reservoir of solution.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/dip-coater-user-manual">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="manual, four-point-probe" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/four-point-probe-user-manual"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/2024-Four-Point-Probe-Product-Image.png?v=1711020359&width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Four-Point Probe User Manual"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/four-point-probe-user-manual"> Ossila Four-Point Probe User Manual</a> <p>The Ossila Four-Point Probe System is a low-cost solution for rapid and reliable measurement of the sheet resistance, resistivity and conductivity of materials.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/four-point-probe-user-manual">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="manual, glove-box" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/glove-box-user-manual"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/glove-box-featured-image.jpg?v=1625217353&width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Glove Box User Manual"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/glove-box-user-manual"> Ossila Glove Box User Manual</a> <p>Ossila's inert atmosphere Glove Box comes equipped with high accuracy oxygen and humidity sensors, quick purge function and antechamber for quick item transfer.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/glove-box-user-manual">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="manual, led-measurement-system" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/led-measurement-system-user-manual"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/LED_Test_System_25_x_25mm_-_Product_Photo.jpg?v=1659088563&width=160" loading="lazy" alt="LED Measurement System User Manual"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/led-measurement-system-user-manual"> Ossila LED Measurement System User Manual</a> <p>The Ossila LED Measurement System is a low-cost solution for reliable current-voltage-luminance and lifetime measurements of light emitting diodes.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/led-measurement-system-user-manual">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="manual, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/optical-spectrometer-user-manual"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Spectrometer-product-photo.jpg?v=1627317570&width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Optical Spectrometer User Manual"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/optical-spectrometer-user-manual"> Ossila Optical Spectrometer User Manual</a> <p>Ossila's USB powered Optical Spectrometer has been designed to simplify the optical characterisation of thin films, solutions, nanocrystals and more.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/optical-spectrometer-user-manual">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="manual, potentiostat" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/potentiostat-user-manual"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/potentiostat-bundle-product-photo.jpg?v=1606216802&width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Potentiostat User Manual"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/potentiostat-user-manual"> Ossila Potentiostat User Manual</a> <p>Ossila’s Potentiostat is low-cost and easy-to-use system for performing cyclic voltammetry measurements. Cyclic voltammetry is one of the most widely used electrochemical techniques, providing important information about materials.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/potentiostat-user-manual">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="manual, slot-die-coater" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/slot-die-coater-user-manual"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/slot-die-featured-image.jpg?v=1625217516&width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Slot-Die Coater User Manual"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/slot-die-coater-user-manual"> Ossila Slot-Die Coater User Manual</a> <p>The Ossila Slot-Die Coater has been designed for simple operation and easy maintenance. An integrated high-precision Syringe Pump allows for accurate flow rates.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/slot-die-coater-user-manual">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="manual, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, solar-cells" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/solar-cell-iv-test-system-user-manual"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/SolarCellI-VTestSystem25x25mm-WhiteBackground_S2006.jpg?v=1668014103&width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Solar Cell I-V Test System User Manual"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/solar-cell-iv-test-system-user-manual"> Ossila Solar Cell I-V Test System User Manual</a> <p>The Ossila Solar Cell I-V Test System is a low-cost solution for reliable current-voltage characterisation of photovoltaic devices.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/solar-cell-iv-test-system-user-manual">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="manual, spin-coater" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spin-coater-user-manual"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/spin-coater-featured-image.jpg?v=1625217018&width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Spin Coater User Manual"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spin-coater-user-manual"> Ossila Spin Coater User Manual</a> <p>The vacuum-free Ossila Spin Coater is compact and portable to optimise space in the glove box and produce high-quality coatings without substrate warping.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/spin-coater-user-manual">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="manual, syringe-pump" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/syringe-pump-user-manual"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/syringe-pump-single-featured-image.jpg?v=1631529344&width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Syringe Pump User Manual"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/syringe-pump-user-manual"> Ossila Syringe Pump User Manual</a> <p>Ossila's Syringe Pump has been designed to move volumes of fluids accurately and repeatedly at specified rates. User manual for single and dual models.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/syringe-pump-user-manual">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="manual, source-measure-unit" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/source-measure-unit-user-manual"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/source-measure-unit-featured-image.jpg?v=1625217432&width=160" loading="lazy" alt="Source Measure Unit User Manual"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/source-measure-unit-user-manual"> Ossila Source Measure Unit User Manual</a> <p>Ossila's Source Measure Unit (SMU) can measure a wide range of research devices including photovoltaics, LEDs and OLEDs, transistors, and more.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/source-measure-unit-user-manual">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="manual, uv-ozone-cleaner" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/uv-ozone-cleaner-user-manual"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/uv-ozone-cleaner-featured-image.jpg?v=1625217301&width=160" loading="lazy" alt="UV Ozone Cleaner User Manual"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/uv-ozone-cleaner-user-manual"> Ossila UV Ozone Cleaner User Manual</a> <p>Ossila's UV Ozone Cleaner is designed to provide a simple, inexpensive, and efficient method of obtaining ultra-clean surfaces free of organic contaminants.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/uv-ozone-cleaner-user-manual">Read more...</a> </div> <div data-tags="download, electrochemistry, wet-thin-film-coating, organic-semiconductors, source-measure-unit, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, four-point-probe, contact-angle, potentiostat, optical-spectrometer" class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/software-drivers"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/software-icon.svg" loading="lazy" alt="Software and drivers"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/software-drivers"> Software and Drivers</a> <p>The latest software and drivers including our cyclic voltammetry software for the Ossila Potentiostat and more.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/software-drivers">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <a id="view-more-pages"> <p class="no-margin text-center">View More</p> <p class="text-center text-search"><svg class="icon icon-chevron-down"><use xlink:href="#icon-chevron-down"></use></svg></p> </a> <p id="no-pages-found" class="display-none">Sorry, no pages found. Try removing any filters.</p> </div> </div> </main>  <div class="full-width-footer"> <footer id="footer" class="footer container"> <div class="clearfix footer-elems nav-footer" id="footer-links"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Ossila</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/about">About Ossila</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/press-and-media">Press and Media</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/our-writers">Our Writing Team</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/awards-and-testimonials">Awards and Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/feedback">Leave Feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/terms-and-conditions">Terms and Conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> <span>Copyright © 2024 Ossila</span> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Join the Team</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/careers">Careers at Ossila</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/jobs-in-sheffield">Jobs in Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/jobs-in-leiden">Jobs in Leiden</a></li> </ul> <span class="h2">Collaborate</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/reprinting-permissions">Free Digital Assets</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/conference-fund">Conference Sponsorship for Students</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/outreach-support">Science Outreach Support</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/graduation-awards-sponsorship">Graduation Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/letters-of-support">Letters of Support</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Your Account</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/account/login">Log In</a></li> <li><a href="/account/register">Create Account</a></li> </ul> <span class="h2">Order Information</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/how-to-order">How to Order</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/worldwide-shipping">Worldwide Shipping Charges</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/returns-and-cancellations">Returns and Cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/warranty-information">Warranty Information</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/distributors">Regional Distributors</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/deals-and-discounts">Deals and Discounts</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/price-drop-guarantee">Price Drop Guarantee</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Customer Support</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><svg class="icon icon-envelope"><use xlink:href="#icon-envelope"></use></svg> <a href="/pages/contact-us">Send an Enquiry</a></li> <li><svg class="icon icon-envelope"><use xlink:href="#icon-envelope"></use></svg> <a href="mailto:info@ossila.com">info@ossila.com</a></li> <li class="no-padding-bottom"><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/about#our-locations" class="text-bold">Main Office</a></li> <li class="no-padding"><svg class="icon icon-phone"><use xlink:href="#icon-phone"></use></svg> +44 (0)114 2999 180</li> <li class="no-padding-top">Mon-Fri, 8:00-17:00 (GMT/BST)</li> <li class="no-padding-bottom"><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/about#our-locations" class="text-bold">EU Office</a></li> <li class="no-padding"><svg class="icon icon-phone"><use xlink:href="#icon-phone"></use></svg> +31 (0)718 081020</li> <li class="no-padding-top">Mon-Fri, 9:00-17:00 (CET/CEST)</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <span class="double-right-padding">Ossila Ltd</span> <span class="double-right-padding">Company Number 06920105</span> <span class="double-right-padding">VAT Number GB 978 2092 81</span> <span>EORI Number GB978209281000</span> </div> <div class="text-center"> <span class="double-right-padding">Ossila BV</span> <span class="double-right-padding">CCI number 84102241</span> <span class="double-right-padding">VAT Number NL 863097182B01</span> <span>EORI Number NL863097182</span> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div id="bottom-banner" class="hidden"> <div id="cookie-banner" class="hidden"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <span class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 no-margin pad-half-height">The Ossila website uses cookies for core functionality. By continuing to browse the website you consent to the use of these cookies.</span> <a href="/pages/privacy-policy#cookies" class="col-xs-6 col-sm-2 text-center pad-half-height">More Information</a> <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a href="#" class="btn-close">Accept & Close</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="basic_modal" id="basic-modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="basic-modal-title" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <p class="modal-title" id="basic-modal-title"></p> <button type="button" class="close basic-modal-close" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body" id="basic-modal-text"> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-ossila-grey basic-modal-close">Close</button> <a href="" class="btn btn-ossila-grey" id="basic-modal-link">More Information</a> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="currency-modal" id="choose-country-modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="choose-country-modal-title" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <p class="modal-title" id="choose-country-modal-title">Choose locale</p> <button type="button" class="close modal-close" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <label class="modal-label" for="countries-dropdown">Select Delivery Country or Region</label> <select class="currency-picker" name="country_dropdown_selector" id="countries-dropdown"></select> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <label class="modal-label" for="currency-picker">Choose Preferred Currency</label> <form method="post" action="/localization" id="currency-modal-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="shopify-localization-form" enctype="multipart/form-data"><input type="hidden" name="form_type" value="localization" /><input type="hidden" name="utf8" value="✓" /><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put" /><input type="hidden" name="return_to" value="/pages/resources" /> <select id="country-currency-modal-select" name="country_code" class="currency-picker"> <option selected="true" value="US">United States Dollar, $ USD</option> <option disabled="disabled">----</option> <option data-name="Australian Dollar" value="AU">Australian Dollar, $ AUD</option> <option data-name="British Pound" value="GB">British Pound, £ GBP</option> <option data-name="Bulgarian Lev" value="BG">Bulgarian Lev, лв. BGN</option> <option data-name="Canadian Dollar" value="CA">Canadian Dollar, $ CAD</option> <option data-name="Chilean Peso" value="CL">Chilean Peso, $ CLP</option> <option data-name="Chinese Renminbi Yuan" value="CN">Chinese Renminbi Yuan, ¥ CNY</option> <option data-name="Czech Koruna" value="CZ">Czech Koruna, Kč CZK</option> <option data-name="Danish Krone" value="DK">Danish Krone, kr. DKK</option> <option data-name="Euro" value="NL">Euro, € EUR</option> <option data-name="Hong Kong Dollar" value="HK">Hong Kong Dollar, $ HKD</option> <option data-name="Hungarian Forint" value="HU">Hungarian Forint, Ft HUF</option> <option data-name="Indian Rupee" value="BT">Indian Rupee, ₹ INR</option> <option data-name="Israeli New Sheqel" value="IL">Israeli New Sheqel, ₪ ILS</option> <option data-name="Japanese Yen" value="JP">Japanese Yen, ¥ JPY</option> <option data-name="Malaysian Ringgit" value="MY">Malaysian Ringgit, RM MYR</option> <option data-name="New Taiwan Dollar" value="TW">New Taiwan Dollar, $ TWD</option> <option data-name="New Zealand Dollar" value="CK">New Zealand Dollar, $ NZD</option> <option data-name="Norwegian Krone" value="NO">Norwegian Krone, kr NOK</option> <option data-name="Pakistani Rupee" value="PK">Pakistani Rupee, ₨ PKR</option> <option data-name="Peruvian Sol" value="PE">Peruvian Sol, S/. PEN</option> <option data-name="Philippine Peso" value="PH">Philippine Peso, ₱ PHP</option> <option data-name="Polish Złoty" value="PL">Polish Złoty, zł PLN</option> <option data-name="Romanian Leu" value="RO">Romanian Leu, Lei RON</option> <option data-name="Saudi Riyal" value="SA">Saudi Riyal, ر.س SAR</option> <option data-name="Serbian Dinar" value="RS">Serbian Dinar, РСД RSD</option> <option data-name="Singapore Dollar" value="BN">Singapore Dollar, $ SGD</option> <option data-name="South African Rand" value="SZ">South African Rand, R ZAR</option> <option data-name="South Korean Won" value="KR">South Korean Won, ₩ KRW</option> <option data-name="Swedish Krona" value="SE">Swedish Krona, kr SEK</option> <option data-name="Swiss Franc" value="LI">Swiss Franc,  CHF</option> <option data-name="Thai Baht" value="TH">Thai Baht, ฿ THB</option> <option data-name="United Arab Emirates Dirham" value="AE">United Arab Emirates Dirham, د.إ AED</option> <option data-name="Uruguayan Peso" value="UY">Uruguayan Peso, $ UYU</option> </select> </form> <p class="text-small text-center text-bold no-margin pad-top-half-height">Online orders to <span class="country-name"></span> can only be placed in <span class="forced-currency"></span>. For other payment methods, request a quote or send a purchase order to info@ossila.com to purchase via offline channels.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-ossila-grey modal-close">Close</button> <button type="button" id="save-local-settings" class="btn btn-ossila-green">Close and Save</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="back-to-top-outer"> <a title="Return to the top" class="back-to-top-link" href="#"> <div id="back-to-top-inner">Return to the top</div> </a> </div> </body> </html> <script> // GA4 tracking // container ID is used to access dataLayer get function const gtmContainerId = 'GTM-WRVWSTG'; // Empty object to attach functions to depending on the page type let dataLayerFunctions = {}; // Matomo Tracking var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; // Collection page view for ecommerce trackiong // Product views for ecommerce tracking // Cart view for ecommerce tracking // Track quote requests as ecommerce conversions _paq.push(['disableCookies']); // Disable all cookies _paq.push(['enableJSErrorTracking']); // Track JS errors _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); // tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['trackAllContentImpressions']); (function() { var u="https://ossila.matomo.cloud/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src='https://cdn.matomo.cloud/ossila.matomo.cloud/matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); // ES6 compatibility check (function(){function n(){return typeof Promise!="undefined"&&typeof Symbol=="function"&&typeof Symbol("test")=="symbol"&&typeof Array.from!="undefined"&&typeof Object.assign!="undefined"&&typeof Map!="undefined"&&typeof Set!="undefined"}document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){if(!n()){var e=document.getElementById("unsupported-browser-message");e&&(e.style.display="block")}});})(); </script>