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characters</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Arabic characters"> <meta name="keywords" content="Arabic characters"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Arabic characters"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 967</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Arabic characters</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">967</span> Arabic Handwriting Recognition Using Local Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Arif">Mohammed Arif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdessalam%20Kifouche"> Abdessalam Kifouche</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Optical character recognition (OCR) has a main role in the present time. It's capable to solve many serious problems and simplify human activities. The OCR yields to 70's, since many solutions has been proposed, but unfortunately, it was supportive to nothing but Latin languages. This work proposes a system of recognition of an off-line Arabic handwriting. This system is based on a structural segmentation method and uses support vector machines (SVM) in the classification phase. We have presented a state of art of the characters segmentation methods, after that a view of the OCR area, also we will address the normalization problems we went through. After a comparison between the Arabic handwritten characters & the segmentation methods, we had introduced a contribution through a segmentation algorithm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OCR" title="OCR">OCR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=segmentation" title=" segmentation"> segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20characters" title=" Arabic characters"> Arabic characters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PAW" title=" PAW"> PAW</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-processing" title=" post-processing"> post-processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SVM" title=" SVM"> SVM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183495/arabic-handwriting-recognition-using-local-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183495.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">966</span> A New Scheme for Chain Code Normalization in Arabic and Farsi Scripts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Shakoori">Reza Shakoori</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a structural correction of Arabic and Persian strokes using manipulation of their chain codes in order to improve the rate and performance of Persian and Arabic handwritten word recognition systems. It collects pure and effective features to represent a character with one consolidated feature vector and reduces variations in order to decrease the number of training samples and increase the chance of successful classification. Our results also show that how the proposed approaches can simplify classification and consequently recognition by reducing variations and possible noises on the chain code by keeping orientation of characters and their backbone structures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chain%20code%20normalization" title=" chain code normalization"> chain code normalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OCR%20systems" title=" OCR systems"> OCR systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20processing" title=" image processing"> image processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27963/a-new-scheme-for-chain-code-normalization-in-arabic-and-farsi-scripts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27963.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">965</span> Improved Dynamic Bayesian Networks Applied to Arabic On Line Characters Recognition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Redouane%20Tlemsani">Redouane Tlemsani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelkader%20Benyettou"> Abdelkader Benyettou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Work is in on line Arabic character recognition and the principal motivation is to study the Arab manuscript with on line technology. This system is a Markovian system, which one can see as like a Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN). One of the major interests of these systems resides in the complete models training (topology and parameters) starting from training data. Our approach is based on the dynamic Bayesian Networks formalism. The DBNs theory is a Bayesians networks generalization to the dynamic processes. Among our objective, amounts finding better parameters, which represent the links (dependences) between dynamic network variables. In applications in pattern recognition, one will carry out the fixing of the structure, which obliges us to admit some strong assumptions (for example independence between some variables). Our application will relate to the Arabic isolated characters on line recognition using our laboratory database: NOUN. A neural tester proposed for DBN external optimization. The DBN scores and DBN mixed are respectively 70.24% and 62.50%, which lets predict their further development; other approaches taking account time were considered and implemented until obtaining a significant recognition rate 94.79%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20on%20line%20character%20recognition" title="Arabic on line character recognition">Arabic on line character recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20Bayesian%20network" title=" dynamic Bayesian network"> dynamic Bayesian network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pattern%20recognition" title=" pattern recognition"> pattern recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20vision" title=" computer vision"> computer vision</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7319/improved-dynamic-bayesian-networks-applied-to-arabic-on-line-characters-recognition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7319.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">428</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">964</span> Validating the Arabic Communicative Development Inventory for Assessing the Development of Language in Arabic-Speaking Children</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alshaimaa%20Abdelwahab">Alshaimaa Abdelwahab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Allegra%20Cattani"> Allegra Cattani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Caroline%20Floccia"> Caroline Floccia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Assessing children’s language is fundamental for changing their developmental outcome as it gives a chance for a quick and early intervention with the suitable planning and monitoring program. The importance of language assessment lies in helping to find the right test fit for purpose, in addition to achievement and proficiency. This study examines the validity of a new Arabic assessment tool, the Arabic Communicative Development Inventory ‘Arabic CDI’. It assesses the development of language in Arabic children in different Arabic countries, allowing to detect children with language delay. A concurrent validity is set to compare the Arabic CDI to the Arabic Language test. Twenty-three typically developing Egyptian healthy children and their mothers participated in this study. Their age is 24 months (+ or -) two weeks. The sample included 13 males and 10 females. Mothers completed the Arabic CDI either before or after the Arabic Language Test was conducted with the child. The score for comprehension in the Arabic CDI (M= 52.7, SD= 9.7) and words understood in the Arabic Language Test (M= 59.6, SD= 12.5) were strongly and positively correlated (r= .62, p= .002). At the same time, the scores for production in the Arabic CDI (M= 38.4, SD= 14.8) and words expressed in the Arabic Language Test (M= 52.1, SD= 16.3) were also strongly and positively correlated (r= .82, p= .000). The new Arabic CDI is an adequate tool for assessing the development of comprehension and production at Arabic children. In addition, it could be used for detecting children with language impairment. Standardization of the Arabic CDI across 18 different Arabic dialects in children aged 8 to 30 months is underway. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20CDI" title="Arabic CDI">Arabic CDI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assessing%20children" title=" assessing children"> assessing children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20development" title=" language development"> language development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20impairment" title=" language impairment"> language impairment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64877/validating-the-arabic-communicative-development-inventory-for-assessing-the-development-of-language-in-arabic-speaking-children" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64877.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">470</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">963</span> A Syntactic Approach to Applied and Socio-Linguistics in Arabic Language in Modern Communications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adeyemo%20Abduljeeel%20Taiwo">Adeyemo Abduljeeel Taiwo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research is an attempt that creates a conducive atmosphere of a phonological and morphological compendium of Arabic language in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) for modern day communications. The research is carried out with the chief aim of grammatical analysis of the two broad fields of Arabic linguistics namely: Applied and Socio-Linguistics. It draws a pictorial record of Applied and Socio-Linguistics in Arabic phonology and morphology. Thematically, it postulates and contemplates to a large degree, the theory of concord in contemporary modern Arabic language acquisition. It utilizes an analytical method while it portrays Arabic as a Semitic language that promotes linguistics and syntax among the scholars of the fields. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20language" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=applied%20linguistics" title=" applied linguistics"> applied linguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-linguistics" title=" socio-linguistics"> socio-linguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modern%20communications" title=" modern communications"> modern communications</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73687/a-syntactic-approach-to-applied-and-socio-linguistics-in-arabic-language-in-modern-communications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73687.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">331</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">962</span> Arabic Text Representation and Classification Methods: Current State of the Art</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rami%20Ayadi">Rami Ayadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Maraoui"> Mohsen Maraoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mounir%20Zrigui"> Mounir Zrigui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we have presented a brief current state of the art for Arabic text representation and classification methods. We decomposed Arabic Task Classification into four categories. First we describe some algorithms applied to classification on Arabic text. Secondly, we cite all major works when comparing classification algorithms applied on Arabic text, after this, we mention some authors who proposing new classification methods and finally we investigate the impact of preprocessing on Arabic TC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20classification" title="text classification">text classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic" title=" Arabic"> Arabic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20of%20preprocessing" title=" impact of preprocessing"> impact of preprocessing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification%20algorithms" title=" classification algorithms"> classification algorithms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10277/arabic-text-representation-and-classification-methods-current-state-of-the-art" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10277.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">469</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">961</span> Arabic Light Stemmer for Better Search Accuracy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sahar%20Khedr">Sahar Khedr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dina%20Sayed"> Dina Sayed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayman%20Hanafy"> Ayman Hanafy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Arabic is one of the most ancient and critical languages in the world. It has over than 250 million Arabic native speakers and more than twenty countries having Arabic as one of its official languages. In the past decade, we have witnessed a rapid evolution in smart devices, social network and technology sector which led to the need to provide tools and libraries that properly tackle the Arabic language in different domains. Stemming is one of the most crucial linguistic fundamentals. It is used in many applications especially in information extraction and text mining fields. The motivation behind this work is to enhance the Arabic light stemmer to serve the data mining industry and leverage it in an open source community. The presented implementation works on enhancing the Arabic light stemmer by utilizing and enhancing an algorithm that provides an extension for a new set of rules and patterns accompanied by adjusted procedure. This study has proven a significant enhancement for better search accuracy with an average 10% improvement in comparison with previous works. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20data%20mining" title="Arabic data mining">Arabic data mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20Information%20extraction" title=" Arabic Information extraction"> Arabic Information extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20Light%20stemmer" title=" Arabic Light stemmer"> Arabic Light stemmer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20stemmer" title=" Arabic stemmer"> Arabic stemmer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56729/arabic-light-stemmer-for-better-search-accuracy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56729.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">960</span> Aspects of Diglossia in Arabic Language Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adil%20Ishag">Adil Ishag</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Diglossia emerges in a situation where two distinctive varieties of a language are used alongside within a certain community. In this case, one is considered as a high or standard variety and the second one as a low or colloquial variety. Arabic is an extreme example of a highly diglossic language. This diglossity is due to the fact that Arabic is one of the most spoken languages and spread over 22 Countries in two continents as a mother tongue, and it is also widely spoken in many other Islamic countries as a second language or simply the language of Quran. The geographical variation between the countries where the language is spoken and the duality of the classical Arabic and daily spoken dialects in the Arab world on the other hand; makes the Arabic language one of the most diglossic languages. This paper tries to investigate this phenomena and its relation to learning Arabic as a first and second language. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20language" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diglossia" title=" diglossia"> diglossia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=first%20and%20second%20language" title=" first and second language"> first and second language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20learning" title=" language learning"> language learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24533/aspects-of-diglossia-in-arabic-language-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24533.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">564</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">959</span> Convolutional Neural Networks-Optimized Text Recognition with Binary Embeddings for Arabic Expiry Date Recognition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Lotfy">Mohamed Lotfy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghada%20Soliman"> Ghada Soliman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recognizing Arabic dot-matrix digits is a challenging problem due to the unique characteristics of dot-matrix fonts, such as irregular dot spacing and varying dot sizes. This paper presents an approach for recognizing Arabic digits printed in dot matrix format. The proposed model is based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) that take the dot matrix as input and generate embeddings that are rounded to generate binary representations of the digits. The binary embeddings are then used to perform Optical Character Recognition (OCR) on the digit images. To overcome the challenge of the limited availability of dotted Arabic expiration date images, we developed a True Type Font (TTF) for generating synthetic images of Arabic dot-matrix characters. The model was trained on a synthetic dataset of 3287 images and 658 synthetic images for testing, representing realistic expiration dates from 2019 to 2027 in the format of yyyy/mm/dd. Our model achieved an accuracy of 98.94% on the expiry date recognition with Arabic dot matrix format using fewer parameters and less computational resources than traditional CNN-based models. By investigating and presenting our findings comprehensively, we aim to contribute substantially to the field of OCR and pave the way for advancements in Arabic dot-matrix character recognition. Our proposed approach is not limited to Arabic dot matrix digit recognition but can also be extended to text recognition tasks, such as text classification and sentiment analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20vision" title="computer vision">computer vision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pattern%20recognition" title=" pattern recognition"> pattern recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20character%20recognition" title=" optical character recognition"> optical character recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175474/convolutional-neural-networks-optimized-text-recognition-with-binary-embeddings-for-arabic-expiry-date-recognition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175474.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">958</span> Language Processing in Arabic: Writing Competence Across L1 (Arabic) and L2 (English)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20Khuwaileh">Abdullah Khuwaileh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The central aim of this paper is to investigate writing skills in the two languages involved, English and Arabic, and to see whether there is an association between poor writing across languages. That is to say, and it is thought that learners might be excellent in their L1 (Language 1: Arabic) but not in L2 (language 2: English). However, our experimental research findings resulted in an interesting association between L1 and L2. Data were collected from 150 students (chosen randomly) who wrote about the same topic in English and Arabic. Topics needed no preparation as they were common and well-known. Scripts were assessed respectively by ELT (English Language Teaching) and Arabic specialists. The study confirms that poor writing in English correlates with similar deficiencies in the mother tongue (Arabic). Thus, the common assumption in ELT that all learners are fully competent in their first language skills is unfounded. Therefore, the criticism of ELT programs for speakers of Arabic, based on poor writing skills in English and good writing in Arabic is not justified. The findings of this paper can be extended to other learners of English who speak Arabic as a first language and English as a foreign and/or second language. The study is concluded with several research and practical recommendations <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language" title="language">language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=writing" title=" writing"> writing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culture" title=" culture"> culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=l1" title=" l1"> l1</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158789/language-processing-in-arabic-writing-competence-across-l1-arabic-and-l2-english" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158789.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">957</span> Non-factoid Arabic Question-Answering Systems: A Review of Existing Studies, Research Issues, and Future Trends</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aya%20Mousa">Aya Mousa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20Alsaheb"> Mahmoud Alsaheb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Question Answering System (QAS) aims to provide the most suitable answer to the user's question in any natural language. In the recent future, it will be a future version of web search. Much research has already been done on answering Arabic factoid questions and achieved good accuracy. In contrast, the progress in research on Arabic non-factoid question answering is still immature. In this survey, we summarize, discuss, and compare the existing Arab non-factoid question-answering systems to identify the limitations and the achievements that were accomplished. Furthermore, we investigate the challenges in developing non-factoid Arabic QAS and the possible future improvements. The survey is written to help the researchers to understand the field of Arabic non-factoid QAS and to motivate them to utilize different approaches to develop and enhance the Non-factoid Arabic QAS <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20question%20answering%20system" title="Arabic question answering system">Arabic question answering system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-factoid%20question%20answering" title=" non-factoid question answering"> non-factoid question answering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20NLP" title=" Arabic NLP"> Arabic NLP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=question%20answering" title=" question answering"> question answering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164247/non-factoid-arabic-question-answering-systems-a-review-of-existing-studies-research-issues-and-future-trends" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164247.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">956</span> Arabic Character Recognition Using Regression Curves with the Expectation Maximization Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20A.%20AlShaher">Abdullah A. AlShaher</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we demonstrate how regression curves can be used to recognize 2D non-rigid handwritten shapes. Each shape is represented by a set of non-overlapping uniformly distributed landmarks. The underlying models utilize 2<sup>nd</sup> order of polynomials to model shapes within a training set. To estimate the regression models, we need to extract the required coefficients which describe the variations for a set of shape class. Hence, a least square method is used to estimate such modes. We then proceed by training these coefficients using the apparatus Expectation Maximization algorithm. Recognition is carried out by finding the least error landmarks displacement with respect to the model curves. Handwritten isolated Arabic characters are used to evaluate our approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=character%20recognition" title="character recognition">character recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regression%20curves" title=" regression curves"> regression curves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=handwritten%20Arabic%20letters" title=" handwritten Arabic letters"> handwritten Arabic letters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expectation%20maximization%20algorithm" title=" expectation maximization algorithm"> expectation maximization algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101427/arabic-character-recognition-using-regression-curves-with-the-expectation-maximization-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101427.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">955</span> Language Use in Computer-Mediated Communication and Users’ Social Identity </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miramar%20Damanhouri">Miramar Damanhouri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examines the relationship between language use in computer-mediated communication and the social identity of the user. The data were collected by surveying 298 Saudi bilingual speakers who are familiar with Arabizi, a blend of Latin characters and Arabic numerals to transliterate Arabic sounds, and then analyzed quantitatively by running tests for statistical confidence in order to determine differences in perceptions between young adults (ages 15-25 years) and middle-aged adults (ages 26-50 years). According to the findings of this study, English is the dominant language among most of the young adults surveyed, and when they do use Arabic, they use Arabizi because of its flexibility, compatibility with modern technology, and its acceptance among people of their age and sociocultural backgrounds. On the other hand, most middle-aged adults surveyed here tend to use Arabic, as they believe that they should show their loyalty to their origin. The results of the study demonstrate a mutual relationship between language use in computer-mediated communication and the user’s social identity, as language is used both to reflect and construct that identity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabizi" title="Arabizi">Arabizi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20mediated%20communication" title=" computer mediated communication"> computer mediated communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20communication" title=" digital communication"> digital communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20use" title=" language use"> language use</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98125/language-use-in-computer-mediated-communication-and-users-social-identity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98125.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">954</span> Women Characters in Pakistani Films: A Critical Evaluation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Arshad">Ali Arshad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study examines the depiction of women characters in Urdu and Punjabi films. It is a critical evaluation of forty-eight Pakistani films. It explores the characters of women portrays in Urdu and Punjabi film of Pakistan. Using content analysis as methodology with feminist research that helps to investigate the phenomena and supports the study. Finding of the study shows that women characters in Urdu and Punjabi films are not the reflection of true Pakistani women rather this picture represents a negative image of Pakistani women in viewers mind. These characters don’t address the women’s issues nor do they present the solutions to these problems faced by Pakistani women. The characters of Pakistani women are not free from male prejudice, and these films do not portray the social and political role perform by actual Pakistani women. The analysis shows that the characters of women in Urdu and Punjabi films are based on the assumptions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women" title="women">women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pakistani" title=" Pakistani"> Pakistani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=film" title=" film"> film</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characters" title=" characters"> characters</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49904/women-characters-in-pakistani-films-a-critical-evaluation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49904.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">953</span> The Current Use of Computer Technology in Arabic Language</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saad%20Alkahtani">Saad Alkahtani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to identify the extent to which the faculty members who teach Arabic to speakers of other languages in Arabic language institutes at Saudi universities use computer technologies such as language laboratories, websites, software programs, and learning management system (LMS). It also seeks to identify critical difficulties that hinder the use of these technologies by faculty members. The population of the study consisted of 103 faculty members in four Arabic language institutes at Saudi universities. The results of the study showed a disparity in the use of computer technologies in teaching Arabic to non-native speakers. The means of degree of use ranged from 1.20 through 2.83. The study also identified difficulties limiting the use of computer technology in teaching Arabic. And the means of averages of difficulty of use ranged from 1.50 to 2.89. The differences were not statistically significant among the institutes (at 0.05). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20language%20programs" title="Arabic language programs">Arabic language programs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20technology" title=" computer technology"> computer technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=using%20technology%20in%20teaching%20Arabic%20language" title=" using technology in teaching Arabic language"> using technology in teaching Arabic language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20as%20a%20second%20language" title=" Arabic as a second language"> Arabic as a second language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20skills" title=" computer skills"> computer skills</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11607/the-current-use-of-computer-technology-in-arabic-language" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11607.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">462</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">952</span> Subtitled Based-Approach for Learning Foreign Arabic Language</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elleuch%20Imen">Elleuch Imen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, it propose a new approach for learning Arabic as a foreign language via audio-visual translation, particularly subtitling. The approach consists of developing video sequences appropriate to different levels of learning (from A1 to C2) containing conversations, quizzes, games and others. Each video aims to achieve a specific objective, such as the correct pronunciation of Arabic words, the correct syntactic structuring of Arabic sentences, the recognition of the morphological characteristics of terms and the semantic understanding of statements. The subtitled videos obtained can be incorporated into different Arabic second language learning tools such as Moocs, websites, platforms, etc. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arabic%20foreign%20language" title="arabic foreign language">arabic foreign language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning" title=" learning"> learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=audio-visuel%20translation" title=" audio-visuel translation"> audio-visuel translation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subtitled%20videos" title=" subtitled videos"> subtitled videos</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176446/subtitled-based-approach-for-learning-foreign-arabic-language" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176446.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">60</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">951</span> An Enhanced Support Vector Machine Based Approach for Sentiment Classification of Arabic Tweets of Different Dialects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gehad%20S.%20Kaseb">Gehad S. Kaseb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20F.%20Ahmed"> Mona F. Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Arabic Sentiment Analysis (SA) is one of the most common research fields with many open areas. Few studies apply SA to Arabic dialects. This paper proposes different pre-processing steps and a modified methodology to improve the accuracy using normal Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification. The paper works on two datasets, Arabic Sentiment Tweets Dataset (ASTD) and Extended Arabic Tweets Sentiment Dataset (Extended-AATSD), which are publicly available for academic use. The results show that the classification accuracy approaches 86%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title=" classification"> classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentiment%20analysis" title=" sentiment analysis"> sentiment analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tweets" title=" tweets"> tweets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138144/an-enhanced-support-vector-machine-based-approach-for-sentiment-classification-of-arabic-tweets-of-different-dialects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138144.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">950</span> Arabic Text Classification: Review Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Hijazi">M. Hijazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Zeki"> A. Zeki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ismail"> A. Ismail</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An enormous amount of valuable human knowledge is preserved in documents. The rapid growth in the number of machine-readable documents for public or private access requires the use of automatic text classification. Text classification can be defined as assigning or structuring documents into a defined set of classes known in advance. Arabic text classification methods have emerged as a natural result of the existence of a massive amount of varied textual information written in the Arabic language on the web. This paper presents a review on the published researches of Arabic Text Classification using classical data representation, Bag of words (BoW), and using conceptual data representation based on semantic resources such as Arabic WordNet and Wikipedia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20text%20classification" title="Arabic text classification">Arabic text classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20WordNet" title=" Arabic WordNet"> Arabic WordNet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bag%20of%20words" title=" bag of words"> bag of words</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conceptual%20representation" title=" conceptual representation"> conceptual representation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20relations" title=" semantic relations"> semantic relations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42905/arabic-text-classification-review-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42905.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">426</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">949</span> Corpus Linguistic Methods in a Theoretical Study of Quran Verb Tense and Aspect in Translations from Arabic to English</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jawharah%20Alasmari">Jawharah Alasmari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In inflectional morphology of verb, tense and aspect indicate action’s time either past/present or future and their period whether completed or not. The usage and meaning of tense and aspect differ in Arabic and English, therefore is no simple one -to- one mapping from an Arabic verb inflected form an appropriate English translation depends on a range of features, including immediate and wider context of use. The Quranic Arabic Corpus includes seven alternative expertly crafted English translations of each Arabic verses, which provides a test dataset for the study of appropriate Arabic to English translations of verb tense and aspect. We applied Corpus Linguistics Methods in a theoretical study of exemplary verbs, to elicit candidate verbal contexts which influence the choice of English inflection for each verse. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Corpus%20linguistics%20methods" title="Corpus linguistics methods">Corpus linguistics methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20verb" title=" Arabic verb"> Arabic verb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tense%20and%20aspect" title=" tense and aspect"> tense and aspect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20translations" title=" English translations"> English translations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69201/corpus-linguistic-methods-in-a-theoretical-study-of-quran-verb-tense-and-aspect-in-translations-from-arabic-to-english" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69201.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">391</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">948</span> Challenges Being Faced by Students of Arabic and Islamic Studies in Tetiary Institutions in Nigeria: Case Study of Some Selected Tetiary Instutions of Yobe State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Alhaji%20Maidugu">Muhammad Alhaji Maidugu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The role played by Arabic and Islamic Studies in the history of Nigeria - particularly Northern part of the country - cannot be overemphasized. Before the British colonialism, Arabic language was the official language in some of the great empires in Nigeria such as the Kanem Borno Empire. Islam, on the other hand, is the state religion. Both the rulers and the ruled were deeply involved in the pursuit of Arabic and Islamic knowledge traveling as far as Egypt, Saudia Arabia for scholarship. Their homes are like a modern library where Islamic books are kept and used to teach the community the different fields of Arabic and Islamic Studies. Scholars of Arabic and Islamic Studies were highly regarded and well respected in the society as they were the decision makers, diplomats and advisers to the authorities. Unfortunately, the colonizers used their influence and force to replace this language with a foreign language. In fact, they tried to exterminate it. Arabic became less important in the country. Arabic and Islamic Students became less significant and anybody studying Arabic or Islamic Studies is looked down at with disdain, and the course is considered unprofessional. This paper aims at casting a glance in the position of Arabic and Islamic Studies in Yobe State, Nigeria and social, political, economical and moral challenges faced by the students at institutions of learning. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=challenges" title="challenges">challenges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=students%20of%20Arabic%20and%20Islamic%20studies" title=" students of Arabic and Islamic studies"> students of Arabic and Islamic studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tertiary" title=" tertiary"> tertiary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutions" title=" institutions"> institutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yobe" title=" Yobe"> Yobe</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4264/challenges-being-faced-by-students-of-arabic-and-islamic-studies-in-tetiary-institutions-in-nigeria-case-study-of-some-selected-tetiary-instutions-of-yobe-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4264.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">947</span> Fine-Tuned Transformers for Translating Multi-Dialect Texts to Modern Standard Arabic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahar%20Alimi">Tahar Alimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahma%20Boujebane"> Rahma Boujebane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wiem%20Derouich"> Wiem Derouich</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lamia%20Hadrich%20Belguith"> Lamia Hadrich Belguith</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Machine translation task of low-resourced languages such as Arabic is a challenging task. Despite the appearance of sophisticated models based on the latest deep learning techniques, namely the transfer learning and transformers, all models prove incapable of carrying out an acceptable translation, which includes Arabic Dialects (AD), because they do not have official status. In this paper, we present a machine translation model designed to translate Arabic multidialectal content into Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), leveraging both new and existing parallel resources. The latter achieved the best results for both Levantine and Maghrebi dialects with a BLEU score of 64.99. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20translation" title="Arabic translation">Arabic translation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dialect%20translation" title=" dialect translation"> dialect translation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fine-tune" title=" fine-tune"> fine-tune</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MSA%20translation" title=" MSA translation"> MSA translation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transformer" title=" transformer"> transformer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation" title=" translation"> translation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185321/fine-tuned-transformers-for-translating-multi-dialect-texts-to-modern-standard-arabic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185321.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">61</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">946</span> The Case of Plagiarism and Its Presence in Classical Arabic Poetry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yusuf%20Seller">Yusuf Seller</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Classical Arabic poetry was narrated by the followers of poets, who were memorizing and repeating all the couplets of their master constantly. Although the students established their own styles, it was very natural for them to reflect the style and expression of their masters. This reflection was discussed in classical Arabic literary criticism and rhetoric (al-‘ilm al-balagha), as “al-Sariqah al-shiriyyah”, plagiarism in poetry. This study tests the claim that the reflection of the master's style and expressions in the student's poetry cannot be considered plagiarism. In addition, one of the goals of this essay is also to investigate the methodological emergence of plagiarism phenomena in classical Arabic poetry. The investigation of the methodological origins of plagiarism helps us see the relationship of plagiarism with literary property and the extent of the property`s authenticity. Therefore, the focus is directed towards uncovering the underlying ethical principles governing literary works and academic research in classical Arabic poetry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20literary%20criticism" title="Arabic literary criticism">Arabic literary criticism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classical%20Arabic%20poetry" title=" classical Arabic poetry"> classical Arabic poetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plagiarism" title=" plagiarism"> plagiarism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=al-Sariqah%20al-shiriyyah" title=" al-Sariqah al-shiriyyah"> al-Sariqah al-shiriyyah</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184394/the-case-of-plagiarism-and-its-presence-in-classical-arabic-poetry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184394.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">45</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">945</span> SAMRA: Dataset in Al-Soudani Arabic Maghrebi Script for Recognition of Arabic Ancient Words Handwritten</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sidi%20Ahmed%20Maouloud">Sidi Ahmed Maouloud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheikh%20Ba"> Cheikh Ba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Much of West Africa’s cultural heritage is written in the Al-Soudani Arabic script, which was widely used in West Africa before the time of European colonization. This Al-Soudani Arabic script is an African version of the Maghrebi script, in particular, the Al-Mebssout script. However, the local African qualities were incorporated into the Al-Soudani script in a way that gave it a unique African diversity and character. Despite the existence of several Arabic datasets in Oriental script, allowing for the analysis, layout, and recognition of texts written in these calligraphies, many Arabic scripts and written traditions remain understudied. In this paper, we present a dataset of words from Al-Soudani calligraphy scripts. This dataset consists of 100 images selected from three different manuscripts written in Al-Soudani Arabic script by different copyists. The primary source for this database was the libraries of Boston University and Cambridge University. This dataset highlights the unique characteristics of the Al-Soudani Arabic script as well as the new challenges it presents in terms of automatic word recognition of Arabic manuscripts. An HTR system based on a hybrid ANN (CRNN-CTC) is also proposed to test this dataset. SAMRA is a dataset of annotated Arabic manuscript words in the Al-Soudani script that can help researchers automatically recognize and analyze manuscript words written in this script. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dataset" title="dataset">dataset</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CRNN-CTC" title=" CRNN-CTC"> CRNN-CTC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=handwritten%20words%20recognition" title=" handwritten words recognition"> handwritten words recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al-Soudani%20Arabic%20script" title=" Al-Soudani Arabic script"> Al-Soudani Arabic script</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HTR" title=" HTR"> HTR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manuscripts" title=" manuscripts"> manuscripts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155632/samra-dataset-in-al-soudani-arabic-maghrebi-script-for-recognition-of-arabic-ancient-words-handwritten" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155632.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">130</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">944</span> A Supervised Approach for Word Sense Disambiguation Based on Arabic Diacritics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alaa%20Alrakaf">Alaa Alrakaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sk.%20Md.%20Mizanur%20Rahman"> Sk. Md. Mizanur Rahman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since the last two decades’ Arabic natural language processing (ANLP) has become increasingly much more important. One of the key issues related to ANLP is ambiguity. In Arabic language different pronunciation of one word may have a different meaning. Furthermore, ambiguity also has an impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of Machine Translation (MT). The issue of ambiguity has limited the usefulness and accuracy of the translation from Arabic to English. The lack of Arabic resources makes ambiguity problem more complicated. Additionally, the orthographic level of representation cannot specify the exact meaning of the word. This paper looked at the diacritics of Arabic language and used them to disambiguate a word. The proposed approach of word sense disambiguation used Diacritizer application to Diacritize Arabic text then found the most accurate sense of an ambiguous word using Naïve Bayes Classifier. Our Experimental study proves that using Arabic Diacritics with Naïve Bayes Classifier enhances the accuracy of choosing the appropriate sense by 23% and also decreases the ambiguity in machine translation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20natural%20language%20processing" title="Arabic natural language processing">Arabic natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20translation" title=" machine translation"> machine translation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naive%20bayes%20classifier" title=" Naive bayes classifier"> Naive bayes classifier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20sense%20disambiguation" title=" word sense disambiguation"> word sense disambiguation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51286/a-supervised-approach-for-word-sense-disambiguation-based-on-arabic-diacritics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51286.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">943</span> Gesture in the Arabic and Malay Languages a Comparative Study </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20Sara%20binti%20Hj%20Ahmad">Siti Sara binti Hj Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adil%20Elshiekh%20Abdalla"> Adil Elshiekh Abdalla </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Arabic and Malay languages belong to different language’s families; while the Arabic language descends from the Semitic language, Malay belongs to the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) family. Hence, the grammatical systems of the two languages differ from each other. Arabic, being a language found in the heart of the dessert, and Malay is the language found in the heart of thick equatorial forests, is another source of vital cultural differences. Consequently, it is expected that this situation will create differences in the ways of how speakers of the two languages perceive the world around them, convey and understand their messages. On the other hand, as the majority of the speakers of Malay language are Muslims, Arabic language found its way in this region; currently, Arabic is widely taught in school, some terms of it found their way in the Malay language. Accordingly, the Arabic language and culture have widely penetrated into the Malay language. This study is proposed with the aim to find out the differences and similarities between the two languages, in the term of the nonverbal communication. The result of this study will be of high significance, as it will help in enhancing the mutual understanding between the speakers of these languages. The comparative analysis approach will be utilized in this study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gesture" title="gesture">gesture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20language" title=" Arabic language"> Arabic language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malay%20language" title=" Malay language"> Malay language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparative%20analysis" title=" comparative analysis "> comparative analysis </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26388/gesture-in-the-arabic-and-malay-languages-a-comparative-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26388.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">567</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">942</span> Spoken Rhetoric in Arabic Heritage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ihab%20Al-Mokrani">Ihab Al-Mokrani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Arabic heritage has two types of spoken rhetoric: the first type which al-Jaahiz calls “the rhetoric of the sign,” which means body language, and the rhetoric of silence which is of no less importance than the rhetoric of the sign, the speaker’s appearance and movements, etc. The second type is the spoken performance of utterances which bears written rhetoric arts like metaphor, simile, metonymy, etc. Rationale of the study: First: in spite of the factual existence of rhetorical phenomena in the Arabic heritage, there has been no contemporary study handling the spoken rhetoric in the Arabic heritage. Second: Arabic Civilization is originally a spoken one. Comparing the Arabic culture and civilization, from one side, to the Greek, roman or Pharaonic cultures and civilizations, from the other side, shows that the latter cultures and civilizations started and flourished written while the former started among illiterate people who had no interest in writing until recently. That sort of difference on the part of the Arabic culture and civilization created a rhetoric different from rhetoric in the other cultures and civilizations. Third: the spoken nature of the Arabic civilization influenced the Arabic rhetoric in the sense that specific rhetorical arts have been introduced matching that spoken nature. One of these arts is the art of concision which compensates for the absence of writing’s means of preserving the text. In addition, this interprets why many of the definitions of the Arabic rhetoric were defining rhetoric as the art of concision. Also, this interprets the fact that the literary genres known in the Arabic culture were limited by the available narrow space like poetry, anecdotes, and stories, while the literary genres in the Greek culture were of wide space as epics and drama. This is not of any contrast to the fact that some Arabic poetry would exceed 100 lines of poetry as Arabic poetry was based on the line organic unity, which means that every line could stand alone with a full meaning that is not dependent on the rest of the poem; and that last aspect has never happened in any culture other than the Arabic culture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20rhetoric" title="Arabic rhetoric">Arabic rhetoric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spoken%20rhetoric" title=" spoken rhetoric"> spoken rhetoric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20heritage" title=" Arabic heritage"> Arabic heritage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culture" title=" culture"> culture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20504/spoken-rhetoric-in-arabic-heritage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20504.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">771</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">941</span> Contemporary Arabic Novel Probing the Self and the Other: A Contrapuntal Study of Identity, Sexuality, and Fundamentalism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jihan%20Mahmoud">Jihan Mahmoud</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines the role played by Arabic novelists in revolutionary change in the Arab world, discussing themes of identity, sexuality and fundamentalism as portrayed in a selection of modern and contemporary Arabic novels that are either written in English or translated from Arabic into English. It particularly focuses on the post-Naguib Mahfouz era. Taking my cue from the current political changes in the Arab world, starting with 9/11/ terrorist attacks in the USA and the UK, the ‘Arab Spring’ revolutions, the rise of political Islam and the emergence of Isis, the Islamic state in Iraq and the Levant, the study analyses the differences in the ways contemporary Arab novelists from different Arabic countries represent the interaction between identity, sexual politics and fundamentalist ideas in the Arab world, with a specific focus on the overlap between literature, religion and international politics in the region. It argues that the post-Mahfouz era marked a new phase in the development of the political Arabic novel not only as a force of resistance against political-religious oppression, but as a call for revolution as well. Thus, the Arabic novel reshapes values and prompts future action. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20novel" title="Arabic novel">Arabic novel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islam" title=" Islam"> Islam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=politics" title=" politics"> politics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexuality" title=" sexuality "> sexuality </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24555/contemporary-arabic-novel-probing-the-self-and-the-other-a-contrapuntal-study-of-identity-sexuality-and-fundamentalism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24555.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">526</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">940</span> Language Literacy Attrition: An Empirical Investigation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Al-Issa">Ahmad Al-Issa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Our world is now operating under the auspices of globalization with its attendant language of ‘global English.' In many parts of the world, the need for English is often accepted without much thought given to native languages. Indeed, this is the current situation in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), with English encroaching into all areas of society, and especially forcefully into the education sector, where English as a medium of instruction (EMI) is on the rise. At the same time, Arabic literacy (i.e., the ability to read and write in Arabic) is declining among the UAE youth. Using a mixed-methods design, a study was conducted to gain insights into the use of Arabic by Emirati University students. The study examines how often Emiratis, males and females, use their native language (Arabic) in their daily lives, how they view their reading and writing skills in Arabic vis-à-vis their English literacy skills, and the extent to which they can demonstrate their literacy skills in Arabic. Clear evidence emerged showing that while Arabic as a dialect continues to be spoken on a daily basis, Arabic literacy is unquestionably losing ground. This was found to be motivated by educational, political, societal, and personal forces. These findings and their implications to language policy and existing bilingualism programs will be discussed. Suggestions for further research will also be made. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=globalization" title=" globalization"> globalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20English" title=" global English"> global English</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=literacy%20attrition" title=" literacy attrition"> literacy attrition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=United%20Arab%20Emirates" title=" United Arab Emirates"> United Arab Emirates</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61239/language-literacy-attrition-an-empirical-investigation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61239.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">939</span> Hybrid SVM/DBN Model for Arabic Isolated Words Recognition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elyes%20Zarrouk">Elyes Zarrouk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yassine%20Benayed"> Yassine Benayed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faiez%20Gargouri"> Faiez Gargouri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a new hybrid model for isolated Arabic words recognition. To do this, we apply Support Vectors Machine (SVM) as an estimator of posterior probabilities within the Dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN). This paper deals a comparative study between DBN and SVM/DBN systems for multi-dialect isolated Arabic words. Performance using SVM/DBN is found to exceed that of DBNs trained on an identical task, giving higher recognition accuracy for four different Arabic dialects. In fact, the average of recognition rates for the four dialects with SVM/DBN was 87.67% while 83.01% with DBN. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20Bayesian%20networks" title="dynamic Bayesian networks">dynamic Bayesian networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20models" title=" hybrid models"> hybrid models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supports%20vectors%20machine" title=" supports vectors machine"> supports vectors machine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20isolated%20words" title=" Arabic isolated words"> Arabic isolated words</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22878/hybrid-svmdbn-model-for-arabic-isolated-words-recognition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22878.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">560</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">938</span> Poem and Novel Translations from Arabic to Turkish Done between the Years of 1980-2015</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%BCrkan%20Da%C4%9Fba%C5%9F%C4%B1">Gürkan Dağbaşı</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Translation is a vitally important activity like as the expression the thought and emotions of humanbeing, providing reciprocal cultural transfer, shaping future by establishing a connection with the past, and like as being exist in an other language. Translation is also an important instrument providing cross-cultural coalescence between nations. Although the first translations from Arabic to Turkish was restricted to only religious texts, over time, the importance of translation was found out via translations of works about literature. Later on, some literature genres like novel and poems were also translated from Arabic to Turkish. Works of many men of Arabic literature were translated to Turkish, including Nejib Mahfuz, owner of Nobel Prize, Tawfiq al-Hakim, Adonis, Gibran Khalil Gibran and etc. In this study, novels and poems translated from Arabic to Turkish between 1980-2015 years are examined. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poem" title="poem">poem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=novel" title=" novel"> novel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic" title=" Arabic"> Arabic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation" title=" translation"> translation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53178/poem-and-novel-translations-from-arabic-to-turkish-done-between-the-years-of-1980-2015" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53178.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20characters&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20characters&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20characters&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20characters&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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