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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development of ideas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayer's_place_in_the_history_of_physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayer's_place_in_the_history_of_physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mayer's place in the history of physics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mayer's_place_in_the_history_of_physics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mayer's place in the history of physics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mayer's_place_in_the_history_of_physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mayer's_Relation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayer's_Relation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mayer's Relation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayer's_Relation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Julius von Mayer: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="يوليوس ماير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوليوس ماير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="یولیوس روبرت فون مایر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یولیوس روبرت فون مایر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юліус Роберт Маер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Юліус Роберт Маер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юлиус Роберт фон Майер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юлиус Роберт фон Майер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Julius von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_von_Mayer" title="Robert von Mayer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Γιούλιους φον Μάγιερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιούλιους φον Μάγιερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Julius von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Julius von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="یولیوس روبرت فون مایر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یولیوس روبرت فون مایر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="율리우스 로베르트 폰 마이어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="율리우스 로베르트 폰 마이어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Յուլիուս Ռոբերտ Մայեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յուլիուս Ռոբերտ Մայեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mayer" title="Robert Mayer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert Mayer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Julius von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="יוליוס רוברט פון מאייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוליוס רוברט פון מאייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೂಲಿಯಸ್ ರಾಬರ್ಟ್ ಮೇಯರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೂಲಿಯಸ್ ರಾಬರ್ಟ್ ಮೇಯರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ იულიუს მაიერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობერტ იულიუს მაიერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1_(%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%DA%A4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC)" title="يوليوس ماير (دكتور من مملكة ڤورتيمبيرج) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوليوس ماير (دكتور من مملكة ڤورتيمبيرج)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC" title="ユリウス・ロベルト・フォン・マイヤー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユリウス・ロベルト・フォン・マイヤー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mayer" title="Robert Mayer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Mayer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_Mayer" title="Julius Robert Mayer – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Julius Robert Mayer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Julius von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Фон Майер, Юлиус Роберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фон Майер, Юлиус Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mayer" title="Robert Mayer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert Mayer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ยูเลียส ฟอน มาเยอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูเลียส ฟอน มาเยอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%94%D1%80" title="Юліус Роберт фон Маєр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юліус Роберт фон Маєр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|prizes = </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|prizes = </div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 06:07, 6 October 2009</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Julius Robert von Mayer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_Robert_von_Mayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer.jpg/150px-Julius_Robert_von_Mayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer.jpg/225px-Julius_Robert_von_Mayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer.jpg/300px-Julius_Robert_von_Mayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1129" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Julius Robert von Mayer</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a>, <a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a>, <a href="/wiki/1878" title="1878">1878</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics" title="First law of thermodynamics">first law of thermodynamics</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Julius Robert von Mayer</b> (<a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a>, <a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a> – <a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a>, <a href="/wiki/1878" title="1878">1878</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>. He is best known for enunciating during 1841 one of the original statements of the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" title="Conservation of energy">conservation of energy</a> or what is now known as one of the first versions of the <a href="/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics" title="First law of thermodynamics">first law of thermodynamics</a>, namely:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div style="font-size:125%"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Energy can be neither created nor destroyed</p></blockquote></div> <p>During 1842, Mayer described the vital <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemical process</a> now referred to as <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> as the primary source of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> for any <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">living creature</a>. His achievements were overlooked and priority for the discovery of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat" title="Mechanical equivalent of heat">mechanical equivalent of heat</a></i> was attributed to <a href="/wiki/James_Joule" class="mw-redirect" title="James Joule">James Joule</a> in the following year. He also proposed that plants convert light into chemical energy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Life">Early Life</h2></div> <p>Mayer grew up in <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a> in the southern Rhineland, the son of a <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacist</a>. After completing his <i><a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a></i>, he studied <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a>, where he was a member of the <i>Corps Guestphalia</i>, a <a href="/wiki/German_Student_Corps" title="German Student Corps">German Student Corps</a>. During 1838 he attained his <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> as well as passing the <i><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Staatsexamen</a></i>. After a stay in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (1839/40) he left as a ship's <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> three-mast <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ship</a> for a journey to <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>. </p><p>Although he had hardly been interested before this journey in <a href="/wiki/Physical_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical phenomenon">physical phenomena</a>, his observation that <a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">storm</a>-whipped <a href="/wiki/Waves" class="mw-disambig" title="Waves">waves</a> are warmer than the calm <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a> started him thinking about the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_nature" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Laws of nature">laws of nature</a>, in particular about the physical phenomenon of warmth and the question: <i>whether the directly developed heat alone or whether the sum of the amounts of heat developed in direct and indirect ways contributes to the <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a></i>. After his return during February 1841 Mayer dedicated began efforts to solve of this problem. </p><p>During 1841 he settled in Heilbronn and married. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_ideas">Development of ideas</h2></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Thermodynamics_timeline_context&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Thermodynamics timeline context (page does not exist)">Template:Thermodynamics timeline context</a> </p><p>Julius Robert von Mayer was born on <a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a>, <a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wurttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Wurttemberg">Wurttemberg</a> (modern day Germany). Even as a young child, Mayer showed an intense interest with various mechanical mechanisms. He was a young man who performed various experiments of the physical and chemical variety. In fact, one of his favorite hobbies was creating various types of electrical devices and air pumps. It was obvious that he was intelligent. Hence, Mayer attended Eberhard-Karls University in May 1832. He studied medicine during his time there. </p><p>During 1837, he and some of his friends were arrested for wearing the colors of a forbidden organization. The consequences for this arrest included a one year expulsion from the college and a brief period of incarceration. This diversion sent Mayer traveling to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. Mayer drew some additional interest in mathematics and engineering from his friend Carl Baur through private tutoring. During 1841, Mayer returned to Heilbronn to practice medicine, but physics became his new passion. </p><p>During June 1841, he completed his first scientific paper entitled "On the Quantitative and Qualitative Determination of Forces". It was largely ignored by other professionals in the area. Then, Mayer became interested in the area of heat and its motion. He presented a value in numerical terms for the mechanical equivalent of heat. He also was the first person to describe the vital chemical process now referred to as oxidation as the primary source of energy for any living creature. </p><p>During 1848 he calculated that in the absence of a source of energy the Sun would cool down in only 5000 years, and he suggested that the impact of meteorites kept it hot.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since he was not taken seriously at the time, his achievements were overlooked and credit was given to <a href="/wiki/James_Joule" class="mw-redirect" title="James Joule">James Joule</a>. Mayer almost committed suicide after he discovered this fact. He spent some time in mental institutions to recover from this and the loss of some of his children. Several of his papers were published due to the advanced nature of the physics and chemistry. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1859 by the philosophical faculty at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tubingen" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Tubingen">University of Tubingen</a>. His overlooked work was revived in 1862 by fellow physicist <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">John Tyndall</a> in a lecture at the London Royasl Institution. In July 1867, Mayer published "Die Mechanik der Warme." This publication dealt wiith the mechanics of heat and its motion. In November 1867, Mayer was awarded personal nobility (von Mayer) which is the German equivalent of a British knighthood. Julius Robert von Mayer died from tuberculosis on March 20, 1878 in Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mayer's_place_in_the_history_of_physics"><span id="Mayer.27s_place_in_the_history_of_physics"></span>Mayer's place in the history of physics</h2></div> <p>Mayer was the first person to state the law of the conservation of energy, one of the most fundamental tenets of modern day physics. The law of the conservation of energy states that the total mechanical energy of a system remains constant in any isolated system of objects that interact with each other only by way of forces that are <a href="/wiki/Conservative_force" title="Conservative force">conservative</a>. </p><p>Mayer's first attempt at stating the conservation of energy was a paper he sent to <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Poggendorff" title="Johann Christian Poggendorff">Johann Christian Poggendorff</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Annalen der Physik</a></i>, in which he postulated a conservation of force (<i>Erhaltungssatz der Kraft</i>). However, owing to Mayer's lack of advanced training in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, it contained some fundamental mistakes and was not published. Mayer continued to pursue the idea steadfastly and argued with the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> physics professor <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_N%C3%B6rremberg" title="Johann Gottlieb Nörremberg">Johann Gottlieb Nörremberg</a>, who rejected his <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a>. Nörremberg did, however, give Mayer a number of valuable suggestions on how the idea could be examined experimentally; for example, if <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> transforms into <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> energy, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> should be warmed by <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">vibration</a>. </p><p>Mayer not only performed this demonstration, but determined also the quantitative factor of the transformation, calculating the mechanical equivalent of heat. The result of his investigations was published 1842 in the May edition of <a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Chemie_und_Pharmacie" class="mw-redirect" title="Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie">Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his booklet <i>Die organische Bewegung im Zusammenhang mit dem Stoffwechsel</i> (<i>The Organic Movement in Connection with the Metabolism</i>, 1845) he could specified the numerical value of the mechanical equivalent of heat: at first as 365 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram-force" title="Kilogram-force">kgf</a>·m/kcal<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, later as 425 kgf·m/kcal; the modern values are 4.184 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule">kJ</a>/kcal (426.6 kgf·m/kcal) for the thermochemical calorie and 4.1868 kJ/kcal (426.9 kgf·m/kcal) for the international steam table calorie. </p><p>This relation implies that, although work and heat are different forms of energy, they can be transformed into one another. This law is called the first law of the <a href="/wiki/Caloric_theory" title="Caloric theory">caloric theory</a> and led to the formulation of the general principle of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" title="Conservation of energy">conservation of energy</a>, definitively stated by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> in 1847. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayer's_Relation"><span id="Mayer.27s_Relation"></span>Mayer's Relation</h3></div> <p>Mayer also derived that for an <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas" title="Ideal gas">ideal gas</a> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{P,m}-C_{V,m}=R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{P,m}-C_{V,m}=R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/26add6f14036fdfed49f798bd27f11469f8ac34c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.789ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{P,m}-C_{V,m}=R}"></span>, </p><p>where <i>C<sub>P,m</sub></i> is the <a href="/wiki/Specific_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific heat">specific heat</a> at constant <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>, <i>C<sub>V,m</sub></i> is the specific heat at constant <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a> and <i>R</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Gas_constant" title="Gas constant">gas constant</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2></div> <dl><dd><i>For dispute over priority with Joule, see main article <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat#Priority" title="Mechanical equivalent of heat">Mechanical equivalent of heat: Priority</a>.</i></dd></dl> <p>Mayer was aware of the importance of his discovery, but his inability to express himself scientifically led to degrading speculation and resistance from the scientific establishment. Contemporary physicists rejected his principle of conservation of energy, and even acclaimed physicists <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> viewed his ideas with hostility. The former doubted Mayer's qualifications in physical questions, and a bitter dispute over priority developed with the latter. </p><p>In 1848 two of his children died rapidly in succession, and Mayer's <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> deteriorated. He attempted <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> on <a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a>, <a href="/wiki/1850" title="1850">1850</a> and was committed to a mental institution. After he was released, he was a broken man and only timidly re-entered public life in 1860. However, in the meantime, his scientific fame had grown and he received a late appreciation of his achievement, although perhaps at a stage where he was no longer able to enjoy it. </p><p>He continuted to work vigorously as a physician until his death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2></div> <p>The <i>Robert-Mayer-Gymnasium</i> and the <i>Robert-Mayer-Volks- und Schulsternwarte</i> in <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a> bear his name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayer, Robert (1841). Paper: 'Remarks on the Forces of Nature"; as quoted in: Lehninger, A. (1971). Bioenergetics - the Molecular Basis of Biological Energy Transformations, 2nd. Ed. London: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>30+ Variations of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics</i> - IoHT Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHellemans1988" class="citation book cs1">Hellemans, Alexander (1988). <i>The Timetables of Science</i>. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671621300" title="Special:BookSources/0671621300"><bdi>0671621300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Timetables+of+Science&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0671621300&rft.aulast=Hellemans&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. R. von Mayer, <i>Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie</i> <b>43</b>, 233 (1842).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Physical_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical unit">physical unit</a> kgf·m/kcal measures mechanical energy, in <a href="/wiki/Kilogram-force" title="Kilogram-force">kgf</a>·<a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a>, against heat energy, in <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">kcal</a>. The mechanical energy is measured on the basis of raising a <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> of <i>m</i> kg to a height of <i>h</i> m against Earth's gravity. This is equivalent to an energy of <i>mgh</i> <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joules</a>, where <i>g</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">standard gravity</a>. Thus, 1 kgf·m/kcal = 9.80665 J/kcal.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaneva1993" class="citation book cs1">Caneva, Kenneth L. (1993). <i>Robert Mayer and the Conservation of Energy</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069108758X" title="Special:BookSources/069108758X"><bdi>069108758X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Mayer+and+the+Conservation+of+Energy&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=069108758X&rft.aulast=Caneva&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_von_Mayer&oldid=318199521">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_von_Mayer&oldid=318199521</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1814_births" title="Category:1814 births">1814 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1878_deaths" title="Category:1878 deaths">1878 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_physicists" title="Category:German physicists">German physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Copley_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal">Recipients of the Copley Medal</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_unsupported_parameter" title="Category:CS1 errors: unsupported parameter">CS1 errors: unsupported parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_scientist_with_unknown_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox scientist with unknown parameters">Pages using infobox scientist with unknown parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 October 2009, at 06:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span class="nowraplinks">This version of the page has been <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">revised</a>. 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