CINXE.COM
Challenges and Strategies in Translating Humour for Arabic Subtitling | International Journal of Language and Literary Studies
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title> Challenges and Strategies in Translating Humour for Arabic Subtitling | International Journal of Language and Literary Studies </title> <link rel="icon" href="https://ijlls.org/public/journals/1/favicon_en_US.png"> <meta name="generator" content="Open Journal Systems 3.3.0.8"> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Abderrahim Eljazouli"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Noureddine Azmi "/> <meta name="DC.Date.created" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-11-13"/> <meta name="DC.Date.dateSubmitted" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-10-25"/> <meta name="DC.Date.issued" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-11-02"/> <meta name="DC.Date.modified" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-11-16"/> <meta name="DC.Description" xml:lang="en" content="The translation of humour in audiovisual media presents unique challenges due to its cultural relativity and dependence on social, linguistic, and cultural contexts. While Audiovisual Translation (AVT) studies have expanded since their emergence in the 1950s, research on humour translation between English and Arabic remains understudied, particularly regarding culturally sensitive content. This study addresses this gap by examining the strategies employed in translating humorous content from English to Arabic in subtitled media. Using a corpus-based approach, this research combines qualitative and quantitative methodologies to analyze translation strategies for humour, with particular attention to sensitive topics including sex, religion, and politics. The qualitative analysis examines the specific challenges and solutions in translating culturally-bound humour, while the quantitative component provides statistical data on the frequency and distribution of various translation strategies. The findings reveal that Arabic subtitlers predominantly employ Preservation strategies (50%), followed by Reduction (18.2%) and Expansion (16.7%). This pattern differs from previous studies of other language pairs, suggesting that the English-Arabic translation of humour involves unique considerations and approaches. The research contributes to AVT scholarship by providing empirical evidence of translation strategies in the understudied English-Arabic language pair and offering insights into the handling of culturally sensitive humour in Arabic subtitling practices."/> <meta name="DC.Format" scheme="IMT" content="application/pdf"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="1905"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.pageNumber" content="243-260"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.DOI" content="10.36892/ijlls.v6i4.1905"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.URI" content="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/article/view/1905"/> <meta name="DC.Language" scheme="ISO639-1" content="en"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright (c) 2024 Abderrahim Eljazouli, Noureddine Azmi "/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"/> <meta name="DC.Source" content="International Journal of Language and Literary Studies"/> <meta name="DC.Source.ISSN" content="2704-7156"/> <meta name="DC.Source.Issue" content="4"/> <meta name="DC.Source.Volume" content="6"/> <meta name="DC.Source.URI" content="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="Corpus Analysis"/> <meta name="DC.Title" content="Challenges and Strategies in Translating Humour for Arabic Subtitling"/> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text.Serial.Journal"/> <meta name="DC.Type.articleType" content="Articles"/> <meta name="gs_meta_revision" content="1.1"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal of Language and Literary Studies"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="IJLLS"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2704-7156"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Abderrahim Eljazouli"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Cadi Ayyad University"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Noureddine Azmi "/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Research Lab: Translation, Intercultural Communication and Knowledge Integration. Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Challenges and Strategies in Translating Humour for Arabic Subtitling"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="citation_date" content="2024/11/13"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="6"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="243"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="260"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.36892/ijlls.v6i4.1905"/> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/article/view/1905"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Humour Translation"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Audiovisual Translation (AVT)"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Subtitling"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Corpus Analysis"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/article/download/1905/753"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/$$$call$$$/page/page/css?name=stylesheet" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/styles/fontawesome/fontawesome.css?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ijlls.org/plugins/themes/basic/styles/stylesheet.css?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ijlls.org/plugins/generic/orcidProfile/css/orcidProfile.css?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/css" /> </head> <body class="pkp_page_article pkp_op_view has_site_logo" dir="ltr"> <div class="pkp_structure_page"> <header class="pkp_structure_head" id="headerNavigationContainer" role="banner"> <nav class="cmp_skip_to_content" aria-label="Jump to content links"> <a href="#pkp_content_main">Skip to main content</a> <a href="#siteNav">Skip to main navigation menu</a> <a href="#pkp_content_footer">Skip to site footer</a> </nav> <div class="pkp_head_wrapper"> <div class="pkp_site_name_wrapper"> <button class="pkp_site_nav_toggle"> <span>Open Menu</span> </button> <div class="pkp_site_name"> <a href=" https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/index " class="is_img"> <img src="https://ijlls.org/public/journals/1/pageHeaderLogoImage_en_US.png" width="2000" height="597" /> </a> </div> </div> <nav class="pkp_site_nav_menu" aria-label="Site Navigation"> <a id="siteNav"></a> <div class="pkp_navigation_primary_row"> <div class="pkp_navigation_primary_wrapper"> <ul id="navigationPrimary" class="pkp_navigation_primary pkp_nav_list"> <li class=""> <a href="http://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/index"> Home </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about"> About </a> <ul> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about"> About the Journal </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/FocusandScope"> Focus and Scope </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/AbstractingandIndexing"> Abstracting and Indexing </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/PublicationEthics"> Publication Ethics </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/PublicationFrequency"> Publication Frequency </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/APC"> Article Processing Charges (APC) </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/privacy"> Privacy Statement </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/editorialTeam"> Editorial Team </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/current"> Current </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/archive"> Archives </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/announcement"> Announcements </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/Policies"> Policies </a> <ul> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/OpenAccessPolicy"> Open Access Policy </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/CopyrightandlicensingPolicy"> Copyright and licensing Policy </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/PeerReviewProcess"> Peer Review Process </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/PlagiarismPolicy"> Plagiarism Policy </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/DigitalArchivingPolicy"> Digital Archiving Policy </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/submissions"> Submissions </a> </li> </ul> <div class="pkp_navigation_search_wrapper"> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/search" class="pkp_search pkp_search_desktop"> <span class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></span> Search </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_navigation_user_wrapper" id="navigationUserWrapper"> <ul id="navigationUser" class="pkp_navigation_user pkp_nav_list"> <li class="profile"> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/user/register"> Register </a> </li> <li class="profile"> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/login"> Login </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div><!-- .pkp_head_wrapper --> </header><!-- .pkp_structure_head --> <div class="pkp_structure_content has_sidebar"> <div class="pkp_structure_main" role="main"> <a id="pkp_content_main"></a> <div class="page page_article"> <nav class="cmp_breadcrumbs" role="navigation" aria-label="You are here:"> <ol> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/index"> Home </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/archive"> Archives </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/view/27"> Vol. 6 No. 4 (2024): 2024 (4) In Press </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li class="current" aria-current="page"> <span aria-current="page"> Articles </span> </li> </ol> </nav> <article class="obj_article_details"> <h1 class="page_title"> Challenges and Strategies in Translating Humour for Arabic Subtitling </h1> <section class="item doi"> <span class="value"> <em class="ai ai-doi ai-2x" style="color: orange;"><!-- icon --></em><a href="https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v6i4.1905"> https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v6i4.1905 </a> </span> </section> <div class="row"> <div class="main_entry"> <section class="item authors"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader">Authors</h2> <ul class="authors"> <li> <span class="name"> Abderrahim Eljazouli </span> <div class="email"> <a href="mailto:abderrahim.eljazouli1997@gmail.com" >abderrahim.eljazouli1997@gmail.com</a> </div> <span class="affiliation"> Cadi Ayyad University </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Noureddine Azmi </span> <span class="affiliation"> Research Lab: Translation, Intercultural Communication and Knowledge Integration. Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco </span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="item keywords"> <h2 class="label"> Keywords: </h2> <span class="value"> Humour Translation, Audiovisual Translation (AVT), Subtitling, Corpus Analysis </span> </section> <section class="item abstract"> <h2 class="label">Abstract</h2> <p><em>The translation of humour in audiovisual media presents unique challenges due to its cultural relativity and dependence on social, linguistic, and cultural contexts. While Audiovisual Translation (AVT) studies have expanded since their emergence in the 1950s, research on humour translation between English and Arabic remains understudied, particularly regarding culturally sensitive content. This study addresses this gap by examining the strategies employed in translating humorous content from English to Arabic in subtitled media. Using a corpus-based approach, this research combines qualitative and quantitative methodologies to analyze translation strategies for humour, with particular attention to sensitive topics including sex, religion, and politics. The qualitative analysis examines the specific challenges and solutions in translating culturally-bound humour, while the quantitative component provides statistical data on the frequency and distribution of various translation strategies. The findings reveal that Arabic subtitlers predominantly employ Preservation strategies (50%), followed by Reduction (18.2%) and Expansion (16.7%). This pattern differs from previous studies of other language pairs, suggesting that the English-Arabic translation of humour involves unique considerations and approaches. The research contributes to AVT scholarship by providing empirical evidence of translation strategies in the understudied English-Arabic language pair and offering insights into the handling of culturally sensitive humour in Arabic subtitling practices.</em></p> </section> <div class="item downloads_chart"> <h3 class="label"> Downloads </h3> <div class="value"> <canvas class="usageStatsGraph" data-object-type="Submission" data-object-id="1905"></canvas> <div class="usageStatsUnavailable" data-object-type="Submission" data-object-id="1905"> Download data is not yet available. </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- .main_entry --> <div class="entry_details"> <div class="item galleys"> <ul class="value galleys_links"> <li> <a class="obj_galley_link pdf" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/article/view/1905/753"> PDF </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="item published"> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Published </h2> <div class="value"> <span>2024-11-13</span> </div> </section> </div> <div class="item citation"> <section class="sub_item citation_display"> <h2 class="label"> How to Cite </h2> <div class="value"> <div id="citationOutput" role="region" aria-live="polite"> <div class="csl-bib-body"> <div class="csl-entry">Eljazouli, A., & Azmi , N. (2024). Challenges and Strategies in Translating Humour for Arabic Subtitling. <i>International Journal of Language and Literary Studies</i>, <i>6</i>(4), 243–260. https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v6i4.1905</div> </div> </div> <div class="citation_formats"> <button class="cmp_button citation_formats_button" aria-controls="cslCitationFormats" aria-expanded="false" data-csl-dropdown="true"> More Citation Formats </button> <div id="cslCitationFormats" class="citation_formats_list" aria-hidden="true"> <ul class="citation_formats_styles"> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/acm-sig-proceedings?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/acm-sig-proceedings?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814&return=json" > ACM </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/acs-nano?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/acs-nano?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814&return=json" > ACS </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/apa?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/apa?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814&return=json" > APA </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814&return=json" > ABNT </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/chicago-author-date?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/chicago-author-date?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814&return=json" > Chicago </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/harvard-cite-them-right?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/harvard-cite-them-right?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814&return=json" > Harvard </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/ieee?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/ieee?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814&return=json" > IEEE </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/modern-language-association?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/modern-language-association?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814&return=json" > MLA </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/turabian-fullnote-bibliography?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/turabian-fullnote-bibliography?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814&return=json" > Turabian </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/vancouver?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/vancouver?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814&return=json" > Vancouver </a> </li> </ul> <div class="label"> Download Citation </div> <ul class="citation_formats_styles"> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/download/ris?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814"> <span class="fa fa-download"></span> Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/download/bibtex?submissionId=1905&publicationId=1814"> <span class="fa fa-download"></span> BibTeX </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="item issue"> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Issue </h2> <div class="value"> <a class="title" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/view/27"> Vol. 6 No. 4 (2024): 2024 (4) In Press </a> </div> </section> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Section </h2> <div class="value"> Articles </div> </section> </div> <div class="item copyright"> <div class="label"> Copyright & Licensing </div> <div class="value"> <p>Copyright (c) 2024 Abderrahim Eljazouli, Noureddine Azmi </p> <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="//i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><p>This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div><!-- .entry_details --> </div><!-- .row --> </article> <div id="articlesBySameAuthorList"> <h3>Most read articles by the same author(s)</h3> <ul> <li> Hicham Rahate Ellah, Noureddine Azmi, <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/article/view/1283"> High School Students’ Perception and Development of Soft skills </a>, <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/view/21"> International Journal of Language and Literary Studies: Vol. 5 No. 2 (2023): 2023 (2) </a> </li> <li> Ilham Oudad, Noureddine Azmi, <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/article/view/1242"> Loss and Gain in Translating Culture: Year of the Elephant’s Novella as a Case Study </a>, <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/view/20"> International Journal of Language and Literary Studies: Vol. 5 No. 1 (2023): 2023 (1) </a> </li> <li> Hicham Rahate Ellah, Noureddine Azmi, <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/article/view/1735"> Soft Skills in Language Education: From Perception to Frequency of Instruction </a>, <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/view/25"> International Journal of Language and Literary Studies: Vol. 6 No. 2 (2024): 2024 (2) Published </a> </li> <li> Abderrahim Eljazouli, Noureddine Azmi , <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/article/view/1775"> Linguistic and Terminological Complexities in Post-Editing English-Arabic Machine Translations </a>, <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/view/26"> International Journal of Language and Literary Studies: Vol. 6 No. 3 (2024): 2024 (3) In Press </a> </li> </ul> <div id="articlesBySameAuthorPages"> </div> </div> </div><!-- .page --> </div><!-- pkp_structure_main --> <div class="pkp_structure_sidebar left" role="complementary" aria-label="Sidebar"> <div class="pkp_block block_make_submission"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader"> Make a Submission </h2> <div class="content"> <a class="block_make_submission_link" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/submissions"> Make a Submission </a> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_block block_custom" id="customblock-pointofinterest"> <h2 class="title pkp_screen_reader">pointofinterest</h2> <div class="content"> <div class="content"> <ul> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <div><span class="title">POINTS OF INTEREST</span></div> <div class="content"> <ul> <li><a href="http://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about">About Journal</a></li> <li><a href="http://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/AbstractingandIndexing">Abstracting and Indexing</a></li> <li><a href="http://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/submissions">Author Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="http://ijlls.org/template.docs">Article Template</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_block block_information"> <h2 class="title">Information</h2> <div class="content"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/information/readers"> For Readers </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/information/authors"> For Authors </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/information/librarians"> For Librarians </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_block block_web_feed"> <h2 class="title">Current Issue</h2> <div class="content"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/gateway/plugin/WebFeedGatewayPlugin/atom"> <img src="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/templates/images/atom.svg" alt="Atom logo"> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/gateway/plugin/WebFeedGatewayPlugin/rss2"> <img src="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/templates/images/rss20_logo.svg" alt="RSS2 logo"> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/gateway/plugin/WebFeedGatewayPlugin/rss"> <img src="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/templates/images/rss10_logo.svg" alt="RSS1 logo"> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_block block_browse"> <h2 class="title"> Browse </h2> <nav class="content" role="navigation" aria-label="Browse"> <ul> </ul> </nav> </div><!-- .block_browse --> <div class="pkp_block block_custom" id="customblock-visitors"> <h2 class="title pkp_screen_reader">visitors</h2> <div class="content"> <div class="content bg-white text-center"> <p><a href="https://info.flagcounter.com/3fub"><img src="https://s11.flagcounter.com/count2/3fub/bg_FFFFFF/txt_000000/border_CCCCCC/columns_2/maxflags_250/viewers_0/labels_1/pageviews_1/flags_0/percent_0/" alt="Flag Counter" border="0"></a></p> <p>Visitor Statistics since 1 December 2020</p> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- pkp_sidebar.left --> </div><!-- pkp_structure_content --> <div class="pkp_structure_footer_wrapper" role="contentinfo"> <a id="pkp_content_footer"></a> <div class="pkp_structure_footer"> <div class="pkp_footer_content"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-3 mb-4 text-center"> <h4>Contact</h4> <p>International Journal of Language and Literary Studies <br />Rome, Italy.<br />editor@ijlls.org<br />http://ijlls.org</p> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 mb-4 text-center"> <h4>Other Links</h4> <p><a href="http://www.ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/editorialTeam">Editorial Board</a><br /><a href="http://www.ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/EditorialPolicies">Editorial Policies</a><br /><a href="http://www.ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/submissions">Author Guidelines</a><br /><a href="https://www.ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/privacy">Privacy statement</a></p> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 mb-4 text-center"> <h4>Follow us</h4> <div class="text-center center-block"><br /><a href="https://www.facebook.com/IJLLS" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <em id="social-fb" class="fa fa-facebook-square fa-3x social"></em> </a> <a href="https://www.twitter.com/ijllsJ" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <em id="social-tw" class="fa fa-twitter-square fa-3x social"></em> </a> <em id="social-gp" class="fa fa-youtube-square fa-3x social"></em><a href="mailto:editor@ijlls.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <em id="social-em" class="fa fa-envelope-square fa-3x social"></em> </a></div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 mb-4 text-center"> <h4>Publisher</h4> <p>© 2019-2021 Tawasul.</p> Tawasul International Centre for Publishing, Research and Dialogue. Rome, Italy.</div> </div> <hr /> <div class="row"> <div class=" text-left"> <p><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license"><img style="border-width: 0;" src="https://licensebuttons.net/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" alt="Creative Commons License" width="88" height="31" /></a><br />This work is licensed under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_brand_footer" role="complementary"> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/aboutThisPublishingSystem"> <img alt="More information about the publishing system, Platform and Workflow by OJS/PKP." src="https://ijlls.org/templates/images/ojs_brand.png"> </a> </div> </div> </div><!-- pkp_structure_footer_wrapper --> </div><!-- pkp_structure_page --> <script src="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/components/jquery/jquery.min.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/components/jqueryui/jquery-ui.min.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/themes/default/js/lib/popper/popper.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/themes/default/js/lib/bootstrap/util.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/themes/default/js/lib/bootstrap/dropdown.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/themes/default/js/main.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/generic/citationStyleLanguage/js/articleCitation.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">var pkpUsageStats = pkpUsageStats || {};pkpUsageStats.data = pkpUsageStats.data || {};pkpUsageStats.data.Submission = pkpUsageStats.data.Submission || {};pkpUsageStats.data.Submission[1905] = [];</script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Chart.js/2.0.1/Chart.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">var pkpUsageStats = pkpUsageStats || {};pkpUsageStats.locale = pkpUsageStats.locale || {};pkpUsageStats.locale.months = ["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"];pkpUsageStats.config = pkpUsageStats.config || {};pkpUsageStats.config.chartType = "bar";</script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/generic/usageStats/js/UsageStatsFrontendHandler.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>