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<span>Early work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Member_of_the_French_Academy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_of_the_French_Academy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Member of the French Academy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_of_the_French_Academy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="برنارد لي بوفير دي فونتينيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برنارد لي بوفير دي فونتينيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%84" title="برنار لو بوویه دو فونته‌نل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برنار لو بوویه دو فونته‌نل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BB%D1%91_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бэрнар лё Баўе дэ Фантэнэль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэрнар лё Баўе дэ Фантэнэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Бернар Льо Бовие дьо Фонтенел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бернар Льо Бовие дьо Фонтенел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%81_%CE%9B%CE%B5_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%AD_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%A6%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BB" title="Μπερνάρ Λε Μποβιέ ντε Φοντενέλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπερνάρ Λε Μποβιέ ντε Φοντενέλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bouyer_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bouyer de Fontenelle – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bernard Le Bouyer de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%84" title="برنار لو بوویه دو فونته‌نل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنار لو بوویه دو فونته‌نل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bouyer_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bouyer de Fontenelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bernard Le Bouyer de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%82%98%EB%A5%B4_%ED%90%81%ED%8A%B8%EB%84%AC" title="베르나르 퐁트넬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베르나르 퐁트넬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%9C" title="ברנאר דה פונטנל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברנאר דה פונטנל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Бернар ле Бовије де Фонтенел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бернар ле Бовије де Фонтенел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89" title="بيرنارد لى بوڤير دى فونتينيلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيرنارد لى بوڤير دى فونتينيلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%84" title="برنار لو بوویه دو فونته‌نل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="برنار لو بوویه دو فونته‌نل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB" title="ベルナール・フォントネル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベルナール・フォントネル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bouyer_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bouyer de Fontenelle – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bernard Le Bouyer de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard de Fontenelle – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bernard de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Fontenelle – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bernard Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Фонтенель, Бернар Ле Бовье де – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фонтенель, Бернар Ле Бовье де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%A8%DB%86%DA%A4%DB%8C%DB%8E_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%84" title="بێرنار لو بۆڤیێ دو فونتنێل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێرنار لو بۆڤیێ دو فونتنێل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Бернар ле Бовије де Фонтенел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бернар ле Бовије де Фонтенел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French writer and philosopher of the enlightenment (1657–1757)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fontenelle_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1723 portrait of Fontenelle by Louis Galloche"><img alt="A 1723 portrait of Fontenelle by Louis Galloche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fontenelle_2.jpg/200px-Fontenelle_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fontenelle_2.jpg/300px-Fontenelle_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fontenelle_2.jpg/400px-Fontenelle_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">A 1723 portrait of Fontenelle by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Galloche" title="Louis Galloche">Louis Galloche</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1657-02-11</span>)</span>11 February 1657<br /><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">9 January 1757<span style="display:none">(1757-01-09)</span> (aged 99)<br />Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Essayist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corneille" title="Thomas Corneille">Thomas Corneille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[fɔ̃tənɛl]</a></span>; 11 February 1657 – 9 January 1757),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called <b>Bernard Le Bouyer de Fontenelle</b>, was a French author and an influential member of three of the academies of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a>, noted especially for his accessible treatment of scientific topics during the unfolding of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fontenelle was born in <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, France (then the capital of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>) and died in Paris at age 99. His mother was the sister of great French dramatists <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corneille" title="Thomas Corneille">Thomas Corneille</a>. His father, François le Bovier de Fontenelle, was a lawyer who worked in the provincial court of Rouen and came from a family of lawyers from Alençon.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He trained in the law but gave up after one case, devoting his life to writing about <a href="/wiki/Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophers">philosophers</a> and scientists, especially defending the <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Cartesian</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-MadameGeoffrin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadameGeoffrin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of the undoubted merit and value of his writings, both to the laity and the scientific community, there is no question of his being a primary contributor to the field. He was a commentator and explicator and occasionally a passionate, though generally good-humoured, controversialist.<sup id="cite_ref-GF_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was educated at the college of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Pierre_Corneille_(Rouen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée Pierre Corneille (Rouen)">Lycée Pierre Corneille</a></i> (although it did not adopt the name of his uncle (Pierre Corneille) until 1873, about 200 years later).<sup id="cite_ref-LyCo6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LyCo6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Lycée he showed a preference for literature and distinguished himself. </p><p>According to Bernard de Fontenelle, Blondel was a disciple of Father <a href="/wiki/Marin_Mersenne" title="Marin Mersenne">Marin Mersenne</a> at the <i>Academia Parisiensis</i> in the French capital, until 1649. There he met "Messieurs <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilles_de_Roberval" title="Gilles de Roberval">Roberval</a>, and the two Pascals, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pascal" title="Étienne Pascal">father</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">son</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_work">Early work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He began as a poet, writing a poem in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> at the age of 13 and more than once competed for prizes of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a>, but he never won anything. He visited Paris from time to time and became friendly with the <a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_de_Saint-Pierre" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbé de Saint-Pierre">abbé de Saint-Pierre</a>, the abbé <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9n%C3%A9-Aubert_Vertot" class="mw-redirect" title="Réné-Aubert Vertot">Vertot</a> and the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Varignon" title="Pierre Varignon">Pierre Varignon</a>. He witnessed, in 1680, the total failure of his <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> <i>Aspar</i>. Fontenelle afterwards acknowledged the public verdict by burning his unfortunate drama. His libretto for Pascal Collasse's <i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9tis_et_P%C3%A9l%C3%A9e" title="Thétis et Pélée">Thétis et Pélée</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a>"), which premiered at the Opéra de Paris in January, 1689, was received with great acclaim. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francophone_literature" title="Francophone literature">Francophone literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.7em;font-size:100%;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:French_literature" title="Category:French literature">by category</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:110%;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.7em;font-size:100%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_French_literature" title="Medieval French literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_literature" title="French Renaissance literature">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th-century_French_literature" title="17th-century French literature">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_French_literature" title="18th-century French literature">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature" title="19th-century French literature">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_French_literature" title="20th-century French literature">20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_French_literature" title="Contemporary French literature">Contemporary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:110%;"> Movements</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.7em;font-size:100%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cieuses" title="Précieuses">Précieuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo#Literature" title="Rococo">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnassianism" title="Parnassianism">Parnassianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_roman" title="Nouveau roman">Nouveau roman</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:110%;"> Writers</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.7em;font-size:100%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French-language_authors" title="List of French-language authors">Chronological list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_writers" title="Category:French writers">Writers by category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_essayists" title="Category:French essayists">Essayists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_novelists" title="Category:French novelists">Novelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:French dramatists and playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_poets" title="Category:French poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_short_story_writers" title="Category:French short story writers">Short story writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_children%27s_writers" title="Category:French children's writers">Children's writers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:110%;"> Countries and regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.7em;font-size:100%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_literature" title="Quebec literature">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_American_literature" title="Franco American literature">Franco-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_literature" title="Haitian literature">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_literature" title="Postcolonial literature">Postcolonial</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:110%;"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.7em;font-size:100%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_literature_sidebar" title="Template:French literature sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_literature_sidebar" title="Template talk:French literature sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_literature_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French literature sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>His <i>Lettres galantes du chevalier d'Her ...</i>, published anonymously in 1685, was a collection of letters portraying worldly society of the time. It immediately made its mark. In 1686 his famous allegory of Rome and <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, slightly disguised as the rival princesses Mreo and Eenegu, in the <i>Relation de l'île de Bornéo</i>, gave proof of his daring in religious matters. But it was by his <i>Nouveaux Dialogues des morts</i> (1683) that Fontenelle established a genuine claim to high literary rank.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That claim was enhanced three years later by what has been summarised<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the most influential work on the plurality of worlds in the period, <i><a href="/wiki/Conversations_on_the_Plurality_of_Worlds" title="Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds">Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes</a></i> (1686). He wrote extensively on the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>: <i>Behold a universe so immense that I am lost in it. I no longer know where I am. I am just nothing at all. Our world is terrifying in its insignificance.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_work">Later work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fontenelle_-_%C3%89lements_de_la_geometrie_de_l%27infini,_1727_-_1520530.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Fontenelle_-_%C3%89lements_de_la_geometrie_de_l%27infini%2C_1727_-_1520530.jpg/220px-Fontenelle_-_%C3%89lements_de_la_geometrie_de_l%27infini%2C_1727_-_1520530.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Fontenelle_-_%C3%89lements_de_la_geometrie_de_l%27infini%2C_1727_-_1520530.jpg/330px-Fontenelle_-_%C3%89lements_de_la_geometrie_de_l%27infini%2C_1727_-_1520530.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Fontenelle_-_%C3%89lements_de_la_geometrie_de_l%27infini%2C_1727_-_1520530.jpg/440px-Fontenelle_-_%C3%89lements_de_la_geometrie_de_l%27infini%2C_1727_-_1520530.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption><i>Éléments de la géométrie de l'infini</i>, 1727</figcaption></figure> <p>Fontenelle had made his home in <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>. In 1687 he moved to Paris. In 1687 he published his <i>Histoire des oracles</i>, a book which made a considerable stir in theological and philosophical circles. It consisted of two essays, the first of which was designed to prove that oracles were not given by the supernatural agency of demons, and the second that they did not cease with the birth of Jesus. </p><p>It excited the suspicion of the Church, and a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a>, by name <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baltus" title="Jean-François Baltus">Jean-François Baltus</a>, published a ponderous refutation of it; but the peace-loving disposition of its author impelled him to leave his opponent unanswered. To the following year (1688) belongs his <i>Digression sur les anciens et les modernes</i>, in which he took the modern side in the controversy then raging; his <i>Doutes sur le système physique des causes occasionnelles</i> (against <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a>) appeared shortly afterwards. </p><p>He remained influential in his older years and when a then unknown <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> met him in 1742, when Fontenelle was 85, he passed on the advice he gave all young writers that came to him: "You must courageously offer your brow to laurel wreaths and your nose to blows."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A noted <a href="/wiki/Gourmand" title="Gourmand">gourmand</a>, he attributed his longevity to eating <a href="/wiki/Strawberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberries">strawberries</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. At ninety-two, one observer wrote that he was as lively as a man of twenty-two.<sup id="cite_ref-MadameGeoffrin_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadameGeoffrin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When, in his late nineties, he met the then-beautiful <a href="/wiki/Anne-Catherine_de_Ligniville,_Madame_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Anne-Catherine de Ligniville, Madame Helvétius">Madame Helvétius</a>, he reportedly told her, "Ah Madame, if only I were eighty again!"<sup id="cite_ref-80_again_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80_again-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Member_of_the_French_Academy">Member of the French Academy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Member of the French Academy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1691 he was received into the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="French Academy">French Academy</a> in spite of the determined efforts of the partisans of the "ancients", especially <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Racine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau-Despr%C3%A9aux" title="Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux">Boileau</a>, who on four previous occasions had ensured his rejection. He was thus a member both of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Inscriptions_et_Belles-Lettres" title="Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres">Academy of Inscriptions</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GF_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1697 he became perpetual secretary to the Academy of Sciences, an office he held for forty-two years. It was in this official capacity that he wrote the <i>Histoire du renouvellement de l'Académie des Sciences</i> (Paris, 3 vols., 1708, 1717, 1722) containing extracts and analyses of the proceedings, and also the <i>éloges</i> of the members, written with great simplicity and delicacy.<sup id="cite_ref-GF_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps the best known of his <i>éloges</i>, of which there are sixty-nine in all, is that of his uncle <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a>. This was first printed in the <i>Nouvelles de la republique des lettres</i> (January 1685) and, as <i>Vie de Corneille</i>, was included in all the editions of Fontenelle's <i>Œuvres.</i> The other important works of Fontenelle are his <i>Éléments de la géometrie de l'infini</i> (1727) and his <i>Théorie des tourbillons</i> (1752). In the latter he supported the views of <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> concerning gravitation, material that by that time had effectively been superseded by the work of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GF_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is noted for the accessibility of his work – particularly its novelistic style. This allowed non-scientists to appreciate scientific development in a time where this was unusual, and scientists to benefit from the thoughts of the greater society. If his writing is often seen as trying to popularize the astronomical theories of Descartes, whose greatest exponent he is sometimes considered, it also appealed to the literate society of the day to become more involved in "natural philosophy," thus enriching the work of <a href="/wiki/17th_century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="17th century philosophy">early-Enlightenment</a> scientists. In spite of the inarguable value and quality of his writings, he had no serious pretensions to original scientific or mathematical work, but did not let that stop him from outspoken support for Descartes' proposed conceptions of the roles of vortices in physics.<sup id="cite_ref-GF_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Special:EditPage/Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fontenelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fontenelle.jpg/250px-Fontenelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fontenelle.jpg/375px-Fontenelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fontenelle.jpg/500px-Fontenelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of Fontenelle by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re" title="Nicolas de Largillière">Nicolas de Largillière</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fontenelle was a popular figure in the educated French society of his period, byholding a position of esteem comparable only to that of <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>. Unlike Voltaire, however, Fontenelle avoided making important enemies. He balanced his penchant for universal critical thought with liberal doses of flattery and praise to the appropriate individuals in aristocratic society. </p><p>Fontenelle forms a link between two very widely different periods of French literature, that of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Corneille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Racine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau-Despr%C3%A9aux" title="Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux">Boileau</a> on the one hand, and that of Voltaire, <a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">D'Alembert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a> on the other. It is not in virtue of his great age alone that this can be said of him; he actually had much in common with the <i>beaux esprits</i> of the 17th century, as well as with the <i>philosophes</i> of the 18th. But it is to the latter rather than to the former period that he properly belongs. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Sainte-Beuve" title="Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve">Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve</a>, he deserves a place <i>dans la classe des esprits infiniment distingués</i>but is distinguished by being ought to be added by intelligence rather than by intellect and less by the power of saying much than by the power of saying a little well. There have been several collected editions of Fontenelle's works, the first being printed in 3 vols. at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">the Hague</a> in 1728–1729. The best is that of Paris, in 8 vols., 1790. Some of his separate works have been frequently reprinted and also translated. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Conversations_on_the_Plurality_of_Worlds" title="Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds">Pluralité des mondes</a></i> was translated into <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">modern Greek</a> in 1794. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Sainte-Beuve" title="Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve">Sainte-Beuve</a> has an interesting essay on Fontenelle, with several useful references, in the <i>Causeries du lundi</i>, vol. iii. See also <a href="/wiki/Abel-Francois_Villemain" class="mw-redirect" title="Abel-Francois Villemain">Villemain</a>, <i>Tableau de la littérature française au XVIIIe siècle</i>; the abbé Trublet, <i>Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la vie et des ouvrages de M. de Fontenelle</i> (1759); A Laborde-Milaà, <i>Fontenelle</i> (1905), in the "<i>Grands écrivains français</i>" series; and L. Maigron, <i>Fontenelle, l'homme, l'œuvre, l'influence</i> (Paris, 1906). </p><p>His <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue_des_morts_(Fontenelle)" class="extiw" title="fr:Dialogue des morts (Fontenelle)">Dialogues of the dead</a></i> show both his erudition and wit by presenting invented but plausible dialogues between dead ancients, dead moderns and a whole book devoted to dialogues between an ancient and a modern. To <a href="/wiki/Montaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="Montaigne">Montaigne</a> asking him if some centuries had more wise men than other, <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> answers sadly, "The general order of natures seems very constant". In one of the books <a href="/wiki/Roxelane" class="mw-redirect" title="Roxelane">Roxelane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a> discuss about politics and the way for a woman to decide a man to marry her. The dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Montezuma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Cortez</a> allows the former to dismiss some myths about the wisdom in ancient Greece by quoting some counter-examples. </p><p>In 1935, the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar crater">lunar crater</a> <a href="/wiki/Fontenelle_(crater)" title="Fontenelle (crater)">Fontenelle</a> was named after him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>La Comète</i> (1681)</li> <li><i>Nouveaux dialogues des morts</i> (1683)</li> <li><i>De l'origine des fables</i> (1684)</li> <li><i>Lettres galantes du chevalier d’Her***</i> (1685)</li> <li><i>Relation de l’île de Bornéo</i> (1686)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conversations_on_the_Plurality_of_Worlds" title="Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds">Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes</a></i> (1686; revised 1724)</li> <li><i>Histoire des oracles</i> (1687)</li> <li><i>Digression sur les anciens et les modernes</i> (1688)</li> <li><i>Le Comte de Gabalis, comédie en un acte</i> (1689)</li> <li><i>Énée et Lavinie</i> (1690)</li> <li><i>Idalie</i> (circa 1710)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDelorme1970–1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Delorme, Suzanne (1970–1980). "Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bouyer (or Bovier) De". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i>. Vol. 5. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 57–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10114-9"><bdi>978-0-684-10114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fontenelle%2C+Bernard+Le+Bouyer+%28or+Bovier%29+De&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=57-63&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970%2F1980&rft.isbn=978-0-684-10114-9&rft.aulast=Delorme&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Le+Bovier+de+Fontenelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Fontenelle.html">"Fontenelle biography"</a>. <i>www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Fontenelle+biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FBiographies%2FFontenelle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Le+Bovier+de+Fontenelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MadameGeoffrin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MadameGeoffrin_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadameGeoffrin_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/madamegeoffrinh00aldigoog"><i><span></span></i>Madame Geoffrin<i> by Janet Aldis</i></a>. G. P. Putnam's sons. 1905. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/madamegeoffrinh00aldigoog/page/n52">26</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2012</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <q>Fontenelle Madame Helvetius.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madame+Geoffrin+by+Janet+Aldis&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+sons&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmadamegeoffrinh00aldigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Le+Bovier+de+Fontenelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GF-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GF_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GF_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GF_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GF_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GF_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grégoire François. Le dernier défenseur des tourbillons : Fontenelle.. In: Revue d'histoire des sciences et de leurs applications, tome 7, n°3, 1954. pp. 220-246. doi : 10.3406/rhs.1954.3438 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/rhs_0048-7996_1954_num_7_3_343">http://www.persee.fr/doc/rhs_0048-7996_1954_num_7_3_343</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005143410/http://www.persee.fr/doc/rhs_0048-7996_1954_num_7_3_343">Archived</a> 5 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LyCo6-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LyCo6_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article6">"Lycée Pierre Corneille de Rouen – History"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lyc%C3%A9e+Pierre+Corneille+de+Rouen+%E2%80%93+History&rft.pub=Lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr&rft.date=1944-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr%2Fspip.php%3Farticle6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Le+Bovier+de+Fontenelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://architectura.cesr.univ-tours.fr/traite/Notice/ENSBA_LES1835.asp?param=en">"Resolution des quatre principaux problemes d'architecture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tours" title="University of Tours">University of Tours</a></i> (in English and French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160422122809/http://architectura.cesr.univ-tours.fr/traite/Notice/ENSBA_LES1835.asp?param=">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Tours&rft.atitle=Resolution+des+quatre+principaux+problemes+d%27architecture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchitectura.cesr.univ-tours.fr%2Ftraite%2FNotice%2FENSBA_LES1835.asp%3Fparam%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Le+Bovier+de+Fontenelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmond2006" class="citation journal cs1">Almond, Philip C. (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9809.2006.00446.x">"Adam, pre-Adamites, and extra-terrestrial beings in early modern Europe"</a>. <i>Journal of Religious History</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 163–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9809.2006.00446.x">10.1111/j.1467-9809.2006.00446.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religious+History&rft.atitle=Adam%2C+pre-Adamites%2C+and+extra-terrestrial+beings+in+early+modern+Europe&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-174&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9809.2006.00446.x&rft.aulast=Almond&rft.aufirst=Philip+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1467-9809.2006.00446.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Le+Bovier+de+Fontenelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmond2006" class="citation journal cs1">Almond, Philip C. (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9809.2006.00446.x">"Adam, pre-Adamites, and extra-terrestrial beings in early modern Europe"</a>. <i>Journal of Religious History</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 163–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9809.2006.00446.x">10.1111/j.1467-9809.2006.00446.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religious+History&rft.atitle=Adam%2C+pre-Adamites%2C+and+extra-terrestrial+beings+in+early+modern+Europe&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-174&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9809.2006.00446.x&rft.aulast=Almond&rft.aufirst=Philip+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1467-9809.2006.00446.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Le+Bovier+de+Fontenelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Damrosch2007" class="citation book cs1">Leo Damrosch (2007). <i>Jean-Jacques Roussea: Restless Genius</i>. Mariner Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Jacques+Roussea%3A+Restless+Genius&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Leo+Damrosch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Le+Bovier+de+Fontenelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80_again-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80_again_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1988" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Esmond (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8njwnBl-QsC&pg=PA327"><i>Franklin of Philadelphia</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674318106" title="Special:BookSources/9780674318106"><bdi>9780674318106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franklin+of+Philadelphia&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780674318106&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Esmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE8njwnBl-QsC%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Le+Bovier+de+Fontenelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fontenelle,_Bernard_le_Bovier_de" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de">Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 608–609.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fontenelle%2C+Bernard+le+Bovier+de&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=608-609&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Le+Bovier+de+Fontenelle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28Bernard+Le+Bovier+de+Fontenelle%29%20OR%20%28%221657-1757%22%20AND%20Fontenelle%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/12304">Works by Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Fontenelle.html">"Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bernard+Le+Bovier+de+Fontenelle&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FFontenelle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Le+Bovier+de+Fontenelle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Renouard_de_Villayer" title="Jean-Jacques Renouard de Villayer">Jean-Jacques Renouard de Villayer</a> (1659)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle</a> (1691)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Louis_S%C3%A9guier" title="Antoine-Louis Séguier">Antoine-Louis Séguier</a> (1757)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Henri_Bernardin_de_Saint-Pierre" title="Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre">Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre</a> (1803)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Aignan" title="Étienne Aignan">Étienne Aignan</a> (1814)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Soumet" title="Alexandre Soumet">Alexandre Soumet</a> (1824)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Vitet" title="Ludovic Vitet">Ludovic Vitet</a> (1845)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310309#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310309#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310309#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107795289">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/99744686">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/308224910">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9424167807325518130006">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9093167807299918130002">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8229167807372618130008">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9511167807300818130001">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5757167807316318130006">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4151167807337018130002">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1122167807430418130005">9</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6971167807419818130009">10</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/7874/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJthbtwb3mYkVjK9BhcHG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118639056">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50023960">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119030775">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119030775">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00466588">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fontenelle, Bernard : de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV038126">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35666197">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990002342&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1240621">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/271217">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069966443">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90267419">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000139723&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=74260">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp3556795ms9tt5">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810567318605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20512">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20523">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20522">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20521">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20520">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20519">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20518">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20517">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20516">9</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20515">10</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20514">11</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261231805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512815706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14328195">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01981949?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:de-fontenelle.bernard-le-bovier">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/313587">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500354027">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/557f978e-c66f-43da-bd2a-90a1650b5eee">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1033415">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118639056.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118639056">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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