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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Stellar evolution of novae</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stellar_evolution_of_novae-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stellar evolution of novae subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stellar_evolution_of_novae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Helium_novae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helium_novae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Helium novae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helium_novae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_rate_and_astrophysical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_rate_and_astrophysical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Occurrence rate and astrophysical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence_rate_and_astrophysical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Occurrence rate and astrophysical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_rate_and_astrophysical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subtypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Subtypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remnants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remnants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Remnants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remnants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novae_as_distance_indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novae_as_distance_indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Novae as distance indicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novae_as_distance_indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recurrent_novae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recurrent_novae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Recurrent novae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recurrent_novae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extragalactic_novae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extragalactic_novae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Extragalactic novae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extragalactic_novae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nova</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1" title="مستعر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستعر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="নবতারা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নবতারা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Новая зорка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Новая зорка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Нова (астрономия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нова (астрономия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(zvijezda)" title="Nova (zvijezda) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nova (zvijezda)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D0%BD%C4%95_%C3%A7%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80" title="Çĕнĕ çăлтăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕнĕ çăлтăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(Stern)" title="Nova (Stern) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nova (Stern)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noova" title="Noova – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Noova" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Καινοφανής αστέρας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καινοφανής αστέρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novao" title="Novao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Novao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noba" title="Noba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Noba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="نواختر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نواختر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3va" title="Nóva – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nóva" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(astronom%C3%ADa)" title="Nova (astronomía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nova (astronomía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_(%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4)" title="신성 (천체) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신성 (천체)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նոր աստղեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոր աստղեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="नोवा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नोवा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="נובה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyota_nova" title="Nyota nova – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyota nova" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(St%C3%A4r)" title="Nova (Stär) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nova (Stär)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(astronomija)" title="Nova (astronomija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nova (astronomija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3va" title="Nóva – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nóva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нова – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нова" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5" title="നോവ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോവ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ნოვა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნოვა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC" title="နိုဗာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုဗာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(sterrenkunde)" title="Nova (sterrenkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nova (sterrenkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="新星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(stjerne)" title="Nova (stjerne) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nova (stjerne)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2va" title="Nòva – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nòva" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangi_yulduzlar" title="Yangi yulduzlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yangi yulduzlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7" title="نووا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نووا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_klasyczna" title="Nowa klasyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowa klasyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C4%83" title="Novă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Novă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Новая звезда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новая звезда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(astron%C3%B3mia)" title="Nova (astronómia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nova (astronómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нова – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нова" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="குறுமீன் வெடிப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குறுமீன் வெடிப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="นวดารา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นวดารา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova" title="Nova – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nova" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Нова зоря – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нова зоря" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_tinh" title="Tân tinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tân tinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noba" title="Noba – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Noba" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="新星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="新星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="新星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="新星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6458#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Novas" and "Novae" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Novas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Novas (disambiguation)">Novas (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novae_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Novae (disambiguation)">Novae (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nova_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nova (disambiguation)">Nova (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">luminous red nova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova">kilonova</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">micronova</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_a_Nova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Making_a_Nova.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="169" /></a><figcaption>Artist's conception of a white dwarf, right, <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accreting</a> hydrogen from the <a href="/wiki/Roche_lobe" title="Roche lobe">Roche lobe</a> of its larger companion star</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>nova</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> <b>novae</b> or <b>novas</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Transient_astronomical_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient astronomical event">transient astronomical event</a> that causes the sudden appearance of a bright, apparently "new" star (hence the name "nova", Latin for "new") that slowly fades over weeks or months. All observed novae involve <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarfs</a> in close <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary systems</a>, but causes of the dramatic appearance of a nova vary, depending on the circumstances of the two progenitor stars. The main sub-classes of novae are classical novae, recurrent novae (RNe), and <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_nova" title="Dwarf nova">dwarf novae</a>. They are all considered to be <a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_variable_star" title="Cataclysmic variable star">cataclysmic variable stars</a>. </p><p>Classical nova eruptions are the most common type. This type is usually created in a close binary star system consisting of a white dwarf and either a <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">subgiant</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Red_giant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Red giant star">red giant star</a>. If the orbital period of the system is a few days or less, the white dwarf is close enough to its companion star to draw <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accreted</a> <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> onto its surface, creating a dense but shallow <a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. This atmosphere, mostly consisting of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, is heated by the hot white dwarf and eventually reaches a critical temperature, causing ignition of rapid <a href="/wiki/Thermal_runaway" title="Thermal runaway">runaway</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusion</a>. The sudden increase in energy expels the atmosphere into interstellar space, creating the envelope seen as visible light during the nova event. In past centuries such an event was thought to be a new star. A few novae produce short-lived <a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">nova remnants</a>, lasting for perhaps several centuries. </p><p>A recurrent nova involves the same processes as a classical nova, except that the nova event repeats in cycles of a few decades or less as the companion star again feeds the dense atmosphere of the white dwarf after each ignition, as in the star <a href="/wiki/T_Coronae_Borealis" title="T Coronae Borealis">T Coronae Borealis</a>. </p><p>Under certain conditions, mass accretion can eventually trigger runaway fusion that destroys the white dwarf rather than merely expelling its atmosphere. In this case, the event is usually classified as a <a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia supernova</a>. </p><p>Novae most often occur in the sky along the path of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>, especially near the observed <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a> in Sagittarius; however, they can appear anywhere in the sky. They occur far more <a href="/wiki/List_of_novae_in_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" title="List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy">frequently</a> than galactic <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a>, averaging about ten per year in the Milky Way. Most are found telescopically, perhaps only one every 12–18 months reaching <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked-eye</a> visibility. Novae reaching first or second <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">magnitude</a> occur only a few times per century. The last bright nova was <a href="/wiki/V1369_Centauri" title="V1369 Centauri">V1369 Centauri</a>, which reached 3.3 magnitude on 14 December 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the sixteenth century, astronomer <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a> observed the <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> <a href="/wiki/SN_1572" title="SN 1572">SN 1572</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(constellation)" title="Cassiopeia (constellation)">Cassiopeia</a>. He described it in his book <i>De nova stella</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "concerning the new star"), giving rise to the adoption of the name <i>nova</i>. In this work he argued that a nearby object should be seen to move relative to the fixed stars, and thus the nova had to be very far away. Although SN 1572 was later found to be a supernova and not a nova, the terms were considered interchangeable until the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, novae were called <i>classical novae</i> to distinguish them from <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a>, as their causes and energies were thought to be different, based solely on the observational evidence. </p><p>Although the term "stella nova" means "new star", novae most often take place on <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarfs</a>, which are remnants of extremely old stars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stellar_evolution_of_novae">Stellar evolution of novae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stellar evolution of novae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nova-Eridani-2009-LB4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nova-Eridani-2009-LB4.jpg/220px-Nova-Eridani-2009-LB4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nova-Eridani-2009-LB4.jpg/330px-Nova-Eridani-2009-LB4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nova-Eridani-2009-LB4.jpg/440px-Nova-Eridani-2009-LB4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/KT_Eridani" title="KT Eridani">Nova Eridani 2009</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> ~8.4)</figcaption></figure> <p>Evolution of potential novae begins with two <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a> stars in a binary system. One of the two <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">evolves</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a>, leaving its remnant white dwarf core in orbit with the remaining star. The second star—which may be either a <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main-sequence star</a> or an aging <a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">giant</a>—begins to shed its envelope onto its white dwarf companion when it overflows its <a href="/wiki/Roche_lobe" title="Roche lobe">Roche lobe</a>. As a result, the white dwarf steadily captures matter from the companion's outer atmosphere in an accretion disk, and in turn, the accreted matter falls into the atmosphere. As the white dwarf consists of <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter" title="Degenerate matter">degenerate matter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accreted</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> is unable to expand even though its temperature increases. Runaway fusion occurs when the temperature of this atmospheric layer reaches ~20 million <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>, initiating nuclear burning via the <a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the accretion rate is just right, hydrogen fusion may occur in a stable manner on the surface of the white dwarf, giving rise to a <a href="/wiki/Super_soft_X-ray_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Super soft X-ray source">super soft X-ray source</a>, but for most binary system parameters, the hydrogen burning is thermally unstable and rapidly converts a large amount of the hydrogen into other, <a href="/wiki/Weight" title="Weight">heavier</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_runaway" title="Thermal runaway">runaway</a> reaction,<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> liberating an enormous amount of energy. This blows the remaining gases away from the surface of the white dwarf and produces an extremely bright outburst of light. </p><p>The rise to peak brightness may be very rapid, or gradual; after the peak, the brightness declines steadily.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time taken for a nova to decay by 2 or 3 magnitudes from maximum optical brightness is used for grouping novae into speed classes. Fast novae typically will take less than 25 days to decay by 2 magnitudes, while slow novae will take more than 80 days.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its violence, usually the amount of <a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">material</a> ejected in a nova is only about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10,000</span></span> of a <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar mass</a>, quite small relative to the mass of the white dwarf. Furthermore, only five percent of the accreted mass is fused during the power outburst.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, this is enough energy to accelerate nova ejecta to velocities as high as several thousand kilometers per second—higher for fast novae than slow ones—with a concurrent rise in <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a> from a few times solar to 50,000–100,000 times solar.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 scientists using NASA's <a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</a> discovered that a nova also can emit <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> (>100 MeV).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Potentially, a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> can generate multiple novae over time as additional <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> continues to accrete onto its surface from its <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">companion star</a>. Where this repeated flaring is observed, the object is called a recurrent nova. An example is <a href="/wiki/RS_Ophiuchi" title="RS Ophiuchi">RS Ophiuchi</a>, which is known to have flared seven times (in 1898, 1933, 1958, 1967, 1985, 2006, and 2021). Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> can <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explode</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia supernova</a> if it approaches the <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a>. </p><p>Occasionally, novae are bright enough and close enough to Earth to be conspicuous to the unaided eye. The brightest recent example was <a href="/wiki/V1500_Cygni" title="V1500 Cygni">Nova Cygni 1975</a>. This nova appeared on 29 August 1975, in the constellation <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(constellation)" title="Cygnus (constellation)">Cygnus</a> about 5 degrees north of <a href="/wiki/Deneb" title="Deneb">Deneb</a>, and reached <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">magnitude</a> 2.0 (nearly as bright as <a href="/wiki/Deneb" title="Deneb">Deneb</a>). The most recent were <a href="/wiki/V1280_Scorpii" title="V1280 Scorpii">V1280 Scorpii</a>, which reached magnitude 3.7 on 17 February 2007, and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Delphini_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Delphini 2013">Nova Delphini 2013</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nova_Centauri_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Centauri 2013">Nova Centauri 2013</a> was discovered 2 December 2013 and so far is the brightest nova of this <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a>, reaching magnitude 3.3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helium_novae">Helium novae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Helium novae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> nova (undergoing a <a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">helium flash</a>) is a proposed category of nova event that lacks <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_series" title="Hydrogen spectral series">hydrogen lines</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectrum</a>. The absence of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> lines may be caused by the <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosion</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> shell on a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a> was first proposed in 1989, and the first candidate <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> nova to be observed was <a href="/wiki/V445_Puppis" title="V445 Puppis">V445 Puppis</a>, in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, four other novae have been proposed as <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> novae.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_rate_and_astrophysical_significance">Occurrence rate and astrophysical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Occurrence rate and astrophysical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Astronomers have estimated that the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> experiences roughly 25 to 75 novae per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Shafter2017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shafter2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of novae actually observed in the Milky Way each year is much lower, about 10,<sup id="cite_ref-nova_list_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nova_list-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably because distant novae are obscured by gas and dust absorption.<sup id="cite_ref-nova_list_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nova_list-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019, 407 probable novae had been recorded in the Milky Way.<sup id="cite_ref-nova_list_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nova_list-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a>, roughly 25 novae brighter than about 20th magnitude are discovered each year, and smaller numbers are seen in other nearby galaxies.<sup id="cite_ref-M31-Nova_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M31-Nova-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopic</a> observation of nova ejecta <a href="/wiki/Nebulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebulae">nebulae</a> has shown that they are enriched in elements such as helium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, neon, and magnesium.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical nova <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosions</a> are galactic producers of the element <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EA-20200601_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-20200601-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AJ-20200527_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJ-20200527-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contribution of novae to the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> is not great; novae supply only <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">50</span></span> as much material to the galaxy as do supernovae, and only <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">200</span></span> as much as <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">supergiant</a> stars.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Observed recurrent novae such as <a href="/wiki/RS_Ophiuchi" title="RS Ophiuchi">RS Ophiuchi</a> (those with periods on the order of decades) are rare. Astronomers theorize, however, that most, if not all, novae recur, albeit on time scales ranging from 1,000 to 100,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recurrence interval for a nova is less dependent on the accretion rate of the white dwarf than on its mass; with their powerful gravity, massive white dwarfs require less accretion to fuel an eruption than lower-mass ones.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the interval is shorter for high-mass white dwarfs.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/V_Sagittae" title="V Sagittae">V Sagittae</a> is unusual in that the time of its next eruption can be predicted fairly accurately; it is expected to recur in approximately 2083, plus or minus about 11 years.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtypes">Subtypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subtypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Novae are classified according to the <a href="/wiki/Light_curve" title="Light curve">light curve</a> decay speed, referred to as either type A, B, C and R,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or using the prefix "N": </p> <ul><li><b>NA</b>: fast novae, with a rapid brightness increase, followed by a brightness decline of 3 magnitudes—to about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> brightness—within 100 days.<sup id="cite_ref-heasarc_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heasarc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>NB</b>: slow novae, with a brightness decline of 3 magnitudes in 150 days or more.</li> <li><b>NC</b>: very slow novae, also known as <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">symbiotic novae</a>, staying at maximum light for a decade or more and then fading very slowly.</li> <li><b>NR</b>/<b>RN</b>: recurrent novae, where two or more eruptions separated by 80 years or less have been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are generally also fast.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remnants">Remnants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Remnants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg/250px-GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg/500px-GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2802" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/GK_Persei" title="GK Persei">GK Persei</a>: Nova of 1901</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Nova remnant</a></div> <p>Some novae leave behind visible <a href="/wiki/Nebulosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebulosity">nebulosity</a>, material expelled in the nova explosion or in multiple explosions.<sup id="cite_ref-Liimets2014_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liimets2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Novae_as_distance_indicators">Novae as distance indicators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Novae as distance indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Novae have some promise for use as <a href="/wiki/Standard_candle" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard candle">standard candle</a> measurements of distances. For instance, the distribution of their <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">absolute magnitude</a> is <a href="/wiki/Bimodal_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimodal distribution">bimodal</a>, with a main peak at magnitude −8.8, and a lesser one at −7.5. Novae also have roughly the same absolute magnitude 15 days after their peak (−5.5). Nova-based distance estimates to various nearby <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">galaxy clusters</a> have been shown to be of comparable accuracy to those measured with <a href="/wiki/Cepheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cepheid">Cepheid</a> <a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">variable stars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recurrent_novae">Recurrent novae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Recurrent novae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>recurrent nova</b> (<b>RN</b>) is an object that has been seen to experience repeated nova eruptions. The recurrent nova typically brightens by about 9 magnitudes, whereas a classical nova may brighten by more than 12 magnitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaefer2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it is estimated that as many as a quarter of nova systems experience multiple eruptions, only ten recurrent novae (listed below) have been observed in the Milky Way.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_astronomy" title="Extragalactic astronomy">extragalactic</a> recurrent novae have been observed in the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a> (M31) and the <a href="/wiki/Large_Magellanic_Cloud" title="Large Magellanic Cloud">Large Magellanic Cloud</a>. One of these extragalactic novae, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M31N_2008-12a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M31N 2008-12a (page does not exist)">M31N 2008-12a</a>, erupts as frequently as once every 12 months. </p><p>On 20 April 2016, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sky_%26_Telescope" title="Sky & Telescope">Sky & Telescope</a></i> website reported a sustained brightening of <a href="/wiki/T_Coronae_Borealis" title="T Coronae Borealis">T Coronae Borealis</a> from magnitude 10.5 to about 9.2 starting in February 2015. A similar event had been reported in 1938, followed by another outburst in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-sandt_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandt-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By June 2018, the star had dimmed slightly but still remained at an unusually high level of activity. In March or April 2023, it dimmed to magnitude 12.3.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar dimming occurred in the year before the 1945 outburst, indicating that it would likely erupt between March and September 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 10 February 2025,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nova&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> this predicted outburst has not yet occurred. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Full name </th> <th>Discoverer </th> <th>Distance (<a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">ly</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Magnitude</a><br /> range </th> <th>Days to drop<br /> 3 magnitudes<br /> from peak </th> <th>Known eruption years </th> <th>Interval (years) </th> <th>Years since latest eruption </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=CI_Aquilae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CI Aquilae (page does not exist)">CI Aquilae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Reinmuth" title="Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth">K. Reinmuth</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003859000000000000♠"></span>8590<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>830</span> </td> <td>8.6–16.3 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>1917, 1941, 2000 </td> <td>24–59 </td> <td bgcolor="#84CF65">24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=V394_Coronae_Australis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V394 Coronae Australis (page does not exist)">V394 Coronae Australis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luis_Enrique_Erro" title="Luis Enrique Erro">L. E. Erro</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004170000000000000♠"></span>17<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span><span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>3000</span><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>7.2–19.7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>1949, 1987 </td> <td>38 </td> <td bgcolor="#E2EB20">37 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T_Coronae_Borealis" title="T Coronae Borealis">T Coronae Borealis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Birmingham_(astronomer)" title="John Birmingham (astronomer)">J. Birmingham</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003298700000000000♠"></span>2987<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>75</span> </td> <td>2.5–10.8 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>1217, 1787, 1866, 1946 </td> <td>80 </td> <td bgcolor="#E2EB20">79 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IM_Normae" title="IM Normae">IM Normae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ida_E._Woods" title="Ida E. Woods">I. E. Woods</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003980000000000000♠"></span>9800<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>1600</span><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>8.5–18.5 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>1920, 2002 </td> <td>≤82 </td> <td bgcolor="#84CF65">23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RS_Ophiuchi" title="RS Ophiuchi">RS Ophiuchi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming">W. Fleming</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003874000000000000♠"></span>8740<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>850</span> </td> <td>4.8–11 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>1898, 1907, 1933, 1958, 1967, 1985, 2006, 2021 </td> <td>9–26 </td> <td bgcolor="#84CF65">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=V2487_Ophiuchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V2487 Ophiuchi (page does not exist)">V2487 Ophiuchi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kesao_Takamizawa" title="Kesao Takamizawa">K. Takamizawa</a> (1998) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004209000000000000♠"></span>20<span style="margin-left:.25em;">900</span><span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>5200</span><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>9.5–17.5 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>1900, 1998 </td> <td>98 </td> <td bgcolor="#84CF65">26 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T_Pyxidis" title="T Pyxidis">T Pyxidis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt" title="Henrietta Swan Leavitt">H. Leavitt</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003941000000000000♠"></span>9410<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>780</span> </td> <td>6.4–15.5 </td> <td>62 </td> <td>1890, 1902, 1920, 1944, 1967, 2011 </td> <td>12–44 </td> <td bgcolor="#E2EB20">13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=V3890_Sagittarii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V3890 Sagittarii (page does not exist)">V3890 Sagittarii</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Dinerstein" title="Harriet Dinerstein">H. Dinerstein</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004160000000000000♠"></span>16<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>8.1–18.4 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>1962, 1990, 2019 </td> <td>28–29 </td> <td bgcolor="#84CF65">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/U_Scorpii" title="U Scorpii">U Scorpii</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N._R._Pogson" title="N. R. Pogson">N. R. Pogson</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004313000000000000♠"></span>31<span style="margin-left:.25em;">300</span><span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>2000</span><sup id="cite_ref-Hachisu2017_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hachisu2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>7.5–17.6 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>1863, 1906, 1917, 1936, 1979, 1987, 1999, 2010, 2022, </td> <td>8–43 </td> <td bgcolor="#84CF65">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=V745_Scorpii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V745 Scorpii (page does not exist)">V745 Scorpii</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lukas_Plaut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lukas Plaut (page does not exist)">L. Plaut</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004254000000000000♠"></span>25<span style="margin-left:.25em;">400</span><span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>2600</span><sup id="cite_ref-Hachisu2017_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hachisu2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>9.4–19.3 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>1937, 1989, 2014 </td> <td>25–52 </td> <td bgcolor="#84CF65">11 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extragalactic_novae">Extragalactic novae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Extragalactic novae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nova_in_M31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nova_in_M31.jpg/250px-Nova_in_M31.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nova_in_M31.jpg/330px-Nova_in_M31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Nova_in_M31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Nova in <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Novae are relatively common in the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a> (M31); several dozen novae (brighter than <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> +20) are discovered in M31 each year.<sup id="cite_ref-M31-Nova_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M31-Nova-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_for_Astronomical_Telegrams" title="Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams">Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams</a> (CBAT) has tracked novae in M31, <a href="/wiki/Triangulum_Galaxy" title="Triangulum Galaxy">M33</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Messier_81" title="Messier 81">M81</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-supernovae.net_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supernovae.net-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_distance_ladder" title="Cosmic distance ladder">Cosmic distance ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest star (astronomy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova">Kilonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_impostor" title="Supernova impostor">Supernova impostor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">X-ray burster</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aavso.org/nova-centauri-2013-another-bright-naked-eye-nova">"Nova Centauri 2013: Another bright, naked-eye nova | aavso.org"</a>. <i>www.aavso.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aavso.org&rft.atitle=Nova+Centauri+2013%3A+Another+bright%2C+naked-eye+nova+%7C+aavso.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aavso.org%2Fnova-centauri-2013-another-bright-naked-eye-nova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrialnik2001" class="citation book cs1">Prialnik, Dina (2001). "Novae". 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II. Color-Magnitude Diagram"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal_Supplement_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series">The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</a></i>. <b>223</b> (2): 21. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.01195">1602.01195</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJS..223...21H">2016ApJS..223...21H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F0067-0049%2F223%2F2%2F21">10.3847/0067-0049/223/2/21</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=The+UBV+Color+Evolution+of+Classical+Novae.+II.+Color-Magnitude+Diagram&rft.volume=223&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1602.01195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F0067-0049%2F223%2F2%2F21&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016ApJS..223...21H&rft.aulast=Hachisu&rft.aufirst=Izumi&rft.au=Kato%2C+Mariko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F0067-0049%252F223%252F2%252F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-supernovae.net-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-supernovae.net_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBishop" class="citation web cs1">Bishop, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rochesterastronomy.org/novae.html">"Extragalactic Novae"</a>. International Supernovae Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extragalactic+Novae&rft.pub=International+Supernovae+Network&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rochesterastronomy.org%2Fnovae.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne-Gaposchkin1957" class="citation book cs1">Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia (1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galacticnovae0000ceci_a7g6"><i>The Galactic Novae</i></a></span>. Amsterdam, NY: <a href="/wiki/North_Holland_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="North Holland Publishing Company">North Holland Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/838013">838013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Galactic+Novae&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+NY&rft.pub=North+Holland+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F838013&rft.aulast=Payne-Gaposchkin&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgalacticnovae0000ceci_a7g6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANova" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHernanzJosé2002" class="citation book cs1">Hernanz, Margarita; José, Jordi, eds. (2002). <i>Classical Nova Explosions: International Conference on Classical Nova Explosions, Sitges, Spain, 20-24 May, 2002</i>. AIP conference proceedings. Melville, N.Y: <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7354-0092-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7354-0092-4"><bdi>978-0-7354-0092-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Nova+Explosions%3A+International+Conference+on+Classical+Nova+Explosions%2C+Sitges%2C+Spain%2C+20-24+May%2C+2002&rft.place=Melville%2C+N.Y&rft.series=AIP+conference+proceedings&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7354-0092-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANova" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBodeEvans2008" class="citation book cs1">Bode, Michael F.; Evans, Aneurin (2008). <i>Classical Novae</i>. Cambridge astrophysics series (2nd ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84330-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84330-0"><bdi>978-0-521-84330-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Novae&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+astrophysics+series&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84330-0&rft.aulast=Bode&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Aneurin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANova" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schaefer, Bradley E. (April 2010). "Comprehensive Photometric Histories of All Known Galactic Recurrent Novae". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal_Supplement_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series">The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</a></i>. <b>187</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">275–</span>373. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0912.4426">0912.4426</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJS..187..275S">2010ApJS..187..275S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0067-0049%2F187%2F2%2F275">10.1088/0067-0049/187/2/275</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0067-0049">0067-0049</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119294221">119294221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=Comprehensive+Photometric+Histories+of+All+Known+Galactic+Recurrent+Novae&rft.volume=187&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E275-%3C%2Fspan%3E373&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119294221%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010ApJS..187..275S&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0912.4426&rft.issn=0067-0049&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0067-0049%2F187%2F2%2F275&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Bradley+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANova" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShafter2011" class="citation journal cs1">Shafter, A. W.; et al. (10 June 2011). "A Spectroscopic and Photometric Survey of Novae in M31". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i>. <b>734</b> (1): 12. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1104.0222">1104.0222</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...734...12S">2011ApJ...734...12S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F734%2F1%2F12">10.1088/0004-637X/734/1/12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119114867">119114867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Spectroscopic+and+Photometric+Survey+of+Novae+in+M31&rft.volume=734&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2011-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119114867%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011ApJ...734...12S&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1104.0222&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F734%2F1%2F12&rft.aulast=Shafter&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANova" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDella_ValleIzzo2020" class="citation journal cs1">Della Valle, Massimo; Izzo, Luca (July 2020). "Observations of galactic and extragalactic novae". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics_Review" title="The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review">The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review</a></i>. <b>28</b> (1): 3. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.06540">2004.06540</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020A&ARv..28....3D">2020A&ARv..28....3D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00159-020-0124-6">10.1007/s00159-020-0124-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0935-4956">0935-4956</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215754507">215754507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics+Review&rft.atitle=Observations+of+galactic+and+extragalactic+novae&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A215754507%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020A%26ARv..28....3D&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2004.06540&rft.issn=0935-4956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00159-020-0124-6&rft.aulast=Della+Valle&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft.au=Izzo%2C+Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANova" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nova" class="extiw" title="commons:Nova"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Nova</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sai.msu.su/groups/cluster/gcvs/gcvs/">General Catalog of Variable Stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sternberg_Astronomical_Institute" title="Sternberg Astronomical Institute">Sternberg Astronomical Institute</a>, Moscow</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aavso.org/vstar/vsots/0501.shtml">AAVSO Variable Star of the Month. Novae: May 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031106083823/http://www.aavso.org/vstar/vsots/0501.shtml">Archived</a> 6 November 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408150756/http://www.supernovae.net/novae.html">Extragalactic Novae</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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supernova">Superluminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair-instability_supernova" title="Pair-instability supernova">Pair-instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-rich_supernovae" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-rich supernovae">Calcium-rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_envelope_jets_supernova" title="Common envelope jets supernova">Common envelope jets supernova</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg/250px-G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg/330px-G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg 1.5x, 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title="R-process">r-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_process_(astrophysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma process (astrophysics)">γ-process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_neutrinos" title="Supernova neutrinos">Neutrinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Failed_supernova" title="Failed supernova">Failed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_blue_optical_transient" title="Fast blue optical transient">Fast blue optical transient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_radio_burst" title="Fast radio burst">Fast radio burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova">Kilonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_kick" title="Pulsar kick">Pulsar kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark-nova" title="Quark-nova">Quark-nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">Soft gamma repeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_impostor" title="Supernova impostor">Imposter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsational_pair-instability_supernova" title="Pulsational pair-instability supernova">pulsational pair-instability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic nova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Progenitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_hypergiant" class="mw-redirect" title="Red hypergiant">Red</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergiant star">Supergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue supergiant star">blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Red supergiant star">red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow supergiant star">yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">Wolf–Rayet star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">Super-AGB star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_III_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Population III star">Population III star</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remnants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Supernova remnant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_wind_nebula" title="Pulsar wind nebula">Pulsar wind nebula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">magnetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak star">electroweak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">exotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">quark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie star">Zombie star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbubble" title="Superbubble">Superbubble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion%E2%80%93Eridanus_Superbubble" title="Orion–Eridanus Superbubble">Orion–Eridanus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_supernova_observation" title="History of supernova observation">History of supernova observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_white_dwarfs,_neutron_stars,_and_supernovae" title="Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae">Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Notable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Massive stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_distant_supernovae" title="List of most distant supernovae">Most distant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernovae_in_fiction" title="Supernovae in fiction">In fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnard%27s_Loop" title="Barnard's Loop">Barnard's Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_A" title="Cassiopeia A">Cassiopeia A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1054" title="SN 1054">SN 1054</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPTF14hls" title="IPTF14hls">iPTF14hls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1000%2B0216" title="SN 1000+0216">SN 1000+0216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1572" title="SN 1572">Tycho's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_Supernova" title="Kepler's Supernova">Kepler's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1885A" title="SN 1885A">SN 1885A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1987A" title="SN 1987A">SN 1987A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1994D" title="SN 1994D">SN 1994D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_185" title="SN 185">SN 185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1006" title="SN 1006">SN 1006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2003fg" title="SN 2003fg">SN 2003fg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G1.9%2B0.3" title="G1.9+0.3">Remnant G1.9+0.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2007bi" title="SN 2007bi">SN 2007bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2011fe" title="SN 2011fe">SN 2011fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2014J" title="SN 2014J">SN 2014J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_Refsdal" title="SN Refsdal">SN Refsdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vela_Supernova_Remnant" title="Vela Supernova Remnant">Vela Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2006gy" title="SN 2006gy">SN 2006gy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASASSN-15lh" title="ASASSN-15lh">ASASSN-15lh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2016aps" title="SN 2016aps">SN 2016aps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2018cow" title="SN 2018cow">SN 2018cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2022jli" title="SN 2022jli">SN 2022jli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_H0pe" title="SN H0pe">SN H0pe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Sky_Automated_Survey_for_SuperNovae" title="All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae">ASAS-SN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A1n/Tololo_Survey" title="Calán/Tololo Survey">Calán/Tololo Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Z_Supernova_Search_Team" title="High-Z Supernova Search Team">High-Z Supernova Search Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzman_Automatic_Imaging_Telescope" title="Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope">Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Agliale_Supernovae_and_Asteroid_Survey" title="Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey">Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearby_Supernova_Factory" title="Nearby Supernova Factory">Nearby Supernova Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey#Sloan_Supernova_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Supernova Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova/Acceleration_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova/Acceleration Probe">Supernova/Acceleration Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_Cosmology_Project" title="Supernova Cosmology Project">Supernova Cosmology Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperNova_Early_Warning_System" title="SuperNova Early Warning System">SuperNova Early Warning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_Legacy_Survey" title="Supernova Legacy Survey">Supernova Legacy Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Supernova_Search" title="Texas Supernova Search">Texas Supernova Search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Supernovae" title="Category:Supernovae">Category:Supernovae</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Supernovae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Supernovae">Commons:Supernovae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="White_dwarf298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:White_dwarf" title="Template:White dwarf"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:White_dwarf" title="Template talk:White dwarf"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:White_dwarf" title="Special:EditPage/Template:White dwarf"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="White_dwarf298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mira_variable" title="Mira variable">Mira variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PG_1159_star" title="PG 1159 star">PG 1159 star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Stellar evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Neutron_star" title="Template:Neutron star">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_holes" title="Template:Black holes">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme helium star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star" title="Subdwarf B star">Subdwarf B star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In binary<br />systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novae" class="mw-redirect" title="List of novae">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_nova" title="Dwarf nova">Dwarf nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_variable_star" title="Cataclysmic variable star">Cataclysmic variable star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM_CVn_star" class="mw-redirect" title="AM CVn star">AM CVn star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_(cataclysmic_variable)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar (cataclysmic variable)">Polar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_polar" title="Intermediate polar">Intermediate polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supersoft_X-ray_source" title="Supersoft X-ray source">Supersoft X-ray source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_detonation" title="Carbon detonation">Carbon detonation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsating_white_dwarf" title="Pulsating white dwarf">Pulsating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urca_process" title="Urca process">Urca process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter#Electron_degeneracy" title="Degenerate matter">Electron-degenerate matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-periodic_oscillations" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-periodic oscillations">Quasi-periodic oscillations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf_cooling_anomaly" title="White dwarf cooling anomaly">White dwarf cooling anomaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robust_associations_of_massive_baryonic_objects" title="Robust associations of massive baryonic objects">RAMBOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf_luminosity_function" class="mw-redirect" title="White dwarf luminosity function">White dwarf luminosity function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_white_dwarfs,_neutron_stars,_and_supernovae" title="Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae">Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">List</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:White_dwarfs" title="Category:White dwarfs">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Variable_stars302" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Variable_star_topics" title="Template:Variable star topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Variable_star_topics" title="Template talk:Variable star topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Variable_star_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Variable star topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Variable_stars302" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable stars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_pulsation" title="Stellar pulsation">Pulsating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cepheid_variable" title="Cepheid variable">Cepheids</a> and<br />cepheid-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_I_Cepheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Type I Cepheid">Type I</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Classical_Cepheid_variable" title="Classical Cepheid variable">Classical cepheids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Scuti_variable" title="Delta Scuti variable">Delta Scuti</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_Cepheid" title="Type II Cepheid">Type II</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/BL_Herculis_variable" title="BL Herculis variable">BL Herculis</a>, <a href="/wiki/W_Virginis_variable" title="W Virginis variable">W Virginis</a>, <a href="/wiki/RV_Tauri_variable" title="RV Tauri variable">RV Tauri</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RR_Lyrae_variable" title="RR Lyrae variable">RR Lyrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidly_oscillating_Ap_star" title="Rapidly oscillating Ap star">Rapidly oscillating Ap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SX_Phoenicis_variable" title="SX Phoenicis variable">SX Phoenicis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blue-white with<br />early spectra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cygni_variable" title="Alpha Cygni variable">Alpha Cygni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Cephei_variable" title="Beta Cephei variable">Beta Cephei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowly_pulsating_B-type_star" title="Slowly pulsating B-type star">Slowly pulsating B-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PV_Telescopii_variable" title="PV Telescopii variable">PV Telescopii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_large-amplitude_pulsator" title="Blue large-amplitude pulsator">Blue large-amplitude pulsator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Long-period_variable_star" title="Long-period variable star">Long-period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mira_variable" title="Mira variable">Mira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiregular_variable_star" title="Semiregular variable star">Semiregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_irregular_variable" title="Slow irregular variable">Slow irregular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Doradus_variable" title="Gamma Doradus variable">Gamma Doradus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Solar-like oscillations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsating_white_dwarf" title="Pulsating white dwarf">White dwarf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eruptive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Protostar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">PMS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_variable" title="Orion variable">Orion</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/FU_Orionis_star" title="FU Orionis star">FU Orionis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Giants and<br />supergiants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Coronae_Borealis_variable" title="R Coronae Borealis variable">R Coronae Borealis</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/DY_Persei_variable" title="DY Persei variable">DY Persei</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow hypergiant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eruptive binary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_periodic_variable" title="Double periodic variable">Double periodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FS_Canis_Majoris_variable" title="FS Canis Majoris variable">FS Canis Majoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS_Canum_Venaticorum_variable" title="RS Canum Venaticorum variable">RS Canum Venaticorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flare_star" title="Flare star">Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Cassiopeiae_variable" title="Gamma Cassiopeiae variable">Gamma Cassiopeiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Eridani_variable" title="Lambda Eridani variable">Lambda Eridani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">Wolf–Rayet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_variable_star" title="Cataclysmic variable star">Cataclysmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM_Canum_Venaticorum_star" title="AM Canum Venaticorum star">AM Canum Venaticorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_nova" title="Dwarf nova">Dwarf nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_(star)" title="Polar (star)">Polar</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_polar" title="Intermediate polar">Intermediate</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SW_Sextantis_variable" title="SW Sextantis variable">SW Sextantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic nova</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Z Andromedae</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rotating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-spherical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_ellipsoidal_variable" title="Rotating ellipsoidal variable">Rotating ellipsoidal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stellar spots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BY_Draconis_variable" title="BY Draconis variable">BY Draconis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_star#FK_Comae_Berenices_variables" title="Variable star">FK Comae Berenices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha2_Canum_Venaticorum_variable" title="Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variable">α<sup>2</sup> Canum Venaticorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SX_Arietis_variable" title="SX Arietis variable">SX Arietis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Binary_star#Eclipsing_binaries" title="Binary star">Eclipsing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algol_variable" title="Algol variable">Algol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Lyrae_variable" title="Beta Lyrae variable">Beta Lyrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_transit_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary transit variable">Planetary transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_Ursae_Majoris_variable" title="W Ursae Majoris variable">W Ursae Majoris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/20px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/40px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Star">Star portal</a></b> * <a href="/wiki/List_of_variable_stars" title="List of variable stars">List</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/20px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/40px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/20px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/40px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" 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