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diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>External morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Head</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thorax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thorax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Thorax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thorax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdomen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdomen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Abdomen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdomen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Scales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Internal morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internal_morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Internal morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internal_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reproductive_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Reproductive system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestive_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestive_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Digestive system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestive_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circulatory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulatory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Circulatory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulatory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Respiratory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polymorphism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polymorphism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Polymorphism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polymorphism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reproduction and development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproduction_and_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reproduction and development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lepidopterans_in_diapause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lepidopterans_in_diapause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Lepidopterans in diapause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lepidopterans_in_diapause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eggs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eggs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Eggs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eggs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Larvae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Larvae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Larvae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Larvae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wing_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wing_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Wing development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wing_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pupa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pupa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span> <span>Pupa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pupa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.5</span> <span>Adult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_gallery_of_butterfly_life_cycle_(Pieris_rapae,_the_common_cabbage_white)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_gallery_of_butterfly_life_cycle_(Pieris_rapae,_the_common_cabbage_white)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Video gallery of butterfly life cycle (Pieris rapae, the common cabbage white)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_gallery_of_butterfly_life_cycle_(Pieris_rapae,_the_common_cabbage_white)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defense_and_predation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_and_predation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Defense and predation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_and_predation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Pollination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Mutualism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Parasitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_biological_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_biological_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Other biological interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_biological_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_and_systematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_and_systematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Evolution and systematics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution_and_systematics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution and systematics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution_and_systematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>History of study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Fossil record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Relationship to people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_to_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship to people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beneficial_insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beneficial_insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Beneficial insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beneficial_insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lepidoptera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 128 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">128 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlinder" title="Vlinder – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vlinder" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmetterlinge" title="Schmetterlinge – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schmetterlinge" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A2%E1%88%AB%E1%89%A2%E1%88%AE_%E1%8A%AD%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%88%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A5" title="የቢራቢሮ ክፍለመደብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የቢራቢሮ ክፍለመደብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%A4iv%C3%A1%C3%A1lodd%C3%A1%C3%A1h" title="Piäivááloddááh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Piäivááloddááh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="حرشفيات الأجنحة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرشفيات الأجنحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panambi" title="Panambi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Panambi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulcuqluqanadl%C4%B1lar" title="Pulcuqluqanadlılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pulcuqluqanadlılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="লেপিডোপ্টেরা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লেপিডোপ্টেরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukupu" title="Kukupu – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kukupu" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2n-chh%C3%AC-ba%CC%8Dk" title="Lân-chhì-ba̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lân-chhì-ba̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D2%A3%D0%BA%D3%99_%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тәңкә ҡанатлылар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тәңкә ҡанатлылар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Матылі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Матылі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Лускакрылыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лускакрылыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Пеперуди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пеперуди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waif%C3%A5ita" title="Waifåita – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Waifåita" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptiri" title="Leptiri – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Leptiri" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Эрбээхэй – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эрбээхэй" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepid%C3%B2pters" title="Lepidòpters – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lepidòpters" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BF%D3%91%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%91_%D2%AB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Хупӑллӑ ҫунатлисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хупӑллӑ ҫунатлисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibangbang" title="Alibangbang – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alibangbang" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%BDli" title="Motýli – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Motýli" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommerfugle" title="Sommerfugle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sommerfugle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmetterlinge" title="Schmetterlinge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schmetterlinge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%CA%BCaal%C3%B3gii_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_Iich%CA%BC%C4%85hii" title="Kʼaalógii dóó Iichʼąhii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Kʼaalógii dóó Iichʼąhii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liblikalised" title="Liblikalised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liblikalised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Λεπιδόπτερα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεπιδόπτερα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پروانه‌سانان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروانه‌سانان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firvaldur" title="Firvaldur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Firvaldur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinters" title="Flinters – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Flinters" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepid%C3%B3pteros" title="Lepidópteros – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lepidópteros" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86" title="КӀормац – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="КӀормац" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihuruta" title="Kihuruta – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kihuruta" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B2%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99" title="Эрвәкә – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Эрвәкә" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%B9%84%EB%AA%A9" title="나비목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나비목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թիթեռներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թիթեռներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="शल्कपंखी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शल्कपंखी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptiri" title="Leptiri – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leptiri" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alinguwa" title="Alinguwa – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Alinguwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptero" title="Lepidoptero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lepidoptero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%C3%A6%D0%BB%C3%A6%D0%B1%D1%83" title="Гæлæбу – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гæлæбу" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hreisturv%C3%A6ngjur" title="Hreisturvængjur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hreisturvængjur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פרפראים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרפראים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupu" title="Kupu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kupu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ქერცლფრთიანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქერცლფრთიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="لیپیڈوپٹیرا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="لیپیڈوپٹیرا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қабыршақ қанаттылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қабыршақ қанаттылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mdudu_Mabawa-vigamba" title="Mdudu Mabawa-vigamba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mdudu Mabawa-vigamba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%AEdank" title="Perîdank – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Perîdank" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BF%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BA" title="Көпөлөк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көпөлөк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D3%B9%D0%BF%D3%B9" title="Лӹпӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Лӹпӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel" title="Pavel – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pavel" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiyon" title="Papiyon – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Papiyon" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="ЧӀимучӀали – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЧӀимучӀали" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zv%C4%AB%C5%86sp%C4%81r%C5%86i" title="Zvīņspārņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zvīņspārņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4iperleken" title="Päiperleken – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Päiperleken" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8C" title="Чепелукь – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чепелукь" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugiai" title="Drugiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Drugiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6bvleugelege" title="Sjöbvleugelege – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjöbvleugelege" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADpalala" title="Lípalala – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lípalala" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio" title="Papilio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Papilio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liipoilinduzet" title="Liipoilinduzet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Liipoilinduzet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepk%C3%A9k" title="Lepkék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lepkék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Пеперуги – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пеперуги" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolo_(bibikely)" title="Lolo (bibikely) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lolo (bibikely)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1" title="ലെപിഡോപ്റ്റെറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലെപിഡോപ്റ്റെറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფარფალია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფარფალია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%87" title="حرشفيات الاجنحه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرشفيات الاجنحه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B6%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="လိပ်ပြာနှင့် ပိုးဖလံများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လိပ်ပြာနှင့် ပိုးဖလံများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlinders" title="Vlinders – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vlinders" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A6%E7%9B%AE" title="チョウ目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チョウ目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Полла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Полла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flenerken" title="Flenerken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Flenerken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommerfugler" title="Sommerfugler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sommerfugler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommarfuglar" title="Sommarfuglar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sommarfuglar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapalaklar" title="Kapalaklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kapalaklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%92_%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="چانے پر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چانے پر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پتنگ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پتنگ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paviole" title="Paviole – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Paviole" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottervagels" title="Bottervagels – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bottervagels" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motyle" title="Motyle – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Motyle" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptere" title="Lepidoptere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lepidoptere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillpintu" title="Pillpintu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pillpintu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Чешуекрылые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чешуекрылые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лыахтар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Лыахтар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinnerkene" title="Flinnerkene – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Flinnerkene" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%BDle" title="Motýle – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Motýle" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metulji" title="Metulji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Metulji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szmaterloki" title="Szmaterloki – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szmaterloki" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Лептири – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лептири" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptir" title="Leptir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leptir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhoset" title="Perhoset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perhoset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%A4rilar" title="Fjärilar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fjärilar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Күбәләкләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күбәләкләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD" title="ผีเสื้อ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผีเสื้อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hevav%C3%A2hkema" title="Hevavâhkema – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hevavâhkema" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelebek" title="Kelebek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kelebek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Лускокрилі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лускокрилі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%90%D9%BE%D9%89%D9%86%DB%95%D9%83" title="كېپىنەك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كېپىنەك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipkai%C5%BEed" title="Lipkaižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lipkaižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_C%C3%A1nh_v%E1%BA%A9y" title="Bộ Cánh vẩy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Cánh vẩy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubvleuglign" title="Schubvleuglign – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Schubvleuglign" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B1%97%E7%BF%85%E7%9B%AE" title="鱗翅目 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鱗翅目" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadakp%C9%9Bkp%C9%9B" title="Awadakpɛkpɛ – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Awadakpɛkpɛ" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Мотиль – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Мотиль" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Lepidoptera<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">200–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:152.30769230769px; width:67.692307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:152.30769230769px; width:67.692307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:153.30769230769px; width:65.692307692308px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_butterfly_(Aglais_io)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Peacock_butterfly_%28Aglais_io%29_2.jpg/220px-Peacock_butterfly_%28Aglais_io%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Peacock_butterfly_%28Aglais_io%29_2.jpg/330px-Peacock_butterfly_%28Aglais_io%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Peacock_butterfly_%28Aglais_io%29_2.jpg/440px-Peacock_butterfly_%28Aglais_io%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3792" data-file-height="2528" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Peacock butterfly (<i><a href="/wiki/Aglais_io" title="Aglais io">Aglais io</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphinx_moth_(Adhemarius_gannascus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sphinx_moth_%28Adhemarius_gannascus%29.jpg/220px-Sphinx_moth_%28Adhemarius_gannascus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sphinx_moth_%28Adhemarius_gannascus%29.jpg/330px-Sphinx_moth_%28Adhemarius_gannascus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sphinx_moth_%28Adhemarius_gannascus%29.jpg/440px-Sphinx_moth_%28Adhemarius_gannascus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4495" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Adhemarius_gannascus" title="Adhemarius gannascus">Adhemarius gannascus</a></i>, a species of <a href="/wiki/Sphinx_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphinx moth">sphinx moth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Lepidoptera" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphiesmenoptera" title="Amphiesmenoptera">Amphiesmenoptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lepidoptera</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subdivisions </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aglossata" class="mw-redirect" title="Aglossata">Aglossata</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Glossata" title="Glossata">Glossata</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Heterobathmiina" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterobathmiina">Heterobathmiina</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Zeugloptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeugloptera">Zeugloptera</a> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Lepidoptera</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LEP</span>-ih-<span style="font-size:90%">DOP</span>-tər-ə</i></a>) or <b>lepidopterans</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> of <a href="/wiki/Winged_insect" class="mw-redirect" title="Winged insect">winged insects</a> which includes <a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>. About 180,000 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organisms,<sup id="cite_ref-Taxome1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taxome1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the second largest insect order (behind <a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</a>) with 126 <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a><sup id="cite_ref-Capinera_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 46 <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">superfamilies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Taxome1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taxome1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_&_Carde_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_&_Carde-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lepidopteran species are characterized by more than three derived features. The most apparent is the presence of <a href="/wiki/Scale_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (anatomy)">scales</a> that cover the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">bodies</a>, large triangular <a href="/wiki/Insect_wing" title="Insect wing">wings</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a> for <a href="/wiki/Siphon" title="Siphon">siphoning</a> <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectars</a>. The scales are modified, flattened "hairs", and give butterflies and moths their wide variety of colors and patterns. Almost all species have some form of membranous wings, except for a few that have reduced wings or are wingless. <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">Mating</a> and the laying of eggs is normally performed near or on host plants for the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>. Like most other insects, butterflies and moths are <a href="/wiki/Holometabolous" class="mw-redirect" title="Holometabolous">holometabolous</a>, meaning they undergo <a href="/wiki/Complete_metamorphosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete metamorphosis">complete metamorphosis</a>. The larvae are commonly called <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a>, and are completely different from their adult moth or butterfly forms, having a cylindrical body with a well-developed head, mandible mouth parts, three pairs of thoracic legs and from none up to five pairs of <a href="/wiki/Proleg" title="Proleg">prolegs</a>. As they grow, these larvae change in appearance, going through a series of stages called <a href="/wiki/Instar" title="Instar">instars</a>. Once fully matured, the larva develops into a <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a>. A few butterflies and many moth species spin a <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> casing or <a href="/wiki/Cocoon_(silk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoon (silk)">cocoon</a> for protection prior to pupating, while others do not, instead going underground.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_&_Carde_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_&_Carde-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A butterfly pupa, called a <a href="/wiki/Chrysalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysalis">chrysalis</a>, has a hard skin, usually with no cocoon. Once the pupa has completed its metamorphosis, a sexually mature adult emerges. </p><p>Lepidopterans first appeared in fossil record in the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> boundary and have <a href="/wiki/Coevolve" class="mw-redirect" title="Coevolve">coevolved</a> with <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous_Terrestrial_Revolution" title="Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution">angiosperm boom</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Cretaceous">Middle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>. They show many variations of the basic body structure that have evolved to gain advantages in lifestyle and distribution. Recent estimates suggest the order may have more species than earlier thought,<sup id="cite_ref-Inventory_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inventory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is among the five most species-rich orders (each with over 100,000 species) along with <a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</a> (beetles), <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Diptera</a> (flies), <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sawflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawflies">sawflies</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">cicadas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a> and other true bugs).<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_&_Carde_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_&_Carde-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have, over millions of years, evolved a wide range of wing patterns and coloration ranging from drab moths akin to the related order <a href="/wiki/Trichoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichoptera">Trichoptera</a>, to the brightly colored and complex-patterned butterflies.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, this is the most recognized and popular of insect orders with many people involved in the observation, study, collection, rearing of, and commerce in these insects. A person who collects or studies this order is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Lepidopterist" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepidopterist">lepidopterist</a>. </p><p>Butterflies and moths are mostly <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Folivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Folivorous">folivorous</a>) as caterpillars and <a href="/wiki/Nectarivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectarivorous">nectarivorous</a> as adults. They play an important role in the natural ecosystem as <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a> and serve as <a href="/wiki/Consumer_(food_chain)#Levels_of_the_food_chain" title="Consumer (food chain)">primary consumers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>; conversely, their larvae (caterpillars) are considered very problematic to vegetation in agriculture, as they consume large quantity of plant matter (mostly <a href="/wiki/Foliage" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliage">foliage</a>) to sustain growth. In many species, the female may produce from 200 to 600 eggs, while in others, the number may approach 30,000 eggs in one day. The caterpillars hatching from these eggs can cause significant damage to crops within a very short period of time. Many moth and butterfly species are of economic interest by virtue of their role as pollinators, the <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> in their cocoon, or for <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">extermination</a> as <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pest</a> species. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term Lepidoptera was used in 1746 by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Svecica" title="Fauna Svecica">Fauna Svecica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EngelKristensen2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EngelKristensen2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:λεπίς">λεπίς</a></span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">lepís</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">gen.</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:λεπίδος">λεπίδος</a></span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">lepídos</i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Scale_(insect_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (insect anatomy)">scale</a>") and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:πτερόν">πτερόν</a></span></span> ("wing").<sup id="cite_ref-Etymology_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etymology-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, the term <a href="/wiki/Rhopalocera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhopalocera">Rhopalocera</a> is used for the <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of all butterfly species, derived from the Ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BF%A5%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:ῥόπαλον">ῥόπαλον</a></span></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">rhopalon</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Partridge_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partridge-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4150">: 4150 </span></sup> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:κέρας">κέρας</a></span></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">keras</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Partridge_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partridge-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3993">: 3993 </span></sup> meaning "club" and "horn", respectively, coming from the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> of butterflies. </p><p>The origins of the common names "butterfly" and "moth" are varied and often obscure. The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> word butterfly is from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">buttorfleoge</i></span></i>, with many variations in spelling. Other than that, the origin is unknown, although it could be derived from the pale yellow color of many species' wings suggesting the color of butter.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arnett_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnett-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species of <a href="/wiki/Heterocera" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterocera">Heterocera</a> are commonly called <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>. The origins of the English word moth are clearer, deriving from Old English <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">moððe</i></span></i> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbrian dialect</a> <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">mohðe</i></span></i>) from Common Germanic (compare <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">motti</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">mot</i></span></i> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Motte</i></span></i> all meaning "moth"). Perhaps its origins are related to Old English <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">maða</i></span></i> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Maggot" title="Maggot">maggot</a>" or from the root of "<a href="/wiki/Midge" title="Midge">midge</a>", which until the 16th century was used mostly to indicate the larva, usually in reference to devouring clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-Etymology2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etymology2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The etymological origins of the word "caterpillar", the larval form of butterflies and moths, are from the early 16th century, from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">catirpel</i></span>, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">catirpeller</i></span>, probably an alteration of <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old North French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">catepelose</i></span> (from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cattus</i></span>, "cat" + <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pilosus</i></span>, "hairy").<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_diversity">Distribution and diversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution and diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Lepidoptera_by_region" title="Lists of Lepidoptera by region">Lists of Lepidoptera by region</a></div> <p>The Lepidoptera are among the most successful groups of insects. They are found on all continents, except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, and inhabit all terrestrial habitats ranging from desert to rainforest, from lowland grasslands to mountain plateaus, but almost always associated with higher plants, especially angiosperms (<a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-cgillott_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgillott-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the most northern dwelling species of butterflies and moths is the Arctic Apollo (<i><a href="/wiki/Parnassius_arcticus" title="Parnassius arcticus">Parnassius arcticus</a></i>), which is found in the Arctic Circle in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Yakutia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakutia">Yakutia</a>, at an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, various Apollo species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Parnassius_epaphus" title="Parnassius epaphus">Parnassius epaphus</a></i> have been recorded to occur up to an altitude of 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 221">: 221 </span></sup> </p><p>Some lepidopteran species exhibit <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic">symbiotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">phoretic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Parasitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic">parasitic</a> lifestyles, inhabiting the bodies of organisms rather than the environment. <a href="/wiki/Coprophagous" class="mw-redirect" title="Coprophagous">Coprophagous</a> <a href="/wiki/Pyralidae" title="Pyralidae">pyralid</a> moth species, called <a href="/wiki/Sloth_moth" title="Sloth moth">sloth moths</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bradipodicola_hahneli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradipodicola hahneli">Bradipodicola hahneli</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptoses_choloepi" title="Cryptoses choloepi">Cryptoses choloepi</a></i>, are unusual in that they are exclusively found inhabiting the fur of <a href="/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloths</a>, mammals found in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rau_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rau-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two species of <i><a href="/wiki/Tinea_(moth)" title="Tinea (moth)">Tinea</a></i> moths have been recorded as feeding on horny tissue and have been bred from the horns of cattle. The larva of <i><a href="/wiki/Zenodochium" title="Zenodochium">Zenodochium</a> coccivorella</i> is an internal parasite of the <a href="/wiki/Coccid" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccid">coccid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(insect)" title="Kermes (insect)">Kermes</a></i> species. Many species have been recorded as breeding in natural materials or refuse such as owl pellets, bat caves, honeycombs or diseased fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-Rau_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rau-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2007, there were roughly 174,250 lepidopteran species described, with butterflies and <a href="/wiki/Skipper_(butterfly)" title="Skipper (butterfly)">skippers</a> estimated to comprise around 17,950, and moths making up the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-Taxome1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taxome1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taxome2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taxome2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of Lepidoptera are to be found in the tropics, but substantial diversity exists on most continents. North America has over 700 species of butterflies and over 11,000 species of moths,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while about 400 species of butterflies and 14,000 species of moths are reported from Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diversity of Lepidoptera in each <a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">faunal region</a> has been estimated by John Heppner in 1991 based partly on actual counts from the literature, partly on the card indices in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a> (London) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> (Washington), and partly on estimates:<sup id="cite_ref-Inventory_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inventory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:80%;"> <caption>Diversity of Lepidoptera in each faunal region </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palearctic">Palearctic</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Nearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nearctic">Nearctic</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Neotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropic">Neotropic</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Afrotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrotropic">Afrotropic</a> </th> <th scope="col">Indo-Australian<br />(comprising <a href="/wiki/Indomalayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Indomalayan">Indomalayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oceanian_realm" title="Oceanian realm">Oceanian realms</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Estimated number of species </th> <td>22,465 </td> <td>11,532 </td> <td>44,791 </td> <td>20,491 </td> <td>47,287 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_morphology">External morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/External_morphology_of_Lepidoptera" title="External morphology of Lepidoptera">External morphology of Lepidoptera</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_entomology_terms" title="Glossary of entomology terms">Glossary of entomology terms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_butterflies_and_moths" title="Comparison of butterflies and moths">Comparison of butterflies and moths</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butterfly_parts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Butterfly_parts.svg/310px-Butterfly_parts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Butterfly_parts.svg/465px-Butterfly_parts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Butterfly_parts.svg/620px-Butterfly_parts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Parts of an adult butterfly</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caterpillar_morphology_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Caterpillar_morphology_diagram.svg/310px-Caterpillar_morphology_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Caterpillar_morphology_diagram.svg/465px-Caterpillar_morphology_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Caterpillar_morphology_diagram.svg/620px-Caterpillar_morphology_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>A – head, B – thorax, C – abdomen, 1 – prothoracic shield, 2 – spiracle, 3 – true legs, 4 – midabdominal prolegs, 5 – anal proleg, 6 – anal plate, 7 – tentacle, a – eye, b – stemmata (ocelli), c – antenna, d – mandible, e – labrum, f – frontal triangle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lepidoptera are morphologically distinguished from other orders principally by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Scale_(Lepidoptera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (Lepidoptera)">scales</a> on the external parts of the body and appendages, especially the <a href="/wiki/Insect_wing" title="Insect wing">wings</a>. Butterflies and moths vary in size from <a href="/wiki/Microlepidoptera" title="Microlepidoptera">microlepidoptera</a> only a few millimeters long, to conspicuous animals with a wingspan greater than 25 centimetres (9.8 in), such as the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_birdwing" title="Queen Alexandra's birdwing">Queen Alexandra's birdwing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlas_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas moth">Atlas moth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillot_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillot-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 246">: 246 </span></sup> Lepidopterans undergo a four-stage <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a>: <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">egg</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chrysalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysalis">chrysalis</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Imago" title="Imago">imago (plural: imagines)</a> / adult and show many variations of the basic body structure, which give these animals advantages for diverse lifestyles and environments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head">Head</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Head"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caterpillar_face_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Caterpillar_face_close_up.jpg/220px-Caterpillar_face_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Caterpillar_face_close_up.jpg/330px-Caterpillar_face_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Caterpillar_face_close_up.jpg/440px-Caterpillar_face_close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Face of a caterpillar with the mouthparts showing</figcaption></figure> <p>The head is where many sensing organs and the mouth parts are found. Like the adult, the larva also has a toughened, or <a href="/wiki/Sclerite" title="Sclerite">sclerotized</a> head capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-scoble_heads_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoble_heads-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, two <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a>, and <i>chaetosema</i>, raised spots or clusters of sensory bristles unique to Lepidoptera, occur, though many taxa have lost one or both of these spots. The antennae have a wide variation in form among species and even between different sexes. The antennae of butterflies are usually filiform and shaped like clubs, those of the skippers are hooked, while those of moths have flagellar segments variously enlarged or branched. Some moths have enlarged antennae or ones that are tapered and hooked at the ends.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 559–560">: 559–560 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Galea_(insects)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galea (insects)">maxillary galeae</a> are modified and form an elongated <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a>. The proboscis consists of one to five segments, usually kept coiled up under the head by small muscles when it is not being used to suck up nectar from flowers or other liquids. Some <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> moths still have <a href="/wiki/Mandible_(insect_mouthpart)" title="Mandible (insect mouthpart)">mandibles</a>, or separate moving jaws, like their ancestors, and these form the family <a href="/wiki/Micropterigidae" title="Micropterigidae">Micropterigidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scoble_heads_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoble_heads-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 560">: 560 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The larvae, called <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a>, have a toughened head capsule. Caterpillars lack the proboscis and have separate chewing <a href="/wiki/Insect_mouthparts" title="Insect mouthparts">mouthparts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scoble_heads_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoble_heads-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mouthparts, called <a href="/wiki/Mandible_(insect_mouthpart)" title="Mandible (insect mouthpart)">mandibles</a>, are used to chew up the plant matter that the larvae eat. The lower jaw, or labium, is weak, but may carry a <a href="/wiki/Spinneret" title="Spinneret">spinneret</a>, an organ used to create silk. The head is made of large lateral lobes, each having an ellipse of up to six simple eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 562–563">: 562–563 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thorax">Thorax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Thorax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The thorax is made of three fused segments, the <a href="/wiki/Prothorax" title="Prothorax">prothorax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesothorax" title="Mesothorax">mesothorax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metathorax" title="Metathorax">metathorax</a>, each with a pair of legs. The first segment contains the first pair of legs. In some males of the butterfly family <a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" title="Nymphalidae">Nymphalidae</a>, the forelegs are greatly reduced and are not used for walking or perching.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 586">: 586 </span></sup> The three pairs of legs are covered with scales. Lepidoptera also have olfactory organs on their feet, which aid the butterfly in "tasting" or "smelling" out its food.<sup id="cite_ref-Heppner_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heppner-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the larval form there are 3 pairs of true legs, with up to 11 pairs of abdominal legs (usually eight) and hooklets, called apical crochets.<sup id="cite_ref-cgillott_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgillott-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two pairs of wings are found on the middle and third segments, or <a href="/wiki/Mesothorax" title="Mesothorax">mesothorax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metathorax" title="Metathorax">metathorax</a>, respectively. In the more recent genera, the wings of the second segment are much more pronounced, although some more primitive forms have similarly sized wings of both segments. The wings are covered in scales arranged like shingles, which form an extraordinary variety of colors and patterns. The mesothorax has more powerful muscles to propel the moth or butterfly through the air, with the wing of this segment (forewing) having a stronger vein structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 560">: 560 </span></sup> The largest superfamily, the <a href="/wiki/Noctuoidea" title="Noctuoidea">Noctuoidea</a>, has their wings modified to act as <a href="/wiki/Tympanal_organ" title="Tympanal organ">tympanal or hearing organs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scoble_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scoble-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The caterpillar has an elongated, soft body that may have hair-like or other projections, three pairs of true legs, with none to 11 pairs of abdominal legs (usually eight) and hooklets, called apical crochets.<sup id="cite_ref-cgillott_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgillott-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thorax usually has a pair of legs on each segment. The thorax is also lined with many spiracles on both the mesothorax and metathorax, except for a few aquatic species, which instead have a form of <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 563">: 563 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abdomen">Abdomen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Abdomen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_genitalia" title="Lepidoptera genitalia">Lepidoptera genitalia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chenille_de_Grand_porte_queue_(macaon)_Fausses_pattes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chenille_de_Grand_porte_queue_%28macaon%29_Fausses_pattes.jpg/220px-Chenille_de_Grand_porte_queue_%28macaon%29_Fausses_pattes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chenille_de_Grand_porte_queue_%28macaon%29_Fausses_pattes.jpg/330px-Chenille_de_Grand_porte_queue_%28macaon%29_Fausses_pattes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chenille_de_Grand_porte_queue_%28macaon%29_Fausses_pattes.jpg/440px-Chenille_de_Grand_porte_queue_%28macaon%29_Fausses_pattes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4869" data-file-height="4158" /></a><figcaption>Caterpillar prolegs on <i><a href="/wiki/Papilio_machaon" title="Papilio machaon">Papilio machaon</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The abdomen, which is less sclerotized than the thorax, consists of 10 segments with membranes in between, allowing for articulated movement. The sternum, on the first segment, is small in some families and is completely absent in others. The last two or three segments form the external parts of the species' sex organs. The <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_genitalia" title="Lepidoptera genitalia">genitalia</a> of Lepidoptera are highly varied and are often the only means of differentiating between species. Male genitals include a <a href="/wiki/Valva" class="mw-redirect" title="Valva">valva</a>, which is usually large, as it is used to grasp the female during mating. Female genitalia include three distinct sections. </p><p>The females of basal moths have only one sex organ, which is used for <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">copulation</a> and as an <a href="/wiki/Ovipositor" title="Ovipositor">ovipositor</a>, or egg-laying organ. About 98% of moth species have a separate organ for mating, and an external duct that carries the sperm from the male.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 561">: 561 </span></sup> </p><p>The abdomen of the caterpillar has four pairs of prolegs, normally located on the third to sixth segments of the abdomen, and a separate pair of prolegs by the anus, which have a pair of tiny hooks called crotchets. These aid in gripping and walking, especially in species that lack many prolegs (e. g. larvae of <a href="/wiki/Geometridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometridae">Geometridae</a>). In some basal moths, these prolegs may be on every segment of the body, while prolegs may be completely absent in other groups, which are more adapted to boring and living in sand (e. g., <a href="/wiki/Prodoxidae" title="Prodoxidae">Prodoxidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepticulidae" title="Nepticulidae">Nepticulidae</a>, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 563">: 563 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scales">Scales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mottenfl%C3%BCgel_in_Mikroskop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mottenfl%C3%BCgel_in_Mikroskop.jpg/220px-Mottenfl%C3%BCgel_in_Mikroskop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mottenfl%C3%BCgel_in_Mikroskop.jpg/330px-Mottenfl%C3%BCgel_in_Mikroskop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mottenfl%C3%BCgel_in_Mikroskop.jpg/440px-Mottenfl%C3%BCgel_in_Mikroskop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="2108" /></a><figcaption>Wing scales form the color and pattern on wings. The scales shown here are lamellar. The pedicel can be seen attached to a few loose scales.</figcaption></figure> <p>The wings, head, and parts of the thorax and abdomen of Lepidoptera are covered with minute scales, a feature from which the order derives its name. Most scales are <a href="/wiki/Lamella_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamella (anatomy)">lamellar</a>, or blade-like, and attached with a pedicel, while other forms may be hair-like or specialized as secondary sexual characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-Scoble_scale_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scoble_scale-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lumen or surface of the lamella has a complex structure. It gives color either by colored <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> it contains, or through <a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">structural coloration</a> with mechanisms that include <a href="/wiki/Photonic_crystal" title="Photonic crystal">photonic crystals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diffraction_grating" title="Diffraction grating">diffraction gratings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vukusic_(2006)_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vukusic_(2006)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scales function in insulation, thermoregulation, producing <a href="/wiki/Pheromones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheromones">pheromones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Androconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Androconia">in males only</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and aiding gliding flight, but the most important is the large diversity of vivid or indistinct <a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">patterns</a> they provide, which help the organism protect itself by <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a>, and which act as signals to other animals including rivals and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">potential mates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scoble_scale_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scoble_scale-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:736px;max-width:736px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Electron microscopy images of scales</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing,_slant_view_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_1.JPG/180px-SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_1.JPG/270px-SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_1.JPG/360px-SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A patch of wing (×50)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing,_slant_view_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_2.JPG/180px-SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_2.JPG/270px-SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_2.JPG/360px-SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Scales close up (×200)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing,_slant_view_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_3.JPG/180px-SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_3.JPG/270px-SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_3.JPG/360px-SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A single scale (×1000)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing,_slant_view_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_4.JPG/180px-SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_4.JPG/270px-SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_4.JPG/360px-SEM_image_of_a_Peacock_wing%2C_slant_view_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Microstructure of a scale (×5000)</div></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_morphology">Internal morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Internal morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproductive_system">Reproductive system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reproductive system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_genitalia" title="Lepidoptera genitalia">reproductive system of butterflies and moths</a>, the male <a href="/wiki/Genitalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitalia">genitalia</a> are complex and unclear. In females the three types of genitalia are based on the relating taxa: 'monotrysian', 'exoporian', and 'ditrysian'. In the monotrysian type is an opening on the fused segments of the sterna 9 and 10, which act as insemination and oviposition. In the exoporian type (in <a href="/wiki/Hepialoidea" title="Hepialoidea">Hepialoidea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mnesarchaeoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mnesarchaeoidea">Mnesarchaeoidea</a>) are two separate places for insemination and oviposition, both occurring on the same sterna as the monotrysian type, i.e. 9 and 10.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillot_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillot-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ditrysian groups have an internal duct that carries sperm, with separate openings for copulation and egg-laying.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_&_Carde_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_&_Carde-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most species, the genitalia are flanked by two soft lobes, although they may be specialized and sclerotized in some species for ovipositing in area such as crevices and inside plant tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillot_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillot-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hormones and the glands that produce them run the development of butterflies and moths as they go through their life cycles, called the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a>. The first insect hormone <a href="/wiki/Prothoracicotropic_hormone" title="Prothoracicotropic hormone">prothoracicotropic hormone</a> (PTTH) operates the species life cycle and <a href="#Diapause">diapause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hormone is produced by <a href="/wiki/Corpora_allata" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpora allata">corpora allata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corpus_cardiacum" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus cardiacum">corpora cardiaca</a>, where it is also stored. Some glands are specialized to perform certain task such as producing silk or producing saliva in the palpi.<sup id="cite_ref-Gullan_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gullan-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65, 75">: 65, 75 </span></sup> While the corpora cardiaca produce PTTH, the corpora allata also produces juvenile hormones, and the prothorocic glands produce moulting hormones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestive_system">Digestive system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Digestive system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a>, the anterior region of the foregut has been modified to form a pharyngeal sucking pump as they need it for the food they eat, which are for the most part liquids. An <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> follows and leads to the posterior of the pharynx and in some species forms a form of crop. The midgut is short and straight, with the hindgut being longer and coiled.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillot_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillot-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancestors of lepidopteran species, stemming from <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a>, had midgut ceca, although this is lost in current butterflies and moths. Instead, all the digestive enzymes, other than initial digestion, are immobilized at the surface of the midgut cells. In larvae, long-necked and stalked <a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">goblet cells</a> are found in the anterior and posterior midgut regions, respectively. In insects, the goblet cells excrete positive <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> ions, which are absorbed from leaves ingested by the larvae. Most butterflies and moths display the usual digestive cycle, but species with different diets require adaptations to meet these new demands.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 279">: 279 </span></sup> Some, like the <a href="/wiki/Luna_moth" title="Luna moth">luna moth</a>, exhibit no digestive system whatsoever; they survive as adults from stored energy consumed as larvae and live for no longer than 7–10 days.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuskes1996_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuskes1996-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internal_morphology_of_Lepidoptera.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Internal_morphology_of_Lepidoptera.svg/500px-Internal_morphology_of_Lepidoptera.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Internal_morphology_of_Lepidoptera.svg/750px-Internal_morphology_of_Lepidoptera.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Internal_morphology_of_Lepidoptera.svg/1000px-Internal_morphology_of_Lepidoptera.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>Internal morphology of adult male in the family <a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" title="Nymphalidae">Nymphalidae</a>, showing most of the major organ systems, with characteristic reduced forelegs of that family: The corpora include the corpus allatum and the corpus cardiaca.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circulatory_system">Circulatory system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Circulatory system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemolymph" title="Hemolymph">hemolymph</a>, or insect blood, is used to circulate heat in a form of <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a>, where muscles contraction produces heat, which is transferred to the rest of the body when conditions are unfavorable.<sup id="cite_ref-Lighton_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lighton-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In lepidopteran species, hemolymph is circulated through the veins in the wings by some form of pulsating organ, either by the heart or by the intake of air into the <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrate trachea">trachea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gullan_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gullan-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiratory_system">Respiratory system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Respiratory system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air is taken in through spiracles along the sides of the abdomen and thorax supplying the trachea with oxygen as it goes through the lepidopteran's <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>. Three different tracheaes supply and diffuse oxygen throughout the species' bodies. The dorsal tracheae supply oxygen to the dorsal musculature and vessels, while the ventral tracheae supply the ventral musculature and nerve cord, and the visceral tracheae supply the guts, fat bodies, and gonads.<sup id="cite_ref-Gullan_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gullan-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71, 72">: 71, 72 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polymorphism">Polymorphism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Polymorphism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_in_Lepidoptera" title="Polymorphism in Lepidoptera">Polymorphism in Lepidoptera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagworm_Moths_Mating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bagworm_Moths_Mating.jpg/170px-Bagworm_Moths_Mating.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Bagworm_Moths_Mating.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Sexually dimorphic bagworm moths (<i><a href="/wiki/Thyridopteryx_ephemeraeformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis">Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis</a></i>) mating: The female is flightless.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heliconius_mimicry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Heliconius_mimicry.png/170px-Heliconius_mimicry.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Heliconius_mimicry.png/255px-Heliconius_mimicry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Heliconius_mimicry.png/340px-Heliconius_mimicry.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2107" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Heliconius</i> butterflies from the tropics of the Western Hemisphere are the classical model for <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian mimicry</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Polymorphism is the appearance of forms or "morphs", which differ in color and number of attributes within a single species.<sup id="cite_ref-cgillott_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgillott-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 163">: 163 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Lepidoptera, polymorphism can be seen not only between individuals in a population, but also between the sexes as <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>, between geographically separated populations in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographical_polymorphism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geographical polymorphism (page does not exist)">geographical polymorphism</a>, and between generations flying at different seasons of the year (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seasonal_polymorphism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seasonal polymorphism (page does not exist)">seasonal polymorphism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyphenism" title="Polyphenism">polyphenism</a>). In some species, the polymorphism is limited to one sex, typically the female. This often includes the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a> when mimetic morphs fly alongside nonmimetic morphs in a population of a particular species. Polymorphism occurs both at specific level with heritable variation in the overall morphological adaptations of individuals, as well as in certain specific morphological or physiological traits within a species.<sup id="cite_ref-cgillott_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgillott-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Environmental polymorphism, in which <a href="/wiki/Trait_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trait (biology)">traits</a> are not inherited, is often termed as polyphenism, which in Lepidoptera is commonly seen in the form of seasonal morphs, especially in the butterfly families of <a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" title="Nymphalidae">Nymphalidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pieridae" title="Pieridae">Pieridae</a>. An Old World pierid butterfly, the common grass yellow (<i><a href="/wiki/Eurema_hecabe" title="Eurema hecabe">Eurema hecabe</a></i>) has a darker summer adult morph, triggered by a long day exceeding 13 hours in duration, while the shorter diurnal period of 12 hours or less induces a paler morph in the postmonsoon period.<sup id="cite_ref-G&C_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&C-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polyphenism also occurs in caterpillars, an example being the peppered moth, <i><a href="/wiki/Biston_betularia" class="mw-redirect" title="Biston betularia">Biston betularia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geographical isolation causes a divergence of a species into different morphs. A good example is the Indian white admiral <i><a href="/wiki/Limenitis_procris" class="mw-redirect" title="Limenitis procris">Limenitis procris</a></i>, which has five forms, each geographically separated from the other by large mountain ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunte_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunte-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> An even more dramatic showcase of geographical polymorphism is the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_butterfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo butterfly">Apollo butterfly</a> (<i>Parnassius apollo</i>). Because the Apollos live in small local populations, thus having no contact with each other, coupled with their strong stenotopic nature and weak migration ability, interbreeding between populations of one species practically does not occur; by this, they form over 600 different morphs, with the size of spots on the wings of which varies greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:378px;max-width:378px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Seasonal diphenism in the common grass yellow, <i><a href="/wiki/Eurema_hecabe" title="Eurema hecabe">Eurema hecabe</a></i></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Grass_Yellow_(Eurema_hecabe)_in_Kawal_WS,_AP_W_IMG_1784.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Common_Grass_Yellow_%28Eurema_hecabe%29_in_Kawal_WS%2C_AP_W_IMG_1784.jpg/170px-Common_Grass_Yellow_%28Eurema_hecabe%29_in_Kawal_WS%2C_AP_W_IMG_1784.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Common_Grass_Yellow_%28Eurema_hecabe%29_in_Kawal_WS%2C_AP_W_IMG_1784.jpg/255px-Common_Grass_Yellow_%28Eurema_hecabe%29_in_Kawal_WS%2C_AP_W_IMG_1784.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Common_Grass_Yellow_%28Eurema_hecabe%29_in_Kawal_WS%2C_AP_W_IMG_1784.jpg/340px-Common_Grass_Yellow_%28Eurema_hecabe%29_in_Kawal_WS%2C_AP_W_IMG_1784.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dry-season form</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Grass_yellow_Im_IMG_7069.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Common_Grass_yellow_Im_IMG_7069.jpg/200px-Common_Grass_yellow_Im_IMG_7069.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Common_Grass_yellow_Im_IMG_7069.jpg/300px-Common_Grass_yellow_Im_IMG_7069.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Common_Grass_yellow_Im_IMG_7069.jpg/400px-Common_Grass_yellow_Im_IMG_7069.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wet-season form</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Sexual dimorphism is the occurrence of differences between males and females in a species. In Lepidoptera, it is widespread and almost completely set by genetic determination.<sup id="cite_ref-G&C_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&C-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual dimorphism is present in all families of the Papilionoidea and more prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">Lycaenidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieridae" title="Pieridae">Pieridae</a>, and certain taxa of the <a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" title="Nymphalidae">Nymphalidae</a>. Apart from color variation, which may differ from slight to completely different color-pattern combinations, secondary sexual characteristics may also be present.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunte_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunte-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> Different genotypes maintained by natural selection may also be expressed at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-G&C_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&C-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polymorphic and/or mimetic females occur in the case of some taxa in the <a href="/wiki/Papilionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Papilionidae">Papilionidae</a> primarily to obtain a level of protection not available to the male of their species. The most distinct case of sexual dimorphism is that of adult females of many <a href="/wiki/Psychidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychidae">Psychidae</a> species which have only vestigial wings, legs, and mouthparts as compared to the adult males that are strong fliers with well-developed wings and feathery antennae.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction_and_development">Reproduction and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reproduction and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joined_moths.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Joined_moths.JPG/170px-Joined_moths.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Joined_moths.JPG/255px-Joined_moths.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Joined_moths.JPG/340px-Joined_moths.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Mating pair of <i><a href="/wiki/Laothoe_populi" title="Laothoe populi">Laothoe populi</a></i> (poplar hawk-moth) showing two different color variants</figcaption></figure> <p>Species of Lepidoptera undergo <a href="/wiki/Holometabolism" title="Holometabolism">holometabolism</a> or "complete metamorphosis". Their life cycle normally consists of an <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">egg</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Imago" title="Imago">imago</a> or adult.<sup id="cite_ref-cgillott_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgillott-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larvae are commonly called <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a>, and the pupae of moths encapsulated in silk are called <a href="/wiki/Cocoon_(silk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoon (silk)">cocoons</a>, while the uncovered pupae of butterflies are called <a href="/wiki/Chrysalides" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysalides">chrysalides</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lepidopterans_in_diapause">Lepidopterans in diapause</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lepidopterans in diapause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unless the species reproduces year-round, a butterfly or moth may enter <a href="/wiki/Diapause" title="Diapause">diapause</a>, a state of dormancy that allows the insect to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mating">Mating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_genitalia" title="Lepidoptera genitalia">Lepidoptera genitalia</a></div> <p>Males usually start <a href="/wiki/Eclosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclosion">eclosion</a> (emergence) earlier than females and peak in numbers before females. Both of the sexes are sexually mature by the time of eclosion.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 564">: 564 </span></sup> Butterflies and moths normally do not associate with each other, except for migrating species, staying relatively asocial. Mating begins with an adult (female or male) attracting a mate, normally using visual stimuli, especially in <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a> species like most butterflies. However, the females of most nocturnal species, including almost all moth species, use <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a> to attract males, sometimes from long distances.<sup id="cite_ref-cgillott_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgillott-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species engage in a form of acoustic courtship, or attract mates using sound or vibration such as the polka-dot wasp moth, <i><a href="/wiki/Syntomeida_epilais" title="Syntomeida epilais">Syntomeida epilais</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanderford_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanderford-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adaptations include undergoing one seasonal generation, two or even more, called <a href="/wiki/Voltinism" title="Voltinism">voltinism</a> (Univoltism, bivoltism, and multivism, respectively). Most lepidopterans in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a> are univoltine, while in tropical climates most have two seasonal broods. Some others may take advantage of any opportunity they can get, and mate continuously throughout the year. These seasonal adaptations are controlled by hormones, and these delays in reproduction are called <a href="/wiki/Diapause" title="Diapause">diapause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 567">: 567 </span></sup> Many lepidopteran species, after mating and laying their eggs, die shortly afterwards, having only lived for a few days after eclosion. Others may still be active for several weeks and then overwinter and become sexually active again when the weather becomes more favorable, or diapause. The sperm of the male that mated most recently with the female is most likely to have fertilized the eggs, but the sperm from a prior mating may still prevail.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 564">: 564 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anise_Swallowtail_Life_Cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Anise_Swallowtail_Life_Cycle.svg/220px-Anise_Swallowtail_Life_Cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Anise_Swallowtail_Life_Cycle.svg/330px-Anise_Swallowtail_Life_Cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Anise_Swallowtail_Life_Cycle.svg/440px-Anise_Swallowtail_Life_Cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>The four stages of the life cycle of an <a href="/wiki/Anise_swallowtail" class="mw-redirect" title="Anise swallowtail">anise swallowtail</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eggs">Eggs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Eggs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lepidoptera usually reproduce sexually and are <a href="/wiki/Oviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviparous">oviparous</a> (egg-laying), though some species exhibit live birth in a process called <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparity" title="Ovoviviparity">ovoviviparity</a>. A variety of differences in <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">egg</a>-laying and the number of eggs laid occur. Some species simply drop their eggs in flight (these species normally have polyphagous larvae, meaning they eat a variety of plants e. g., <a href="/wiki/Hepialid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepialid">hepialids</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" title="Nymphalidae">nymphalids</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Wiklund_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiklund-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while most lay their eggs near or on the host plant on which the larvae feed. The number of eggs laid may vary from only a few to several thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-cgillott_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgillott-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The females of both butterflies and moths select the host plant instinctively, and primarily, by chemical cues.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 564">: 564 </span></sup> </p><p>The eggs are derived from materials ingested as a larva and in some species, from the spermatophores received from males during mating.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An egg can only be 1/1000 the mass of the female, yet she may lay up to her own mass in eggs. Females lay smaller eggs as they age. Larger females lay larger eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberhauser200424_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberhauser200424-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The egg is covered by a hard-ridged protective outer layer of shell, called the <a href="/wiki/Chorion" title="Chorion">chorion</a>. It is lined with a thin coating of <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>, which prevents the egg from drying out. Each egg contains a number of <a href="/wiki/Micropyle_(zoology)" title="Micropyle (zoology)">micropyles</a>, or tiny funnel-shaped openings at one end, the purpose of which is to allow sperm to enter and fertilize the egg. Butterfly and moth eggs vary greatly in size between species, but they are all either spherical or ovate. </p><p>The egg stage lasts a few weeks in most butterflies, but eggs laid prior to winter, especially in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate region">temperate regions</a>, go through <a href="/wiki/Diapause" title="Diapause">diapause</a>, and hatching may be delayed until spring. Other butterflies may lay their eggs in the spring and have them hatch in the summer. These butterflies are usually temperate species (e. g. <i><a href="/wiki/Nymphalis_antiopa" title="Nymphalis antiopa">Nymphalis antiopa</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Larvae">Larvae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Larvae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">Caterpillar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctiidae_caterpillar_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Arctiidae_caterpillar_edit.jpg/170px-Arctiidae_caterpillar_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Arctiidae_caterpillar_edit.jpg/255px-Arctiidae_caterpillar_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Arctiidae_caterpillar_edit.jpg/340px-Arctiidae_caterpillar_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Larval form typically lives and feeds on plants</figcaption></figure> <p>The larvae or caterpillars are the first stage in the life cycle after hatching. Caterpillars are "characteristic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polypod" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:polypod">polypod</a> larvae with cylindrical bodies, short thoracic legs, and abdominal prolegs (pseudopods)".<sup id="cite_ref-Gullan_Cranston_2010_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gullan_Cranston_2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have a sclerotized head capsule with an adfrontal suture formed by medial fusion of the sclerites, <a href="/wiki/Mandible_(insect_mouthpart)" title="Mandible (insect mouthpart)">mandibles (mouthparts)</a> for chewing, and a soft tubular, segmented body, that may have hair-like or other projections, three pairs of true legs, and additional <a href="/wiki/Proleg" title="Proleg">prolegs</a> (up to five pairs).<sup id="cite_ref-Dugdale_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dugdale-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body consists of thirteen segments, of which three are thoracic and ten are abdominal.<sup id="cite_ref-Triplehorn_&_Johnson_(2005)_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Triplehorn_&_Johnson_(2005)-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most larvae are <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>, but a few are <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a> (some eat ants or other caterpillars) and <a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">detritivores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dugdale_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dugdale-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different herbivorous species have adapted to feed on every part of the plant and are normally considered pests to their host plants; some species have been found to lay their eggs on the fruit and other species lay their eggs on clothing or fur (e. g., <i><a href="/wiki/Tineola_bisselliella" title="Tineola bisselliella">Tineola bisselliella</a></i>, the common clothes moth). Some species are carnivorous, and others are even parasitic. Some <a href="/wiki/Lycaenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycaenid">lycaenid</a> species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Phengaris_rebeli" title="Phengaris rebeli">Phengaris rebeli</a></i> are <a href="/wiki/Social_parasitism_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social parasitism (biology)">social parasites</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Myrmica" title="Myrmica">Myrmica</a></i> ant nests.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A species of <a href="/wiki/Geometridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometridae">Geometridae</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> has carnivorous larvae that catch and eat flies.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some pyralid caterpillars are aquatic.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The larvae develop rapidly with several generations in a year; however, some species may take up to 3 years to develop, and exceptional examples like <i><a href="/wiki/Gynaephora_groenlandica" title="Gynaephora groenlandica">Gynaephora groenlandica</a></i> take as long as seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-cgillott_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgillott-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larval stage is where the feeding and growing stages occur, and the larvae periodically undergo hormone-induced <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">ecdysis</a>, developing further with each <a href="/wiki/Instar" title="Instar">instar</a>, until they undergo the final larval-pupal molt. </p><p>The larvae of both butterflies and moths exhibit mimicry to deter potential predators. Some caterpillars have the ability to inflate parts of their heads to appear snake-like. Many have false eye-spots to enhance this effect. Some caterpillars have special structures called <a href="/wiki/Osmeteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmeteria">osmeteria</a> (family <a href="/wiki/Papilionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Papilionidae">Papilionidae</a>), which are exposed to produce smelly chemicals used in defense. Host plants often have toxic substances in them, and caterpillars are able to sequester these substances and retain them into the adult stage. This helps make them unpalatable to birds and other predators. Such unpalatability is advertised using bright red, orange, black, or white warning colors. The toxic chemicals in plants are often evolved specifically to prevent them from being eaten by insects. Insects, in turn, develop countermeasures or make use of these toxins for their own survival. This "arms race" has led to the coevolution of insects and their host plants.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wing_development">Wing development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Wing development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No form of wing is externally visible on the larva, but when larvae are dissected, developing wings can be seen as disks, which can be found on the second and third thoracic segments, in place of the spiracles that are apparent on abdominal segments. Wing disks develop in association with a trachea that runs along the base of the wing, and are surrounded by a thin peripodial membrane, which is linked to the outer epidermis of the larva by a tiny duct. Wing disks are very small until the last larval instar, when they increase dramatically in size, are invaded by branching <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrate trachea">tracheae</a> from the wing base that precede the formation of the wing veins and begin to develop patterns associated with several landmarks of the wing.<sup id="cite_ref-Nijhout_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nijhout-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near pupation, the wings are forced outside the epidermis under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Hemolymph" title="Hemolymph">hemolymph</a>, and although they are initially quite flexible and fragile, by the time the pupa breaks free of the larval cuticle, they have adhered tightly to the outer cuticle of the pupa (in obtect pupae). Within hours, the wings form a cuticle so hard and well-joined to the body that pupae can be picked up and handled without damage to the wings.<sup id="cite_ref-Nijhout_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nijhout-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pupa">Pupa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pupa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_12" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv/220px--Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="57" data-mwtitle="Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv/Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv/Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv/Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Eclosion of <i><a href="/wiki/Papilio_dardanus" title="Papilio dardanus">Papilio dardanus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>After about five to seven instars,<sup id="cite_ref-Dole_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dole-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26–28">: 26–28 </span></sup> or molts, certain hormones, like PTTH, stimulate the production of <a href="/wiki/Ecdysone" title="Ecdysone">ecdysone</a>, which initiates insect molting. The larva starts to develop into the <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a>: body parts specific to the larva, such as the abdominal prolegs, degenerate, while others such as the legs and wings undergo growth. After finding a suitable place, the animal sheds its last larval cuticle, revealing the pupal cuticle underneath. </p><p>Depending on the species, the pupa may be covered in a silk cocoon, attached to different types of substrates, buried in the ground, or may not be covered at all. Features of the <a href="/wiki/Imago" title="Imago">imago</a> are externally recognizable in the pupa. All the appendages on the adult head and thorax are found cased inside the cuticle (<a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect_mouthparts" title="Insect mouthparts">mouthparts</a>, etc.), with the wings wrapped around, adjacent to the antennae.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 564">: 564 </span></sup> The pupae of some species have functional mandibles, while the pupal mandibles are not functional in others.<sup id="cite_ref-scoble_heads_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoble_heads-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the pupal cuticle is highly sclerotized, some of the lower abdominal segments are not fused, and are able to move using small muscles found in between the membrane. Moving may help the pupa, for example, escape the sun, which would otherwise kill it. The pupa of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_jumping_bean" title="Mexican jumping bean">Mexican jumping bean</a> moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Cydia_saltitans" title="Cydia saltitans">Cydia saltitans</a></i>) does this. The larvae cut a trapdoor in the bean (species of <i><a href="/wiki/Sebastiania" title="Sebastiania">Sebastiania</a></i>) and use the bean as a shelter. With a sudden rise in temperature, the pupa inside twitches and jerks, pulling on the threads inside. Wiggling may also help to deter <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">parasitoid</a> wasps from laying eggs on the pupa. Other species of moths are able to make clicks to deter predators.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 564, 566">: 564, 566 </span></sup> </p><p>The length of time before the pupa ecloses (emerges) varies greatly. The monarch butterfly may stay in its chrysalis for two weeks, while other species may need to stay for more than 10 months in diapause. The adult emerges from the pupa either by using abdominal hooks or from projections located on the head. The mandibles found in the most primitive moth families are used to escape from their cocoon (e. g., <a href="/wiki/Micropterigoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropterigoidea">Micropterigoidea</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-cgillott_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgillott-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 564">: 564 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adult">Adult</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Adult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most lepidopteran species do not live long after eclosion, only needing a few days to find a mate and then lay their eggs. Others may remain active for a longer period (from one to several weeks) or go through diapause and overwintering as monarch butterflies do, or waiting out environmental stress. Some adult species of microlepidoptera go through a stage where no reproductive-related activity occurs, lasting through summer and winter, followed by mating and oviposition in the early spring.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 564">: 564 </span></sup> </p><p>While most butterflies and moths are <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a>, many species of <a href="/wiki/Acentropinae" title="Acentropinae">Acentropinae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crambidae" title="Crambidae">Crambidae</a>) are truly <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic</a> with all stages except the adult occurring in water. Many species from other families such as <a href="/wiki/Erebidae" title="Erebidae">Erebidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepticulidae" title="Nepticulidae">Nepticulidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmopterigidae" title="Cosmopterigidae">Cosmopterigidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tortricidae" title="Tortricidae">Tortricidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olethreutidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Olethreutidae">Olethreutidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noctuidae" title="Noctuidae">Noctuidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cossidae" title="Cossidae">Cossidae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sphingidae" title="Sphingidae">Sphingidae</a> are aquatic or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/semi-aquatic" class="extiw" title="wikt:semi-aquatic">semiaquatic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Video_gallery_of_butterfly_life_cycle_(Pieris_rapae,_the_common_cabbage_white)"><span id="Video_gallery_of_butterfly_life_cycle_.28Pieris_rapae.2C_the_common_cabbage_white.29"></span>Video gallery of butterfly life cycle (<a href="/wiki/Pieris_rapae" title="Pieris rapae">Pieris rapae</a>, the common cabbage white)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Video gallery of butterfly life cycle (Pieris rapae, the common cabbage white)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output 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mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/White_cabbage_from_egg.webm/180px--White_cabbage_from_egg.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="101" data-durationhint="228" data-mwtitle="White_cabbage_from_egg.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/White_cabbage_from_egg.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/White_cabbage_from_egg.webm/White_cabbage_from_egg.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/White_cabbage_from_egg.webm/White_cabbage_from_egg.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/White_cabbage_from_egg.webm/White_cabbage_from_egg.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/White_cabbage_from_egg.webm/White_cabbage_from_egg.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/White_cabbage_from_egg.webm/White_cabbage_from_egg.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/White_cabbage_from_egg.webm/White_cabbage_from_egg.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emerging from egg and first feedings.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/2nd_Instar_eating.webm/180px--2nd_Instar_eating.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="101" data-durationhint="144" data-mwtitle="2nd_Instar_eating.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/2nd_Instar_eating.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/2nd_Instar_eating.webm/2nd_Instar_eating.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/2nd_Instar_eating.webm/2nd_Instar_eating.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/2nd_Instar_eating.webm/2nd_Instar_eating.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/2nd_Instar_eating.webm/2nd_Instar_eating.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/2nd_Instar_eating.webm/2nd_Instar_eating.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/2nd_Instar_eating.webm/2nd_Instar_eating.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/2nd_Instar_eating.webm/2nd_Instar_eating.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Second instar larvae eating. Speeded up 50 times to illustrate feeding behavior. Nearly transparent body shows internal digestion.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/White_2nd_InstarTo_3rd.webm/180px--White_2nd_InstarTo_3rd.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="101" data-durationhint="172" data-mwtitle="White_2nd_InstarTo_3rd.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/White_2nd_InstarTo_3rd.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/White_2nd_InstarTo_3rd.webm/White_2nd_InstarTo_3rd.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/White_2nd_InstarTo_3rd.webm/White_2nd_InstarTo_3rd.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/White_2nd_InstarTo_3rd.webm/White_2nd_InstarTo_3rd.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/White_2nd_InstarTo_3rd.webm/White_2nd_InstarTo_3rd.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/White_2nd_InstarTo_3rd.webm/White_2nd_InstarTo_3rd.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/White_2nd_InstarTo_3rd.webm/White_2nd_InstarTo_3rd.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This second instar larvae sheds skin in under 20 minutes.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/White_eating_leaf.webm/180px--White_eating_leaf.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="101" data-durationhint="224" data-mwtitle="White_eating_leaf.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/White_eating_leaf.webm/White_eating_leaf.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/White_eating_leaf.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/White_eating_leaf.webm/White_eating_leaf.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/White_eating_leaf.webm/White_eating_leaf.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/White_eating_leaf.webm/White_eating_leaf.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/White_eating_leaf.webm/White_eating_leaf.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/White_eating_leaf.webm/White_eating_leaf.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Larvae eating remainder of a leaf. Six hours speeded up one hundred times.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm/180px--Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="101" data-durationhint="315" data-mwtitle="Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm/Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm/Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm/Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm/Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm/Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm/Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm/Cabbbage_white_shedding_4th_instar_skin.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Segments of the last two hours of the larvae shedding its 4th instar skin, after starting a few hours earlier.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm/180px--Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="101" data-durationhint="214" data-mwtitle="Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm/Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm/Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm/Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm/Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm/Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm/Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm/Larvae_walking_on_glass.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fifth instar <a href="/wiki/Pieris_rapae" title="Pieris rapae">white cabbage</a> larvae walking on broccoli stem and on glass, showing it laying down silk it then walks on.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_6" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_cabbage_paraistiized_larvae.webm/180px--White_cabbage_paraistiized_larvae.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="101" data-durationhint="288" data-mwtitle="White_cabbage_paraistiized_larvae.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/White_cabbage_paraistiized_larvae.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/White_cabbage_paraistiized_larvae.webm/White_cabbage_paraistiized_larvae.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/White_cabbage_paraistiized_larvae.webm/White_cabbage_paraistiized_larvae.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/White_cabbage_paraistiized_larvae.webm/White_cabbage_paraistiized_larvae.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/White_cabbage_paraistiized_larvae.webm/White_cabbage_paraistiized_larvae.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/White_cabbage_paraistiized_larvae.webm/White_cabbage_paraistiized_larvae.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/White_cabbage_paraistiized_larvae.webm/White_cabbage_paraistiized_larvae.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Parasitized larvae showing wasp larvae exiting its body, spinning cocoons. Playback at double speed. Adult wasps at normal speed.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_7" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/White_cabbage_to_chrysalis.webm/180px--White_cabbage_to_chrysalis.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="101" data-durationhint="250" data-mwtitle="White_cabbage_to_chrysalis.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/White_cabbage_to_chrysalis.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/White_cabbage_to_chrysalis.webm/White_cabbage_to_chrysalis.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/White_cabbage_to_chrysalis.webm/White_cabbage_to_chrysalis.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/White_cabbage_to_chrysalis.webm/White_cabbage_to_chrysalis.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/White_cabbage_to_chrysalis.webm/White_cabbage_to_chrysalis.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/White_cabbage_to_chrysalis.webm/White_cabbage_to_chrysalis.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/White_cabbage_to_chrysalis.webm/White_cabbage_to_chrysalis.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Larvae shedding skin, becoming a chrysalis. Recorded over fifteen hours. Closeups at two times speed. Other clips at ten times speed.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_8" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/White_cabbage_to_adult_butterfly.webm/180px--White_cabbage_to_adult_butterfly.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="101" data-durationhint="238" data-mwtitle="White_cabbage_to_adult_butterfly.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/White_cabbage_to_adult_butterfly.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/White_cabbage_to_adult_butterfly.webm/White_cabbage_to_adult_butterfly.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/White_cabbage_to_adult_butterfly.webm/White_cabbage_to_adult_butterfly.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/White_cabbage_to_adult_butterfly.webm/White_cabbage_to_adult_butterfly.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/White_cabbage_to_adult_butterfly.webm/White_cabbage_to_adult_butterfly.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/White_cabbage_to_adult_butterfly.webm/White_cabbage_to_adult_butterfly.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/White_cabbage_to_adult_butterfly.webm/White_cabbage_to_adult_butterfly.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emerging from chrysalis into an adult.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_9" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/White_cabbage_butterflies_flying.webm/180px--White_cabbage_butterflies_flying.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="101" data-durationhint="114" data-mwtitle="White_cabbage_butterflies_flying.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/White_cabbage_butterflies_flying.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/White_cabbage_butterflies_flying.webm/White_cabbage_butterflies_flying.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/White_cabbage_butterflies_flying.webm/White_cabbage_butterflies_flying.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/White_cabbage_butterflies_flying.webm/White_cabbage_butterflies_flying.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/White_cabbage_butterflies_flying.webm/White_cabbage_butterflies_flying.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/White_cabbage_butterflies_flying.webm/White_cabbage_butterflies_flying.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/White_cabbage_butterflies_flying.webm/White_cabbage_butterflies_flying.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Butterflies flying. Later clips in slow motion.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_10" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Whites_puddling.webm/180px--Whites_puddling.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="101" data-durationhint="105" data-mwtitle="Whites_puddling.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Whites_puddling.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Whites_puddling.webm/Whites_puddling.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Whites_puddling.webm/Whites_puddling.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Whites_puddling.webm/Whites_puddling.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Whites_puddling.webm/Whites_puddling.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Whites_puddling.webm/Whites_puddling.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Whites_puddling.webm/Whites_puddling.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Male butterflies <a href="/wiki/Mud-puddling" title="Mud-puddling">mud-puddling</a> to concentrate salts for female reproduction.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_11" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Whites_cabbage_egg_depositing.webm/180px--Whites_cabbage_egg_depositing.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="101" data-durationhint="89" data-mwtitle="Whites_cabbage_egg_depositing.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Whites_cabbage_egg_depositing.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Whites_cabbage_egg_depositing.webm/Whites_cabbage_egg_depositing.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Whites_cabbage_egg_depositing.webm/Whites_cabbage_egg_depositing.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Whites_cabbage_egg_depositing.webm/Whites_cabbage_egg_depositing.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Whites_cabbage_egg_depositing.webm/Whites_cabbage_egg_depositing.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Whites_cabbage_egg_depositing.webm/Whites_cabbage_egg_depositing.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Whites_cabbage_egg_depositing.webm/Whites_cabbage_egg_depositing.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Butterflies depositing eggs under leaves. Each repeated in slow motion.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight">Flight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flight is an important aspect of the lives of butterflies and moths, and is used for evading predators, searching for food, and finding mates in a timely manner, as most lepidopteran species do not live long after eclosion. It is the main form of locomotion in most species. In Lepidoptera, the forewings and hindwings are mechanically coupled and flap in synchrony. Flight is anteromotoric, or being driven primarily by action of the forewings. Although lepidopteran species reportedly can still fly when their hindwings are cut off, it reduces their linear flight and turning capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lepidopteran species have to be warm, about 77 to 79 °F (25 to 26 °C), to fly. They depend on their body temperature being sufficiently high and since they cannot regulate it themselves, this is dependent on their environment. Butterflies living in cooler climates may use their wings to warm their bodies. They will bask in the sun, spreading out their wings so that they get maximum exposure to the sunlight. In hotter climates butterflies can easily overheat, so they are usually active only during the cooler parts of the day, early morning, late afternoon or early evening. During the heat of the day, they rest in the shade. Some larger thick-bodied moths (e.g. Sphingidae) can generate their own heat to a limited degree by vibrating their wings. The heat generated by the flight muscles warms the thorax while the temperature of the abdomen is unimportant for flight. To avoid overheating, some moths rely on hairy scales, internal air sacs, and other structures to separate the thorax and abdomen and keep the abdomen cooler.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some species of butterflies can reach fast speeds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_dart" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern dart">southern dart</a>, which can go as fast as 48.4 kilometres per hour (30.1 mph). Sphingids are some of the fastest flying insects, some are capable of flying at over 50 kilometres per hour (31 mph), having a wingspan of 35–150 millimetres (1.4–5.9 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some species, sometimes a gliding component to their flight exists. Flight occurs either as hovering, or as forward or backward motion.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In butterfly and moth species, such as <a href="/wiki/Hawk_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawk moth">hawk moths</a>, hovering is important as they need to maintain a certain stability over flowers when feeding on the nectar.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Navigation">Navigation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">Animal navigation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moths_attracted_by_floodlight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Moths_attracted_by_floodlight.jpg/220px-Moths_attracted_by_floodlight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Moths_attracted_by_floodlight.jpg/330px-Moths_attracted_by_floodlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Moths_attracted_by_floodlight.jpg/440px-Moths_attracted_by_floodlight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Long exposure image of flying moths, attracted to the floodlights</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">Navigation</a> is important to Lepidoptera species, especially for those that migrate. Butterflies, which have more species that migrate, have been shown to navigate using time-compensated sun compasses. They can see <a href="/wiki/Polarized_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarized light">polarized light</a>, so can orient even in cloudy conditions. The polarized light in the region close to the ultraviolet spectrum is suggested to be particularly important.<sup id="cite_ref-Saumam_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saumam-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most migratory butterflies are those that live in semiarid areas where breeding seasons are short.<sup id="cite_ref-Southwood_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southwood-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The life histories of their host plants also influence the strategies of the butterflies.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other theories include the use of landscapes. Lepidoptera may use coastal lines, mountains, and even roads to orient themselves. Above sea, the flight direction is much more accurate if the coast is still visible.<sup id="cite_ref-Made_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Made-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many studies have also shown that moths navigate. One study showed that many moths may use the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> to navigate, as a study of the <a href="/wiki/Heart_and_dart" title="Heart and dart">heart and dart</a> moth suggests.<sup id="cite_ref-heart-and-dart_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heart-and-dart-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study, of the migratory behavior of the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Y" title="Silver Y">silver Y</a>, showed, even at high altitudes, the species can correct its course with changing winds, and prefers flying with favourable winds, suggesting a great sense of direction.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Aphrissa_statira" title="Aphrissa statira">Aphrissa statira</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> loses its navigational capacity when exposed to a magnetic field, suggesting it uses the Earth's magnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moths exhibit a tendency to circle artificial lights repeatedly. This suggests they use a technique of <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">celestial navigation</a> called <a href="/wiki/Transverse_orientation" title="Transverse orientation">transverse orientation</a>. By maintaining a constant angular relationship to a bright celestial light, such as the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, they can fly in a straight line. Celestial objects are so far away, even after traveling great distances, the change in angle between the moth and the light source is negligible; further, the moon will always be in the upper part of the visual field or on the <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a>. When a moth encounters a much closer artificial light and uses it for navigation, the angle changes noticeably after only a short distance, in addition to being often below the horizon. The moth instinctively attempts to correct by turning toward the light, causing airborne moths to come plummeting downwards, and at close range, which results in a spiral flight path that gets closer and closer to the light source.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other explanations have been suggested, such as the idea that moths may be impaired with a visual distortion called a <a href="/wiki/Mach_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Mach band">Mach band</a> by Henry Hsiao in 1972. He stated that they fly towards the darkest part of the sky in pursuit of safety, thus are inclined to circle ambient objects in the Mach band region.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Migration">Migration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_migration" title="Lepidoptera migration">Lepidoptera migration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarch_butterflies_in_Santa_Cruz-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Monarch_butterflies_in_Santa_Cruz-11.jpg/220px-Monarch_butterflies_in_Santa_Cruz-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Monarch_butterflies_in_Santa_Cruz-11.jpg/330px-Monarch_butterflies_in_Santa_Cruz-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Monarch_butterflies_in_Santa_Cruz-11.jpg/440px-Monarch_butterflies_in_Santa_Cruz-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monarch_(butterfly)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch (butterfly)">Monarch butterflies</a>, seen in a cluster in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California" title="Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, where the western population migrates for the winter</figcaption></figure> <p>Lepidopteran migration is typically <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasonal</a>, as the insects moving to escape dry seasons or other disadvantageous conditions. Most lepidopterans that migrate are butterflies, and the distance travelled varies. Some butterflies that migrate include the <a href="/wiki/Mourning_cloak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mourning cloak">mourning cloak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painted_lady" class="mw-redirect" title="Painted lady">painted lady</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_lady" title="American lady">American lady</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_atalanta" title="Vanessa atalanta">red admiral</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Common_buckeye" class="mw-redirect" title="Common buckeye">common buckeye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dole_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dole-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29–30">: 29–30 </span></sup> A notable species of moth that migrates long distances is the <a href="/wiki/Bogong_moth" title="Bogong moth">bogong moth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most well-known migrations are those of the eastern population of the <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch butterfly</a> from Mexico to northern United States and southern Canada, a distance of about 4,000–4,800 km (2,500–3,000 mi). Other well-known migratory species include the painted lady and several of the <a href="/wiki/Danainae" title="Danainae">danaine</a> butterflies. Spectacular and large-scale migrations associated with the <a href="/wiki/Monsoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoons">monsoons</a> are seen in peninsular India.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Migrations have been studied in more recent times using wing tags and stable hydrogen isotopes.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moths also undertake migrations, an example being the <a href="/wiki/Uraniidae" title="Uraniidae">uraniids</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Urania_fulgens" title="Urania fulgens">Urania fulgens</a></i> undergoes population explosions and massive migrations that may be not surpassed by any other insect in the <a href="/wiki/Neotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropic">Neotropics</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, the first population movements may begin in July and early August and depending on the year, may be very massive, continuing unabated for as long as five months.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_N._G._74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_N._G.-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Melitaea_athalia_near_Warka,_Poland.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Group_of_Melitaea_athalia_near_Warka%2C_Poland.PNG/220px-Group_of_Melitaea_athalia_near_Warka%2C_Poland.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Group_of_Melitaea_athalia_near_Warka%2C_Poland.PNG/330px-Group_of_Melitaea_athalia_near_Warka%2C_Poland.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Group_of_Melitaea_athalia_near_Warka%2C_Poland.PNG/440px-Group_of_Melitaea_athalia_near_Warka%2C_Poland.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Group of <i>Melitaea athalia</i> near <a href="/wiki/Warka" title="Warka">Warka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pheromones are commonly involved in mating rituals among species, especially moths, but they are also an important aspect of other forms of communication. Usually, the pheromones are produced by either the male or the female and detected by members of the opposite sex with their antennae.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many species, a gland between the eighth and ninth segments under the abdomen in the female produces the pheromones.<sup id="cite_ref-cgillott_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgillott-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communication can also occur through stridulation, or producing sounds by rubbing various parts of the body together.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moths are known to engage in acoustic forms of communication, most often as courtship, attracting mates using sound or vibration. Like most other insects, moths pick up these sounds using tympanic membranes in their abdomens.<sup id="cite_ref-communications_web_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communications_web-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is that of the <a href="/wiki/Polka-dot_wasp_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polka-dot wasp moth">polka-dot wasp moth</a> (<i>Syntomeida epilais</i>), which produces sounds with a frequency above that normally detectable by humans (about 20 kHz). These sounds also function as tactile communication, or communication through touch, as they stridulate, or vibrate a substrate like leaves and stems.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanderford_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanderford-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most moths lack bright colors, as many species use coloration as <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>, but butterflies engage in visual communication. Female <a href="/wiki/Cabbage_butterfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabbage butterfly">cabbage butterflies</a>, for example, use ultraviolet light to communicate, with scales colored in this range on the dorsal wing surface. When they fly, each down stroke of the wing creates a brief flash of ultraviolet light which the males apparently recognize as the flight signature of a potential mate. These flashes from the wings may attract several males that engage in aerial courtship displays.<sup id="cite_ref-communications_web_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communications_web-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moths and butterflies are important in the natural ecosystem. They are integral participants in the food chain; having co-evolved with flowering plants and predators, lepidopteran species have formed a network of <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic</a> relationships between <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophs</a>, which are included in the stages of Lepidoptera larvae, pupae, and adults. Larvae and pupae are links in the diets of birds and parasitic <a href="/wiki/Entomophagous" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomophagous">entomophagous</a> insects. The adults are included in food webs in a much broader range of consumers (including birds, small mammals, reptiles, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 567">: 567 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense_and_predation">Defense and predation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Defense and predation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Defense_in_insects" title="Defense in insects">Defense in insects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01_chenille_machaon_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/01_chenille_machaon_%28detail%29.jpg/190px-01_chenille_machaon_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/01_chenille_machaon_%28detail%29.jpg/285px-01_chenille_machaon_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/01_chenille_machaon_%28detail%29.jpg/380px-01_chenille_machaon_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Papilio_machaon" title="Papilio machaon">Papilio machaon</a></i> caterpillar showing the <a href="/wiki/Osmeterium" title="Osmeterium">osmeterium</a>, which emits unpleasant smells to ward off predators</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_13" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Throw_frass.webm/220px-seek%3D87-Throw_frass.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="96" data-mwtitle="Throw_frass.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Throw_frass.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Throw_frass.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1280" data-height="960" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Throw_frass.webm/Throw_frass.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Throw_frass.webm/Throw_frass.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Throw_frass.webm/Throw_frass.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Throw_frass.webm/Throw_frass.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Throw_frass.webm/Throw_frass.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>This Lepidoptera larvae disposes of its <a href="/wiki/Frass" title="Frass">frass</a> that might attract predators or parasites.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lepidopteran species are soft bodied, fragile, and almost defenseless, while the immature stages move slowly or are immobile, hence all stages are exposed to <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>. Adult butterflies and moths are preyed upon by <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragonflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragonflies">dragonflies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>. One spider species, <i><a href="/wiki/Argiope_argentata" title="Argiope argentata">Argiope argentata</a></i>, eats butterflies and moths and exhibits a long bite when preying on them rather than wrapping them in silk first. This is theorized to serve as an immobilization tactic.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caterpillars and pupae fall prey not only to birds, but also to invertebrate predators and small mammals, as well as fungi and bacteria. <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">Parasitoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic">parasitic</a> wasps and <a href="/wiki/Flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Flies">flies</a> may lay eggs in the caterpillar, which eventually kill it as they hatch inside its body and eat its tissues. Insect-eating birds are probably the largest predators. Lepidoptera, especially the immature stages, are an ecologically important food to many insectivorous birds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_tit" title="Great tit">great tit</a> in Europe. </p><p>An "<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_arms_race" title="Evolutionary arms race">evolutionary arms race</a>" can be seen between predator and prey species. The Lepidoptera have developed a number of strategies for defense and protection, including evolution of morphological characters and changes in ecological lifestyles and behaviors. These include <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>, and development of threat patterns and displays.<sup id="cite_ref-Enchanted_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enchanted-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a few birds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nightjar" title="Nightjar">nightjars</a>, hunt nocturnal lepidopterans. Their main predators are <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>. Again, an "evolutionary race" exists, which has led to numerous evolutionary adaptations of moths to escape from their main predators, such as the ability to hear ultrasonic sounds, or even to emit sounds in some cases. Lepidopteran eggs are also preyed upon. Some caterpillars, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zebra_swallowtail_butterfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebra swallowtail butterfly">zebra swallowtail butterfly</a> larvae, are cannibalistic. </p><p>Some species of Lepidoptera are poisonous to predators, such as the monarch butterfly in the Americas, <i><a href="/wiki/Atrophaneura" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrophaneura">Atrophaneura</a></i> species (roses, windmills, etc.) in Asia, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Papilio_antimachus" title="Papilio antimachus">Papilio antimachus</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Birdwing" title="Birdwing">birdwings</a>, the largest butterflies in Africa and Asia, respectively. They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own toxins. Predators that eat poisonous butterflies and moths may become sick and vomit violently, learning not to eat those species. A predator which has previously eaten a poisonous lepidopteran may avoid other species with similar markings in the future, thus saving many other species, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Enchanted_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enchanted-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANC_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toxic butterflies and larvae tend to develop bright colors and striking patterns as an indicator to predators about their toxicity. This phenomenon is known as <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Santos_&_Cannatella_(2003)_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santos_&_Cannatella_(2003)-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some caterpillars, especially members of <a href="/wiki/Papilionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Papilionidae">Papilionidae</a>, contain an <a href="/wiki/Osmeterium" title="Osmeterium">osmeterium</a>, a Y-shaped protrusible <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">gland</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Prothoracic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prothoracic">prothoracic</a> segment of the larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-Enchanted_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enchanted-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When threatened, the caterpillar emits unpleasant smells from the organ to ward off the predators.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-About_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camouflage is also an important defense strategy, which involves the use of coloration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment. Some lepidopteran species blend with their surroundings, making them difficult to spot by predators. Caterpillars can exhibit shades of green that match its host plant. Caterpillars have been demonstrated to be able to detect the color of their surroundings and substrate using organs on their feet.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some caterpillars look like inedible objects, such as twigs or leaves. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Mourning_cloak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mourning cloak">mourning cloak</a> fades into the backdrop of trees when it folds its wings back. The larvae of some species, such as the common Mormon (<i><a href="/wiki/Papilio_polytes" title="Papilio polytes">Papilio polytes</a></i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Western_tiger_swallowtail" class="mw-redirect" title="Western tiger swallowtail">western tiger swallowtail</a> look like bird droppings.<sup id="cite_ref-Enchanted_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enchanted-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, adult <a href="/wiki/Sesiidae" title="Sesiidae">Sesiidae</a> species (also known as clearwing moths) have a general appearance sufficiently similar to a <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hornet" title="Hornet">hornet</a> to make it likely the moths gain a reduction in predation by <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Batesian mimicry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">Eyespots</a> are a type of <a href="/wiki/Automimicry" title="Automimicry">automimicry</a> used by some butterflies and moths. In butterflies, the spots are composed of concentric rings of scales in different colors. The proposed role of the eyespots is to deflect attention of predators. Their resemblance to eyes provokes the predator's instinct to attack these wing patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Caroll_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caroll-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Batesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Batesian">Batesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian</a> mimicry complexes are commonly found in Lepidoptera. Genetic polymorphism and natural selection give rise to otherwise edible species (the mimic) gaining a survival advantage by resembling inedible species (the model). Such a mimicry complex is referred to as Batesian and is most commonly known in the example between the <a href="/wiki/Limenitidinae" title="Limenitidinae">limenitidine</a> <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_butterfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy butterfly">viceroy butterfly</a> in relation to the inedible <a href="/wiki/Danainae" title="Danainae">danaine</a> monarch. The viceroy is, in fact, more toxic than the monarch and this resemblance should be considered as a case of Müllerian mimicry.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Müllerian mimicry, inedible species, usually within a taxonomic order, find it advantageous to resemble each other so as to reduce the sampling rate by predators that need to learn about the insects' inedibility. Taxa from the toxic genus <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a></i> form one of the most well-known Müllerian complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adults of the various species now resemble each other so well, the species cannot be distinguished without close morphological observation and, in some cases, dissection or genetic analysis. </p><p>Moths are able to hear the range emitted by bats, which in effect causes flying moths to make evasive maneuvers because bats are a main predator of moths. Ultrasonic frequencies trigger a reflex action in the <a href="/wiki/Noctuid" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctuid">noctuid</a> moth that cause it to drop a few inches in its flight to evade attack.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arctiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctiidae">Tiger moths</a> in a defense emit clicks within the same range of the bats, which interfere with the bats and foil their attempts to echolocate it.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollination">Pollination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Pollination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Entomophily" title="Entomophily">Entomophily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollination_syndrome" title="Pollination syndrome">Pollination syndrome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hummingbird_hawkmoth_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hummingbird_hawkmoth_a.jpg/220px-Hummingbird_hawkmoth_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hummingbird_hawkmoth_a.jpg/330px-Hummingbird_hawkmoth_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hummingbird_hawkmoth_a.jpg/440px-Hummingbird_hawkmoth_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>A day-flying <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird_hawk-moth" title="Hummingbird hawk-moth">hummingbird hawk-moth</a> drinking nectar from a species of <i><a href="/wiki/Dianthus" title="Dianthus">Dianthus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Most species of Lepidoptera engage in some form of <a href="/wiki/Entomophily" title="Entomophily">entomophily</a> (more specifically psychophily and phalaenophily for butterflies and moths, respectively), or the <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> of flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most adult butterflies and moths feed on the <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> inside flowers, using their probosces to reach the nectar hidden at the base of the petals. In the process, the adults brush against the flowers' <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>, on which the reproductive <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> is made and stored. The pollen is transferred on appendages on the adults, which fly to the next flower to feed and unwittingly deposit the pollen on the <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a> of the next flower, where the pollen <a href="/wiki/Germinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Germinates">germinates</a> and fertilizes the seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 813–814">: 813–814 </span></sup> </p><p>Flowers pollinated by butterflies tend to be large and flamboyant, pink or lavender in color, frequently having a landing area, and usually scented, as butterflies are typically day-flying. Since butterflies do not <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digest</a> pollen (except for <a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">heliconid species</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) more nectar is offered than pollen. The flowers have simple nectar guides, with the nectaries usually hidden in narrow tubes or spurs, reached by the long "tongue" of the butterflies. Butterflies such as <i><a href="/wiki/Thymelicus" title="Thymelicus">Thymelicus flavus</a></i> have been observed to engage in <a href="/wiki/Flower_constancy" title="Flower constancy">flower constancy</a>, which means they are more likely to transfer pollen to other conspecific plants. This can be beneficial for the plants being pollinated, as flower constancy prevents the loss of pollen during different flights and the pollinators from clogging stigmas with pollen of other flower species.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the more important moth pollinator groups are the <a href="/wiki/Hawk_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawk moth">hawk moths</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> Sphingidae. Their behavior is similar to <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a>, i.e., using rapid wing beats to hover in front of flowers. Most hawk moths are <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crepuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepuscular">crepuscular</a>, so moth-pollinated flowers (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Silene_latifolia" title="Silene latifolia">Silene latifolia</a></i> ) tend to be white, night-opening, large, and showy with tubular <a href="/wiki/Corollaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Corollaceous">corollae</a> and a strong, sweet scent produced in the evening, night, or early morning. A lot of nectar is produced to fuel the high <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic rate">metabolic rates</a> needed to power their flight.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other moths (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Noctuids" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctuids">noctuids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometer_moth" title="Geometer moth">geometrids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyraloidea" title="Pyraloidea">pyralids</a>) fly slowly and settle on the flower. They do not require as much nectar as the fast-flying hawk moths, and the flowers tend to be small (though they may be aggregated in heads).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutualism">Mutualism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mutualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg/220px-Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg/330px-Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg/440px-Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2705" data-file-height="1803" /></a><figcaption>Tobacco hornworm caterpillar (<i><a href="/wiki/Manduca_sexta" title="Manduca sexta">Manduca sexta</a></i>) parasitized by <a href="/wiki/Braconidae" title="Braconidae">Braconidae</a> wasp larvae</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">biological interaction</a> wherein each individual involved benefits in some way. An example of a mutualistic relationship would be that shared by <a href="/wiki/Tegeticula" title="Tegeticula">yucca moths</a> (Tegeculidae) and their host, <a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">yucca flowers</a> (Asparagaceae). Female yucca moths enter the host flowers, collect the pollen into a ball using specialized maxillary palps, then move to the apex of the pistil, where pollen is deposited on the stigma, and lay eggs into the base of the pistil where seeds will develop. The larvae develop in the fruit pod and feed on a portion of the seeds. Thus, both insect and plant benefit, forming a highly mutualistic relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 814">: 814 </span></sup> Another form of mutualism occurs between some larvae of butterflies and certain species of <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">Lycaenidae</a>). The larvae communicate with the ants using vibrations transmitted through a substrate, such as the wood of a tree or stems, as well as using chemical signals.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ants provide some degree of protection to these larvae and they in turn gather <a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">honeydew secretions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasitism">Parasitism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Parasitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macrothylacia_rubi_caterpillar_with_parasitoid_larvae_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja_bog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Macrothylacia_rubi_caterpillar_with_parasitoid_larvae_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja_bog.jpg/220px-Macrothylacia_rubi_caterpillar_with_parasitoid_larvae_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja_bog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Macrothylacia_rubi_caterpillar_with_parasitoid_larvae_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja_bog.jpg/330px-Macrothylacia_rubi_caterpillar_with_parasitoid_larvae_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja_bog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Macrothylacia_rubi_caterpillar_with_parasitoid_larvae_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja_bog.jpg/440px-Macrothylacia_rubi_caterpillar_with_parasitoid_larvae_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja_bog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3807" data-file-height="5076" /></a><figcaption>Parasitoid larva exits from the fox moth caterpillar</figcaption></figure> <p>Only 42 species of <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">parasitoid</a> lepidopterans are known (1 <a href="/wiki/Pyralidae" title="Pyralidae">Pyralidae</a>; 40 <a href="/wiki/Epipyropidae" title="Epipyropidae">Epipyropidae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 748">: 748 </span></sup> The larvae of the <a href="/wiki/Galleria_mellonella" title="Galleria mellonella">greater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_wax_moth" title="Lesser wax moth">lesser wax moths</a> feed on the <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb" title="Honeycomb">honeycomb</a> inside <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bee</a> nests and may become <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>; they are also found in <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee" title="Bumblebee">bumblebee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasp</a> nests, albeit to a lesser extent. In northern Europe, the wax moth is regarded as the most serious parasitoid of the bumblebee and is found only in bumblebee nests. In some areas in southern England, as much as 80% of nests can be destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other parasitic larvae are known to prey upon <a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">cicadas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leaf_hopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf hopper">leaf hoppers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubinoff_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubinoff-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Parasitism_in_Gypsy_moths.svg/500px-Parasitism_in_Gypsy_moths.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Parasitism_in_Gypsy_moths.svg/750px-Parasitism_in_Gypsy_moths.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Parasitism_in_Gypsy_moths.svg/1000px-Parasitism_in_Gypsy_moths.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="671" usemap="#ImageMap_e872ff08aba5c953" resource="/wiki/File:Parasitism_in_Gypsy_moths.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_e872ff08aba5c953"><area href="/wiki/Brachymeria_intermedia" shape="rect" coords="7,67,139,85" alt="Brachymeria intermedia" title="Brachymeria intermedia" /><area href="/wiki/Coccygomimus_instigator" shape="rect" coords="7,92,139,110" alt="Coccygomimus instigator" title="Coccygomimus instigator" /><area href="/wiki/Compsilura_concinnata" shape="rect" coords="2,323,139,336" alt="Compsilura concinnata" title="Compsilura concinnata" /><area href="/wiki/Parasetigena" shape="rect" coords="2,339,139,352" alt="Parasetigena silvestris" title="Parasetigena silvestris" /><area href="/wiki/Blepharipa" shape="rect" coords="116,377,242,408" alt="Blepharipa pratensis" title="Blepharipa pratensis" /><area href="/wiki/Aphantorhaphopsis_samerensis" shape="rect" coords="232,352,408,383" alt="Aphantorhaphopsis samerensis" title="Aphantorhaphopsis samerensis" /><area href="/wiki/Glyptapanteles_liparidis" shape="rect" coords="232,384,408,396" alt="Glyptapanteles liparidis" title="Glyptapanteles liparidis" /><area href="/wiki/Meteorus_pulchricornis" shape="rect" coords="232,397,408,408" alt="Meteorus pulchricornis" title="Meteorus pulchricornis" /><area href="/wiki/Anastatus_disparis" shape="rect" coords="377,63,483,94" alt="Anastatus disparis" title="Anastatus disparis" /><area href="/wiki/Cotesia_melanoscelus" shape="rect" coords="283,251,490,276" alt="Cotesia melanoscelus" title="Cotesia melanoscelus" /><area href="/wiki/Glyptapanteles_porthetriae" shape="rect" coords="283,277,490,292" alt="Glyptapanteles porthetriae" title="Glyptapanteles porthetriae" /><area href="/wiki/Hyposoter_tricoloripes" shape="rect" coords="283,293,490,308" alt="Hyposoter tricoloripes" title="Hyposoter tricoloripes" /><area href="/wiki/Phobocampe_disparis" shape="rect" coords="283,309,490,326" alt="Phobocampe disparis" title="Phobocampe disparis" /></map><figcaption> The different parasitoids affecting the spongy moth (<i>Lymantaria dispar</i>): The stage they affect and eventually kill and its duration are denoted by arrows.</figcaption></figure> <p>In reverse, moths and butterflies may be subject to <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_wasp" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic wasp">parasitic wasps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Flies">flies</a>, which may lay eggs on the caterpillars, which hatch and feed inside its body, resulting in death. Although, in a form of parasitism called idiobiont, the adult paralyzes the host, so as not to kill it but for it to live as long as possible, for the parasitic larvae to benefit the most. In another form of parasitism, koinobiont, the species live off their hosts while inside (endoparasitic). These parasites live inside the host caterpillar throughout its life cycle or may affect it later on as an adult. In other orders, koinobionts include flies, a majority of <a href="/wiki/Coleopteran" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleopteran">coleopteran</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">hymenopteran</a> parasitoids.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 748–749">: 748–749 </span></sup> Some species may be subject to a variety of parasites, such as the <a href="/wiki/Spongy_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Spongy moth">spongy moth</a> (<i>Lymantaria dispar</i>), which is attacked by a series of 13 species, in six different taxa throughout its life cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 750">: 750 </span></sup> </p><p>In response to a parasitoid egg or larva in the caterpillar's body, the <a href="/wiki/Hemocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemocyte">plasmatocytes</a>, or simply the host's cells can form a multilayered capsule that eventually causes the endoparasite to <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiate" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiate">asphyxiate</a>. The process, called encapsulation, is one of the caterpillar's only means of defense against parasitoids.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 748">: 748 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_biological_interactions">Other biological interactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Other biological interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few species of Lepidoptera are secondary consumers, or <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a>. These species typically prey upon the eggs of other insects, aphids, scale insects, or ant larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 567">: 567 </span></sup> Some caterpillars are cannibals, and others prey on caterpillars of other species (e.g. Hawaiian <i><a href="/wiki/Eupithecia" title="Eupithecia">Eupithecia</a></i> ). Those of the 15 species in <i>Eupithecia</i> that mirror inchworms, are the only known species of butterflies and moths that are ambush predators.<sup id="cite_ref-pierce_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pierce-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four species are known to eat snails. For example, the Hawaiian caterpillar (<i><a href="/wiki/Hyposmocoma_molluscivora" title="Hyposmocoma molluscivora">Hyposmocoma molluscivora</a></i>) uses silk traps, in a manner similar to that of spiders, to capture certain species of snails (typically <a href="/wiki/Tornatellides" title="Tornatellides">Tornatellides</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Rubinoff_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubinoff-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larvae of some species of moths in the <a href="/wiki/Tineidae" title="Tineidae">Tineidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelechiidae" title="Gelechiidae">Gelechiidae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Noctuidae" title="Noctuidae">Noctuidae</a>, besides others, feed on <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a>, or dead organic material, such as fallen leaves and fruit, fungi, and animal products, and turn it into <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 567">: 567 </span></sup> Well-known species include the <a href="/wiki/Tineidae" title="Tineidae">cloth moths</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tineola_bisselliella" title="Tineola bisselliella">Tineola bisselliella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tinea_pellionella" title="Tinea pellionella">Tinea pellionella</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Trichophaga_tapetzella" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichophaga tapetzella">Trichophaga tapetzella</a></i>), which feed on detritus containing <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobweb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobweb">cobwebs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">bird nests</a> (particularly of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pigeon" title="Domestic pigeon">domestic pigeons</a>, <i>Columba livia domestica</i>) and fruits or vegetables. These species are important to ecosystems as they remove substances that would otherwise take a long time to decompose.<sup id="cite_ref-Garbe_(1994)_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garbe_(1994)-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 it was reported that wasp <a href="/wiki/Bracovirus" title="Bracovirus">bracovirus</a> DNA was present in Lepidoptera such as monarch butterflies, silkworms and moths.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were described in some newspaper articles as examples of a naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Genetically_engineered" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically engineered">genetically engineered</a> insects.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_and_systematics">Evolution and systematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Evolution and systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_study">History of study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: History of study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lepidopterology" title="Lepidopterology">Lepidopterology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural-Sciences-Museum-in-Cherni-Osam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Natural-Sciences-Museum-in-Cherni-Osam.jpg/220px-Natural-Sciences-Museum-in-Cherni-Osam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Natural-Sciences-Museum-in-Cherni-Osam.jpg/330px-Natural-Sciences-Museum-in-Cherni-Osam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Natural-Sciences-Museum-in-Cherni-Osam.jpg/440px-Natural-Sciences-Museum-in-Cherni-Osam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Lepidoptera collection in Cherni Osam Natural Sciences Museum, <a href="/wiki/Troyan" title="Troyan">Troyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Linnaeus in <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> (1758) recognized three divisions of the Lepidoptera: <i>Papilio</i>, <i>Sphinx</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Phalaena" title="Phalaena">Phalaena</a></i>, with seven subgroups in <i>Phalaena</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-scoble_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoble-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These persist today as 9 of the superfamilies of Lepidoptera. Other works on classification followed including those by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Denis" title="Michael Denis">Michael Denis</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Schifferm%C3%BCller" title="Ignaz Schiffermüller">Ignaz Schiffermüller</a> (1775), <a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Fabricius" title="Johan Christian Fabricius">Johan Christian Fabricius</a> (1775) and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_Latreille" title="Pierre André Latreille">Pierre André Latreille</a> (1796). <a href="/wiki/Jacob_H%C3%BCbner" title="Jacob Hübner">Jacob Hübner</a> described many genera, and the lepidopteran genera were catalogued by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ochsenheimer" title="Ferdinand Ochsenheimer">Ferdinand Ochsenheimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Treitschke" title="Georg Friedrich Treitschke">Georg Friedrich Treitschke</a> in a series of volumes on the lepidopteran fauna of Europe published between 1807 and 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-scoble_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoble-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_August_Wilhelm_Herrich-Sch%C3%A4ffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer">Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer</a> (several volumes, 1843–1856), and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Meyrick" title="Edward Meyrick">Edward Meyrick</a> (1895) based their classifications primarily on wing venation. Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Hampson" class="mw-redirect" title="George Francis Hampson">George Francis Hampson</a> worked on the microlepidoptera during this period and <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Christoph_Zeller" title="Philipp Christoph Zeller">Philipp Christoph Zeller</a> published <i>The Natural History of the Tineinae</i> also on microlepidoptera (1855). </p><p>Among the first entomologists to study fossil insects and their evolution was <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hubbard_Scudder" title="Samuel Hubbard Scudder">Samuel Hubbard Scudder</a> (1837–1911), who worked on butterflies.<sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published a study of the Florissant deposits of Colorado, including the exceptionally preserved <i><a href="/wiki/Prodryas_persephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodryas persephone">Prodryas persephone</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Andreas_V._Martynov" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreas V. Martynov">Andreas V. Martynov</a> (1879–1938) recognized the close relationship between Lepidoptera and Trichoptera in his studies on phylogeny.<sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major contributions in the 20th century included the creation of the monotrysia and ditrysia (based on female genital structure) by Borner in 1925 and 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-scoble_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoble-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Willi_Hennig" title="Willi Hennig">Willi Hennig</a> (1913–1976) developed the <a href="/wiki/Cladistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistic">cladistic</a> methodology and applied it to insect phylogeny. Niels P. Kristensen, E. S. Nielsen and D. R. Davis studied the relationships among <a href="/wiki/Monotrysia" title="Monotrysia">monotrysian</a> families and Kristensen worked more generally on insect <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> and higher Lepidoptera too.<sup id="cite_ref-scoble_103-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoble-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is often found that DNA-based phylogenies differ from those based on <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a>, this has not been the case for the Lepidoptera; DNA phylogenies correspond to a large extent to morphology-based phylogenies.<sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many attempts have been made to group the superfamilies of the Lepidoptera into natural groups, most of which fail because one of the two groups is not <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>: Microlepidoptera and Macrolepidoptera, Heterocera and Rhopalocera, Jugatae and Frenatae, Monotrysia and Ditrysia.<sup id="cite_ref-scoble_103-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoble-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2024 genetic study found that the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> of butterflies and moths have remained largely unchanged over the past 250 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Fossil record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Lepidoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Lepidoptera">Prehistoric Lepidoptera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prodryas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Prodryas.png/220px-Prodryas.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Prodryas.png/330px-Prodryas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Prodryas.png/440px-Prodryas.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>1887 engraving of <i><a href="/wiki/Prodryas_persephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodryas persephone">Prodryas persephone</a></i>, a fossil lepidopteran from the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The fossil record for Lepidoptera is lacking in comparison to other winged species and tends not to be as common as some other insects in habitats that are most conducive to fossilization, such as lakes and ponds; their juvenile stage has only the head capsule as a hard part that might be preserved. Also, the scales covering their wings are <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> and prevents their body from sinking when they end up on the water's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lepidopteran bodies tend to come apart after death, and decompose quickly, so fossil remains are often extremely fragmentary. Of the fossils known, only an estimated 7% have been described.<sup id="cite_ref-Sohn2015_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sohn2015-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location and abundance of the most common moth species are indicative that mass migrations of moths occurred over the Palaeogene <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, which is why there is a serious lack of moth fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet there are fossils, some preserved in amber and some in very fine sediments. <a href="/wiki/Leaf_mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf mines">Leaf mines</a> are also seen in fossil leaves, although the interpretation of them is tricky.<sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_104-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putative fossil stem group representatives of <a href="/wiki/Amphiesmenoptera" title="Amphiesmenoptera">Amphiesmenoptera</a> (the clade comprising Trichoptera and Lepidoptera) are known from the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 567">: 567 </span></sup> The earliest known lepidopteran fossils are fossilized scales from the <a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">Triassic-Jurassic boundary</a>. They were found as rare <a href="/wiki/Palynological" class="mw-redirect" title="Palynological">palynological</a> elements in the sediments of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary from the cored Schandelah-1 well, drilled near <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. This pushes back the fossil record and origin of <a href="/wiki/Glossata" title="Glossata">glossatan</a> lepidopterans by about 70 million years, supporting molecular estimates of a <a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian">Norian</a> (ca 212 million years) divergence of glossatan and non-glossatan lepidopterans. The findings were reported in 2018 in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a></i>. The authors of the study proposed that lepidopterans evolved a proboscis as an adaptation to drink from droplets and thin films of water for maintaining their <a href="/wiki/Fluid_balance" title="Fluid balance">fluid balance</a> in the hot and arid <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TriJurScales_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TriJurScales-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest named lepidopteran taxon is <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeolepis_mane" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeolepis mane">Archaeolepis mane</a></i>, a primitive moth-like species from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a>, dated back to around <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=190">190</a> million years ago</span>, and known only from three wings found in the <a href="/wiki/Charmouth_Mudstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmouth Mudstone">Charmouth Mudstone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>. The wings show scales with parallel grooves under a scanning electron microscope and a characteristic wing venation pattern shared with <a href="/wiki/Trichoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichoptera">Trichoptera</a> (caddisflies).<sup id="cite_ref-GrimaldiEngel2005_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrimaldiEngel2005-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DaviesButler2008_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaviesButler2008-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only two more sets of Jurassic lepidopteran fossils have been found, as well as 13 sets from the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, which all belong to primitive moth-like families.<sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_104-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many more fossils are found from the Tertiary, and particularly the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Baltic_amber" title="Baltic amber">Baltic amber</a>. The oldest genuine butterflies of the superfamily Papilionoidea have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> <a href="/wiki/MoClay" class="mw-redirect" title="MoClay">MoClay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fur_Formation" title="Fur Formation">Fur Formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. The best preserved fossil lepidopteran is the Eocene <i><a href="/wiki/Prodryas_persephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodryas persephone">Prodryas persephone</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Florissant_Fossil_Beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Florissant Fossil Beds">Florissant Fossil Beds</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_chart_of_Lepidoptera.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Phylogenetic_chart_of_Lepidoptera.svg/260px-Phylogenetic_chart_of_Lepidoptera.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Phylogenetic_chart_of_Lepidoptera.svg/390px-Phylogenetic_chart_of_Lepidoptera.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Phylogenetic_chart_of_Lepidoptera.svg/520px-Phylogenetic_chart_of_Lepidoptera.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="1876" /></a><figcaption>Phylogenetic hypothesis of major lepidopteran lineages superimposed on the geologic time scale. Radiation of <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a> spans <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=130–95">130 to 95</a> million years ago</span> from their earliest forms to domination of vegetation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lepidoptera and <a href="/wiki/Trichoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichoptera">Trichoptera</a> (caddisflies) are <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister groups</a>, sharing many similarities that are lacking in others; for example the females of both orders are <a href="/wiki/ZW_sex-determination_system" title="ZW sex-determination system">heterogametic</a>, meaning they have two different <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">sex chromosomes</a>, whereas in most species the males are heterogametic and the females have two identical sex chromosomes. The adults in both orders display a particular wing venation pattern on their forewings. The larvae in the two orders have mouth structures and glands with which they make and manipulate <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Willi_Hennig" title="Willi Hennig">Willi Hennig</a> grouped the two orders into the superorder <a href="/wiki/Amphiesmenoptera" title="Amphiesmenoptera">Amphiesmenoptera</a>; together they are sister to the extinct order <a href="/wiki/Tarachoptera" title="Tarachoptera">Tarachoptera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarachoptera_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarachoptera-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lepidoptera descend from a diurnal moth-like common ancestor that either fed on dead or living plants.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a>, based on molecular analysis, shows the order as a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, sister to the Trichoptera, and more distantly related to the <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Diptera</a> (true flies) and <a href="/wiki/Mecoptera" title="Mecoptera">Mecoptera</a> (scorpionflies).<sup id="cite_ref-Kjer_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kjer-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">Holometabola</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> (sawflies, wasps) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_wasp_white_bg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/European_wasp_white_bg.jpg/70px-European_wasp_white_bg.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/European_wasp_white_bg.jpg/105px-European_wasp_white_bg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/European_wasp_white_bg.jpg/140px-European_wasp_white_bg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Aparaglossata" title="Aparaglossata">Aparaglossata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Neuropteroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropteroidea">Neuropteroidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Coleopterida" title="Coleopterida">Coleopterida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</a> (beetles) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_(Reitter,_1887).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg/50px-Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg/75px-Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg/100px-Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3935" data-file-height="2625" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Strepsiptera" title="Strepsiptera">Strepsiptera</a> (twisted-wing parasites) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elenchus_koebelei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elenchus_koebelei.jpg/70px-Elenchus_koebelei.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elenchus_koebelei.jpg/105px-Elenchus_koebelei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elenchus_koebelei.jpg/140px-Elenchus_koebelei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neuropterida" title="Neuropterida">Neuropterida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Raphidioptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphidioptera">Raphidioptera</a> (snakeflies) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphidia_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Raphidia_icon.png/70px-Raphidia_icon.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Raphidia_icon.png/105px-Raphidia_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Raphidia_icon.png/140px-Raphidia_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="288" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Megaloptera" title="Megaloptera">Megaloptera</a> (alderflies and allies) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_(rotated).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png/70px-Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png/105px-Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png/140px-Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="751" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Neuroptera" title="Neuroptera">Neuroptera</a> (Lacewings and allies) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmylus_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="421" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Panorpida" title="Panorpida">Panorpida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Amphiesmenoptera" title="Amphiesmenoptera">Amphiesmenoptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Lepidoptera</b> (butterflies, moths) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG/70px-Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG/105px-Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG/140px-Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Trichoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichoptera">Trichoptera</a> (caddisflies) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg/70px-RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg/105px-RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg/140px-RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5649" data-file-height="4771" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Antliophora </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Diptera</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_house_fly,_Musca_domestica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg/70px-Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg/105px-Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg/140px-Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2372" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mecoptera" title="Mecoptera">Mecoptera</a> (scorpionflies) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorpionfly_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3182" data-file-height="2020" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Siphonaptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Siphonaptera">Siphonaptera</a> (fleas) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg/40px-Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg/80px-Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2870" data-file-height="2757" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The internal phylogeny of Lepidoptera is still being resolved. While many large clades have been established, interfamilial and superfamilial relationships are poorly understood. A large scale study by Regier et al. attempts to resolve these relationships using three different analysis methods, which is shown in the following cladogram.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Lepidoptera</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Agathiphagoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathiphagoidea">Agathiphagoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Micropterigoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropterigoidea">Micropterigoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Heterobathmioidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterobathmioidea">Heterobathmioidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Glossata" title="Glossata">Glossata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eriocranioidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eriocranioidea">Eriocranioidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Coelolepida" title="Coelolepida">Coelolepida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Exoporia" title="Exoporia">Exoporia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hepialoidea" title="Hepialoidea">Hepialoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mnesarchaeoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mnesarchaeoidea">Mnesarchaeoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lophocoronoidea" title="Lophocoronoidea">Lophocoronoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Neopseustoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopseustoidea">Neopseustoidea</a> <small>(incl. <a href="/wiki/Acanthopteroctetidae" title="Acanthopteroctetidae">Acanthopteroctetidae</a>)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Heteroneura" title="Heteroneura">Heteroneura</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nepticuloidea" title="Nepticuloidea">Nepticuloidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eulepidoptera" title="Eulepidoptera">Eulepidoptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Adeloidea" title="Adeloidea">Adeloidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Andesianoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Andesianoidea">Andesianoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Azaleodes" title="Azaleodes">Azaleodes</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ptyssoptera" title="Ptyssoptera">Ptyssoptera</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tischerioidea" title="Tischerioidea">Tischerioidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Palaephatus_(moth)" title="Palaephatus (moth)">Palaephatus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ditrysia" title="Ditrysia">Ditrysia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Meessiinae" title="Meessiinae">Meessiinae</a> <small>(traditionally in Tineidae)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psychidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychidae">Psychidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eriocottidae" title="Eriocottidae">Eriocottidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tineidae" title="Tineidae">Tineidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Roeslerstammiidae" title="Roeslerstammiidae">Roeslerstammiidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gracillariidae" title="Gracillariidae">Gracillariidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Yponomeutoidea" title="Yponomeutoidea">Yponomeutoidea</a> <small>(incl. <a href="/wiki/Bucculatricidae" title="Bucculatricidae">Bucculatricidae</a>)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Apoditrysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoditrysia">Apoditrysia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Urodoidea" title="Urodoidea">Urodoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Choreutoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Choreutoidea">Choreutoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Douglasiidae" title="Douglasiidae">Douglasiidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Schreckensteinioidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Schreckensteinioidea">Schreckensteinioidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Immoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Immoidea">Immoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Millieriidae" title="Millieriidae">Millieriidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tortricoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortricoidea">Tortricoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Galacticoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Galacticoidea">Galacticoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Heliocosma" title="Heliocosma">Heliocosmidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Zygaenoidea" title="Zygaenoidea">Zygaenoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cyclotornidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclotornidae">Cyclotornidae</a> <small>(traditionally in Zygaenoidea)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cossoidea" title="Cossoidea">Cossoidea</a> <i>sensu lato</i> <small>(including traditional <a href="/wiki/Sesioidea" title="Sesioidea">Sesioidea</a>)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Obtectomera" title="Obtectomera">Obtectomera</a></b> <small>(cont.)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Obtectomera</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gelechioidea" title="Gelechioidea">Gelechioidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudurgis" title="Pseudurgis">Pseudurgis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thyridoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyridoidea">Thyridoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aluctoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluctoidea">Aluctoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Carposinoidea" title="Carposinoidea">Carposinoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Epermenioidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Epermenioidea">Epermenioidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Calliduloidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Calliduloidea">Calliduloidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hyblaeoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyblaeoidea">Hyblaeoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Macropiratidae" title="Macropiratidae">Macropiratidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pterophoroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterophoroidea">Pterophoroidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">Papilionoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pyraloidea" title="Pyraloidea">Pyraloidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Macroheterocera" title="Macroheterocera">Macroheterocera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Drepanoidea" title="Drepanoidea">Drepanoidea</a> <small>(incl. <a href="/wiki/Mimallonoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimallonoidea">Mimallonoidea</a>)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Geometroidea" title="Geometroidea">Geometroidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Noctuoidea" title="Noctuoidea">Noctuoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bombycoidea" title="Bombycoidea">Bombycoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lasiocampidae" title="Lasiocampidae">Lasiocampidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Micropterigidae" title="Micropterigidae">Micropterigidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agathiphagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathiphagidae">Agathiphagidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterobathmiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterobathmiidae">Heterobathmiidae</a> are the oldest and most <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> lineages of Lepidoptera. The adults of these families do not have the curled tongue or <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a>, that are found in most members of the order, but instead have chewing <a href="/wiki/Mandible_(insect_mouthpart)" title="Mandible (insect mouthpart)">mandibles</a> adapted for a special diet. Micropterigidae larvae feed on <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Liverworts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverworts">liverworts</a> (much like the <a href="/wiki/Trichoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichoptera">Trichoptera</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-scoble_103-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoble-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult Micropterigidae chew the pollen or spores of ferns. In the Agathiphagidae, larvae live inside <a href="/wiki/Kauri_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauri pine">kauri pines</a> and feed on seeds. In Heterobathmiidae the larvae feed on the leaves of <i><a href="/wiki/Nothofagus" title="Nothofagus">Nothofagus</a></i>, the southern beech tree. These families also have mandibles in the pupal stage, which help the pupa emerge from the seed or cocoon after <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scoble_103-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoble-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eriocraniidae" title="Eriocraniidae">Eriocraniidae</a> have a short coiled proboscis in the adult stage, and though they retain their pupal mandibles with which they escaped the cocoon, their mandibles are non-functional thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-scoble_103-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoble-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these non-ditrysian families, are primarily <a href="/wiki/Leaf_miner" title="Leaf miner">leaf miners</a> in the larval stage. In addition to the proboscis, there is a change in the scales among these basal lineages, with later lineages showing more complex perforated scales.<sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_104-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Ditrysia" title="Ditrysia">Ditrysia</a> in the mid-Cretaceous, there was a major reproductive change. The Ditrysia, which comprise 98% of the Lepidoptera, have two separate openings for reproduction in the females (as well as a third opening for excretion), one for mating, and one for laying eggs. The two are linked internally by a seminal duct. (In more basal lineages there is one <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>, or later, two openings and an external sperm canal.) Of the early lineages of Ditrysia, <a href="/wiki/Gracillarioidea" title="Gracillarioidea">Gracillarioidea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gelechioidea" title="Gelechioidea">Gelechioidea</a> are mostly leaf miners, but more recent lineages feed externally. In the <a href="/wiki/Tineoidea" title="Tineoidea">Tineoidea</a>, most species feed on plant and animal detritus and fungi, and build shelters in the larval stage.<sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_104-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yponomeutoidea" title="Yponomeutoidea">Yponomeutoidea</a> is the first group to have significant numbers of species whose larvae feed on herbaceous plants, as opposed to woody plants.<sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_104-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They evolved about the time that flowering plants underwent an expansive <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">adaptive radiation</a> in the mid-<a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, and the Gelechioidea that evolved at this time also have great diversity. Whether the processes involved <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolution</a> or sequential evolution, the diversity of the Lepidoptera and the angiosperms increased together. </p><p>In the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Macrolepidoptera" title="Macrolepidoptera">macrolepidoptera</a>", which constitutes about 60% of lepidopteran species, there was a general increase in size, better flying ability (via changes in wing shape and linkage of the forewings and hindwings), reduction in the adult mandibles, and a change in the arrangement of the crochets (hooks) on the larval prolegs, perhaps to improve the grip on the host plant.<sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_104-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many also have <a href="/wiki/Tympanal_organ" title="Tympanal organ">tympanal organs</a>, that allow them to hear. These organs evolved eight times, at least, because they occur on different body parts and have structural differences.<sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_104-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main lineages in the macrolepidoptera are the <a href="/wiki/Noctuoidea" title="Noctuoidea">Noctuoidea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombycoidea" title="Bombycoidea">Bombycoidea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasiocampidae" title="Lasiocampidae">Lasiocampidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mimallonoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimallonoidea">Mimallonoidea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometroidea" title="Geometroidea">Geometroidea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhopalocera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhopalocera">Rhopalocera</a>. Bombycoidea plus Lasiocampidae plus Mimallonoidea may be a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_104-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rhopalocera, comprising the <a href="/wiki/Papilionoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Papilionoidea">Papilionoidea</a> (butterflies), <a href="/wiki/Hesperioidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperioidea">Hesperioidea</a> (skippers), and the <a href="/wiki/Hedyloidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedyloidea">Hedyloidea</a> (moth-butterflies), are the most recently evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-scoble_103-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoble-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is quite a good fossil record for this group, with the oldest skipper dating from <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=56">56</a> million years ago</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_104-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Lepidoptera" title="Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera">Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lepidopteran_diversity" title="Lepidopteran diversity">Lepidopteran diversity</a></div> <p>Taxonomy is the classification of species in selected taxa, the process of naming being called <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">nomenclature</a>. There are over 120 families in Lepidoptera, in 45 to 48 superfamilies. Lepidoptera have always been, historically, classified in five suborders, one of which is of primitive moths that never lost the morphological features of their ancestors. The rest of the moths and butterflies make up ninety-eight percent of the other taxa, making <a href="/wiki/Ditrysia" title="Ditrysia">Ditrysia</a>. More recently, findings of new taxa, larvae and pupa have aided in detailing the relationships of primitive taxa, phylogenetic analysis showing the primitive lineages to be <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> compared to the rest of Lepidoptera lineages. Recently, lepidopterists have abandoned clades like suborders, and those between orders and superfamilies.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 569">: 569 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeugloptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeugloptera">Zeugloptera</a> is a clade with <a href="/wiki/Micropterigoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropterigoidea">Micropterigoidea</a> being its only superfamily, containing the single family Micropterigidae. Species of Micropterigoidea are practically living fossils, being one of the most primitive lepidopteran groups, still retaining chewing mouthparts (mandibles) in adults, unlike other clades of butterflies and moths. About 120 species are known worldwide, with more than half the species in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Micropterix" title="Micropterix">Micropterix</a></i> in the Palearctic region. There are only two known in North America (<i><a href="/wiki/Epimartyria" title="Epimartyria">Epimartyria</a></i>), with many more being found in Asia and the southwest Pacific, particularly New Zealand with about 50 species.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 569">: 569 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglossata" class="mw-redirect" title="Aglossata">Aglossata</a> is the second most primitive <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineage</a> of Lepidoptera; being first described in 1952 by <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jack_Dumbleton" title="Lionel Jack Dumbleton">Lionel Jack Dumbleton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agathiphagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathiphagidae">Agathiphagidae</a> is the only family in Aglossata and contains two species in its only genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Agathiphaga" title="Agathiphaga">Agathiphaga</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 569">: 569 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Agathiphaga_queenslandensis" title="Agathiphaga queenslandensis">Agathiphaga queenslandensis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Agathiphaga_vitiensis" title="Agathiphaga vitiensis">Agathiphaga vitiensis</a></i> are found along the north-eastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterobathmiina" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterobathmiina">Heterobathmiina</a> was first described by Kristensen and Nielsen in 1979. <a href="/wiki/Heterobathmiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterobathmiidae">Heterobathmiidae</a> is the only family and includes about 10 species, which are day-flying, metallic moths, confined to southern South America, the adults eat the pollen of <i><a href="/wiki/Nothofagus" title="Nothofagus">Nothofagus</a></i> or southern beech and the larvae mine the leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 569">: 569 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossata" title="Glossata">Glossata</a> contains a majority of the species, with the most obvious difference being non-functioning mandibles, and elongated maxillary galeae or the proboscis. The <a href="/wiki/Basal_clade" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal clade">basal clades</a> still retaining some of the ancestral features of the wings such as similarly shaped fore- and hindwings with relatively complete venation. Glossata also contains the division <a href="/wiki/Ditrysia" title="Ditrysia">Ditrysia</a>, which contains 98% of all described species in Lepidoptera.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 569">: 569 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_people">Relationship to people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Relationship to people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acherontia_lachesis_MHNT_Female_N%C3%AElg%C3%AEri_(Tamil_Nadu)_Dorsal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Acherontia_lachesis_MHNT_Female_N%C3%AElg%C3%AEri_%28Tamil_Nadu%29_Dorsal.jpg/220px-Acherontia_lachesis_MHNT_Female_N%C3%AElg%C3%AEri_%28Tamil_Nadu%29_Dorsal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Acherontia_lachesis_MHNT_Female_N%C3%AElg%C3%AEri_%28Tamil_Nadu%29_Dorsal.jpg/330px-Acherontia_lachesis_MHNT_Female_N%C3%AElg%C3%AEri_%28Tamil_Nadu%29_Dorsal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Acherontia_lachesis_MHNT_Female_N%C3%AElg%C3%AEri_%28Tamil_Nadu%29_Dorsal.jpg/440px-Acherontia_lachesis_MHNT_Female_N%C3%AElg%C3%AEri_%28Tamil_Nadu%29_Dorsal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4290" data-file-height="2614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Death%27s-head_hawkmoth" title="Death's-head hawkmoth">Death's-head hawkmoth</a> (<i>Acherontia lachesis</i>), an old bleached specimen still showing the classical skull pattern on the thorax</figcaption></figure> <p>Artistic depictions of butterflies have been used in many cultures including as early as 3500 years ago, in Egyptian hieroglyphs.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, butterflies are widely used in various objects of art and jewelry: mounted in frames, embedded in resin, displayed in bottles, laminated in paper, and in some mixed media artworks and furnishings.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butterflies have also inspired the "<a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">butterfly fairy</a>" as an art and fictional character. </p><p>In many cultures the soul of a dead person is associated with the butterfly, for example in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, where the word for butterfly <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:ψυχή">ψυχή</a> (psyche) also means <i><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Breath" class="mw-redirect" title="Breath">breath</a></i>. In <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, as in Ancient Greece, the word for "butterfly" <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Papilio" class="extiw" title="wikt:Papilio">papilio</a> was associated with the soul of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skull-like marking on the thorax of the <a href="/wiki/Death%27s-head_hawkmoth" title="Death's-head hawkmoth">death's-head hawkmoth</a> has helped these moths, particularly <i>A. atropos</i>, earn a negative reputation, such as associations with the supernatural and evil. The moth has been prominently featured in art and movies such as <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a></i></span></i> (by <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dal%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalí">Dalí</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (film)">The Silence of the Lambs</a></i>, and in the artwork of the Japanese metal band <a href="/wiki/Sigh_(band)" title="Sigh (band)">Sigh</a>'s album <i><a href="/wiki/Hail_Horror_Hail" title="Hail Horror Hail">Hail Horror Hail</a></i>. According to <i><a href="/wiki/Kwaidan:_Stories_and_Studies_of_Strange_Things" title="Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things">Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a>, a butterfly was seen in Japan as the <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> of a person's soul; whether they be living, dying, or already dead. One Japanese superstition says that if a butterfly enters your guestroom and perches behind the <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> screen, the person whom you most love is coming to see you. However, large numbers of butterflies are viewed as bad <a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">omens</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Masakado" title="Taira no Masakado">Taira no Masakado</a> was secretly preparing for his famous revolt, there appeared in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> so vast a swarm of butterflies that the people were frightened—thinking the apparition to be a portent of coming evil.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a>, the brilliantly colored image of the butterfly was carved into many temples, buildings, jewelry, and emblazoned on <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">incense burners</a> in particular. The butterfly was sometimes depicted with the maw of a <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a> and some species were considered to be the reincarnations of the souls of dead warriors. The close association of butterflies to <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a> and warfare persisted through to the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec civilization">Aztec civilization</a> and evidence of similar jaguar-butterfly images has been found among the <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilizations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests">Pests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Pests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_14" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Acronicta_psi_-_caterpillar_320px.ogv/220px--Acronicta_psi_-_caterpillar_320px.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="33" data-mwtitle="Acronicta_psi_-_caterpillar_320px.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Acronicta_psi_-_caterpillar_320px.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/Acronicta_psi_-_caterpillar_320px.ogv/Acronicta_psi_-_caterpillar_320px.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="180" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/Acronicta_psi_-_caterpillar_320px.ogv/Acronicta_psi_-_caterpillar_320px.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="180" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Acronicta_psi_-_caterpillar_320px.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="180" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/Acronicta_psi_-_caterpillar_320px.ogv/Acronicta_psi_-_caterpillar_320px.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Caterpillar hatchling of the <a href="/wiki/Grey_dagger" title="Grey dagger">grey dagger</a> (<i>Acronicta psi</i>) eating leaves from a tree</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of many lepidopteran species are major pests in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. Some of the major pests include <a href="/wiki/Tortricidae" title="Tortricidae">Tortricidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noctuidae" title="Noctuidae">Noctuidae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyralidae" title="Pyralidae">Pyralidae</a>. The larvae of the Noctuidae genus <i><a href="/wiki/Spodoptera" title="Spodoptera">Spodoptera</a></i> (armyworms), <i><a href="/wiki/Helicoverpa" title="Helicoverpa">Helicoverpa</a></i> (corn earworm), or <i><a href="/wiki/Pieris_brassicae" title="Pieris brassicae">Pieris brassicae</a></i> can cause extensive damage to certain crops.<sup id="cite_ref-scoble_103-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoble-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Helicoverpa_zea" title="Helicoverpa zea">Helicoverpa zea</a></i> larvae (cotton bollworms or tomato fruitworms) are <a href="/wiki/Polyphagous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphagous">polyphagous</a>, meaning they eat a variety of crops, including <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Peridroma_saucia" title="Peridroma saucia">Peridroma saucia</a></i> (variegated cutworms) are described as one of the most damaging pests to gardens, with the ability to destroy entire gardens and fields in a matter of days.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butterflies and moths are one of the largest taxa to solely feed and be dependent on living plants, in terms of the number of species, and they are in many ecosystems, making up the largest biomass to do so. In many species, the female may produce anywhere from 200 to 600 eggs, while in some others it may go as high as 30,000 eggs in one day. This can create many problems for agriculture, where many caterpillars can affect acres of vegetation. Some reports estimate that there have been over 80,000 caterpillars of several different taxa feeding on a single oak tree. In some cases, phytophagous larvae can lead to the destruction of entire trees in relatively short periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 567">: 567 </span></sup> </p><p>Ecological ways of removing pest Lepidoptera species are becoming more economically viable, as research has shown ways like introducing parasitic wasps and flies. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Sarcophaga_aldrichi" title="Sarcophaga aldrichi">Sarcophaga aldrichi</a></i>, a fly which deposited larvae feed upon the pupae of the <a href="/wiki/Forest_tent_caterpillar_moth" title="Forest tent caterpillar moth">forest tent caterpillar moth</a>. Pesticides can affect other species other than the species they are targeted to eliminate, damaging the natural ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another good biological pest control method is the use of <a href="/wiki/Pheromone_trap" title="Pheromone trap">pheromone traps</a>. A pheromone trap is a type of <a href="/wiki/Insect_trap" title="Insect trap">insect trap</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a> to lure <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>. Sex pheromones and aggregating pheromones are the most common types used. A pheromone-impregnated lure is encased in a conventional trap such as a Delta trap, <a href="/wiki/Pan_trap" title="Pan trap">water-pan trap</a>, or funnel trap.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Species of moths that are <a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">detritivores</a> would naturally eat <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hairs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a>. Well known species are <a href="/wiki/Tineidae" title="Tineidae">cloth moths</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tineola_bisselliella" title="Tineola bisselliella">T. bisselliella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tinea_pellionella" title="Tinea pellionella">T. pellionella</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Trichophaga_tapetzella" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichophaga tapetzella">T. tapetzella</a></i>), feeding on foodstuffs that people find economically important, such as <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> and wool <a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">fabrics</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">furs</a>; furthermore they have been found on shed <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">bran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">semolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> (possibly preferring <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> flour), <a href="/wiki/Biscuit" title="Biscuit">biscuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> specimens in <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museums</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garbe_(1994)_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garbe_(1994)-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beneficial_insects">Beneficial insects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Beneficial insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though some butterflies and moths affect the economy negatively, many species are a valuable economic resource. The most prominent example is that of the <a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">domesticated silkworm moth</a> (<i>Bombyx mori</i>), the larvae of which make their cocoons out of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, which can be spun into cloth. Silk is and has been an important economic resource <a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">throughout history</a>. The species <i>Bombyx mori</i> has been domesticated to the point where it is completely dependent on mankind for survival.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of wild moths such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mandarina" title="Bombyx mandarina">Bombyx mandarina</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Antheraea" title="Antheraea">Antheraea</a></i> species, besides others, provide commercially important silks.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preference of the larvae of most lepidopteran species to feed on a single species or limited range of plants is used as a mechanism for biological control of <a href="/wiki/Noxious_weed" title="Noxious weed">weeds</a> in place of herbicides. The <a href="/wiki/Pyralidae" title="Pyralidae">pyralid</a> <a href="/wiki/Cactus_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactus moth">cactus moth</a> was introduced from Argentina to Australia, where it successfully suppressed millions of acres of <a href="/wiki/Prickly_pear_cactus" class="mw-redirect" title="Prickly pear cactus">prickly pear cactus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 567">: 567 </span></sup> Another species of the Pyralidae, called the <a href="/wiki/Alligator_weed_stem_borer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alligator weed stem borer">alligator weed stem borer</a> (<i>Arcola malloi</i>), was used to control the <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plant</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Alligator_weed" class="mw-redirect" title="Alligator weed">alligator weed</a> (<i>Alternanthera philoxeroides</i>) in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Alligator_weed_flea_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Alligator weed flea beetle">alligator weed flea beetle</a>; in this case, the two insects work in <a href="/wiki/Synergy" title="Synergy">synergy</a> and the weed rarely recovers.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breeding butterflies and moths, or <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_gardening" title="Butterfly gardening">butterfly gardening</a>/rearing, has become an ecologically viable process of introducing species into the ecosystem to benefit it. <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_ranching_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Butterfly ranching in Papua New Guinea">Butterfly ranching in Papua New Guinea</a> permits nationals of that country to "farm" economically valuable insect species for the collectors market in an ecologically sustainable manner.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silkworm_snack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Silkworm_snack.jpg/220px-Silkworm_snack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Silkworm_snack.jpg/330px-Silkworm_snack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Silkworm_snack.jpg/440px-Silkworm_snack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beondegi" title="Beondegi">Beondegi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">silkworm</a> pupae steamed or boiled and seasoned for taste, for sale by a street vendor in South Korea</figcaption></figure> <p>Lepidoptera feature prominently in <a href="/wiki/Entomophagy" title="Entomophagy">entomophagy</a> as food items on almost every continent. While in most cases, adults, larvae or pupae are eaten as staples by indigenous people, <a href="/wiki/Beondegi" title="Beondegi">beondegi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">silkworm</a> <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupae</a> are eaten as a snack in <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Korea_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Maguey_worm" title="Maguey worm">Maguey worm</a> is considered a delicacy in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some parts of <a href="/wiki/Huasteca" title="Huasteca">Huasteca</a>, the silk nests of the <a href="/wiki/Madrone_butterfly" title="Madrone butterfly">Madrone butterfly</a> are maintained on the edge of roof tops of houses for consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Carnia" title="Carnia">Carnia</a> region of Italy, children catch and eat <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">ingluvies</a> of the toxic <i><a href="/wiki/Zygaena" title="Zygaena">Zygaena</a></i> moths in early summer. The ingluvies, despite having a very low cyanogenic content, serve as a convenient, supplementary source of sugar to the children who can include this resource as a seasonal delicacy at minimum risk. Outside of this instance, adult Lepidoptera are rarely consumed by humans, with the sole exception of the <a href="/wiki/Bogong_moth" title="Bogong moth">Bogong moth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some larvae of both moths and butterflies have a form of hair that has been known to be a cause of human health problems. Caterpillar hairs sometimes have toxins in them and species from approximately 12 families of moths or butterflies worldwide can inflict serious human injuries (<a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">urticarial</a> dermatitis and <a href="/wiki/Atopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atopic">atopic</a> <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> to <a href="/wiki/Osteochondritis" title="Osteochondritis">osteochondritis</a>, consumption <a href="/wiki/Coagulopathy" title="Coagulopathy">coagulopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renal" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal">renal</a> failure, and <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">intracerebral</a> <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhage</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skin rashes are the most common, but there have been fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Lonomia" title="Lonomia">Lonomia</a></i> is a frequent cause of envenomation in humans in Brazil, with 354 cases reported between 1989 and 2005. Lethality ranging up to 20% with death caused most often by intracranial hemorrhage.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These hairs have also been known to cause <a href="/wiki/Keratoconjunctivitis" title="Keratoconjunctivitis">keratoconjunctivitis</a>. The sharp barbs on the end of caterpillar hairs can get lodged in soft tissues and <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a> such as the eyes. Once they enter such tissues, they can be difficult to extract, often exacerbating the problem as they migrate across the membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This becomes a particular problem in an indoor setting. The hairs easily enter buildings through ventilation systems and accumulate in indoor environments because of their small size, which makes it difficult for them to be vented out. This accumulation increases the risk of human contact in indoor environments.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Taxome1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taxome1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taxome1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taxome1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMallet,_Jim2007" class="citation web cs1">Mallet, Jim (12 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/lepnos.html">"Taxonomy of Lepidoptera: the scale of the problem"</a>. <i>The Lepidoptera Taxome Project</i>. University College, London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605000548/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/lepnos.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lepidoptera+Taxome+Project&rft.atitle=Taxonomy+of+Lepidoptera%3A+the+scale+of+the+problem&rft.date=2007-06-12&rft.au=Mallet%2C+Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Ftaxome%2Flepnos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/">"Lepidoptera Taxome Project"</a>. Lepidoptera Taxome Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805155650/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lepidoptera+Taxome+Project&rft.pub=Lepidoptera+Taxome+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Ftaxome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capinera-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Capinera_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capinera_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capinera_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capinera_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapinera2008" class="citation book cs1">Capinera, John L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC">"Butterflies and moths"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Entomology</i>. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">626–</span>672. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402062421" title="Special:BookSources/9781402062421"><bdi>9781402062421</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624051424/https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Butterflies+and+moths&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Entomology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E626-%3C%2Fspan%3E672&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781402062421&rft.aulast=Capinera&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di9ITMiiohVQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Resh_&_Carde-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_&_Carde_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_&_Carde_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_&_Carde_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_&_Carde_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2009" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Jerry A. (2009). "Lepidoptera". In Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Insects</i> (2 (illustrated) ed.). Academic Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">557–</span>587. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374144-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374144-8"><bdi>978-0-12-374144-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lepidoptera&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Insects&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E557-%3C%2Fspan%3E587&rft.edition=2+%28illustrated%29&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-12-374144-8&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Jerry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inventory-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inventory_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inventory_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristensenScobleKarsholt2007" class="citation book cs1">Kristensen, Niels P.; Scoble, M. J.; Karsholt, Ole (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515015416/http://www.lepidoptera.ee/images/lingid/Zootaxa1668p699.pdf">"Lepidoptera phylogeny and systematics: the state of inventorying moth and butterfly diversity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Z.-Q. Zhang; W. A. Shear (eds.). <i>Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy (Zootaxa:1668)</i>. Magnolia Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">699–</span>747. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-690647-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-690647-9"><bdi>978-0-12-690647-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lepidoptera.ee/images/lingid/Zootaxa1668p699.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lepidoptera+phylogeny+and+systematics%3A+the+state+of+inventorying+moth+and+butterfly+diversity&rft.btitle=Linnaeus+Tercentenary%3A+Progress+in+Invertebrate+Taxonomy+%28Zootaxa%3A1668%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E699-%3C%2Fspan%3E747&rft.pub=Magnolia+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-12-690647-9&rft.aulast=Kristensen&rft.aufirst=Niels+P.&rft.au=Scoble%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Karsholt%2C+Ole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lepidoptera.ee%2Fimages%2Flingid%2FZootaxa1668p699.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1746" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1746). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24848873"><i>Fauna Svecica: sistens animalia Sveciæ regni: qvadrupedia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes & ordines, genera & species. Cum differentiis specierum, synonymis autorum, nominibus incolarum, locis habitationum, descriptionibus insectorum</i></a> (in Latin). Lugduni Batavorum [Leiden]: C. Wishoff et G.J. Wishoff. p. 232. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918151150/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24848873">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fauna+Svecica%3A+sistens+animalia+Sveci%C3%A6+regni%3A+qvadrupedia%2C+aves%2C+amphibia%2C+pisces%2C+insecta%2C+vermes%2C+distributa+per+classes+%26+ordines%2C+genera+%26+species.+Cum+differentiis+specierum%2C+synonymis+autorum%2C+nominibus+incolarum%2C+locis+habitationum%2C+descriptionibus+insectorum&rft.place=Lugduni+Batavorum+%5BLeiden%5D&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=C.+Wishoff+et+G.J.+Wishoff&rft.date=1746&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F24848873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EngelKristensen2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EngelKristensen2013_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelKristensen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Engel, Michael S.; Kristensen, Niels P. (2013). "A History of Entomological Classification". <i>Annual Review of Entomology</i>. <b>58</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">585–</span>607. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-120811-153536">10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153536</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4170">0066-4170</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23317047">23317047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Entomological+Classification&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E585-%3C%2Fspan%3E607&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0066-4170&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23317047&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-120811-153536&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft.au=Kristensen%2C+Niels+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etymology-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Etymology_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=lepidoptera">"lepidoptera"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=lepidoptera&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dlepidoptera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=lepi/s"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λεπίς</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ptero/n"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πτερόν</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Partridge-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Partridge_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partridge_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge2009" class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Eric (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xA9dxrhfa5kC"><i>Origins: an etymological dictionary of modern English</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-42114-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-42114-7"><bdi>978-0-203-42114-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins%3A+an+etymological+dictionary+of+modern+English&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-203-42114-7&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxA9dxrhfa5kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarpeDan_McCormack2001" class="citation web cs1">Harpe, Douglas; Dan McCormack (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/">"Online Etymological Dictionary"</a>. LogoBee. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825071940/http://www.etymonline.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymological+Dictionary&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=LogoBee&rft.date=2001-11&rft.aulast=Harpe&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Dan+McCormack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnett-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arnett_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnett2000" class="citation book cs1">Arnett, Ross H. (28 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4M0v0Ye54MYC&q=leidoptera">"Part I: 27"</a>. <i>American insects: a handbook of the insects of America north of Mexico</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 631. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0212-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0212-1"><bdi>978-0-8493-0212-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531114653/https://books.google.com/books?id=4M0v0Ye54MYC&q=leidoptera">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+27&rft.btitle=American+insects%3A+a+handbook+of+the+insects+of+America+north+of+Mexico&rft.pages=631&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2000-07-28&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0212-1&rft.aulast=Arnett&rft.aufirst=Ross+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4M0v0Ye54MYC%26q%3Dleidoptera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etymology2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Etymology2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=moth&searchmode=none">"moth"</a>. <i>The Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606064211/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=moth&searchmode=none">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=moth&rft.btitle=The+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dmoth%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/caterpillar">"Caterpillar"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110909053143/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/caterpillar">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caterpillar&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcaterpillar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cgillott-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cgillott_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cgillott_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cgillott_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cgillott_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cgillott_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cgillott_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cgillott_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cgillott_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cgillott_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cgillott_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cgillott_15-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullanP._S._Cranston2004" class="citation book cs1">Gullan, P. J.; P. S. Cranston (13 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qHtMPvaAfKIC&q=Lepidoptera%20larva">"7"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781405111133/page/198"><i>The insects: an outline of entomology</i></a> (3 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781405111133/page/198">198–199</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1113-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-1113-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=The+insects%3A+an+outline+of+entomology&rft.pages=198-199&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1113-3&rft.aulast=Gullan&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=P.+S.+Cranston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqHtMPvaAfKIC%26q%3DLepidoptera%2520larva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStumpe" class="citation web cs1">Stumpe, Felix. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715214958/http://rusinsects.com/p-arct.htm">"Parnassius arctica Eisner, 1968"</a>. <i>Russian-Insects.com</i>. 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(1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n4qSTCkniZoC&pg=PA221"><i>Ecology and Biogeography of High Altitude Insects</i></a>. Volume 4 of Series entomologica. Springer. p. 530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6193-114-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6193-114-0"><bdi>978-90-6193-114-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210719043454/https://books.google.com/books?id=n4qSTCkniZoC&pg=PA221">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology+and+Biogeography+of+High+Altitude+Insects&rft.series=Volume+4+of+Series+entomologica&rft.pages=530&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-90-6193-114-0&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4qSTCkniZoC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, Lee (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919170258/http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/10046/terra2008Spring.pdf?sequence=1">"An OSU scientist braves an uncharted rainforest in a search for rare and endangered species"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Terra</i>. <b>3</b> (2). Oregon State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/10046/terra2008Spring.pdf?sequence=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Observations on certain lepidopterous and hymenopterous parasites of Polistes wasps". <i>Annals of the Entomological Society of America</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 355–366(12). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faesa%2F34.2.355">10.1093/aesa/34.2.355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Entomological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Observations+on+certain+lepidopterous+and+hymenopterous+parasites+of+Polistes+wasps&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=355-366%2812%29&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faesa%2F34.2.355&rft.aulast=Rau&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taxome2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taxome2_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallet,_Jim2007" class="citation web cs1">Mallet, Jim (12 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/rhopnos.html">"Taxonomy of butterflies: the scale of the problem"</a>. <i>The Lepidoptera Taxome Project</i>. University College, London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514043409/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/rhopnos.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lepidoptera+Taxome+Project&rft.atitle=Taxonomy+of+butterflies%3A+the+scale+of+the+problem&rft.date=2007-06-12&rft.au=Mallet%2C+Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Ftaxome%2Frhopnos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatonKaufman,_Kenn2007" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Eric R.; Kaufman, Kenn (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aWVi0IF_jcQC"><i>Kaufman field guide to insects of North America</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-15310-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-15310-7"><bdi>978-0-618-15310-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724170825/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWVi0IF_jcQC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3vqpGATXU2oC"><i>The wild silk moths of North America: a natural history of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada</i></a>. The Cornell series in arthropod biology (illustrated ed.). Cornell University Press. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3130-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3130-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-3130-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-wZFAAAAYAAJ"><i>Wildlife of the Australian snow-country: a comprehensive guide to alpine fauna</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Reed. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7301-0461-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7301-0461-2"><bdi>978-0-7301-0461-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wildlife+of+the+Australian+snow-country%3A+a+comprehensive+guide+to+alpine+fauna&rft.pages=200&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Reed&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7301-0461-2&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Osborne%2C+William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-wZFAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillot-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillot_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillot_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillot_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillot_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillot1995" class="citation book cs1">Gillot, C. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DrTKxvZq_IcC">"Butterflies and moths"</a>. <i>Entomology</i> (2 ed.). Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">246–</span>266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-44967-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-44967-3"><bdi>978-0-306-44967-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170310082058/https://books.google.com/books?id=DrTKxvZq_IcC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Butterflies+and+moths&rft.btitle=Entomology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E246-%3C%2Fspan%3E266&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-306-44967-3&rft.aulast=Gillot&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDrTKxvZq_IcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scoble_heads-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scoble_heads_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scoble_heads_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scoble_heads_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scoble_heads_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scoble (1995). Section <i>The Adult Head – Feeding and Sensation</i>, (pp. 4–22).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Resh_and_Carde-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resh_and_Carde_26-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReshRing_T._Carde2009" class="citation book cs1">Resh, Vincent H.; Ring T. Carde (1 July 2009). <i>Encyclopedia of Insects</i> (2 ed.). U. S. A.: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374144-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374144-8"><bdi>978-0-12-374144-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Insects&rft.place=U.+S.+A.&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-12-374144-8&rft.aulast=Resh&rft.aufirst=Vincent+H.&rft.au=Ring+T.+Carde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firefly-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Firefly_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher2002" class="citation book cs1">Christopher, O'Toole (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse_k0d2"><i>Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders</i></a></span> (1 ed.). Firefly Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55297-612-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55297-612-8"><bdi>978-1-55297-612-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firefly+Encyclopedia+of+Insects+and+Spiders&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Firefly+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55297-612-8&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=O%27Toole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffireflyencyclope0000unse_k0d2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heppner-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heppner_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeppner2008" class="citation book cs1">Heppner, J. B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&pg=PA626">"Butterflies and moths"</a>. In Capinera, John L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC"><i>Encyclopedia of Entomology</i></a>. Gale virtual reference library. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). Springer Reference. p. 4345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6242-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6242-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-6242-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624051424/https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Butterflies+and+moths&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Entomology&rft.series=Gale+virtual+reference+library&rft.pages=4345&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Springer+Reference&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1&rft.aulast=Heppner&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di9ITMiiohVQC%26pg%3DPA626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scoble-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scoble_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScoble1992" class="citation book cs1">Scoble, MJ. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraformf0000scob"><i>The Lepidoptera: Form, function, and diversity</i></a></span>. Oxford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6242-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6242-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-6242-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lepidoptera%3A+Form%2C+function%2C+and+diversity.&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1&rft.aulast=Scoble&rft.aufirst=MJ.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flepidopteraformf0000scob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scoble_scale-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scoble_scale_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scoble_scale_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scoble (1995). Section <i>Scales</i>, (pp. 63–66).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vukusic_(2006)-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vukusic_(2006)_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVukusic2006" class="citation journal cs1">Vukusic, P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2006.07.040">"Structural color in Lepidoptera"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>16</b> (16): R621–3. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006CBio...16.R621V">2006CBio...16.R621V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2006.07.040">10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.040</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16920604">16920604</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52828850">52828850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Structural+color+in+Lepidoptera&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=R621-3&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2006.07.040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52828850%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16920604&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006CBio...16.R621V&rft.aulast=Vukusic&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2006.07.040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallHarvey2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Jason P. 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(1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/34159">"Physiology of insect diapause. ii. interaction between the pupal brain and prothoracic glands in the metamorphosis of the giant silkworm, <i>Platysamia cecropia</i>"</a>. <i>The Biological Bulletin</i>. <b>93</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">89–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1538279">10.2307/1538279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1538279">1538279</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20268135">20268135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Physiology+of+insect+diapause.+ii.+interaction+between+the+pupal+brain+and+prothoracic+glands+in+the+metamorphosis+of+the+giant+silkworm%2C+Platysamia+cecropia&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20268135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1538279%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1538279&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F34159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gullan-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gullan_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gullan_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gullan_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullanP._S._Cranston2010" class="citation book cs1">Gullan, P. J.; P. S. Cranston (22 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S7yGZasJ7nEC&q=Insects"><i>The Insects: An Outline of Entomology</i></a> (4 ed.). Oxford: Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3036-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3036-6"><bdi>978-1-4443-3036-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601163209/https://books.google.com/books?id=S7yGZasJ7nEC&q=Insects">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Egg-laying patterns in butterflies in relation to their phenology and the visual apparency and abundance of their host plants". <i><a href="/wiki/Oecologia" title="Oecologia">Oecologia</a></i>. <b>63</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Oecol..63...23W">1984Oecol..63...23W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00379780">10.1007/BF00379780</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28311161">28311161</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29210301">29210301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oecologia&rft.atitle=Egg-laying+patterns+in+butterflies+in+relation+to+their+phenology+and+the+visual+apparency+and+abundance+of+their+host+plants&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1984-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00379780&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29210301%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28311161&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984Oecol..63...23W&rft.aulast=Wiklund&rft.aufirst=Christer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberhauser2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Oberhauser" title="Karen Oberhauser">Oberhauser, Karen S.</a>; Solensky, Michelle J (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monarchbutterfly00mich"><i>The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation</i></a> (First ed.). Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801441882" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801441882"><bdi>978-0801441882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monarch+Butterfly%3A+Biology+and+Conservation&rft.place=Ithaca+NY&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0801441882&rft.aulast=Oberhauser&rft.aufirst=Karen+S.&rft.au=Solensky%2C+Michelle+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonarchbutterfly00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberhauser200424-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberhauser200424_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOberhauser2004">Oberhauser 2004</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gullan_Cranston_2010-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gullan_Cranston_2010_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullan,_P._J.Cranston,_P._S.2010" class="citation book cs1">Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2010). 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S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/media/publications-journals-nzjr-1996-058.pdf">"Natural history and identification of litter-feeding Lepidoptera larvae (Insecta) in beech forests, Orongorongo Valley, New Zealand, with especial reference to the diet of mice (<i>Mus musculus</i>)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand</i>. <b>26</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">251–</span>274. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JRSNZ..26..251D">1996JRSNZ..26..251D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03014223.1996.9517513">10.1080/03014223.1996.9517513</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Natural+history+and+identification+of+litter-feeding+Lepidoptera+larvae+%28Insecta%29+in+beech+forests%2C+Orongorongo+Valley%2C+New+Zealand%2C+with+especial+reference+to+the+diet+of+mice+%28Mus+musculus%29&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E274&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03014223.1996.9517513&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JRSNZ..26..251D&rft.aulast=Dugdale&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsociety.org.nz%2Fmedia%2Fpublications-journals-nzjr-1996-058.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Triplehorn_&_Johnson_(2005)-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Triplehorn_&_Johnson_(2005)_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriplehornJohnson,_Norman_F.2005" class="citation book cs1">Triplehorn, Charles A.; Johnson, Norman F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_uFkQgAACAAJ"><i>Borror and Delong's Introduction to the Study of Insects</i></a>. Belmont, California: Thomson Brooks/Cole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-096835-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-096835-8"><bdi>978-0-03-096835-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borror+and+Delong%27s+Introduction+to+the+Study+of+Insects&rft.place=Belmont%2C+California&rft.pub=Thomson+Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-03-096835-8&rft.aulast=Triplehorn&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Norman+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_uFkQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmesWardlawSchönroggeThomas2004" class="citation journal cs1">Elmes, G.W.; Wardlaw, J.C.; Schönrogge, K.; Thomas, J.A.; Clarke, R.T. (2004). "Food stress causes differential survival of socially parasitic caterpillars of Maculinea rebeli integrated in colonies of host and non-host Myrmica ant species". <i>Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata</i>. <b>110</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">53–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EEApp.110...53E">2004EEApp.110...53E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0013-8703.2004.00121.x">10.1111/j.0013-8703.2004.00121.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86427983">86427983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entomologia+Experimentalis+et+Applicata&rft.atitle=Food+stress+causes+differential+survival+of+socially+parasitic+caterpillars+of+Maculinea+rebeli+integrated+in+colonies+of+host+and+non-host+Myrmica+ant+species&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86427983%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0013-8703.2004.00121.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004EEApp.110...53E&rft.aulast=Elmes&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rft.au=Wardlaw%2C+J.C.&rft.au=Sch%C3%B6nrogge%2C+K.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Clarke%2C+R.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnett2000" class="citation book cs1">Arnett, Ross H. Jr. (28 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4M0v0Ye54MYC&q=lepidopera"><i>American Insects. A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico</i></a> (2 ed.). CRC press LLC. pp. <span class="nowrap">631–</span>632. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0212-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0212-1"><bdi>978-0-8493-0212-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531113739/https://books.google.com/books?id=4M0v0Ye54MYC&q=lepidopera">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade & Reference Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/butterflies0000lati/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-97944-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-97944-0"><bdi>978-0-395-97944-0</bdi></a>. <q>Tiger swallowtail.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Butterflies&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt+Trade+%26+Reference+Publishers&rft.date=2000-05-30&rft.isbn=978-0-395-97944-0&rft.aulast=Latimer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+P.&rft.au=Karen+Stray+Nolting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbutterflies0000lati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uvdpiSQUuesC&q=clearwing+moths+mimicry&pg=PA592"><i>Insects and Spiders of the World</i></a>. 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(December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0004-282X2006000600029">"Fatal intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to <i>Lonomia obliqua</i> caterpillar envenoming: case report"</a>. <i>Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria</i>. <b>64</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1030–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0004-282X2006000600029">10.1590/S0004-282X2006000600029</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17221019">17221019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arquivos+de+Neuro-Psiquiatria&rft.atitle=Fatal+intracerebral+hemorrhage+secondary+to+Lonomia+obliqua+caterpillar+envenoming%3A+case+report&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1030-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0004-282X2006000600029&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17221019&rft.aulast=Kowacs&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rft.au=Cardoso%2C+J.&rft.au=Entres%2C+M.&rft.au=Novak%2C+E.+M.&rft.au=Werneck%2C+L.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS0004-282X2006000600029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span> Free full text.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatelShanbhag1973" class="citation journal cs1">Patel RJ, Shanbhag RM (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190912004614/http://www.ijo.in/text.asp?1973%2F21%2F4%2F208%2F34632">"Ophthalmia nodosa – (a case report)"</a>. <i>Indian Journal of Ophthalmology</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 208. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijo.in/text.asp?1973/21/4/208/34632">the original</a> on 12 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=Ophthalmia+nodosa+%E2%80%93+%28a+case+report%29&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=208&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.au=Shanbhag%2C+RM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijo.in%2Ftext.asp%3F1973%2F21%2F4%2F208%2F34632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalitPtolemyGearyRussell2001" class="citation journal cs1">Balit, Corrine R.; Ptolemy, Helen C.; Geary, Merilyn J.; Russell, Richard C.; Isbister, Geoffrey K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/175_12_171201/balit/balit.html">"Outbreak of caterpillar dermatitis caused by airborne hairs of the mistletoe browntail moth (<i>Euproctis edwardsi</i>)"</a>. <i>The Medical Journal of Australia</i>. <b>175</b> (<span class="nowrap">11–</span>12): <span class="nowrap">641–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2001.tb143760.x">10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143760.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11837874">11837874</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26910462">26910462</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110404211547/https://mja.com.au/public/issues/175_12_171201/balit/balit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medical+Journal+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Outbreak+of+caterpillar+dermatitis+caused+by+airborne+hairs+of+the+mistletoe+browntail+moth+%28Euproctis+edwardsi%29&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E641-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26910462%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11837874&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2001.tb143760.x&rft.aulast=Balit&rft.aufirst=Corrine+R.&rft.au=Ptolemy%2C+Helen+C.&rft.au=Geary%2C+Merilyn+J.&rft.au=Russell%2C+Richard+C.&rft.au=Isbister%2C+Geoffrey+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mja.com.au%2Fpublic%2Fissues%2F175_12_171201%2Fbalit%2Fbalit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span>. Free full text.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kristensen, N. P. (ed.) 1999. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. <i>Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches / Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom</i>. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemos,_F.c._1895" class="citation book cs1">Nemos, F. (c. 1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724175753/http://epic.awi.de/Publications/Dem1895a.pdf"><i>Europas bekannteste Schmetterlinge. Beschreibung der wichtigsten Arten und Anleitung zur Kenntnis und zum Sammeln der Schmetterlinge und Raupen</i></a> [<i>Europe's best known butterflies. Description of the most important species and instructions for recognising and collecting butterflies and caterpillars</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Berlin: Oestergaard Verlag. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epic.awi.de/Publications/Dem1895a.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europas+bekannteste+Schmetterlinge.+Beschreibung+der+wichtigsten+Arten+und+Anleitung+zur+Kenntnis+und+zum+Sammeln+der+Schmetterlinge+und+Raupen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Oestergaard+Verlag&rft.au=Nemos%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepic.awi.de%2FPublications%2FDem1895a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nye, I. W. B. & Fletcher, D. S. 1991. <i>Generic Names of Moths of the World.</i> Volume 6: xxix + 368 pp. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London.</li> <li>O'Toole, Christopher. 2002. <i>Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55297-612-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55297-612-2">1-55297-612-2</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamas1990" class="citation journal cs1">Lamas, Gerardo (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827214204/http://lepidopteraresearchfoundation.org/journals/29/PDF29/29-092.pdf">"An Annotated List of Lepidopterological Journals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Research_on_the_Lepidoptera" title="The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera">The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera</a></i>. <b>29</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">92–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fp.266621">10.5962/p.266621</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:108756448">108756448</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lepidopteraresearchfoundation.org/journals/29/PDF29/29-092.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Research+on+the+Lepidoptera&rft.atitle=An+Annotated+List+of+Lepidopterological+Journals&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fp.266621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A108756448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lamas&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flepidopteraresearchfoundation.org%2Fjournals%2F29%2FPDF29%2F29-092.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidoptera&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key/Lepidoptera" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key/Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" class="extiw" title="commons:Lepidoptera"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Lepidoptera</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/hosts">Natural History Museum archived database of host plants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcrc.bio.umass.edu/kunkel/Moths/">Historic Moth illustrations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405020312/http://insecta.pro/taxonomy/1">Lepidoptera</a> at Insects (Insecta) of the World</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=117232">"Lepidoptera"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lepidoptera&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D117232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALepidoptera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exhibits.mannlib.cornell.edu/franclemont/">Caught Between the Pages: Treasures from the Franclemont Collection</a> Online virtual exhibit featuring a selection of historic entomological writings and images from the Comstock Library of Entomology at Cornell University</li></ul> <dl><dt>Regional sites</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://butterfly-conservation.org/50/Identify-abutterfly.html/">British Butterflies and Moths</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.butterfliesofbulgaria.com/">Butterflies of Bulgaria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080405225314/http://www.butterfliesofbulgaria.com/">Archived</a> 5 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbif.gc.ca/eng/species-bank/butterflies-of-canada/alphabetical-index/">Butterflies of Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.hccnet.nl/bernard.fransen/0testsite/0testsite/">Photography of European Butterflies and Moths</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629191807/http://www.inra.fr/internet/Produits/PAPILLON/index.htm">Lepidoptera of French Antilles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/#!/tx/472-Apaturini">Butterflies of India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yutaka.it-n.jp/papi.html">A Check List of Butterflies in Indo-China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbarnes.force9.co.uk/jamaicamoths/jamaicahome.htm">Moths of Jamaica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpmoth.org/">Japmoth</a> Japanese moths. Access images via the numbers on the left.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622044831/http://www.leps.nl/">Butterflies and Moths in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.habitas.org.uk/moths/">Butterflies and Moths of Northern Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801025150/http://www.habitas.org.uk/moths/">Archived</a> 1 August 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pisum.bionet.nsc.ru/kosterin/korgor/index.htm">Butterflies of Asian Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070831024957/http://pisum.bionet.nsc.ru/kosterin/korgor/index.htm">Archived</a> 31 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gil-t.comze.com/indgalo.htm">Photos of Larvae and Pupae butterflies and moths. Spain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728150726/http://gil-t.comze.com/indgalo.htm">Archived</a> 28 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imagenesdeasturias.com/web/panoramicas_graonet/mariposas_de_asturias/index_mariposas.htm">Butterflies of Asturias – Spain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lepidoptera.se/en/">Swedish Moths and Butterflies Lepidoptera (English)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727194040/http://leptr.org/">Butterflies of Turkey</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Insect_orders330" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orders_of_Insects" title="Template:Orders of Insects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orders_of_Insects" title="Template talk:Orders of Insects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orders_of_Insects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orders of Insects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Insect_orders330" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insect</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Insect_orders" title="Category:Insect orders">orders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li>(unranked): <a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustacea</a></li> <li>Subphylum: <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Extant330" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monocondylia30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeognatha" title="Archaeognatha">Monocondylia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeognatha" title="Archaeognatha">Archaeognatha <small>(jumping bristletails)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insect_collage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Insect_collage.png/75px-Insect_collage.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Insect_collage.png/113px-Insect_collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Insect_collage.png/150px-Insect_collage.png 2x" data-file-width="2967" data-file-height="2887" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dicondylia" title="Dicondylia">D<br />i<br />c<br />o<br />n<br />d<br />y<br />l<br />i<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygentoma" title="Zygentoma">Zygentoma <small>(silverfish, firebrats)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">P<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />y<br />g<br />o<br />t<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Palaeoptera15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaeoptera" title="Palaeoptera">Palaeoptera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">Ephemeropteroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">Ephemeroptera <small>(mayflies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odonatoptera" title="Odonatoptera">Odonatoptera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odonata" title="Odonata">Odonata <small>(dragonflies, damselflies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neoptera" title="Neoptera">N<br />e<br />o<br />p<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polyneoptera86" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Polyneoptera" title="Polyneoptera">Polyneoptera</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plecoptera" title="Plecoptera">Plecoptera <small>(stoneflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earwig" title="Earwig">Dermaptera <small>(earwigs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embioptera" title="Embioptera">Embioptera <small>(webspinners)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasmatodea" title="Phasmatodea">Phasmatodea <small>(stick and leaf insects)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera">Orthoptera <small>(crickets, wetas, grasshoppers, locusts)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoraptera" title="Zoraptera">Zoraptera <small>(angel insects)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Notoptera" title="Notoptera">Notoptera<br /><small>(Xenonomia)</small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grylloblattidae" title="Grylloblattidae">Grylloblattodea <small>(ice-crawlers)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantophasmatidae" title="Mantophasmatidae">Mantophasmatodea <small>(gladiators)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dictyoptera" title="Dictyoptera">Dictyoptera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blattodea" title="Blattodea">Blattodea <small>(cockroaches, termites)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantis" title="Mantis">Mantodea <small>(mantises)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eumetabola" title="Eumetabola">E<br />u<br />m<br />e<br />t<br />a<br />b<br />o<br />l<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Paraneoptera_*86" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paraneoptera" title="Paraneoptera">Paraneoptera</a></i><abbr title="Eumetabola = (Psocodea + (rest of Paraneoptera + Holometabola))"> *</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psocodea" title="Psocodea">Psocodea <small>(barklice, lice)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">Thysanoptera <small>(thrips)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera <small>(cicadas, aphids, true bugs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;text-align:center;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">H<br />o<br />l<br />o<br />m<br />e<br />t<br />a<br />b<br />o<br />l<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera <small>(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)</small></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Neuropteroidea</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Coleopterida" title="Coleopterida">Coleopterida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strepsiptera" title="Strepsiptera">Strepsiptera <small>(twisted-winged parasites)</small></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">Coleoptera <small>(beetles)</small></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Neuropterida" title="Neuropterida">Neuropterida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snakefly" title="Snakefly">Raphidioptera <small>(snakeflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaloptera" title="Megaloptera">Megaloptera <small>(alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroptera" title="Neuroptera">Neuroptera <small>(net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panorpida" title="Panorpida">Panorpida<br /><small><span class="nobold">(Mecopterida)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:2em;"><span class="nobold">Antliophora</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="A clade comprising paraphyletic order Mecoptera and monophyletic order Siphonaptera."><i><a href="/wiki/Mecoptera" title="Mecoptera">Mecoptera <small>(scorpionflies)</small></a></i> + <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">Siphonaptera <small>(fleas)</small></a></abbr></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">Diptera <small>(gnats, mosquitoes, flies)</small></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:2em;"><a href="/wiki/Amphiesmenoptera" title="Amphiesmenoptera">Amphiesmenoptera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddisfly" title="Caddisfly">Trichoptera <small>(caddisflies)</small></a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lepidoptera <small>(moths, butterflies)</small></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-size:90%;"><div> <ul><li>Four most speciose orders are marked in <b>bold</b></li> <li><i>Italic</i> are paraphyletic groups</li> <li>Based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/236">Sasaki <i>et al.</i> (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Extinct330" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extinct</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiocarenodea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aethiocarenodea">Aethiocarenodea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roachoid" title="Roachoid">Blattoptera <small>(roachoids)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloneurodea" title="Caloneurodea">Caloneurodea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylopteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Campylopteridae">Campylopteridae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbotriplurida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbotriplurida (page does not exist)">Carbotriplurida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxoplectoptera" title="Coxoplectoptera">Coxoplectoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphanopterodea" title="Diaphanopterodea">Diaphanopterodea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eoblattodea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eoblattodea (page does not exist)">Eoblattodea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eudiaphanoptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eudiaphanoptera (page does not exist)">Eudiaphanoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Geroptera">Geroptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glosselytrodea" title="Glosselytrodea">Glosselytrodea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraridea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heraridea (page does not exist)">Heraridea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoperlida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypoperlida (page does not exist)">Hypoperlida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapeyriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapeyriidae">Lapeyriidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meganisoptera" title="Meganisoptera">Meganisoptera <small>(griffinflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasecoptera" title="Megasecoptera">Megasecoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miomoptera" title="Miomoptera">Miomoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeodictyoptera" title="Palaeodictyoptera">Palaeodictyoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paoliida" title="Paoliida">Paoliida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permoplectoptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permoplectoptera (page does not exist)">Permoplectoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permothemistida" title="Permothemistida">Permothemistida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protanisoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Protanisoptera">Protanisoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protelytroptera" title="Protelytroptera">Protelytroptera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protephemerida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protephemerida (page does not exist)">Protephemerida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protorthoptera" title="Protorthoptera">Protorthoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protozygoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozygoptera">Protozygoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntonoptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syntonoptera (page does not exist)">Syntonoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanoptera" title="Titanoptera">Titanoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadophlebioptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Triadophlebioptera">Triadophlebioptera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beetle_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/25px-Beetle_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/38px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/50px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="159" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Insects" title="Portal:Insects">Insects portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Insecta" class="extiw" title="species:Insecta">Wikispecies</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_Lepidoptera_families424" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lepidoptera" title="Template:Lepidoptera"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lepidoptera" title="Template talk:Lepidoptera"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lepidoptera" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lepidoptera"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Lepidoptera_families424" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lepidoptera</a> families</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a></li> <li>Subclass: <a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">Pterygota</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Neoptera" title="Neoptera">Neoptera</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">Holometabola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Zeugloptera424" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Micropterigidae" title="Micropterigidae">Zeugloptera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Micropterigoidea36" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:25.15em"><a href="/wiki/Micropterigidae" title="Micropterigidae">Micropterigoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Micropterigidae" title="Micropterigidae">Micropterigidae <small>(mandibulate archaic moths)</small></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Aglossata424" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Agathiphaga" title="Agathiphaga">Aglossata</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Agathiphagoidea31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:25.15em"><a href="/wiki/Agathiphaga" title="Agathiphaga">Agathiphagoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Agathiphaga" title="Agathiphaga">Agathiphagidae <small>(kauri moths)</small></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Heterobathmiina424" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Heterobathmia" title="Heterobathmia">Heterobathmiina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Heterobathmioidea35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:25.15em"><a href="/wiki/Heterobathmia" title="Heterobathmia">Heterobathmioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Heterobathmia" title="Heterobathmia">Heterobathmiidae</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Glossata424" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Glossata" title="Glossata">Glossata</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Eriocraniidae" title="Eriocraniidae">Dacnonypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eriocranioidea32" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Eriocraniidae" title="Eriocraniidae">Eriocranioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eriocraniidae" title="Eriocraniidae">Eriocraniidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Acanthopteroctetidae" title="Acanthopteroctetidae">Acanthoctesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Acanthopteroctetidae" title="Acanthopteroctetidae">Acanthopteroctetoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanthopteroctetidae" title="Acanthopteroctetidae">Acanthopteroctetidae <small>(archaic sun moths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lophocoronoidea" title="Lophocoronoidea">Lophocoronina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lophocoronoidea19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Lophocoronoidea" title="Lophocoronoidea">Lophocoronoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lophocoronoidea" title="Lophocoronoidea">Lophocoronidae</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Neopseustidae" title="Neopseustidae">Neopseustina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Neopseustidae" title="Neopseustidae">Neopseustoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aenigmatineidae" title="Aenigmatineidae">Aenigmatineidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopseustidae" title="Neopseustidae">Neopseustidae <small>(archaic bell moths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Exoporia" title="Exoporia">Exoporia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Hepialoidea" title="Hepialoidea">Hepialoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoses" title="Anomoses">Anomosetidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepialidae" title="Hepialidae">Hepialidae <small>(swift moths, ghost moths)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotheora" title="Neotheora">Neotheoridae <small>(Amazonian primitive ghost moths)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeosetidae" title="Palaeosetidae">Palaeosetidae <small>(miniature ghost moths)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototheoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototheoridae">Prototheoridae <small>(African primitive ghost moths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Mnesarchaea" title="Mnesarchaea">Mnesarchaeoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mnesarchaea" title="Mnesarchaea">Mnesarchaeidae <small>(New Zealand primitive moths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Heteroneura" title="Heteroneura">H<br />e<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />n<br />e<br />u<br />r<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.1em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;font-size:80%;"><a href="/wiki/Monotrysia" title="Monotrysia">M<br />o<br />n<br />o<br />t<br />r<br />y<br />s<br />i<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Adeloidea" title="Adeloidea">Adeloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adelidae" title="Adelidae">Adelidae <small>(fairy longhorn moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cecidosidae" title="Cecidosidae">Cecidosidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heliozelidae" title="Heliozelidae">Heliozelidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Incurvariidae" title="Incurvariidae">Incurvariidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prodoxidae" title="Prodoxidae">Prodoxidae <small>(yucca moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Andesiana" title="Andesiana">Andesianoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andesiana" title="Andesiana">Andesianidae <small>(Andean endemic moths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Nepticuloidea" title="Nepticuloidea">Nepticuloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nepticulidae" title="Nepticulidae">Nepticulidae <small>(pigmy, or midget moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Opostegidae" title="Opostegidae">Opostegidae <small>(white eyecap moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Palaephatidae" title="Palaephatidae">Palaephatoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Palaephatidae" title="Palaephatidae">Palaephatidae <small>(Gondwanaland moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Tischerioidea" title="Tischerioidea">Tischerioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tischerioidea" title="Tischerioidea">Tischeriidae <small>(trumpet leaf miner moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.1em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;font-size:80%;"><a href="/wiki/Ditrysia" title="Ditrysia">D<br />i<br />t<br />r<br />y<br />s<br />i<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Simaethistoidea" title="Simaethistoidea">Simaethistoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Simaethistoidea" title="Simaethistoidea">Simaethistidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Tineoidea" title="Tineoidea">Tineoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Acrolophidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrolophidae">Acrolophidae <small>(burrowing webworm moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arrhenophanidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrhenophanidae">Arrhenophanidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eriocottidae" title="Eriocottidae">Eriocottidae <small>(Old World spiny-winged moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bagworm_moth" title="Bagworm moth">Psychidae <small>(bagworm moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tineidae" title="Tineidae">Tineidae <small>(fungus moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Gracillarioidea" title="Gracillarioidea">Gracillarioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bucculatricidae" title="Bucculatricidae">Bucculatricidae <small>(ribbed cocoon makers)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Douglasiidae" title="Douglasiidae">Douglasiidae <small>(Douglas moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gracillariidae" title="Gracillariidae">Gracillariidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roeslerstammiidae" title="Roeslerstammiidae">Roeslerstammiidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Yponomeutoidea" title="Yponomeutoidea">Yponomeutoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Acrolepiidae" title="Acrolepiidae">Acrolepiidae <small>(false diamondback moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bedelliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedelliidae">Bedelliidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glyphipterigidae" title="Glyphipterigidae">Glyphipterigidae <small>(sedge moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heliodinidae" title="Heliodinidae">Heliodinidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyonetiidae" title="Lyonetiidae">Lyonetiidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plutellidae" title="Plutellidae">Plutellidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ermine_moth" title="Ermine moth">Yponomeutidae <small>(ermine moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ypsolophidae" title="Ypsolophidae">Ypsolophidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Gelechioidea" title="Gelechioidea">Gelechioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Autostichidae" title="Autostichidae">Autostichidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batrachedridae" title="Batrachedridae">Batrachedridae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blastobasidae" title="Blastobasidae">Blastobasidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coleophoridae" title="Coleophoridae">Coleophoridae <small>(case-bearers, case moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cosmopterigidae" title="Cosmopterigidae">Cosmopterigidae <small>(cosmet moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elachistidae" title="Elachistidae">Elachistidae <small>(grass-miner moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gelechiidae" title="Gelechiidae">Gelechiidae <small>(twirler moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lecithoceridae" title="Lecithoceridae">Lecithoceridae <small>(long-horned moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lypusidae" title="Lypusidae">Lypusidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metachanda" title="Metachanda">Metachandidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Momphidae" title="Momphidae">Momphidae <small>(mompha moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oecophoridae" title="Oecophoridae">Oecophoridae <small>(concealer moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pterolonchidae" title="Pterolonchidae">Pterolonchidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scythrididae" title="Scythrididae">Scythrididae <small>(flower moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xyloryctidae" title="Xyloryctidae">Xyloryctidae <small>(timber moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Galacticidae" title="Galacticidae">Galacticoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Galacticidae" title="Galacticidae">Galacticidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Zygaenoidea" title="Zygaenoidea">Zygaenoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Heterogynidae" title="Heterogynidae">Heterogynidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zygaenidae" title="Zygaenidae">Zygaenidae <small>(burnet, forester, or smoky moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Himantopteridae" title="Himantopteridae">Himantopteridae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lacturidae" title="Lacturidae">Lacturidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Somabrachyidae" title="Somabrachyidae">Somabrachyidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Flannel_moth" title="Flannel moth">Megalopygidae <small>(flannel moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aididae" title="Aididae">Aididae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anomoeotidae" title="Anomoeotidae">Anomoeotidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cyclotorna" title="Cyclotorna">Cyclotornidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epipyropidae" title="Epipyropidae">Epipyropidae <small>(planthopper parasite moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dalceridae" title="Dalceridae">Dalceridae <small>(slug caterpillars)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Limacodidae" title="Limacodidae">Limacodidae <small>(slug, or cup moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Cossoidea" title="Cossoidea">Cossoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cossidae" title="Cossidae">Cossidae <small>(carpenter millers, or goat moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dudgeonea" title="Dudgeonea">Dudgeoneidae <small>(dudgeon carpenter moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Sesioidea" title="Sesioidea">Sesioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Brachodidae" title="Brachodidae">Brachodidae <small>(little bear moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Castniidae" title="Castniidae">Castniidae <small>(castniid moths: giant butterfly-moths, sun moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sesiidae" title="Sesiidae">Sesiidae <small>(clearwing moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Choreutidae" title="Choreutidae">Choreutoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Choreutidae" title="Choreutidae">Choreutidae <small>(metalmark moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Tortricidae" title="Tortricidae">Tortricoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tortricidae" title="Tortricidae">Tortricidae <small>(tortrix moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Urodidae" title="Urodidae">Urodoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Urodidae" title="Urodidae">Urodidae <small>(false burnet moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Schreckensteiniidae" title="Schreckensteiniidae">Schreckensteinioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Schreckensteiniidae" title="Schreckensteiniidae">Schreckensteiniidae <small>(bristle-legged moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Epermeniidae" title="Epermeniidae">Epermenioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Epermeniidae" title="Epermeniidae">Epermeniidae <small>(fringe-tufted moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Alucitoidea" title="Alucitoidea">Alucitoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Many-plumed_moth" title="Many-plumed moth">Alucitidae <small>(many-plumed moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tineodidae" title="Tineodidae">Tineodidae <small>(false plume moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Pterophoridae" title="Pterophoridae">Pterophoroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pterophoridae" title="Pterophoridae">Pterophoridae <small>(plume moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Whalleyana" title="Whalleyana">Whalleyanoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Whalleyana" title="Whalleyana">Whalleyanidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Immidae" title="Immidae">Immoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Immidae" title="Immidae">Immidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Copromorphoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Copromorphoidea">Copromorphoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Copromorphidae" title="Copromorphidae">Copromorphidae <small>(tropical fruitworm moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carposinidae" title="Carposinidae">Carposinidae <small>(fruitworm moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Thyrididae" title="Thyrididae">Thyridoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Thyrididae" title="Thyrididae">Thyrididae <small>(picture-winged leaf moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Callidulidae" title="Callidulidae">Calliduloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Callidulidae" title="Callidulidae">Callidulidae <small>(Old World butterfly-moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Papilionoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Papilionoidea">Papilionoidea</a><br /><small><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a>)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Swallowtail_butterfly" title="Swallowtail butterfly">Papilionidae <small>(swallowtail butterflies)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hedylidae" title="Hedylidae">Hedylidae <small>(American moth-butterflies)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skipper_(butterfly)" title="Skipper (butterfly)">Hesperiidae <small>(skippers)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pieridae" title="Pieridae">Pieridae <small>(whites, yellows, orangetips, sulphurs)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riodinidae" title="Riodinidae">Riodinidae <small>(metalmarks)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">Lycaenidae <small>(gossamer-winged butterflies: blues, coppers and relatives)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" title="Nymphalidae">Nymphalidae <small>(brush-footed, or four-footed butterflies)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Hyblaeidae" title="Hyblaeidae">Hyblaeoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hyblaeidae" title="Hyblaeidae">Hyblaeidae <small>(teak moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Pyraloidea" title="Pyraloidea">Pyraloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pyralidae" title="Pyralidae">Pyralidae <small>(snout moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crambidae" title="Crambidae">Crambidae <small>(grass moth)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Mimallonoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimallonoidea">Mimallonoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mimallonoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimallonoidea">Mimallonidae <small>(sack bearer moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Lasiocampoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasiocampoidea">Lasiocampoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lasiocampidae" title="Lasiocampidae">Lasiocampidae <small>(eggars, snout moths, or lappet moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Bombycoidea" title="Bombycoidea">Bombycoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Anthelidae" title="Anthelidae">Anthelidae <small>(Australian lappet moth)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apatelodidae" title="Apatelodidae">Apatelodidae <small>(American silkworm moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bombycidae" title="Bombycidae">Bombycidae <small>(silk moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brahmaeidae" title="Brahmaeidae">Brahmaeidae <small>(Brahmin moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dryandra_moth" title="Dryandra moth">Carthaeidae <small>(Dryandra moth)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Endromidae" title="Endromidae">Endromidae <small>(Kentish glory and relatives)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eupterotidae" title="Eupterotidae">Eupterotidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phiditiidae" title="Phiditiidae">Phiditiidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saturniidae" title="Saturniidae">Saturniidae <small>(saturniids)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sphingidae" title="Sphingidae">Sphingidae <small>(hawk moths, sphinx moths and hornworms)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Noctuoidea" title="Noctuoidea">Noctuoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Erebidae" title="Erebidae">Erebidae <small>(underwing, tiger, tussock, litter, snout, owlet moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Euteliidae" title="Euteliidae">Euteliidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Noctuidae" title="Noctuidae">Noctuidae <small>(daggers, sallows, owlet moths, quakers, cutworms, darts)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nolidae" title="Nolidae">Nolidae <small>(tuft moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Notodontidae" title="Notodontidae">Notodontidae <small>(prominents, kittens)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oenosandridae" title="Oenosandridae">Oenosandridae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Drepanoidea" title="Drepanoidea">Drepanoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Drepanidae" title="Drepanidae">Drepanidae <small>(hook-tips)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cimeliidae" title="Cimeliidae">Cimeliidae <small>(gold moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Doidae" title="Doidae">Doidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Geometroidea" title="Geometroidea">Geometroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sematuridae" title="Sematuridae">Sematuridae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pseudobistonidae" title="Pseudobistonidae">Pseudobistonidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epicopeiidae" title="Epicopeiidae">Epicopeiidae <small>(oriental swallowtail moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uraniidae" title="Uraniidae">Uraniidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Geometer_moth" title="Geometer moth">Geometridae <small>(geometer moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Superfamily unassigned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Millieriidae" title="Millieriidae">Millieriidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: division <a href="/wiki/Monotrysia" title="Monotrysia">Monotrysia</a> is not a clade.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Lepidoptera" title="Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera">Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Lepidoptera_by_region" title="Lists of Lepidoptera by region">Lists by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers4230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers4230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Lepidoptera</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28319" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q28319">Q28319</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepidoptera/">Lepidoptera</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id16868">16868</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=113">113</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/57">57</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/LP">LP</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/747">747</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1LEPIO">1LEPIO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:7">7</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/b64a743d-0469-4571-9ed4-061779300ac0">b64a743d-0469-4571-9ed4-061779300ac0</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/797">797</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47157">47157</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=12144">12144</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=117232">117232</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Global_Lepidoptera_Names_Index" title="The Global Lepidoptera Names Index">LepIndex</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/detail/?taxonno=137590">137590</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000841034">NHMSYS0000841034</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7088">7088</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/4139991c-cde7-42fe-b132-9c101c86e33a">4139991c-cde7-42fe-b132-9c101c86e33a</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=965954">965954</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=71428">71428</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/lepidoptera/">lepidoptera</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: 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vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lepidoptera</span></div> </div> 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-68f5578f8b-np7kq","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.880","walltime":"3.455","ppvisitednodes":{"value":39788,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1126474,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":30382,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":46,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":47,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":779290,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":24,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2935.382 1 -total"," 40.27% 1182.158 63 Template:Clade"," 34.81% 1021.745 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.88% 348.698 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 11.67% 342.659 63 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.28% 243.189 46 Template:Cite_book"," 7.59% 222.751 47 Template:Rp"," 7.19% 210.940 47 Template:R/superscript"," 6.60% 193.825 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 6.56% 192.631 29 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[\"CITEREFDevries,_P._J.1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevries,_Pj1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiaz,_HJ2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDole2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDugdale1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEacockRowlandvan’t_HofYung2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEatonKaufman,_Kenn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrlichRaven1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliotBerenbaum2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElmesWardlawSchönroggeThomas2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelKristensen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord,_E._B.1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGasmiBoulainGauthierHua-Van2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillot1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsmith_M._R.T._ShimadaH._Abe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoulsonOllertonSluman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabe1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenOsborne,_William_S.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimaldiEngel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimaldiMichael_S._Engel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGullan,_P._J.Cranston,_P._S.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGullanP._S._Cranston2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGullanP._S._Cranston2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGullan_\u0026amp;_Cranston2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHadley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHahn,_Jeff2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallHarvey2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarpeDan_McCormack2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHearn1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelen_J._YoungLauren_Gravitz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeppner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHsiao1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesD_A_Waters2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKailaMarko_MutanenTommi_Nyman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKjerSimonYavorskayaBeutel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowacsCardosoEntresNovak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKricher1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristensen,_N._P.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristensenScobleKarsholt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamas1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsen1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatimerKaren_Stray_Nolting2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLighton_J._R._B.Lovegrove_B._G.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinnaeus1746\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadeJosef_BlabRudi_HolzbergerH._van_den_Bijtel1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallet,_Jim2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMani1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer,_A.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer,_John_R.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemos,_F.c._1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNijhout1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoorParnellGrant2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOberhauser2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliveira_PEPE_GibbsAA_Barbosa2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartridge2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatelShanbhag1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierce,_N._E.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabuzzi1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamos-ElorduyMorenoVázquezLandero2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatcliffeFullard,_James_H.Arthur,_Benjamin_J.Hoy,_Ronald_R.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRau1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReddVoorheesTörök2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegier,_Jerome2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisner,_Alex\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReshRing_T._Carde2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitlandL._P._Brower1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinoffHaines2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRust2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanderfordW._E._Conner1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantosCannatellaCannatella2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaumanAdriana_D._BriscoeHaisun_ZhuDingding_Shi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScoble1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScoble1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShaikh-Lesko2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthwood1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrygleyOliveiraRiveros2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStumpe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTriplehornJohnson,_Norman_F.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuskesTuttle,_James_P.Collins,_Michael_M.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuskesTuttleCollins1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrquhart,_F._A.N._R._Urquhart1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVukusic2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard,_James_V.Ward,_Peter_E.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarrantFrostGreenMouritsen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWassenaar_L._I.K._A._Hobson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinzierl,_R.Henn,_T.Koehler,_P._G.Tucker,_C._L.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiklund1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams,_C._B.1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfram_MeyWilfried_WichardPatrick_MüllerBo_Wang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoshitake,_N.1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZagrobelnyDreonGomieroMarcazzan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_EldijkWapplerStrothervan_der_Weijst2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 46,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 63,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 16,\n [\"Clade\"] = 63,\n [\"Clear\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 8,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Fossilrange\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"ITIS\"] = 1,\n [\"LSJ\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 20,\n [\"LepIndex\"] = 2,\n [\"Lepidoptera\"] = 1,\n [\"Ma\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"OEtymD\"] = 1,\n [\"Orders of Insects\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 47,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikispecies\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","18.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","13.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","8.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","5.1"],["(for 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-05-24T16:22:46Z","dateModified":"2025-01-03T18:22:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a6\/Peacock_butterfly_%28Aglais_io%29_2.jpg","headline":"order of insects that includes butterflies and moths"}</script> </body> </html>