CINXE.COM

<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head > <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"1105360502",accountID:"3271734",trustKey:"1322840",xpid:"VwQAUFFQDBABVVFXBQYCXlMG",licenseKey:"NRJS-de4732d74895307f015",applicationID:"1105275877"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.281.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>p,gD:()=>m,xN:()=>g});var n=r(3333),i=r(993);const o=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var a=r(2614),s=r(944),c=r(384),u=r(8122);const d="[data-nr-mask]",l=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0,level:i.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MARKS)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MEASURES)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.RESOURCES)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:a.wk,inactiveMs:a.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){o(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(d):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=d:(0,s.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){o(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,s.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,s.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},f={},h="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function p(e){if(!e)throw new Error(h);if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);f[e]=(0,u.a)(t,l());const r=(0,c.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=f[e])}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);var r=p(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.281.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),c&&h(c.prototype,f),h(a.gm,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$v:()=>u,TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,kd:()=>c,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3,c=["PageAction","UserAction","BrowserPerformance"],u={MARKS:"experimental.marks",MEASURES:"experimental.measures",RESOURCES:"experimental.resources"}},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>c,Qu:()=>u,TZ:()=>s,ih:()=>d,pP:()=>a,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit","popstate"],o="api",a="initialPageLoad",s=n.K7.softNav,c={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},u={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},d={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>T,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>A,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>E,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",E="cb"+R,T="jsTime",A="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);const E=new Map;function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[x.Jt]||t[r];return E.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>E.get(c))),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const S={};var N=r(9417),_=r(5603),O=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:E,loader_config:j,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();E||(x=L.init,E=L.info,j=L.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,_.a)(e.agentIdentifier,j||{}),E.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(E.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,E);const H=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),M=[E.beacon,E.errorBeacon];P||(H.proxy.assets&&(I(H.proxy.assets),M.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&M.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?M:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");S[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{S[e]=t}));var E="api-",A=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function _(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),T(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(E,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.recordCustomEvent=I(E,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new _).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const O=_.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(A+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function P(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{O[e]=I(A,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(A,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!S[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>P()),!0):P(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),P=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.281.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.281.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-jmvAlmjCn64ans8tLueqHRlBI/iWekylsDWb94A77CG0ukSriVDvgD3dThx+XjUSBBBMYhFn8B1a18fViyBPEQ==",249:"sha512-ICY/ZrcytM/86t5KFy+9OAWVYmNNJy10EBtxoSUGjQWuZx53p/eLo+L8HfrGjvHuRHRnutqLTGSnvNttffJkaA==",212:"sha512-pQSn+X/RfBOvx/49HvlghaiXMLhhDQXTi13n1N2XMpDquWJgs9U0pbqE3RbAnYC9nsdaTu/RVGvneEPv1fpCxA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),E=i(2843),T=i(3878),A=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=A.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,A.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,A.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,T.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,A.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var _=i(3969);class O extends b{static featureName=_.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),P=i(3304);class j{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,P.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new j(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new j(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class M extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",((e,t)=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r,t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,T.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,T.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var D=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,D.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,P.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(void 0===p.gm.XMLHttpRequest)return n;if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,T.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,P.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){E(t,e)}),(0,T.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,T.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,T.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):E(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function E(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(_.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Ee,Lc:Te,uP:Ae,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Ee;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Ee,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Te,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var _e=i(2614);class Oe extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(_e.H3,"_").concat(_e.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee,agentRef:this.#o}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(_e.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=_e.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=_e.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class Pe extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,T.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,T.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var je=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function Me(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const De={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(De[t.debugId]++)return t;De[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:$e,e5:Je,tH:Qe,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=je;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=Me(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Je]=~~this[Je]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on($e,m),o.on($e,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([Qe+Ze,Qe+"-done",Qe+Xe+Ze,Qe+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,$e,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,Qe+Ze),v(d,Qe+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled,e.init.performance.resources.enabled];if(p.RI&&(e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,T.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>{const t=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),500,{leading:!0});(0,T.sp)(e,t)}))),e.init.performance.resources.enabled&&p.gm.PerformanceObserver?.supportedEntryTypes.includes("resource"))){new PerformanceObserver((e=>{e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{(0,x.p)("browserPerformance.resource",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}))})).observe({type:"resource",buffered:!0})}r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,Oe,O,M,ot,ct,Pe,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script> <meta name="title" content="Agronomic Crop Soil Fertility | Penn State Extension"/> <meta name="description" content="Learn about agronomic crop soil nutrition, fertility, and management. Get advice on preventing compaction, levels of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, and more."/> <meta name="keywords" content="agronomic crops, soil fertility, compaction, erosion, nitrogen, potassium, rotation, no-till"/> <meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <title>Agronomic Crop Soil Fertility | Penn State Extension</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="https://extension.psu.edu/static/version1739430570/_cache/merged/f6d26e3ec5d9206da5fabfab16fc5c7a.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen and (min-width: 768px)" href="https://extension.psu.edu/static/version1739430570/_cache/merged/7976e8301b2dcad892e1910bbdb29d56.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="https://extension.psu.edu/static/version1739430570/frontend/BlueAcorn/site/en_US/css/print.min.css" /> <link rel="preload" as="font" crossorigin="anonymous" href="https://extension.psu.edu/static/version1739430570/frontend/BlueAcorn/site/en_US/fonts/Luma-Icons.woff2" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/soil-fertility-and-management" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/soil-fertility-and-management/" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://extension.psu.edu/media/favicon/stores/2/Favicon.png" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://extension.psu.edu/media/favicon/stores/2/Favicon.png" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="jG4FIBQg6f8wTpfP4xyiJCIDQq810Yv9VwMmAnbPvhQ" /> <meta name="p:domain_verify" content="rILRjFReWXR6YRgJW1gTyCXVFrzzeam2"/>  <script exclude-this-tag="text/x-magento-template"> (function() { window.__insp = window.__insp || []; __insp.push(['wid', 301749739]); var ldinsp = function(){ if(typeof window.__inspld != "undefined") return; window.__inspld = 1; var insp = document.createElement('script'); insp.type = 'text/javascript'; insp.async = true; insp.id = "inspsync"; insp.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https' : 'http') + '://cdn.inspectlet.com/inspectlet.js?wid=301749739&r=' + Math.floor(new Date().getTime()/3600000); var x = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; x.parentNode.insertBefore(insp, x); }; setTimeout(ldinsp, 0); })(); </script>  <script exclude-this-tag="text/x-magento-template" nonce="eHE0OTV3cnlrY2RhZmZkdHUzaGRpdHd6NGdyNjd6Yms="> window.getWpGA4Cookie = function(name) { match = document.cookie.match(new RegExp(name + '=([^;]+)')); if (match) return decodeURIComponent(match[1].replace(/\+/g, ' ')) ; }; window.ga4AllowServices = false; var isCookieRestrictionModeEnabled = 0, currentWebsiteId = 2, cookieRestrictionName = 'user_allowed_save_cookie'; if (isCookieRestrictionModeEnabled) { allowedCookies = window.getWpGA4Cookie(cookieRestrictionName); if (allowedCookies !== undefined) { allowedWebsites = JSON.parse(allowedCookies); if (allowedWebsites[currentWebsiteId] === 1) { window.ga4AllowServices = true; } } } else { window.ga4AllowServices = true; }</script>  <script nonce="eHE0OTV3cnlrY2RhZmZkdHUzaGRpdHd6NGdyNjd6Yms=" exclude-this-tag="text/x-magento-template"> if (window.ga4AllowServices) {(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K7J6VNH');}</script>  <script exclude-this-tag="text/x-magento-template" nonce="eHE0OTV3cnlrY2RhZmZkdHUzaGRpdHd6NGdyNjd6Yms="> if (window.ga4AllowServices) { window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; var dl4Objects = [{"pageName":"Agronomic Crop Soil Fertility | Penn State Extension","pageType":"category"},{"ecommerce":{"items":[{"item_name":"Understanding and Managing Soil Compaction","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"68098","price":"15.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":1},{"item_name":"Soil Fertility for Pasture or Hay Renovation or Establishment","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"68218","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":2},{"item_name":"Manure Management","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"57811","price":"15.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":3},{"item_name":"The Penn State Agronomy Guide","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"5858","price":"15.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":4},{"item_name":"2024 Agronomy Research Report","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"56226","price":"5.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":5},{"item_name":"The Increased Prevalence of Extreme Rainfall Events","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"67219","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":6},{"item_name":"The Do's and Don'ts of In-Field Manure Stacking","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"67198","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":7},{"item_name":"Soil Organic Matter and Cover Crop-based Nitrogen Recommendations for Corn","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"49690","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":8},{"item_name":"Penn State Agronomy Highlights Podcast in Third Season","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"66472","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":9},{"item_name":"A Values and T Values: What is That All About?","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"36208","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":10},{"item_name":"Crops Day","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"17983","price":"10.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":11},{"item_name":"Fall Is the Perfect Time for Soil Sampling","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"30403","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":12},{"item_name":"Improving Soil Health with Grazing","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"65362","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":13},{"item_name":"Soil Erosion Checkup and Repair","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"65194","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":14},{"item_name":"Dry Fall Gives a Window to Alleviate Soil Compaction","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"64939","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":15}],"item_list_id":"173","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management"},"event":"view_item_list"},{"ecommerce":{"items":[{"item_name":"Consider the Cornstalk Nitrate Test to Assess Your Nitrogen Management","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"52332","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":16},{"item_name":"Soil Compaction Avoidance Critical","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"64534","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":17},{"item_name":"Nutrient Management Decision Tree","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"63592","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":18},{"item_name":"Lack of Precipitation Leads to Worsening Soil Moisture Conditions","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"62343","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":19},{"item_name":"Rainfall Erosivity Climbing to its High Point","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"61951","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":20},{"item_name":"After the Flood: Recovery Considerations for Rural Pennsylvanians","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"21012","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":21},{"item_name":"Penn State Releases New Pre-sidedress Nitrate Test for Corn","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"61606","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":22},{"item_name":"Pre-sidedress Soil Nitrate Test for Corn","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"2896","price":"0.75","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":23},{"item_name":"Manure Management","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"61390","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":24},{"item_name":"Re-calibrating the Pre-Sidedress Soil Nitrate Test for Modern Corn Production","affiliation":"Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension - Penn State Extension","item_id":"37651","price":"0.00","item_category":"Forage and Food Crops","item_category2":"Agronomic Crops","item_category3":"Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management","item_list_id":"173","index":25}],"item_list_id":"173","item_list_name":"Forage and Food Crops\/Agronomic Crops\/Soil Fertility and Management"},"event":"view_item_list"}]; for (var i in dl4Objects) { window.dataLayer.push({ecommerce: null}); window.dataLayer.push(dl4Objects[i]); } var wpGA4Cookies = ['wp_ga4_user_id','wp_ga4_customerGroup']; wpGA4Cookies.map(function (cookieName) { var cookieValue = window.getWpGA4Cookie(cookieName); if (cookieValue) { var dl4Object = {}; dl4Object[cookieName.replace('wp_ga4_', '')] = cookieValue; window.dataLayer.push(dl4Object); } }); }</script> <link rel="prefetch" as="script" href="https://extension.psu.edu/static/version1739430570/frontend/BlueAcorn/site/en_US/magepack/bundle-common.min.js"/> <link rel="prefetch" as="script" href="https://extension.psu.edu/static/version1739430570/frontend/BlueAcorn/site/en_US/magepack/bundle-category.min.js"/> <meta property="og:type" content="product.group"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Agronomic Crop Soil Fertility | Penn State Extension"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Learn about agronomic crop soil nutrition, fertility, and management. Get advice on preventing compaction, levels of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, and more."/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/soil-fertility-and-management/"/> <link rel="next" href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/soil-fertility-and-management?p=2&tab=default" /> </head><body data-container="body" data-mage-init='{"loaderAjax": {}, "loader": { "icon": "https://extension.psu.edu/static/version1739430570/frontend/BlueAcorn/site/en_US/images/loader-2.gif"}}' id="html-body" class="page-with-filter wp-sl page-products categorypath-forage-and-food-crops-agronomic-crops-soil-fertility-and-management category-soil-fertility-and-management catalog-category-view page-layout-2columns-left">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K7J6VNH" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div class="cookie-status-message" id="cookie-status">The store will not work correctly when cookies are disabled.</div> <noscript><div class="message global noscript"><div class="content"><p><strong>JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser.</strong> <span> For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser.</span></p></div></div></noscript> <form style="display:none;" class="form" action="https://extension.psu.edu/sociallogin/account/loginPost/" method="post" id="sociallogin-form" data-mage-init='{"validation":{}}' ><input name="form_key" type="hidden" value="4OLFW4odIKLlEMUc" /> <input id="sociallogin-referer" name="referer" type="hidden" value="" /><input name="sociallogin-checkout" type="hidden" value="" /><input id="sociallogin-submit" type="submit" value="" /></form><div class="page-wrapper"><div class="page-before-header"> </div><header class="page-header"><div class="header content"> <a class="action skip contentarea" href="#contentarea"><span> Skip to Content</span></a> <a class="logo" href="https://extension.psu.edu/" title="Penn State Extension" aria-label="store logo"><img src="https://extension.psu.edu/static/version1739430570/frontend/BlueAcorn/site/en_US/images/logo.svg" title="Penn State Extension" alt="Penn State Extension" height="52" width="251" /><img src="https://extension.psu.edu/static/version1739430570/frontend/BlueAcorn/site/en_US/images/print/logo.svg" title="Penn State Extension" alt="Penn State Extension" class="print" style="display: none" loading="lazy" height="52" width="251" /></a> <span data-action="toggle-nav" class="action nav-toggle"><span>Menu</span></span> <nav aria-labelledby="mainmenulabel" class="main-menu" style="display: none;" data-mage-init='{"mainMenu":{}}'><div class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title main-menu-title">Browse by Category <div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"><ul class="main-menu__list" role="menu"> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-3" >Animals and Livestock</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Animals and Livestock</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-3"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level1 1"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/dairy" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-6" >Dairy</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Dairy</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-6"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/dairy" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/dairy/product-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-9" >Product Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/dairy/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-12" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/dairy/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-15" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/dairy/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-18" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/dairy/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-21" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/dairy/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-24" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/dairy/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-27" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/dairy/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-30" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/poultry" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-54" >Poultry</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Poultry</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-54"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/poultry" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/poultry/production-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-57" >Production and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/poultry/product-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-60" >Product Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/poultry/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-63" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/poultry/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-66" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/poultry/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-69" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/poultry/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-72" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/poultry/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-75" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/poultry/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-78" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/poultry/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-81" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-102" >Beef Cattle</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Beef Cattle</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-102"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/production-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-105" >Production and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/product-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-108" >Product Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-111" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-114" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-117" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-120" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-123" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-126" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-129" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-150" >Equine</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Equine</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-150"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/pasture-and-environment-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-153" >Pasture and Environment Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-156" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-159" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-162" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-165" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-168" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-171" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-174" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-195" >Swine</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Swine</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-195"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/production-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-198" >Production and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/product-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-201" >Product Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-204" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-207" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-210" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-213" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-216" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-219" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-222" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-243" >Goats</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Goats</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-243"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/production-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-246" >Production and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/product-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-249" >Product Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-252" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-255" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-258" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-261" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-264" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-267" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-270" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-291" >Sheep</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Sheep</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-291"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/production-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-294" >Production and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/product-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-297" >Product Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-300" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-303" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-306" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-309" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-312" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-315" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-318" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-339" >Llamas and Alpacas</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Llamas and Alpacas</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-339"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-348" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-351" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-357" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-360" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-366" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-2608" >Canine</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Canine</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-2608"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2611" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine/behavior-and-welfare" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2614" >Behavior and Welfare</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2617" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2620" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-387" >Forage and Food Crops </a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Forage and Food Crops </span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-387"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level1 1"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-390" >Agronomic Crops</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Agronomic Crops</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-390"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-393" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-396" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-399" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-402" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-405" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-408" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-411" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-414" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-417" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-438" >Cover Crops</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Cover Crops</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-438"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-441" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-444" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-447" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-450" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-453" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-456" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-459" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-462" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-465" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-483" >Forages</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Forages</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-483"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-486" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-489" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-492" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/forage-quality-and-testing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-495" >Forage Quality and Testing</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-498" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-501" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-504" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-507" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-510" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-513" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-537" >Fruit</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Fruit</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-537"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-540" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/cultivars-and-rootstocks" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-543" >Cultivars and Rootstocks</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-546" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-549" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-552" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-555" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-558" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-561" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-564" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-636" >Mushrooms</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Mushrooms</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-636"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-639" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/substrate-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-645" >Substrate Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-648" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/food-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-651" >Food Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-657" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-585" >Vegetables</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Vegetables</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-585"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-588" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-591" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-594" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-597" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-600" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-603" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-606" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-609" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-612" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-675" >Trees, Lawns, and Landscaping</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Trees, Lawns, and Landscaping</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-675"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level1 1"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/aquatic-plants-and-algae" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-2431" >Aquatic Plants and Algae</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Aquatic Plants and Algae</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-2431"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/aquatic-plants-and-algae" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/aquatic-plants-and-algae/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-828" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/aquatic-plants-and-algae/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-831" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/aquatic-plants-and-algae/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-837" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/christmas-trees" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-2434" >Christmas Trees</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Christmas Trees</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-2434"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/christmas-trees" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/christmas-trees/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-909" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/christmas-trees/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-915" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/christmas-trees/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-927" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/home-gardening" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-2425" >Home Gardening</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Home Gardening</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-2425"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/home-gardening" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/home-gardening/planting-and-growing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-861" >Planting and Growing</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/home-gardening/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-864" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/home-gardening/soil-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-867" >Soil Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/home-gardening/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-870" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/home-gardening/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-873" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/home-gardening/eco-friendly-gardening" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-876" >Eco-Friendly Gardening</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/home-gardening/pollination-and-bees" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-879" >Pollination and Bees</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/home-gardening/landscaping-for-wildlife" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-882" >Landscaping for Wildlife</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/home-gardening/animal-control" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-885" >Animal Control</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/ornamentals-and-floriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-2437" >Ornamentals and Floriculture</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Ornamentals and Floriculture</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-2437"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/ornamentals-and-floriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/ornamentals-and-floriculture/production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-786" >Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/ornamentals-and-floriculture/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-789" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/ornamentals-and-floriculture/soil-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-792" >Soil Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/ornamentals-and-floriculture/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-795" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/ornamentals-and-floriculture/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-798" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/ornamentals-and-floriculture/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-801" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/ornamentals-and-floriculture/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-804" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/trees-and-shrubs" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-678" >Trees and Shrubs</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Trees and Shrubs</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-678"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/trees-and-shrubs" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/trees-and-shrubs/production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-681" >Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/trees-and-shrubs/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-684" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/trees-and-shrubs/soil-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-687" >Soil Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/trees-and-shrubs/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-690" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/trees-and-shrubs/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-693" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/trees-and-shrubs/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-699" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/trees-and-shrubs/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-702" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/turfgrass-and-lawn-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-729" >Turfgrass and Lawn Care</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Turfgrass and Lawn Care</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-729"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/turfgrass-and-lawn-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/turfgrass-and-lawn-care/species-and-cultivars" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-732" >Species and Cultivars</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/turfgrass-and-lawn-care/establishment-and-renovation" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-735" >Establishment and Renovation</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/turfgrass-and-lawn-care/fertility-and-soil-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-738" >Fertility and Soil Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/turfgrass-and-lawn-care/cultural-practices" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-741" >Cultural Practices</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/turfgrass-and-lawn-care/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-744" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/turfgrass-and-lawn-care/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-747" >Weed Identification and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/turfgrass-and-lawn-care/athletic-fields-and-sports-turf" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-753" >Athletic Fields and Sports Turf</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/turfgrass-and-lawn-care/golf-course-turf" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-756" >Golf Course Turf</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/turfgrass-and-lawn-care/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-762" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/turfgrass-and-lawn-care/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-765" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-948" >Insects, Pests, and Diseases</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Insects, Pests, and Diseases</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-948"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level1 1"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pest-disease-and-weed-identification" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-951" >Pest, Disease and Weed Identification</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Pest, Disease and Weed Identification</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-951"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pest-disease-and-weed-identification" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pest-disease-and-weed-identification/insect-identification-and-control" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-954" >Insect Identification and Control</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pest-disease-and-weed-identification/weed-identification-and-control" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-957" >Weed Identification and Control</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pest-disease-and-weed-identification/plant-disease-identification-and-control" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-960" >Plant Disease Identification and Control</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pesticide-applicators" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-984" >Pesticide Applicators</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Pesticide Applicators</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-984"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pesticide-applicators" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pesticide-applicators/certification-and-study-materials" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-987" >Certification and Study Materials</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pesticide-applicators/recertification" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-990" >Recertification</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pesticide-applicators/resources-and-best-practices" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-993" >Resources and Best Practices</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pest-management-and-education" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1005" >Pest Management and Education</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Pest Management and Education</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1005"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pest-management-and-education" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pest-management-and-education/agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1008" >Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pest-management-and-education/public-homeowners" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1011" >Public/Homeowners</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pest-management-and-education/educators-and-teachers" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1014" >Educators and Teachers</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pollinators" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1044" >Pollinators</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Pollinators</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1044"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pollinators" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pollinators/beekeeping" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1047" >Beekeeping</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pollinators/habitat-and-landscape" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1050" >Habitat and Landscape</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pollinators/identification-and-biology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1053" >Identification and Biology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pollinators/pesticides" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1056" >Pesticides</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/pollinators/pollination-services" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1059" >Pollination Services</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/vectors" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-2493" >Vectors</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Vectors</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-2493"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/vectors" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/vectors/tick-identification-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2496" >Tick Identification and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/vectors/mosquito-identification-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2499" >Mosquito Identification and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/insects-pests-and-diseases/vectors/vector-borne-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2502" >Vector-Borne Diseases</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-1077" >Forests and Wildlife</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Forests and Wildlife</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-1077"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level1 1"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forest-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-2440" >Forest Management</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Forest Management</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-2440"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forest-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forest-management/management-practices" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1083" >Management Practices</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forest-management/invasive-and-competing-plants" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1086" >Invasive and Competing Plants</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forest-management/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1089" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forest-management/legacy-planning" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1095" >Legacy Planning</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forestry-business-and-economics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-2443" >Forestry Business and Economics</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Forestry Business and Economics</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-2443"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forestry-business-and-economics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forestry-business-and-economics/agroforestry" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2446" >Agroforestry</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forestry-business-and-economics/county-forest-economic-data" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2467" >County Forest Economic Data</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forestry-business-and-economics/policy-and-ordinances" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2470" >Policy and Ordinances</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forestry-business-and-economics/timber-market-report" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1122" >Timber Market Report</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forest-products" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1152" >Forest Products</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Forest Products</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1152"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forest-products" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forest-products/biofuels" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2449" >Biofuels</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forest-products/botanicals" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2452" >Botanicals</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forest-products/maple-syrup" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2455" >Maple Syrup</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/forest-products/wood-products" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1155" >Wood Products</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/urban-forestry" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1974" >Urban Forestry</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Urban Forestry</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1974"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/urban-forestry" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/urban-forestry/community-forest-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2481" >Community Forest Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/urban-forestry/tree-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2484" >Tree Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/urban-forestry/tree-selection-and-planting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2487" >Tree Selection and Planting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/urban-forestry/municipal-stormwater-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2490" >Municipal Stormwater Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/wildlife" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1185" >Wildlife</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Wildlife</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1185"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/wildlife" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/wildlife/habitat-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1188" >Habitat Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/wildlife/wildlife-ecology-and-conservation" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1194" >Wildlife Ecology and Conservation</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/wildlife/wildlife-nuisance-and-damage" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1197" >Wildlife Nuisance and Damage</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-1218" >Food Safety and Quality</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Food Safety and Quality</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-1218"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level1 1"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/commercial-food-processing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1221" >Commercial Food Processing</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Commercial Food Processing</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1221"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/commercial-food-processing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/commercial-food-processing/good-manufacturing-practices" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1224" >Good Manufacturing Practices</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/commercial-food-processing/regulations" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1227" >Regulations</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/commercial-food-processing/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1230" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/dairy-food-processing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1254" >Dairy Food Processing</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Dairy Food Processing</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1254"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/dairy-food-processing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/dairy-food-processing/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1257" >Business Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/dairy-food-processing/production-and-processing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1260" >Production and Processing</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/dairy-food-processing/regulations" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1263" >Regulations</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/dairy-food-processing/safety-and-sanitation" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1266" >Safety and Sanitation</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/farm-food-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1281" >Farm Food Safety</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Farm Food Safety</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1281"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/farm-food-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/farm-food-safety/good-agricultural-practices" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1284" >Good Agricultural Practices</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/farm-food-safety/regulations" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1287" >Regulations</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/food-service-and-retail" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1311" >Food Service and Retail</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Food Service and Retail</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1311"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/food-service-and-retail" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/food-service-and-retail/food-service-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1314" >Food Service Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/food-service-and-retail/regulations" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1317" >Regulations</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/food-service-and-retail/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1320" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/home-food-preservation-and-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1344" >Home Food Preservation and Safety</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Home Food Preservation and Safety</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1344"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/home-food-preservation-and-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/home-food-preservation-and-safety/food-preservation" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1347" >Food Preservation</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/home-food-preservation-and-safety/food-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1350" >Food Safety</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/grape-and-wine-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1374" >Grape and Wine Production</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Grape and Wine Production</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1374"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/grape-and-wine-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/grape-and-wine-production/grape-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1377" >Grape Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/grape-and-wine-production/wine-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1380" >Wine Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/grape-and-wine-production/business-management-and-marketing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1383" >Business Management and Marketing</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/beer-hard-cider-and-distilled-spirits" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1404" >Beer, Hard Cider, and Distilled Spirits</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Beer, Hard Cider, and Distilled Spirits</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1404"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/beer-hard-cider-and-distilled-spirits" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/beer-hard-cider-and-distilled-spirits/production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1407" >Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/beer-hard-cider-and-distilled-spirits/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1413" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-1434" >Water</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Water</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-1434"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level1 1"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/drinking-and-residential-water" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1437" >Drinking and Residential Water</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Drinking and Residential Water</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1437"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/drinking-and-residential-water" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/drinking-and-residential-water/water-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1440" >Water Quality </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/drinking-and-residential-water/supply-and-conservation" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1443" >Supply and Conservation</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/drinking-and-residential-water/maintenance-and-treatment" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1446" >Maintenance and Treatment</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/drinking-and-residential-water/testing-and-interpretation" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1449" >Testing and Interpretation</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/pond-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1470" >Pond Management</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Pond Management</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1470"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/pond-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/pond-management/water-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1473" >Water Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/pond-management/pond-maintenance" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1476" >Pond Maintenance</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/pond-management/aquatic-plants-and-algae" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1479" >Aquatic Plants and Algae</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/pond-management/fisheries-wildlife-and-ecology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1482" >Fisheries, Wildlife, and Ecology</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/urban-and-residential-stormwater" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1506" >Urban and Residential Stormwater</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Urban and Residential Stormwater</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1506"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/urban-and-residential-stormwater" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/urban-and-residential-stormwater/water-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1509" >Water Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/urban-and-residential-stormwater/flood-control" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1512" >Flood Control</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/urban-and-residential-stormwater/design-construction-and-maintenance" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1515" >Design, Construction, and Maintenance</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/wastewater-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1539" >Wastewater Management</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Wastewater Management</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1539"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/wastewater-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/wastewater-management/private-septic-systems" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1542" >Private Septic Systems</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/wastewater-management/industrial" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1545" >Industrial</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/water-for-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1566" >Water for Agriculture</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Water for Agriculture</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1566"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/water-for-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/water-for-agriculture/conservation-practices" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1569" >Conservation Practices</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/water-for-agriculture/irrigation-water" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1572" >Irrigation Water</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/water-for-agriculture/livestock-drinking-water" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1575" >Livestock Drinking Water</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/water-for-agriculture/nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1578" >Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/watershed-protection-and-restoration" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1602" >Watershed Protection and Restoration</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Watershed Protection and Restoration</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1602"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/watershed-protection-and-restoration" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/watershed-protection-and-restoration/streams-and-rivers" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1605" >Streams and Rivers</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/watershed-protection-and-restoration/water-quality-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1608" >Water Quality and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/watershed-protection-and-restoration/watershed-education" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1611" >Watershed Education</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/conservation-practices-and-training" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-2596" >Conservation Practices and Training</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Conservation Practices and Training</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-2596"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/conservation-practices-and-training" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/conservation-practices-and-training/ag-literacy" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2599" >Ag Literacy</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/conservation-practices-and-training/conservation-practices" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2602" >Conservation Practices</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/conservation-practices-and-training/administration-and-funding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2605" >Administration and Funding</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/energy" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-1623" >Energy </a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Energy </span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-1623"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level1 1"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/energy" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/energy/marcellus-shale-and-natural-gas" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1626" >Marcellus Shale and Natural Gas</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Marcellus Shale and Natural Gas</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1626"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/energy/marcellus-shale-and-natural-gas" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/energy/marcellus-shale-and-natural-gas/landowner-leasing-and-royalties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1629" >Landowner Leasing and Royalties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/energy/marcellus-shale-and-natural-gas/economic-and-business-impacts" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2458" >Economic and Business Impacts</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/energy/marcellus-shale-and-natural-gas/environmental-impacts" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1632" >Environmental Impacts</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/energy/marcellus-shale-and-natural-gas/municipality-and-government-impacts" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1635" >Municipality and Government Impacts</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/energy/renewable-and-alternative-energy" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1662" >Renewable and Alternative Energy</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Renewable and Alternative Energy</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1662"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/energy/renewable-and-alternative-energy" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/energy/renewable-and-alternative-energy/biofuels" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2461" >Biofuels</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/energy/renewable-and-alternative-energy/energy-use-and-efficiency" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1665" >Energy Use and Efficiency</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/energy/renewable-and-alternative-energy/renewable-energy-resources" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1671" >Renewable Energy Resources</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-1692" >Business and Operations</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Business and Operations</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-1692"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level1 1"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/starting-a-farm" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1695" >Starting a Farm</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Starting a Farm</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1695"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/starting-a-farm" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/starting-a-farm/exploring-farming" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1701" >Exploring Farming</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/starting-a-farm/starting-a-business" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1704" >Starting a Business</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/starting-a-farm/introduction-to-agronomy" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1707" >Introduction to Agronomy</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/starting-a-farm/introduction-to-horticulture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1710" >Introduction to Horticulture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/starting-a-farm/introduction-to-livestock" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1713" >Introduction to Livestock</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1737" >Business Management</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Business Management</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1737"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/business-management/business-growth" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2464" >Business Growth</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/business-management/financial-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1740" >Financial</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/business-management/marketing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1746" >Marketing and Sales</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/business-management/insurance" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1749" >Risk Management and Insurance</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/business-management/transition-and-succession-planning" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1755" >Transition and Succession Planning</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/human-resources" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1776" >Human Resources</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Human Resources</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1776"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/human-resources" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/human-resources/labor-relations" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1779" >Labor Relations</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/human-resources/professional-development" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1785" >Professional Development</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/human-resources/volunteer-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1788" >Volunteer Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/human-resources/workforce-development" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1791" >Workforce Development</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/land-and-equipment" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1803" >Land and Equipment</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Land and Equipment</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1803"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/land-and-equipment" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/land-and-equipment/acquisition-and-leasing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1806" >Acquisition and Leasing</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/land-and-equipment/emerging-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1809" >Emerging Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/land-and-equipment/maintenance" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1812" >Maintenance</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/farm-markets" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1827" >Farm Markets</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Farm Markets</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1827"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/farm-markets" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/farm-markets/getting-started" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1830" >Getting Started</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/farm-markets/management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1833" >Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/farm-markets/marketing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1836" >Marketing</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/farm-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1848" >Farm Safety</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Farm Safety</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1848"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/farm-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/farm-safety/animal-handling" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1851" >Animal Handling</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/farm-safety/farm-emergency-training" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1854" >Farm Emergency Training</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/farm-safety/farm-equipment-and-structures" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1857" >Farm Equipment and Structures</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/farm-safety/protective-gear" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1860" >Protective Gear</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/farm-safety/youth-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1863" >Youth Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/farm-safety/disaster-preparedness" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1866" >Disaster Preparedness</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/business-and-operations/farm-safety/agrability" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1869" >AgrAbility</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/community-development" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-1893" >Community Development</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Community Development</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-1893"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level1 1"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/community-development" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/community-development/community-planning-and-engagement" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1896" >Community Planning and Engagement</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Community Planning and Engagement</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1896"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/community-development/community-planning-and-engagement" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/community-development/community-planning-and-engagement/broadband" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1899" >Broadband</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/community-development/community-planning-and-engagement/community-development" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1902" >Community Development</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/community-development/community-planning-and-engagement/leadership" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1905" >Leadership</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/community-development/community-planning-and-engagement/local-government" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1908" >Local Government</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/community-development/community-planning-and-engagement/volunteer-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1911" >Volunteer Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/community-development/economic-development" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1932" >Economic Development</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Economic Development</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1932"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/community-development/economic-development" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/community-development/economic-development/see-all-economic-development" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1935" >See All Economic Development</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/community-development/land-use" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1953" >Land Use</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Land Use</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1953"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/community-development/land-use" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/community-development/land-use/see-all-land-use" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1959" >See All Land Use</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/youth-family-and-health" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-1995" >Youth, Family, and Health</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Youth, Family, and Health</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-1995"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level1 1"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/youth-family-and-health" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/youth-family-and-health/nutrition-diet-and-health" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1998" >Nutrition, Diet, and Health</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Nutrition, Diet, and Health</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1998"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/youth-family-and-health/nutrition-diet-and-health" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/youth-family-and-health/nutrition-diet-and-health/chronic-disease" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2004" >Chronic Disease</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/youth-family-and-health/nutrition-diet-and-health/food-allergies" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2007" >Food Allergies</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/youth-family-and-health/nutrition-diet-and-health/fitness-and-exercise" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2010" >Fitness and Exercise</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/youth-family-and-health/nutrition-diet-and-health/mental-health" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2475" >Mental Health</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/youth-family-and-health/nutrition-diet-and-health/nutrition-and-food" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2001" >Nutrition and Food</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/youth-family-and-health/children-and-families" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-2064" >Children and Families</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Children and Families</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-2064"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/youth-family-and-health/children-and-families" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/youth-family-and-health/children-and-families/early-childhood-care-and-education" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2067" >Early Childhood Care and Education</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/youth-family-and-health/children-and-families/family-resiliency" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2073" >Family Resiliency</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/youth-family-and-health/children-and-families/financial-wellness-and-literacy" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2621" >Financial Wellness and Literacy</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/youth-family-and-health/children-and-families/substance-use-education" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2070" >Substance Use Education</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/programs/4-h" data-menu="menu-2477" class="main-menu__inner-link" >4-H Youth Development</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  menu-section-title level0"><div data-role="title" class="top-level-title"> <a href="#" data-menu="menu-2382" class="main-menu__link" >Browse All by Education Format</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Browse All by Education Format</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item level0"><div data-role="title" class="top-level-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/education-format/articles" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-2387" >Articles</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Articles</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item level0"><div data-role="title" class="top-level-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/education-format/conferences" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-2390" >Conferences</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Conferences</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item level0"><div data-role="title" class="top-level-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/education-format/publications" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-2399" >Guides and Publications</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Guides and Publications</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item level0"><div data-role="title" class="top-level-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/education-format/news" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-2393" >News</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>News</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item level0"><div data-role="title" class="top-level-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/education-format/online-courses" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-2396" >Online Courses</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Online Courses</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item level0"><div data-role="title" class="top-level-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/education-format/tools-and-apps" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-2473" >Tools and Apps</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Tools and Apps</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item level0"><div data-role="title" class="top-level-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/education-format/videos" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-2402" >Videos</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Videos</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item level0"><div data-role="title" class="top-level-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/education-format/webinars" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-2405" >Webinars</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Webinars</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item level0"><div data-role="title" class="top-level-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/education-format/workshops" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-2408" >Workshops</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Workshops</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></nav> <div class="block block-search"><div class="block block-title"><strong>Search</strong></div><div class="block block-content"><form id="minisearch-form-top-search" class="form minisearch" action="https://extension.psu.edu/catalogsearch/result/" method="get" ><div class="field search"><label class="label" for="minisearch-input-top-search" data-role="minisearch-label"><span>Search</span></label> <div class="control"><input id="minisearch-input-top-search" type="text" name="q" value="" placeholder="" class="input-text" maxlength="128" role="combobox" aria-haspopup="false" aria-autocomplete="both" aria-expanded="false" autocomplete="off" data-block="autocomplete-form" data-mage-init="{"quickSearch":{"formSelector":"#minisearch-form-top-search","url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/search\/ajax\/suggest\/","destinationSelector":"#minisearch-autocomplete-top-search","templates":{"term":{"title":"Search terms","template":"Smile_ElasticsuiteCore\/autocomplete\/term"},"product":{"title":"Education","template":"Smile_ElasticsuiteCatalog\/autocomplete\/product"},"category":{"title":"Categories","template":"Smile_ElasticsuiteCatalog\/autocomplete\/category"},"product_attribute":{"title":"Attributes","template":"Smile_ElasticsuiteCatalog\/autocomplete\/product-attribute","titleRenderer":"Smile_ElasticsuiteCatalog\/js\/autocomplete\/product-attribute"},"cms_page":{"title":"Pages","template":"Smile_ElasticsuiteCms\/autocomplete\/cms"}},"priceFormat":{"pattern":"$%s","precision":2,"requiredPrecision":2,"decimalSymbol":".","groupSymbol":",","groupLength":3,"integerRequired":false},"minSearchLength":"2"}}" /><div id="minisearch-autocomplete-top-search" class="search-autocomplete"></div></div></div><div class="actions"><button type="submit" title="Search" class="action search" ><span>Search</span></button></div></form></div></div> <div class="account-dropdown"><span data-mage-init='{"dropdown":{}}' data-toggle="dropdown" class="action toggle" data-action="customer-menu-toggle" aria-label="Toggle Account Menu" role="button" ><span class="label">Account</span></span> <ul data-target="dropdown" class="dropdown-options dropdown" data-bind="scope: 'customHeaderComponent'" aria-label="Account Menu"></ul></div> <div data-block="minicart" class="minicart-wrapper is-slide"><a class="action showcart" href="https://extension.psu.edu/checkout/cart/" data-bind="scope: 'minicart_content'"><span class="text">Cart</span> <span class="counter qty empty" data-bind="css: { empty: !!getCartParam('summary_count') == false && !isLoading() }, blockLoader: isLoading"><span class="counter-number"></span> <span class="counter-label"></span></span></a> <div class="block block-minicart" data-role="dropdownDialog" data-mage-init='{"dropdownDialog":{ "appendTo":"[data-block=minicart]", "triggerTarget":".showcart", "timeout": "2000", "closeOnMouseLeave": false, "closeOnEscape": true, "triggerClass":"active", "bodyClass": "minicart-opened show-overlay", "parentClass":"active", "buttons":[], "ariaLabel": "Shopping Cart" }}'><div id="minicart-content-wrapper" class="minicart-content-wrapper" data-bind="scope: 'minicart_content'"></div></div> </div></div></header><div class="top-container"> </div> <nav class="breadcrumbs" aria-label="Breadcrumb"><ul class="items"> <li class="item home"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/" title="Go to Home Page">Home</a> </li> <li class="item category169"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops" title="">Forage and Food Crops</a> </li> <li class="item category170"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops" title="">Agronomic Crops</a> </li> <li class="item category173"> <strong>Soil Fertility and Management</strong> </li> </ul></nav> <div class="widget block block-static-block"><div data-content-type="html" data-appearance="default" data-element="main" data-decoded="true"><style> @media print { .noprint { display: none !important; } } </style></div></div> <div class="widget block block-static-block"><div data-content-type="html" data-appearance="default" data-element="main" data-decoded="true"><style> @media print { .noprint { display: none !important; } } </style></div></div><main id="maincontent" class="page-main"> <a id="contentarea" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="parent-category-name">Agronomic Crops</span> <div class="page-title-wrapper"><h1 class="page-title" id="page-title-heading" aria-labelledby="page-title-heading toolbar-amount" ><span class="base" data-ui-id="page-title-wrapper" >Soil Fertility and Management</span></h1> </div><div class="page messages"> <div data-placeholder="messages"></div> <div data-bind="scope: 'messages'"><div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="messages" data-bind="foreach: { data: cookieMessagesObservable(), as: 'message' }"><div data-bind="attr: { class: 'message-' + message.type + ' ' + message.type + ' message', 'data-ui-id': 'message-' + message.type }"><div data-bind="html: $parent.prepareMessageForHtml(message.text)"></div></div></div><div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="messages" data-bind="foreach: { data: messages().messages, as: 'message' }, afterRender: purgeMessages"><div data-bind="attr: { class: 'message-' + message.type + ' ' + message.type + ' message', 'data-ui-id': 'message-' + message.type }"><div data-bind="html: $parent.prepareMessageForHtml(message.text)"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="category-view"> <div class="category-description"><p>Soil fertility is essential for plant growth and to optimize agronomic crop yield. Use Penn State Extension’s extensive resources on soil fertility and management of agronomic crops, including quality assessment and conditions such as crusting, compaction, and rill erosion. You’ll also find tips on levels of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, crop rotation, and no-till yields.</p> <h2>Soil Health and Conservation Practices</h2> <p>Healthy soil is the foundation for profitable, productive, and environmentally sound agronomic production. There are many ways to optimize the health of the soil, but you first need to <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/managing-soil-health-concepts-and-practices">understand the soil's physical, chemical, and biological components</a> if you want to manage them successfully.</p> <p>There are lots of different things that can affect soil quality. Wet conditions in fall and spring, for example, can lead to problems with <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-compaction-effects">severe soil compaction</a> during harvest or manure spreading. <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-compaction-effects">Soil compaction can drastically affect the growth</a> of crops when their roots hit the compacted layer. It can also lead to issues with <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/agronomy-now-soil-sampling-compaction-and-water-hydrology">compaction infiltration</a>.</p> <p>Popular ways of <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-nutrient-management-plant-pathogens-and-health">improving soil health</a> include using a <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/planting-green-101-penn-state-research-summary">no-till system and cover crops</a>. Both bring many advantages, such as reduced soil erosion, improved soil physical properties and <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/no-till-and-soil-quality">soil quality</a>, and improved water quality. It requires careful management, in particular for livestock farms as <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/manure-incorporation-in-no-till-systems">continuous applications of manure</a> can lead to high concentrations of phosphorus. <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/using-organic-nutrient-sources">Soil tests</a> can measure these levels as well as levels of different nutrients.</p> <h2>Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management for Agronomic Crops</h2> <p>Nutrients are essential for maintaining soil health and <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-fertility">soil fertility</a>. Soil fertility can be improved by incorporating the 4Rs. These are:</p> <ul> <li>Right fertilizer source: matching fertilizer type to crop needs</li> <li>Right rate: matches the amount of fertilizer each crop needs</li> <li>Right time: allowing nutrients to be available when they are needed</li> <li>Right place: providing nutrients where crops can use them</li> </ul> <p>Different crops take up nutrients in unique ways which means careful nutrient management is imperative. Much research is being done to discover <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/optimizing-carbon-nitrogen-and-phosphorus-management-in-agricultural-soils">how to optimize carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus management</a>, because of the vital role these nutrients play. <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/managing-potassium-for-crop-production">Potassium</a> also has a critical role to play in crop production.</p> <p>Nitrogen is present in the air that we breathe, but it can only be used by plants after it’s fixed, or taken from the air. A process called the nitrogen cycle controls levels in the soil. Two processes make up the cycle: <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/immobilization-and-mineralization-of-nitrogen-in-agricultural-soils">immobilization and mineralization</a>.</p> <p>How much nitrogen is in the soil changes almost daily, making it difficult for producers to predict and manage levels. <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/nitrogen-fertilization-of-corn">Two methods for testing nitrate levels</a> are currently being researched: Pre-sidedress Soil Nitrate Test (PSNT) and the leaf chlorophyll meter test. Both allow producers to determine when to <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/assessing-wheat-stands-for-yield-potential-and-nitrogen-application-timing">top-dress nitrogen</a> or apply a nitrate fertilizer. <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/tools-available-for-in-season-nitrogen-management-decision-making">Several other tools are available for in-season nitrogen management decision making</a>, for example, the <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/late-season-stalk-nitrate-test-for-corn-video">Late Season Stalk Nitrate Test for Corn</a>.</p> <p>The <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-carbon-nitrogen">Managing and Predicting Soil Carbon and Nitrogen in Agronomic Cropping Systems workshop</a> helps you understand the importance of managing soil carbon and nitrogen, in regard to maintaining soil health, improving crop yields, and protecting the environment.</p></div> </div><div class="columns"><div class="sidebar sidebar-main"> <div class="block filter" id="layered-filter-block" data-mage-init='{"collapsible":{"openedState": "active", "collapsible": true, "active": false, "collateral": { "openedState": "filter-active", "element": "body" } }}'> <div class="block-title filter-title" data-count="0"><strong data-role="title">Narrow By</strong></div><div class="block-content filter-content"> <strong role="heading" aria-level="2" class="block-subtitle filter-subtitle">Narrow By:</strong> <div class="filter-options" id="narrow-by-list" data-role="content" data-mage-init='{"accordion":{"openedState": "active", "collapsible": true, "active": [0,1,2], "multipleCollapsible": true}}'> <div data-role="collapsible" class="filter-options-item"><div data-role="title" class="filter-options-title">Education Format</div><div data-role="content" class="filter-options-content"> <div data-bind="scope: 'education_formatFilter'"></div></div></div> <div data-role="collapsible" class="filter-options-item"><div data-role="title" class="filter-options-title">Language</div><div data-role="content" class="filter-options-content"> <div data-bind="scope: 'languageFilter'"></div></div></div> <div data-role="collapsible" class="filter-options-item"><div data-role="title" class="filter-options-title">Author / Instructor</div><div data-role="content" class="filter-options-content"> <div data-bind="scope: 'authorsFilter'"></div></div></div> </div></div></div></div><div class="column main"> <div id="ajaxlogin-popup" data-bind="scope:'ajaxLogin'" style="display: none;"></div><input name="form_key" type="hidden" value="4OLFW4odIKLlEMUc" /> <div id="authenticationPopup" data-bind="scope:'authenticationPopup', style: {display: 'none'}">  </div> <div class="toolbar toolbar-products toolbar-top" data-mage-init='{"productListToolbarForm":{"mode":"product_list_mode","direction":"product_list_dir","order":"product_list_order","limit":"product_list_limit","modeDefault":"list","directionDefault":null,"orderDefault":"publish_date","limitDefault":25,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management","formKey":"4OLFW4odIKLlEMUc","post":false}}'> <div class="modes"> <strong class="modes-label" id="modes-label">View as</strong> <strong title="List" class="modes-mode active mode-list" data-value="list"><span>List</span></strong> <a class="modes-mode mode-grid" title="Grid" href="#" data-role="mode-switcher" data-value="grid" id="mode-grid" aria-labelledby="modes-label mode-grid"><span>Grid</span></a> </div> <p class="toolbar-amount" id="toolbar-amount"> Items <span class="toolbar-number">1</span>-<span class="toolbar-number">25</span> of <span class="toolbar-number">119</span> </p> <div class="field limiter"><label class="label" for="limiter"><span>View</span></label> <div class="control"><select id="limiter" data-role="limiter" class="limiter-options"> <option value="10" >10</option> <option value="25" selected="selected" >25</option> <option value="50" >50</option> <option value="100" >100</option></select></div></div> <div class="toolbar-sorter"><span class="sorter-label">Sort by:</span> <div class="brand-dropdown filled"><span class="action toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" data-mage-init='{"dropdown":{}}'><span class="current-order">Date Posted</span></span> <ul class="dropdown" data-target="dropdown"> <li data-role="sorter" data-value="position"><span>Position</span></li> <li data-role="sorter" data-value="name"><span>Product Name</span></li> <li data-role="sorter" data-value="sku"><span>SKU</span></li> <li data-role="sorter" data-value="price"><span>Price</span></li> <li class="selected" data-role="sorter" data-value="publish_date"><span>Date Posted</span></li> <li data-role="sorter" data-value="event_start_date"><span>Start Date</span></li> </ul> <a title="Set Ascending Direction" href="#" class="action sorter-action sort-desc" data-role="direction-switcher" data-value="asc"><span>Set Ascending Direction</span></a> </div></div> </div> <div class="products wrapper list products-list"> <ol class="products list items product-items"> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_68098" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/understanding-and-managing-soil-compaction" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-68098-67b4109bbcdf0"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/f/df0a96dce776c521cdc93f21bf9230a2.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/f/df0a96dce776c521cdc93f21bf9230a2.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/f/df0a96dce776c521cdc93f21bf9230a2.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Understanding and Managing Soil Compaction"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6809867b4109bbcdf0 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6809867b4109bbcdf0 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6809867b4109bbcdf0 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="811"></span> Workshops</div> <div class="price-box price-final_price" data-role="priceBox" data-product-id="68098" data-price-box="product-id-68098"> <p class="minimal-price"> <span class="price-container price-final_price tax weee" > <span class="price-label"></span> <span id="from-68098" data-price-amount="15" data-price-type="" class="price-wrapper " ><span class="price">$15.00</span></span> </span> </p></div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/understanding-and-managing-soil-compaction">Understanding and Managing Soil Compaction</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute when'><span class='label'>When </span><span class='value'>Multiple Options Available</span></div> <div class='attribute length'><span class='label'>Length </span><span class='value'>4 hours</span></div> <div class='attribute cvent_event_format'><span class='label'>Event Format </span><span class='value'>In-Person</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Learn practical, science-based strategies to prevent and address soil compaction with insights from Extension experts at this half-day event.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_68218" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-fertility-for-pasture-or-hay-renovation-or-establishment" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-68218-67b4109bbeb61"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/e/2e6224f97d0840c9c36ded74e620afcc.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/e/2e6224f97d0840c9c36ded74e620afcc.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/e/2e6224f97d0840c9c36ded74e620afcc.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Now is a good time to evaluation pasture and hay soil fertility (Photo: Jeff Graybill, Penn State Extension)"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6821867b4109bbeb61 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6821867b4109bbeb61 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6821867b4109bbeb61 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-fertility-for-pasture-or-hay-renovation-or-establishment">Soil Fertility for Pasture or Hay Renovation or Establishment</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Charles White</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">If you are planning to renovate or establish a hay or pasture field, first evaluate soil fertility levels and make necessary adjustments.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_57811" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/manure-management-webinar" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-57811-67b4109bbf411"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/0/7066a7b3f95e74070c8d3289e8e432ef.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/0/7066a7b3f95e74070c8d3289e8e432ef.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/0/7066a7b3f95e74070c8d3289e8e432ef.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Manure Management"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-5781167b4109bbf411 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-5781167b4109bbf411 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-5781167b4109bbf411 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="810"></span> Webinars</div> <div class="price-box price-final_price" data-role="priceBox" data-product-id="57811" data-price-box="product-id-57811"> <p class="minimal-price"> <span class="price-container price-final_price tax weee" > <span class="price-label"></span> <span id="from-57811" data-price-amount="15" data-price-type="" class="price-wrapper " ><span class="price">$15.00</span></span> </span> </p></div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/manure-management-webinar">Manure Management</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute when'><span class='label'>When </span><span class='value'>02/26/2025</span></div> <div class='attribute length'><span class='label'>Length </span><span class='value'>4 hours</span></div> <div class='attribute cvent_event_format'><span class='label'>Event Format </span><span class='value'>Virtual | Live</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Explore manure regulations, storage, stacking, and application, get updates from the Center for Agricultural Conservation Assistance Training, and engage in a Q&A session.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_5858" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/the-penn-state-agronomy-guide" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5858-67b4109bc0fbc"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/d/bdb8e69345c08d0fffe3217f4322c5e4_1.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/d/bdb8e69345c08d0fffe3217f4322c5e4_1.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/d/bdb8e69345c08d0fffe3217f4322c5e4_1.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="The Penn State Agronomy Guide"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-585867b4109bc0fbc { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-585867b4109bc0fbc span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-585867b4109bc0fbc span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="808"></span> Guides and Publications</div> <div class="price-box price-final_price" data-role="priceBox" data-product-id="5858" data-price-box="product-id-5858"> <p class="minimal-price"> <span class="price-container price-final_price tax weee" > <span class="price-label">Starting at </span> <span id="from-5858" data-price-amount="15" data-price-type="" class="price-wrapper " ><span class="price">$15.00</span></span> </span> </p></div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/the-penn-state-agronomy-guide">The Penn State Agronomy Guide</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> </div> <div class="product-short-description">An updated, 2025 edition of this guide that provides information on crop and soil management, as well as recommendations for managing weed, insect, and disease pests in various crops.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_56226" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/agronomy-research-report" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-56226-67b4109bc1b33"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/3/b/3b47550c3296b586ebec0cdbcef58c33.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/3/b/3b47550c3296b586ebec0cdbcef58c33.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/3/b/3b47550c3296b586ebec0cdbcef58c33.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="2024 Agronomy Research Report"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-5622667b4109bc1b33 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-5622667b4109bc1b33 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-5622667b4109bc1b33 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="808"></span> Guides and Publications</div> <div class="price-box price-final_price" data-role="priceBox" data-product-id="56226" data-price-box="product-id-56226"> <p class="minimal-price"> <span class="price-container price-final_price tax weee" > <span class="price-label">Starting at </span> <span id="from-56226" data-price-amount="5" data-price-type="" class="price-wrapper " ><span class="price">$5.00</span></span> </span> </p></div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/agronomy-research-report">2024 Agronomy Research Report</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> </div> <div class="product-short-description">A research report highlighting the results of new, continuing, and completed agronomic projects conducted by Penn State investigators and their collaborators in 2024.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_67219" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/the-increased-prevalence-of-extreme-rainfall-events" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-67219-67b4109bc26b4"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/a/5a549a65921729b6e005c5cac2ee5ba2.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/a/5a549a65921729b6e005c5cac2ee5ba2.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/a/5a549a65921729b6e005c5cac2ee5ba2.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Flooding in a farm field. Photo credit: Francesco Di Goia"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6721967b4109bc26b4 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6721967b4109bc26b4 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6721967b4109bc26b4 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/the-increased-prevalence-of-extreme-rainfall-events">The Increased Prevalence of Extreme Rainfall Events</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Sjoerd Willem Duiker, Ph.D., CCA, Jennifer Weld</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">An analysis of Northeast U.S. climate records from 1979-2014 showed a significant uptick in rainfall events greater than 6 inches, particularly in the eastern half of Pennsylvania.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_67198" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/the-dos-and-donts-of-in-field-manure-stacking" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-67198-67b4109bc2fe7"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/a/b/abafe92783921b104f647e8d138b391f.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/a/b/abafe92783921b104f647e8d138b391f.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/a/b/abafe92783921b104f647e8d138b391f.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Uncovering an in-field manure stack after winter. (Photo Credit: Sarah Frame, Penn State Extension)"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6719867b4109bc2fe7 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6719867b4109bc2fe7 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6719867b4109bc2fe7 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="805"></span> News</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/the-dos-and-donts-of-in-field-manure-stacking">The Do's and Don'ts of In-Field Manure Stacking</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute publish_date'><span class='label'>Date Posted </span><span class='value'>12/10/2024</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">When in-field stacking of solid manure is needed, follow these requirements to do it legally in Pennsylvania.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_49690" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-organic-matter-and-cover-crop-based-nitrogen-recommendations-for-corn" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-49690-67b4109bc384a"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/3/d/3d1da8f2496b1eff43ddd1ee5ee835b9.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/3/d/3d1da8f2496b1eff43ddd1ee5ee835b9.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/3/d/3d1da8f2496b1eff43ddd1ee5ee835b9.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Sidedressing nitrogen fertilizer for corn."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-4969067b4109bc384a { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-4969067b4109bc384a span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-4969067b4109bc384a span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-organic-matter-and-cover-crop-based-nitrogen-recommendations-for-corn">Soil Organic Matter and Cover Crop-based Nitrogen Recommendations for Corn</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Charles White, John Spargo, Kathleen Arrington, Brosi Bradley, Denise Finney, Jason Kaye, Andrew Lefever, Madeline Luthard, Raziel Ordonez, Zoelie Rivera-Ocasio, Zack Sanders, Sarah Tierney</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">A new N recommendation system for corn that accounts for N availability from soil organic matter and cover crops is being developed by Penn State.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_66472" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/penn-state-agronomy-highlights-podcast-in-third-season" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-66472-67b4109bc4097"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/1/5195465ad6b127eb3275bdfcd4875677.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/1/5195465ad6b127eb3275bdfcd4875677.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/1/5195465ad6b127eb3275bdfcd4875677.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Agronomy Highlights can be found on all major podcast platforms."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6647267b4109bc4097 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6647267b4109bc4097 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6647267b4109bc4097 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="805"></span> News</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/penn-state-agronomy-highlights-podcast-in-third-season">Penn State Agronomy Highlights Podcast in Third Season</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute publish_date'><span class='label'>Date Posted </span><span class='value'>11/12/2024</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Join hosts Ryan Spelman and Justin Brackenrich in the third season of the Agronomy Highlights Podcast.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_36208" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/a-values-and-t-values-what-is-that-all-about" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-36208-67b4109bc4883"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/4/d4885608d4251454c4ebf3ce82ce54bb.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/4/d4885608d4251454c4ebf3ce82ce54bb.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/4/d4885608d4251454c4ebf3ce82ce54bb.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Sheet erosion, also referred to as interrill erosion, in a tilled soybean field in 2020. Image Credit: Sjoerd Duiker, Penn State."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-3620867b4109bc4883 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-3620867b4109bc4883 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-3620867b4109bc4883 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/a-values-and-t-values-what-is-that-all-about">A Values and T Values: What is That All About?</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Sjoerd Willem Duiker, Ph.D., CCA, Jennifer Weld</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Learn how soil erosion is calculated for your farm.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_17983" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/crops-days" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-17983-67b4109bc50cc"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/e/befdd5796dec6c8176af2895bd3be31e.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/e/befdd5796dec6c8176af2895bd3be31e.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/e/befdd5796dec6c8176af2895bd3be31e.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Crops Day"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-1798367b4109bc50cc { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-1798367b4109bc50cc span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-1798367b4109bc50cc span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="811"></span> Workshops</div> <div class="price-box price-final_price" data-role="priceBox" data-product-id="17983" data-price-box="product-id-17983"> <p class="minimal-price"> <span class="price-container price-final_price tax weee" > <span class="price-label"></span> <span id="from-17983" data-price-amount="10" data-price-type="" class="price-wrapper " ><span class="price">$10.00</span></span> </span> </p></div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/crops-days">Crops Day</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute when'><span class='label'>When </span><span class='value'>Multiple Options Available</span></div> <div class='attribute cvent_event_format'><span class='label'>Event Format </span><span class='value'>In-Person</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Explore the latest seasonal innovations, gain pesticide recertification credits, and stay informed about cutting-edge agronomic research, products, and technology updates.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_30403" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/fall-is-the-perfect-time-for-soil-sampling" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-30403-67b4109bc6dae"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/1/513ebb94b840aa662b456ff94dbbc3d7.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/1/513ebb94b840aa662b456ff94dbbc3d7.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/1/513ebb94b840aa662b456ff94dbbc3d7.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Collecting a soil sample for fertility analysis (Photo: Charlie White)"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-3040367b4109bc6dae { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-3040367b4109bc6dae span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-3040367b4109bc6dae span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="805"></span> News</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/fall-is-the-perfect-time-for-soil-sampling">Fall Is the Perfect Time for Soil Sampling</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute publish_date'><span class='label'>Date Posted </span><span class='value'>10/15/2024</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Collecting soil samples in the fall for nutrient analysis will help you set up a successful fertility program for the years to come.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_65362" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/improving-soil-health-with-grazing" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-65362-67b4109bc75ba"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/a/d/ad3a8deef64feebfd6010f7a0724b2a9.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/a/d/ad3a8deef64feebfd6010f7a0724b2a9.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/a/d/ad3a8deef64feebfd6010f7a0724b2a9.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Proper grazing can be a great way to improve soil health. Photo: Sjoerd Duiker"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6536267b4109bc75ba { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6536267b4109bc75ba span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6536267b4109bc75ba span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/improving-soil-health-with-grazing">Improving Soil Health with Grazing</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Sjoerd Willem Duiker, Ph.D., CCA</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Perennial pasture is an excellent type of land use in Pennsylvania, and with proper management, can help soils improve.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_65194" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-erosion-checkup-and-repair" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-65194-67b4109bc7df1"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/f/9ff38ce539c6da9f42710f3421658477.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/f/9ff38ce539c6da9f42710f3421658477.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/f/9ff38ce539c6da9f42710f3421658477.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Harvest season is a good time to check signs of erosion in your fields such as rills or gullies."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6519467b4109bc7df1 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6519467b4109bc7df1 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6519467b4109bc7df1 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-erosion-checkup-and-repair">Soil Erosion Checkup and Repair</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Sjoerd Willem Duiker, Ph.D., CCA</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Harvest season is a good time to inspect your fields for signs of erosion and to address any issues you may encounter.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_64939" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/dry-fall-gives-a-window-to-alleviate-soil-compaction" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-64939-67b4109bc865a"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/f/b/fbc7164417e3f411f849d7bd2b2e101b.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/f/b/fbc7164417e3f411f849d7bd2b2e101b.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/f/b/fbc7164417e3f411f849d7bd2b2e101b.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Subsoiler with rippled coulters to cut through residue ahead of straight shanks with narrow tips, spring loaded trip mechanism, and rolling wheel to create a seedbed"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6493967b4109bc865a { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6493967b4109bc865a span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6493967b4109bc865a span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/dry-fall-gives-a-window-to-alleviate-soil-compaction">Dry Fall Gives a Window to Alleviate Soil Compaction</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Sjoerd Willem Duiker, Ph.D., CCA</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">A Dry Fall gives us an excellent opportunity to address compaction concerns with a subsoiler. But it does pay to first check and then select the right equipment for the job.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_52332" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/consider-the-cornstalk-nitrate-test-to-assess-your-nitrogen-management" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-52332-67b4109bc8f1c"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/e/7/e74d68afecdeb70a893b9f1d252185de.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/e/7/e74d68afecdeb70a893b9f1d252185de.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/e/7/e74d68afecdeb70a893b9f1d252185de.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Eight-inch segments of corn stalks sampled from 6" to 14" above the ground for the corn stalk nitrate test."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-5233267b4109bc8f1c { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-5233267b4109bc8f1c span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-5233267b4109bc8f1c span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="805"></span> News</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/consider-the-cornstalk-nitrate-test-to-assess-your-nitrogen-management">Consider the Cornstalk Nitrate Test to Assess Your Nitrogen Management</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute publish_date'><span class='label'>Date Posted </span><span class='value'>9/10/2024</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">The corn stalk nitrate test is an end-of-season diagnostic tool to determine if the crop had optimum N availability during the growing season.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_64534" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-compaction-avoidance-critical" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-64534-67b4109bc9719"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/1/714deafb0be8a714233216dd04fd6222.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/1/714deafb0be8a714233216dd04fd6222.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/1/714deafb0be8a714233216dd04fd6222.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="July picture contrasting corn planted in soil compacted with 30 ton manure truck with uncompacted area."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6453467b4109bc9719 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6453467b4109bc9719 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6453467b4109bc9719 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="805"></span> News</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-compaction-avoidance-critical">Soil Compaction Avoidance Critical</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute publish_date'><span class='label'>Date Posted </span><span class='value'>9/3/2024</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Soil compaction is called the 'silent thief' – controlling it is crucial to maintain soil function and avoid future yield loss.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_63592" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/nutrient-management-decision-tree" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-63592-67b4109bc9f30"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/4/7483e8339b8983d270c3cb5e1bbf1c4f.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/4/7483e8339b8983d270c3cb5e1bbf1c4f.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/4/7483e8339b8983d270c3cb5e1bbf1c4f.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Compost"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6359267b4109bc9f30 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6359267b4109bc9f30 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6359267b4109bc9f30 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="804"></span> Tools and Apps</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/nutrient-management-decision-tree">Nutrient Management Decision Tree</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Elsa Sánchez, Ph.D.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">This Decision Tree was designed to help you decide which organic nutrient sources to use and how much to apply.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_62343" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/lack-of-precipitation-leads-to-worsening-soil-moisture-conditions" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-62343-67b4109bca73c"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/7/576893186fbdc2f1bdbd2e489305e60b.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/7/576893186fbdc2f1bdbd2e489305e60b.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/7/576893186fbdc2f1bdbd2e489305e60b.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Corn showing drought stress. Image credit: Sjoerd Duiker."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6234367b4109bca73c { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6234367b4109bca73c span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6234367b4109bca73c span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="805"></span> News</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/lack-of-precipitation-leads-to-worsening-soil-moisture-conditions">Lack of Precipitation Leads to Worsening Soil Moisture Conditions</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute publish_date'><span class='label'>Date Posted </span><span class='value'>6/25/2024</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">While precipitation was plentiful early in the year, recent scorching temperatures and high wind velocities caused soil moisture content to take a deep dive.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_61951" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/rainfall-erosivity-climbing-to-its-high-point" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-61951-67b4109bcaf42"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/4/94432cb985b00c3046a62a1949ee6c7c.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/4/94432cb985b00c3046a62a1949ee6c7c.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/4/94432cb985b00c3046a62a1949ee6c7c.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Soil left uncovered resulting in significant runoff and erosion.  Courtesy Sjoerd W. Duiker. Graph showing bi-weekly distribution of annual erosivity"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6195167b4109bcaf42 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6195167b4109bcaf42 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6195167b4109bcaf42 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/rainfall-erosivity-climbing-to-its-high-point">Rainfall Erosivity Climbing to its High Point</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Although, on average, amounts of precipitation do not vary much from month to month, rainfall intensity in our region is much higher in summer – increasing rainfall erosivity and soil erosion threat.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_21012" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/after-the-flood-recovery-considerations-for-rural-pennsylvanians" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-21012-67b4109bcb747"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/8/1/81d670c291330256758462ec263669ae.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/8/1/81d670c291330256758462ec263669ae.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/8/1/81d670c291330256758462ec263669ae.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Flooding around your home and on the farm could be leading to issues you need to address. Image Credit: Jennifer Fetter"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-2101267b4109bcb747 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-2101267b4109bcb747 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-2101267b4109bcb747 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/after-the-flood-recovery-considerations-for-rural-pennsylvanians">After the Flood: Recovery Considerations for Rural Pennsylvanians</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Jennifer R Fetter, Leon Ressler, Andy Yencha</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Parts of Pennsylvania were drenched with heavy rains and flooded streams recently. In addition to drying out wet basements, there are few important things that rural Pennsylvanian's might want to pay special attention to.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_61606" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/penn-state-releases-new-pre-sidedress-nitrate-test-for-corn" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-61606-67b4109bcbf4d"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/8/d/8dd79eb04502f39ad3ced8d466fed38a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/8/d/8dd79eb04502f39ad3ced8d466fed38a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/8/d/8dd79eb04502f39ad3ced8d466fed38a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="PSNT samples are collected when corn is 10 to 20 inches tall. Twenty samples that are 12 inches deep are composited and a single subsample is sent to the soils laboratory. Photos Dr. Charlie White."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6160667b4109bcbf4d { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6160667b4109bcbf4d span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6160667b4109bcbf4d span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="805"></span> News</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/penn-state-releases-new-pre-sidedress-nitrate-test-for-corn">Penn State Releases New Pre-sidedress Nitrate Test for Corn</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute publish_date'><span class='label'>Date Posted </span><span class='value'>6/4/2024</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Pennsylvania's PSNT has an updated formula that accounts for current agricultural practices, plus a new soil sampling protocol for fields with manure injection.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_2896" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/pre-sidedress-soil-nitrate-test-for-corn" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-2896-67b4109bcc76a"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/1/e/1e794db0ac53287cf1224d094257bd86_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/1/e/1e794db0ac53287cf1224d094257bd86_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/1/e/1e794db0ac53287cf1224d094257bd86_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Pre-sidedress Soil Nitrate Test for Corn"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-289667b4109bcc76a { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-289667b4109bcc76a span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-289667b4109bcc76a span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/pre-sidedress-soil-nitrate-test-for-corn">Pre-sidedress Soil Nitrate Test for Corn</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Robert Meinen, Charles White, Heather Karsten, Ph.D., John Spargo, Sailesh Sigdel</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">The Pre-sidedress Soil Nitrate Test (PSNT) for Corn is an in-season tool to assess the soil nitrogen (N) supply during the growing season and determine sidedress N application rates that optimize crop production.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_61390" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/manure-management" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-61390-67b4109bccf87"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/0/7066a7b3f95e74070c8d3289e8e432ef_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/0/7066a7b3f95e74070c8d3289e8e432ef_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/0/7066a7b3f95e74070c8d3289e8e432ef_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Manure Management"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6139067b4109bccf87 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6139067b4109bccf87 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6139067b4109bccf87 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="811"></span> Workshops</div> <div class="price-box price-final_price" data-role="priceBox" data-product-id="61390" data-price-box="product-id-61390"> <p class="minimal-price"> <span class="price-container price-final_price tax weee" > <span class="price-label"></span> <span id="from-61390" data-price-amount="0" data-price-type="" class="price-wrapper " ><span class="price"></span></span> </span> </p></div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/manure-management">Manure Management</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute length'><span class='label'>Length </span><span class='value'>4 hours</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Join experts for an annual manure management update covering regulations, research, and best practices. Gain insights to improve handling, reduce risks, and earn valuable CCA and PDA credits.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_37651" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/re-calibrating-the-pre-sidedress-soil-nitrate-test-for-modern-corn-production" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-37651-67b4109bcdeb4"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/e/6/e6405454c736fdd3dffbfb9c2bc8409d.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/e/6/e6405454c736fdd3dffbfb9c2bc8409d.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/e/6/e6405454c736fdd3dffbfb9c2bc8409d.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="The pre-sidedress soil nitrate test can be a useful tool for determining a rate of nitrogen fertilizer to sidedress corn. Image credit: Charlie White, Penn State"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-3765167b4109bcdeb4 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-3765167b4109bcdeb4 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-3765167b4109bcdeb4 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="805"></span> News</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/re-calibrating-the-pre-sidedress-soil-nitrate-test-for-modern-corn-production">Re-calibrating the Pre-Sidedress Soil Nitrate Test for Modern Corn Production</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute publish_date'><span class='label'>Date Posted </span><span class='value'>5/28/2024</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">The pre-sidedress soil nitrate test has been recalibrated to make recommendations more accurate for modern production systems. This article contains the most recent calibration for use in the 2024 growing season.</div> </div></div></li> </ol></div> <div class="toolbar toolbar-products toolbar-bottom" data-mage-init='{"productListToolbarForm":{"mode":"product_list_mode","direction":"product_list_dir","order":"product_list_order","limit":"product_list_limit","modeDefault":"list","directionDefault":null,"orderDefault":"publish_date","limitDefault":25,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management","formKey":"4OLFW4odIKLlEMUc","post":false}}'> <div class="pages"><strong class="label pages-label" id="paging-label">Page</strong> <div class="items pages-items" aria-labelledby="paging-label"><div class="item pages-item-previous"> <a class="action  previous disabled" href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/soil-fertility-and-management?tab=default" title="Previous"><span class="label">Page</span> <span>Previous</span></a></div><div class="item pages-item-next"> <a class="action next " href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/soil-fertility-and-management?p=2&tab=default" title="Next"><span class="label">Page</span> <span>Next</span></a></div><div class="pages-list"> <div class="item current"><strong class="page"><span class="label">You're currently reading page</span> <span>1</span></strong></div> <div class="item"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/soil-fertility-and-management?p=2&tab=default" class="page"><span class="label">Page</span> <span>2</span></a></div> <div class="item"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/soil-fertility-and-management?p=3&tab=default" class="page"><span class="label">Page</span> <span>3</span></a></div> <div class="item"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/soil-fertility-and-management?p=4&tab=default" class="page"><span class="label">Page</span> <span>4</span></a></div> <div class="item"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/soil-fertility-and-management?p=5&tab=default" class="page"><span class="label">Page</span> <span>5</span></a></div> </div></div></div> </div> </div></div></main> <div class="featured-content__wrapper"><div class="featured-content" data-content-type="products" data-appearance="carousel" data-autoplay="false" data-autoplay-speed="4000" data-infinite-loop="false" data-show-arrows="true" data-show-dots="false" data-carousel-mode="default" data-slides-to-show="4" data-slides-to-scroll="1" data-center-padding="90px" data-element="main" role="complementary"><div class="block-top-wrapper"><h2 class="block-title">You May Also Be Interested In...</h2><div class="widget-navigation"></div></div><div class="products-grid products wrapper"><ol class="product-items"> <li class="product-item"> <div class="product-item-info"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/manure-incorporation-in-no-till-systems" class="product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-28298-67b4109bd8e92"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/a/8/a85213e5e1993b9891b8e1382d1f3c71.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/a/8/a85213e5e1993b9891b8e1382d1f3c71.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/a/8/a85213e5e1993b9891b8e1382d1f3c71.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Manure Incorporation in No-Till Systems"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-2829867b4109bd8e92 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-2829867b4109bd8e92 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-2829867b4109bd8e92 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="809"></span> Videos</div> <strong class="product-item-name"><a title="Manure Incorporation in No-Till Systems" href="https://extension.psu.edu/manure-incorporation-in-no-till-systems" class="product-item-link">Manure Incorporation in No-Till Systems</a></strong> <div class="product-short-description">Manure injection conserves the benefits of no-till while reducing soluble phosphorus in runoff caused by high phosphorus concentrations at the soil surface. Less odor and decreases in nitrogen losses are additional benefits.</div></div></div> </li><li class="product-item"> <div class="product-item-info"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/diagnosing-soil-compaction-using-a-penetrometer-soil-compaction-tester" class="product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-4568-67b4109bd9c45"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_193.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_193.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_193.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Diagnosing Soil Compaction Using a Penetrometer (Soil Compaction Tester)"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-456867b4109bd9c45 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-456867b4109bd9c45 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-456867b4109bd9c45 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> <strong class="product-item-name"><a title="Diagnosing Soil Compaction Using a Penetrometer (Soil Compaction Tester)" href="https://extension.psu.edu/diagnosing-soil-compaction-using-a-penetrometer-soil-compaction-tester" class="product-item-link">Diagnosing Soil Compaction Using a Penetrometer (Soil Compaction Tester)</a></strong> <div class="product-short-description">A diagnostic tool to measure the extent and depth of subsurface compaction is a penetrometer, or soil compaction tester.</div></div></div> </li><li class="product-item"> <div class="product-item-info"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-health-soil-physical-properties" class="product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5462-67b4109bda8d3"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/a/9/a9ac1ab721aa47c4394462d4039887c4.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/a/9/a9ac1ab721aa47c4394462d4039887c4.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/a/9/a9ac1ab721aa47c4394462d4039887c4.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Soil Health: Soil Physical Properties"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-546267b4109bda8d3 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-546267b4109bda8d3 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-546267b4109bda8d3 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="809"></span> Videos</div> <strong class="product-item-name"><a title="Soil Health: Soil Physical Properties" href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-health-soil-physical-properties" class="product-item-link">Soil Health: Soil Physical Properties</a></strong> <div class="product-short-description">Here we talk about some of the physical properties of soil including organic matter, aggregate stability, water infiltration and compaction.</div></div></div> </li><li class="product-item"> <div class="product-item-info"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/the-penn-state-agronomy-guide" class="product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5858-67b4109bdb4ed"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/d/bdb8e69345c08d0fffe3217f4322c5e4_1.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/d/bdb8e69345c08d0fffe3217f4322c5e4_1.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/d/bdb8e69345c08d0fffe3217f4322c5e4_1.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="The Penn State Agronomy Guide"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-585867b4109bdb4ed { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-585867b4109bdb4ed span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-585867b4109bdb4ed span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="808"></span> Guides and Publications</div> <strong class="product-item-name"><a title="The Penn State Agronomy Guide" href="https://extension.psu.edu/the-penn-state-agronomy-guide" class="product-item-link">The Penn State Agronomy Guide</a></strong> <div class="product-short-description">An updated, 2025 edition of this guide that provides information on crop and soil management, as well as recommendations for managing weed, insect, and disease pests in various crops.</div></div></div></li> </ol></div></div></div><div class="category-bottom-content"> </div><div class="before-page-footer"> <div class="widget block block-static-block"><style>#html-body [data-pb-style=CQ5NAO3],#html-body [data-pb-style=D3ELT41]{background-position:left top;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-attachment:scroll}#html-body [data-pb-style=CQ5NAO3]{justify-content:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column;background-color:#1e407c;min-height:536px;margin:0}#html-body [data-pb-style=D3ELT41]{align-self:stretch}#html-body [data-pb-style=RCHY4CL]{display:flex;width:100%}#html-body [data-pb-style=GF82VQ0],#html-body [data-pb-style=O3VUDHB]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;background-position:left top;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-attachment:scroll;margin:0;align-self:stretch}#html-body [data-pb-style=O3VUDHB]{justify-content:flex-start;width:8.33333%;padding:0}#html-body [data-pb-style=GF82VQ0]{justify-content:center;width:16.6667%}#html-body [data-pb-style=XKM3MSJ]{text-align:center}#html-body [data-pb-style=GW11250],#html-body [data-pb-style=V9ASYYW],#html-body [data-pb-style=WOL6F34]{justify-content:flex-start;display:flex;flex-direction:column;background-position:left top;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-attachment:scroll;width:8.33333%;margin:0;padding:0;align-self:stretch}#html-body [data-pb-style=GW11250],#html-body [data-pb-style=V9ASYYW]{width:58.3333%}#html-body [data-pb-style=GW11250]{width:8.33333%}</style><div class="newsletter-subscription noprint" data-content-type="row" data-appearance="full-width" data-enable-parallax="0" data-parallax-speed="0.5" data-background-images="{}" data-background-type="image" data-video-loop="true" data-video-play-only-visible="true" data-video-lazy-load="true" data-video-fallback-src="" data-element="main" data-pb-style="CQ5NAO3"><div class="row-full-width-inner" data-element="inner"><div class="pagebuilder-column-group" data-background-images="{}" data-content-type="column-group" data-appearance="default" data-grid-size="12" data-element="main" data-pb-style="D3ELT41"><div class="pagebuilder-column-line" data-content-type="column-line" data-element="main" data-pb-style="RCHY4CL"><div class="pagebuilder-column" data-content-type="column" data-appearance="full-height" data-background-images="{}" data-element="main" data-pb-style="O3VUDHB"></div><div class="pagebuilder-column left-block" data-content-type="column" data-appearance="full-height" data-background-images="{}" data-element="main" data-pb-style="GF82VQ0"><div class="icon-wrapper" data-content-type="html" data-appearance="default" data-element="main" data-pb-style="XKM3MSJ" data-decoded="true"><span class="white-box-empty top"></span> <span class="white-box-empty middle"></span> <span class="white-box-empty bottom"></span> <div class="item span-3 white-box"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="88.5" height="74" viewBox="0 0 88.5 74"> <path id="icon-newsletter" d="M11,74A11.013,11.013,0,0,1,0,63V42A11.013,11.013,0,0,1,11,31h5V11A11.013,11.013,0,0,1,27,0H77.5a11.013,11.013,0,0,1,11,11V61a13,13,0,0,1-13,13ZM21.9,11V63a10.952,10.952,0,0,1-1.2,5H75.5a7,7,0,0,0,7-7V11a5,5,0,0,0-5-5H26.9A5.005,5.005,0,0,0,21.9,11ZM6,42V63a5,5,0,1,0,10,0V37H11A5.005,5.005,0,0,0,6,42ZM31.7,58.5a3,3,0,0,1,0-6h41a3,3,0,0,1,0,6Zm0-12a3,3,0,0,1,0-6h41a3,3,0,0,1,0,6Zm27-13a3,3,0,1,1,0-6h14a3,3,0,1,1,0,6Zm-27,0a3,3,0,0,1-3-3v-15a3,3,0,0,1,3-3h16a3,3,0,0,1,3,3v15a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm3-6h10v-9h-10Zm24-6a3,3,0,0,1,0-6h14a3,3,0,0,1,0,6Z" fill="#fff"/> </svg> </div> </div></div><div class="pagebuilder-column" data-content-type="column" data-appearance="full-height" data-background-images="{}" data-element="main" data-pb-style="WOL6F34"></div><div class="pagebuilder-column right-block" data-content-type="column" data-appearance="full-height" data-background-images="{}" data-element="main" data-pb-style="V9ASYYW"><h3 class="c-white" data-content-type="heading" data-appearance="default" data-element="main">Personalize your experience with Penn State Extension and stay informed of the latest in agriculture.</h3><div data-content-type="html" data-appearance="default" data-element="main" data-decoded="true"> <div class="block newsletter"><div class="title"><strong>Newsletter</strong></div><div class="content"><form class="form subscribe" novalidate action="https://extension.psu.edu/psunewsletter/" method="post" data-mage-init='{"validation": {"errorClass": "mage-error"}}' id="newsletter-validate-detail"><div class="field newsletter"><div class="control"><label for="newsletter"><span class="label">Sign Up for Our Newsletter:</span> <input name="email" type="email" id="newsletter" placeholder="Email Address" data-mage-init='{"mage/trim-input":{}}' data-validate="{required:true, 'validate-email':true}"></label></div></div><div class="actions"><button class="action subscribe primary" title="Subscribe" type="submit" aria-label="Subscribe"><span>Subscribe</span></button></div></form></div></div></div></div><div class="pagebuilder-column" data-content-type="column" data-appearance="full-height" data-background-images="{}" data-element="main" data-pb-style="GW11250"></div></div></div></div></div><div data-content-type="html" data-appearance="default" data-element="main" data-decoded="true"></div><div data-content-type="block" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"></div></div></div><footer class="page-footer"><div class="footer content"><style>#html-body [data-pb-style=KBJ5VVO]{display:flex;flex-direction:column}#html-body [data-pb-style=ENYB8NY],#html-body [data-pb-style=V43QAK3]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-self:stretch}</style><div data-content-type="row" data-appearance="contained" data-element="main"><div class="footer-content-wrapper-top" data-enable-parallax="0" data-parallax-speed="0.5" data-background-images="{}" data-background-type="image" data-video-loop="true" data-video-play-only-visible="true" data-video-lazy-load="true" data-video-fallback-src="" data-element="inner" data-pb-style="KBJ5VVO"><div class="pagebuilder-column-group" style="display: flex;" data-content-type="column-group" data-grid-size="12" data-element="main"><div class="pagebuilder-column" data-content-type="column" data-appearance="full-height" data-background-images="{}" data-element="main" data-pb-style="ENYB8NY"><div data-content-type="html" data-appearance="default" data-element="main" data-decoded="true"> <div class="widget block block-static-block"><style>#html-body [data-pb-style=SLRCHBD]{display:flex;flex-direction:column}#html-body [data-pb-style=GHXYB4F]{border-style:none}#html-body [data-pb-style=IKX9TVW],#html-body [data-pb-style=TNNDPMW]{max-width:100%;height:auto}@media only screen and (max-width: 768px) { #html-body [data-pb-style=GHXYB4F]{border-style:none} }</style><div data-content-type="row" data-appearance="contained" data-element="main"><div class="left-links" data-enable-parallax="0" data-parallax-speed="0.5" data-background-images="{}" data-background-type="image" data-video-loop="true" data-video-play-only-visible="true" data-video-lazy-load="true" data-video-fallback-src="" data-element="inner" data-pb-style="SLRCHBD"><figure class="logo" data-content-type="image" data-appearance="full-width" data-element="main" data-pb-style="GHXYB4F"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/home" target="" data-link-type="page" title="" data-element="link"><img class="pagebuilder-mobile-hidden" loading="lazy" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/wysiwyg/logo.png" alt="Penn State Extension Logo" title="" data-element="desktop_image" data-pb-style="TNNDPMW"><img class="pagebuilder-mobile-only" loading="lazy" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/wysiwyg/logo.png" alt="Penn State Extension Logo" title="" data-element="mobile_image" data-pb-style="IKX9TVW"></a></figure><div class="address" data-content-type="text" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><p><a tabindex="0" href="https://agsci.psu.edu/">College of Agricultural Sciences</a></p> <p>The Pennsylvania State University</p> <p>323 Agricultural Administration Building</p> <p>University Park, PA 16802</p></div><div class="social-icons" data-content-type="social-icons" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><ul class="social-icons-list" data-role="content"><li class="social-icons-link-container" data-content-type="social-icons-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="social-icons-link icon-pagebuilder-social-icons-item--facebook" rel="noopener" href="https://www.facebook.com/pennstextension/" target="_blank" data-link-type="default" data-platform="icon-pagebuilder-social-icons-item--facebook" data-element="link"><i aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="social-icons-link-text visually-hidden" data-element="link_text">Penn State Extension on Facebook</span></a></li><li class="social-icons-link-container" data-content-type="social-icons-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="social-icons-link icon-pagebuilder-social-icons-item--linkedin" rel="noopener" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/penn-state-extension/" target="_blank" data-link-type="default" data-platform="icon-pagebuilder-social-icons-item--linkedin" data-element="link"><i aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="social-icons-link-text visually-hidden" data-element="link_text">Penn State Extension on LinkedIn</span></a></li><li class="social-icons-link-container" data-content-type="social-icons-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="social-icons-link icon-pagebuilder-social-icons-item--twitter" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/psuextension" target="_blank" data-link-type="default" data-platform="icon-pagebuilder-social-icons-item--twitter" data-element="link"><i aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="social-icons-link-text visually-hidden" data-element="link_text">Penn State Extension on Twitter</span></a></li><li class="social-icons-link-container" data-content-type="social-icons-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="social-icons-link icon-pagebuilder-social-icons-item--youtube" rel="noopener" href="https://www.youtube.com/@psuextension" target="_blank" data-link-type="default" data-platform="icon-pagebuilder-social-icons-item--youtube" data-element="link"><i aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="social-icons-link-text visually-hidden" data-element="link_text">Penn State Extension on YouTube</span></a></li><li class="social-icons-link-container" data-content-type="social-icons-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="social-icons-link icon-pagebuilder-social-icons-item--instagram" rel="noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/psuextension/" target="" data-link-type="default" data-platform="icon-pagebuilder-social-icons-item--instagram" data-element="link"><i aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="social-icons-link-text visually-hidden" data-element="link_text">Instagram</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="pagebuilder-column" data-content-type="column" data-appearance="full-height" data-background-images="{}" data-element="main" data-pb-style="V43QAK3"><div data-content-type="html" data-appearance="default" data-element="main" data-decoded="true"> <div class="widget block block-static-block"><style>#html-body [data-pb-style=Q9USLLX]{display:flex;flex-direction:column}#html-body [data-pb-style=BU4TPXL],#html-body [data-pb-style=S18W17C],#html-body [data-pb-style=TGSV88B]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-self:stretch}</style><div data-content-type="row" data-appearance="contained" data-element="main"><div class="footer-right-links" data-enable-parallax="0" data-parallax-speed="0.5" data-background-images="{}" data-background-type="image" data-video-loop="true" data-video-play-only-visible="true" data-video-lazy-load="true" data-video-fallback-src="" data-element="inner" data-pb-style="Q9USLLX"><div class="pagebuilder-column-group" style="display: flex;" data-content-type="column-group" data-grid-size="12" data-element="main"><div class="pagebuilder-column" data-content-type="column" data-appearance="full-height" data-background-images="{}" data-element="main" data-pb-style="S18W17C"><div class="mobile-accordion" data-content-type="mobile-accordion" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><div data-role="collapsible"><button type="button" tabindex="0" class="mobile-accordion-title" data-role="trigger" data-element="title">About Extension </button><ul class="mobile-accordion-list" data-role="content" aria-hidden="true"><li class="mobile-accordion-link-container" data-content-type="mobile-accordion-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="mobile-accordion-link" rel="noopener" href="/about-us" target="" data-link-type="default" data-element="link"><span class="mobile-accordion-link-text" data-element="link_text">About</span></a></li><li class="mobile-accordion-link-container" data-content-type="mobile-accordion-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="mobile-accordion-link" rel="noopener" href="/directory/leadership" target="" data-link-type="default" data-element="link"><span class="mobile-accordion-link-text" data-element="link_text">Leadership</span></a></li><li class="mobile-accordion-link-container" data-content-type="mobile-accordion-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="mobile-accordion-link" rel="noopener" href="/careers" target="" data-link-type="default" data-element="link"><span class="mobile-accordion-link-text" data-element="link_text">Careers</span></a></li><li class="mobile-accordion-link-container" data-content-type="mobile-accordion-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="mobile-accordion-link" rel="noopener" href="https://extension.psu.edu/education-format/news" target="" data-link-type="default" data-element="link"><span class="mobile-accordion-link-text" data-element="link_text">Extension News</span></a></li><li class="mobile-accordion-link-container" data-content-type="mobile-accordion-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="mobile-accordion-link" rel="noopener" href="/press" target="" data-link-type="default" data-element="link"><span class="mobile-accordion-link-text" data-element="link_text">Press</span></a></li><li class="mobile-accordion-link-container" data-content-type="mobile-accordion-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="mobile-accordion-link" rel="noopener" href="/county-offices" target="" data-link-type="default" data-element="link"><span class="mobile-accordion-link-text" data-element="link_text">County Offices</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="pagebuilder-column" data-content-type="column" data-appearance="full-height" data-background-images="{}" data-element="main" data-pb-style="TGSV88B"><div class="mobile-accordion" data-content-type="mobile-accordion" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><div data-role="collapsible"><button type="button" tabindex="0" class="mobile-accordion-title" data-role="trigger" data-element="title"> Customer Service </button><ul class="mobile-accordion-list" data-role="content" aria-hidden="true"><li class="mobile-accordion-link-container" data-content-type="mobile-accordion-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="mobile-accordion-link" rel="noopener" href="/help" target="" data-link-type="default" data-element="link"><span class="mobile-accordion-link-text" data-element="link_text">Help Center</span></a></li><li class="mobile-accordion-link-container" data-content-type="mobile-accordion-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="mobile-accordion-link" rel="noopener" href="/customer/account/forgotpassword/" target="" data-link-type="default" data-element="link"><span class="mobile-accordion-link-text" data-element="link_text">Login Problems</span></a></li><li class="mobile-accordion-link-container" data-content-type="mobile-accordion-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="mobile-accordion-link" rel="noopener" href="/psunewsletter/manage/preferences/" target="" data-link-type="default" data-element="link"><span class="mobile-accordion-link-text" data-element="link_text">Manage Email Preferences</span></a></li><li class="mobile-accordion-link-container" data-content-type="mobile-accordion-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="mobile-accordion-link" rel="noopener" href="/contact-us" target="" data-link-type="default" data-element="link"><span class="mobile-accordion-link-text" data-element="link_text">Contact Us</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="pagebuilder-column" data-content-type="column" data-appearance="full-height" data-background-images="{}" data-element="main" data-pb-style="BU4TPXL"><div class="mobile-accordion" data-content-type="mobile-accordion" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><div data-role="collapsible"><button type="button" tabindex="0" class="mobile-accordion-title" data-role="trigger" data-element="title">Other Programs </button><ul class="mobile-accordion-list" data-role="content" aria-hidden="true"><li class="mobile-accordion-link-container" data-content-type="mobile-accordion-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="mobile-accordion-link" rel="noopener" href="https://extension.psu.edu/programs/4-h" target="" data-link-type="default" data-element="link"><span class="mobile-accordion-link-text" data-element="link_text">Pennsylvania 4-H</span></a></li><li class="mobile-accordion-link-container" data-content-type="mobile-accordion-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="mobile-accordion-link" rel="noopener" href="https://extension.psu.edu/programs/betterkidcare" target="" data-link-type="default" data-element="link"><span class="mobile-accordion-link-text" data-element="link_text">Better Kid Care</span></a></li><li class="mobile-accordion-link-container" data-content-type="mobile-accordion-item" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><a class="mobile-accordion-link" rel="noopener" href="https://extension.psu.edu/programs/master-gardener" target="" data-link-type="default" data-element="link"><span class="mobile-accordion-link-text" data-element="link_text">Master Gardeners</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div> </div><div class="footer-content-bottom-wrapper"><style>#html-body [data-pb-style=VOS0CU4]{display:flex;flex-direction:column}#html-body [data-pb-style=KTS42PI]{background-position:left top;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-attachment:scroll;align-self:stretch}#html-body [data-pb-style=BLUDGVN]{display:flex;width:100%}#html-body [data-pb-style=NGT2TBM]{justify-content:flex-start;background-position:left top;background-size:cover;background-attachment:scroll;padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}#html-body [data-pb-style=NGT2TBM],#html-body [data-pb-style=QFMQ5V7]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-self:stretch}#html-body [data-pb-style=WC1IQV4]{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}#html-body [data-pb-style=LQ7KA63]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-self:stretch}#html-body [data-pb-style=Q05VQVP]{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}#html-body [data-pb-style=QQXUF91]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-self:stretch}#html-body [data-pb-style=X35Y11L]{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}#html-body [data-pb-style=S3JPOG6]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-self:stretch}#html-body [data-pb-style=SNE9145]{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}</style><div data-content-type="row" data-appearance="contained" data-element="main"><div class="footer-bottom" data-enable-parallax="0" data-parallax-speed="0.5" data-background-images="{}" data-background-type="image" data-video-loop="true" data-video-play-only-visible="true" data-video-lazy-load="true" data-video-fallback-src="" data-element="inner" data-pb-style="VOS0CU4"><div class="pagebuilder-column-group" data-background-images="{}" data-content-type="column-group" data-appearance="default" data-grid-size="12" data-element="main" data-pb-style="KTS42PI"><div class="pagebuilder-column-line" data-content-type="column-line" data-element="main" data-pb-style="BLUDGVN"><div class="pagebuilder-column" data-content-type="column" data-appearance="full-height" data-background-images="{}" data-element="main" data-pb-style="NGT2TBM"><div data-content-type="text" data-appearance="default" data-element="main"><p id="NQ8JQGD" style="text-align: center;"><a tabindex="0" href="/youth-safety-information">Youth Safety</a></p></div></div><div class="pagebuilder-column" data-content-type="column" data-appearance="full-height" data-background-images="{}" data-element="main" data-pb-style="QFMQ5V7"><div data-content-type="text" data-appearance="default" data-element="main" data-pb-style="WC1IQV4"><p id="NQ8JQGD" style="text-align: center;"><a tabindex="0" title="Privacy and Legal Statements" href="https://www.psu.edu/legal-statements/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Privacy and Legal Statements</a></p></div></div><div class="pagebuilder-column" data-content-type="column" data-appearance="full-height" data-background-images="{}" data-element="main" data-pb-style="LQ7KA63"><div data-content-type="text" data-appearance="default" data-element="main" data-pb-style="Q05VQVP"><p id="NQ8JQGD" style="text-align: center;"><a title="Veterinary Advice Statement" href="/veterinary-advice-statement">Veterinary Advice Statement</a></p></div></div><div class="pagebuilder-column" data-content-type="column" data-appearance="full-height" data-background-images="{}" data-element="main" data-pb-style="QQXUF91"><div data-content-type="text" data-appearance="default" data-element="main" data-pb-style="X35Y11L"><p id="NQ8JQGD" style="text-align: center;"><a tabindex="0" title="Accessibility" href="https://agsci.psu.edu/accessibility" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Accessibility</a></p></div></div><div class="pagebuilder-column" data-content-type="column" data-appearance="full-height" data-background-images="{}" data-element="main" data-pb-style="S3JPOG6"><div data-content-type="text" data-appearance="default" data-element="main" data-pb-style="SNE9145"><p id="NQ8JQGD" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://www.psu.edu/copyright-information" target="_blank" rel="noopener">© 2025 The Pennsylvania State University</a></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></footer> <div class="social-login block-container" id="email_modal"><div class="modal-title" data-role="title">Email address is required to login</div><div class="block"><div class="block-content"><form class="email-form" id="sociallogin_form_email" data-mage-init='{"validation":{}}'><fieldset class="fieldset" data-hasrequired="* Required Fields"><div class="field note">Please enter your email address below to create account.</div><div class="field email required"><label for="email_address" class="label"><span>Email</span></label> <div class="control"><input type="email" name="real-email" alt="email" id="real_email_address" class="input-text sl-input-email" data-validate="{required:true, 'validate-email':true}"/><input type="hidden" name="redirect-url" value="" /></div></div></fieldset><div class="actions-toolbar sl-submit-email"><div class="primary"><button type="button" id="sociallogin_send_email" class="action send primary"><span>Sign In</span></button></div></div></form></div></div></div> <div class="b2b-modal fade iwdsr-customers-list-modal" id="iwdsr-customers-list-modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="b2b-modal-dialog"><div class="b2b-modal-content"><div class="b2b-modal-body"><a class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><i class="fa fa-times customer-close" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <div class="iwdsr-customers-list-wrap"></div></div><div class="b2b-modal-footer"></div></div></div></div> </div> <script> var LOCALE = 'en\u002DUS'; var BASE_URL = 'https\u003A\u002F\u002Fextension.psu.edu\u002F'; var require = { 'baseUrl': 'https\u003A\u002F\u002Fextension.psu.edu\u002Fstatic\u002Fversion1739430570\u002Ffrontend\u002FBlueAcorn\u002Fsite\u002Fen_US' };</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://extension.psu.edu/static/version1739430570/_cache/merged/fb7cbbc67e34e334b9bbfa4f42b9e0f4.min.js"></script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "*": { "Magento_PageCache/js/form-key-provider": { "isPaginationCacheEnabled": 0 } } }</script> <script> try{smileTracker.setConfig({beaconUrl:'https://extension.psu.edu/elasticsuite/tracker/hit/image/h.png',telemetryUrl:'https://t.elasticsuite.io/track',telemetryEnabled:'',sessionConfig:{"visit_cookie_name":"STUID","visit_cookie_lifetime":"3600","visitor_cookie_lifetime":"365","visitor_cookie_name":"STVID","domain":"extension.psu.edu","path":"\/"},});smileTracker.addPageVar('store_id','2');require(['Smile_ElasticsuiteTracker/js/user-consent'],function(userConsent){if(userConsent({"cookieRestrictionEnabled":"0","cookieRestrictionName":"user_allowed_save_cookie"})){smileTracker.sendTag();}});}catch(err){;} </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebSite","url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/"}</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops","name":"Forage and Food Crops"},"position":1},{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops","name":"Agronomic Crops"},"position":2},{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management","name":"Soil Fertility and Management"},"position":3}]}</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"WebPage","url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management","mainEntity":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org","@type":"OfferCatalog","name":"Soil Fertility and Management","url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management","numberOfItems":25,"itemListElement":[]},"speakable":{"@type":"SpeakableSpecification","cssSelector":[".category-description"],"xpath":["\/html\/head\/title"]}}</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "*": { "Magento_PageBuilder/js/widget-initializer": { "config": {"[data-content-type=\"slider\"][data-appearance=\"default\"]":{"Magento_PageBuilder\/js\/content-type\/slider\/appearance\/default\/widget":false},"[data-content-type=\"map\"]":{"Magento_PageBuilder\/js\/content-type\/map\/appearance\/default\/widget":false},"[data-content-type=\"row\"]":{"Magento_PageBuilder\/js\/content-type\/row\/appearance\/default\/widget":false},"[data-content-type=\"tabs\"]":{"Magento_PageBuilder\/js\/content-type\/tabs\/appearance\/default\/widget":false},"[data-content-type=\"slide\"]":{"Magento_PageBuilder\/js\/content-type\/slide\/appearance\/default\/widget":{"buttonSelector":".pagebuilder-slide-button","showOverlay":"hover","dataRole":"slide"}},"[data-content-type=\"banner\"]":{"Magento_PageBuilder\/js\/content-type\/banner\/appearance\/default\/widget":{"buttonSelector":".pagebuilder-banner-button","showOverlay":"hover","dataRole":"banner"}},"[data-content-type=\"buttons\"]":{"Magento_PageBuilder\/js\/content-type\/buttons\/appearance\/inline\/widget":false},"[data-content-type=\"products\"][data-appearance=\"carousel\"]":{"Magento_PageBuilder\/js\/content-type\/products\/appearance\/carousel\/widget":false},"[data-content-type=\"products\"][data-appearance=\"carousel-with-stage\"]":{"BlueAcorn_PageBuilderContent\/js\/content-type\/products\/appearance\/carousel-with-stage\/widget":false},"[data-content-type=\"products\"][data-appearance=\"featured-product\"]":{"BlueAcorn_PageBuilderContent\/js\/content-type\/products\/appearance\/featured-product\/widget":false},"[data-content-type=\"mobile-accordion\"]":{"BlueAcorn_PageBuilderContent\/js\/content-type\/mobile-accordion\/appearance\/default\/widget":false},"[data-content-type=\"content-slider\"]":{"BlueAcorn_PageBuilderContent\/js\/content-type\/content-slider\/appearance\/default\/widget":false},"[data-content-type=\"video\"]":{"BlueAcorn_PageBuilderContent\/js\/content-type\/video\/appearance\/default\/widget":false},"[data-content-type=\"collapsible\"]":{"BlueAcorn_PageBuilderContent\/js\/content-type\/collapsible\/appearance\/default\/widget":false},"[data-content-type=\"blueacorn-tabs\"]":{"BlueAcorn_PageBuilderContent\/js\/content-type\/blueacorn-tabs\/appearance\/default\/widget":false},"[data-content-type=\"accordion\"]":{"BlueAcorn_PageBuilderContent\/js\/content-type\/accordion\/appearance\/default\/widget":false}}, "breakpoints": {"desktop":{"label":"Desktop","stage":true,"default":true,"class":"desktop-switcher","icon":"Magento_PageBuilder::css\/images\/switcher\/switcher-desktop.svg","conditions":{"min-width":"1024px"},"options":{"products":{"default":{"slidesToShow":"4"}}}},"tablet":{"conditions":{"max-width":"1024px","min-width":"768px"},"options":{"products":{"default":{"slidesToShow":"3"},"continuous":{"slidesToShow":"3"}}}},"mobile":{"label":"Mobile","stage":true,"class":"mobile-switcher","icon":"Magento_PageBuilder::css\/images\/switcher\/switcher-mobile.svg","media":"only screen and (max-width: 768px)","conditions":{"max-width":"767px","min-width":"640px"},"options":{"products":{"default":{"slidesToShow":"2"}}}},"mobile-small":{"conditions":{"max-width":"640px"},"options":{"products":{"default":{"slidesToShow":"1"},"continuous":{"slidesToShow":"1"}}}}} } } }</script> <script type="text/javascript">document.querySelector("#cookie-status").style.display = "none";</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "*": { "cookieStatus": {} } }</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "*": { "mage/cookies": { "expires": null, "path": "\u002F", "domain": ".extension.psu.edu", "secure": true, "lifetime": "3600" } } }</script> <script> window.cookiesConfig = window.cookiesConfig || {}; window.cookiesConfig.secure = true; </script> <script> require.config({ map: { '*': { wysiwygAdapter: 'mage/adminhtml/wysiwyg/tiny_mce/tinymceAdapter' } } });</script> <script> require.config({ paths: { googleMaps: 'https\u003A\u002F\u002Fmaps.googleapis.com\u002Fmaps\u002Fapi\u002Fjs\u003Fv\u003D3.53\u0026key\u003DAIzaSyBr3fDDBIOigo7Cz8V0ikGhRRHw3wNlPO8' }, config: { 'Magento_PageBuilder/js/utils/map': { style: '', }, 'Magento_PageBuilder/js/content-type/map/preview': { apiKey: 'AIzaSyBr3fDDBIOigo7Cz8V0ikGhRRHw3wNlPO8', apiKeyErrorMessage: 'You\u0020must\u0020provide\u0020a\u0020valid\u0020\u003Ca\u0020href\u003D\u0027https\u003A\u002F\u002Fextension.psu.edu\u002Fadminhtml\u002Fsystem_config\u002Fedit\u002Fsection\u002Fcms\u002F\u0023cms_pagebuilder\u0027\u0020target\u003D\u0027_blank\u0027\u003EGoogle\u0020Maps\u0020API\u0020key\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u0020to\u0020use\u0020a\u0020map.' }, 'Magento_PageBuilder/js/form/element/map': { apiKey: 'AIzaSyBr3fDDBIOigo7Cz8V0ikGhRRHw3wNlPO8', apiKeyErrorMessage: 'You\u0020must\u0020provide\u0020a\u0020valid\u0020\u003Ca\u0020href\u003D\u0027https\u003A\u002F\u002Fextension.psu.edu\u002Fadminhtml\u002Fsystem_config\u002Fedit\u002Fsection\u002Fcms\u002F\u0023cms_pagebuilder\u0027\u0020target\u003D\u0027_blank\u0027\u003EGoogle\u0020Maps\u0020API\u0020key\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u0020to\u0020use\u0020a\u0020map.' }, } });</script> <script> require.config({ shim: { 'Magento_PageBuilder/js/utils/map': { deps: ['googleMaps'] } } });</script> <script> window.skipModules = ["customer\/account","sociallogin\/account"]; window.queryParam = 'sociallogin_referer_store'; window.isSlGuestCheckoutEnabled = "0"; require(['slReferer']);</script> <script> require([ 'jquery' ], function ($) { var width = $("body").width(); if (width > 1023) { $("nav.main-menu").click(function(){ if($(".main-menu__item--parent.level0:hover").length == 0){ if($("nav.main-menu").is(":visible")) { $('.action.nav-toggle').trigger('click'); } } }); } });</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "*": { "Magento_Ui/js/core/app": { "components": { "customHeaderComponent": { "component": "Magento_Customer/js/view/custom-header-account" } } } } }</script> <script>window.checkout = {"shoppingCartUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/checkout\/cart\/","checkoutUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/checkout\/","updateItemQtyUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/checkout\/sidebar\/updateItemQty\/","removeItemUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/checkout\/sidebar\/removeItem\/","imageTemplate":"Magento_Catalog\/product\/image_with_borders","baseUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/","minicartMaxItemsVisible":5,"websiteId":"2","maxItemsToDisplay":10,"storeId":"2","storeGroupId":"2","saml":{"enabled":false,"forced":false,"linktext":"Login via Identity Provider"},"captcha":{"user_login":{"isCaseSensitive":false,"imageHeight":50,"imageSrc":"","refreshUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/captcha\/refresh\/","isRequired":false,"timestamp":1739853979}}}</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "[data-block='minicart']": { "Magento_Ui/js/core/app": {"components":{"minicart_content":{"children":{"subtotal.container":{"children":{"subtotal":{"children":{"subtotal.totals":{"config":{"display_cart_subtotal_incl_tax":0,"display_cart_subtotal_excl_tax":1,"template":"Magento_Tax\/checkout\/minicart\/subtotal\/totals"},"component":"Magento_Tax\/js\/view\/checkout\/minicart\/subtotal\/totals","children":{"subtotal.totals.msrp":{"component":"Magento_Msrp\/js\/view\/checkout\/minicart\/subtotal\/totals","config":{"displayArea":"minicart-subtotal-hidden","template":"Magento_Msrp\/checkout\/minicart\/subtotal\/totals"}}}}},"component":"uiComponent","config":{"template":"Magento_Checkout\/minicart\/subtotal"}}},"component":"uiComponent","config":{"displayArea":"subtotalContainer"}},"item.renderer":{"component":"Magento_Checkout\/js\/view\/cart-item-renderer","config":{"displayArea":"defaultRenderer","template":"Magento_Checkout\/minicart\/item\/default"},"children":{"item.image":{"component":"Magento_Catalog\/js\/view\/image","config":{"template":"Magento_Catalog\/product\/image","displayArea":"itemImage"}},"checkout.cart.item.price.sidebar":{"component":"uiComponent","config":{"template":"Magento_Checkout\/minicart\/item\/price","displayArea":"priceSidebar"}}}},"extra_info":{"component":"uiComponent","config":{"displayArea":"extraInfo"}},"promotion":{"component":"uiComponent","config":{"displayArea":"promotion"}}},"config":{"itemRenderer":{"default":"defaultRenderer","simple":"defaultRenderer","virtual":"defaultRenderer"},"template":"Magento_Checkout\/minicart\/slide-content","is_auto_open":true},"component":"Magento_Checkout\/js\/view\/minicart"}},"types":[]} }, "*": { "Magento_Ui/js/block-loader": "https\u003A\u002F\u002Fextension.psu.edu\u002Fstatic\u002Fversion1739430570\u002Ffrontend\u002FBlueAcorn\u002Fsite\u002Fen_US\u002Fimages\u002Floader\u002D1.gif" } }</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "*": { "Magento_Ui/js/core/app": { "components": { "messages": { "component": "Magento_Theme/js/view/messages" } } } } }</script> <script type="text/javascript"> $readMoreJS.init({ target: '.category-description', numOfWords: 30, toggle: true, moreLink: 'Read more', lessLink: 'Read less' });</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> {"*" : {"Magento_Ui/js/core/app": {"components": {"education_formatFilter": {"component":"Smile_ElasticsuiteCatalog\/js\/attribute-filter","maxSize":10,"displayProductCount":true,"hasMoreItems":false,"displayRelNofollow":"","ajaxLoadUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/catalog\/navigation_filter\/ajax\/id\/173\/?cat=173&filterName=education_format","items":[{"label":"Articles","count":87,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?education_format=Articles","is_selected":null},{"label":"News","count":10,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?education_format=News","is_selected":null},{"label":"Videos","count":7,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?education_format=Videos","is_selected":null},{"label":"Workshops","count":6,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?education_format=Workshops","is_selected":null},{"label":"Guides and Publications","count":2,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?education_format=Guides+and+Publications","is_selected":null},{"label":"Tools and Apps","count":2,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?education_format=Tools+and+Apps","is_selected":null},{"label":"Webinars","count":2,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?education_format=Webinars","is_selected":null},{"label":"Conferences","count":1,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?education_format=Conferences","is_selected":null},{"label":"Online Courses","count":1,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?education_format=Online+Courses","is_selected":null}]}}}}}</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> {"*" : {"Magento_Ui/js/core/app": {"components": {"languageFilter": {"component":"Smile_ElasticsuiteCatalog\/js\/attribute-filter","maxSize":10,"displayProductCount":true,"hasMoreItems":false,"displayRelNofollow":"","ajaxLoadUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/catalog\/navigation_filter\/ajax\/id\/173\/?cat=173&filterName=language","items":[{"label":"English","count":118,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?language=English","is_selected":null}]}}}}}</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> {"*" : {"Magento_Ui/js/core/app": {"components": {"authorsFilter": {"component":"Smile_ElasticsuiteCatalog\/js\/attribute-filter","maxSize":10,"displayProductCount":true,"hasMoreItems":true,"displayRelNofollow":"","ajaxLoadUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/catalog\/navigation_filter\/ajax\/id\/173\/?cat=173&filterName=authors","items":[{"label":"Sjoerd Willem Duiker, Ph.D., CCA","count":37,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?authors=Sjoerd+Willem+Duiker%2C+Ph.D.%2C+CCA","is_selected":null},{"label":"Charles White","count":19,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?authors=Charles+White","is_selected":null},{"label":"Douglas Beegle, Ph.D.","count":15,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?authors=Douglas+Beegle%2C+Ph.D.","is_selected":null},{"label":"Jennifer Weld","count":8,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?authors=Jennifer+Weld","is_selected":null},{"label":"Robert Meinen","count":8,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?authors=Robert+Meinen","is_selected":null},{"label":"John Spargo","count":6,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?authors=John+Spargo","is_selected":null},{"label":"Dwight Lingenfelter","count":5,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?authors=Dwight+Lingenfelter","is_selected":null},{"label":"Andrew Frankenfield","count":4,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?authors=Andrew+Frankenfield","is_selected":null},{"label":"Jeffrey S Graybill","count":4,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?authors=Jeffrey+S+Graybill","is_selected":null},{"label":"Justin Brackenrich","count":4,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management?authors=Justin+Brackenrich","is_selected":null}]}}}}}</script> <script> require([ 'jquery' ], function ($) { $(window).on('load', function() { $(".filter-options-item").each(function() { var $this = $(this); var $items = $this.find("li"); $($items).each(function(){ var $this2 = $(this); var $checkbox = $this2.find(".checkbox"); if($checkbox.is(":checked")) { $this.addClass("active-values"); return false; } }); }); }); });</script> <script> window.ajaxLogin = {"autocomplete":"off","customerRegisterUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/customer\/account\/create\/","customerForgotPasswordUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/customer\/account\/forgotpassword\/","baseUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/","customerLoginUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/customer\/ajax\/login\/"}; window.popupStyle = "popup"; window.isEnabled = 1;</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "#ajaxlogin-popup": { "Magento_Ui/js/core/app": {"components":{"ajaxLogin":{"component":"WeltPixel_SocialLogin\/js\/view\/ajaxlogin-popup","children":{"messages":{"component":"Magento_Ui\/js\/view\/messages","displayArea":"messages"},"recaptcha-login":{"component":"Magento_ReCaptchaFrontendUi\/js\/reCaptcha","displayArea":"additional-login-form-fields","reCaptchaId":"recaptcha-ajaxlogin-popup","settings":{"rendering":{"sitekey":"6LdBcwceAAAAAA7sZnEFiLzrQOFvEvVc-P5D2jA9","badge":"inline","size":"invisible","theme":"light","hl":""},"invisible":true}},"recaptcha-register":{"component":"Magento_ReCaptchaFrontendUi\/js\/reCaptcha","displayArea":"additional-register-form-fields","reCaptchaId":"recaptcha-ajaxregister-popup","settings":{"rendering":{"sitekey":"6LdBcwceAAAAAA7sZnEFiLzrQOFvEvVc-P5D2jA9","badge":"inline","size":"invisible","theme":"light","hl":""},"invisible":true}}}},"authenticationPopup":{"children":{"recaptcha":{"settings":{"rendering":{"sitekey":"6LdBcwceAAAAAA7sZnEFiLzrQOFvEvVc-P5D2jA9","badge":"inline","size":"invisible","theme":"light","hl":""},"invisible":true}}}}}} } }</script> <script>window.authenticationPopup = {"autocomplete":"off","customerRegisterUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/customer\/account\/create\/","customerForgotPasswordUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/customer\/account\/forgotpassword\/","baseUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/","customerLoginUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/customer\/ajax\/login\/"}</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "#authenticationPopup": { "Magento_Ui/js/core/app": {"components":{"authenticationPopup":{"component":"WeltPixel_SocialLogin\/js\/view\/authentication-popup","children":{"messages":{"component":"Magento_Ui\/js\/view\/messages","displayArea":"messages"},"captcha":{"component":"Magento_Captcha\/js\/view\/checkout\/loginCaptcha","displayArea":"additional-login-form-fields","formId":"user_login","configSource":"checkout"},"recaptcha":{"component":"Magento_ReCaptchaFrontendUi\/js\/reCaptcha","displayArea":"additional-login-form-fields","reCaptchaId":"recaptcha-popup-login","settings":{"rendering":{"sitekey":"6LdBcwceAAAAAA7sZnEFiLzrQOFvEvVc-P5D2jA9","badge":"inline","size":"invisible","theme":"light","hl":""},"invisible":true}},"saml_sso":{"component":"Pitbulk_SAML2\/js\/view\/checkout\/samlLoginLink","displayArea":"before","formId":"user_login","configSource":"checkout"}}},"ajaxLogin":{"children":{"recaptcha-login":{"settings":{"rendering":{"sitekey":"6LdBcwceAAAAAA7sZnEFiLzrQOFvEvVc-P5D2jA9","badge":"inline","size":"invisible","theme":"light","hl":""},"invisible":true}},"recaptcha-register":{"settings":{"rendering":{"sitekey":"6LdBcwceAAAAAA7sZnEFiLzrQOFvEvVc-P5D2jA9","badge":"inline","size":"invisible","theme":"light","hl":""},"invisible":true}}}}}} }, "*": { "Magento_Ui/js/block-loader": "https\u003A\u002F\u002Fextension.psu.edu\u002Fstatic\u002Fversion1739430570\u002Ffrontend\u002FBlueAcorn\u002Fsite\u002Fen_US\u002Fimages\u002Floader\u002D1.gif" } }</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "*": { "Magento_Customer/js/section-config": { "sections": {"stores\/store\/switch":["*"],"stores\/store\/switchrequest":["*"],"directory\/currency\/switch":["*"],"*":["messages","company","customer"],"customer\/account\/logout":["*","recently_viewed_product","recently_compared_product","persistent"],"customer\/account\/loginpost":["*"],"customer\/account\/createpost":["*"],"customer\/account\/editpost":["*"],"customer\/ajax\/login":["checkout-data","cart","captcha"],"catalog\/product_compare\/add":["compare-products","wp_ga4"],"catalog\/product_compare\/remove":["compare-products"],"catalog\/product_compare\/clear":["compare-products"],"sales\/guest\/reorder":["cart"],"sales\/order\/reorder":["cart"],"rest\/v1\/requisition_lists":["requisition"],"requisition_list\/requisition\/delete":["requisition"],"requisition_list\/item\/addtocart":["cart"],"checkout\/cart\/add":["cart","directory-data","wp_ga4"],"checkout\/cart\/delete":["cart","wp_ga4"],"checkout\/cart\/updatepost":["cart","wp_ga4"],"checkout\/cart\/updateitemoptions":["cart","wp_ga4"],"checkout\/cart\/couponpost":["cart"],"checkout\/cart\/estimatepost":["cart"],"checkout\/cart\/estimateupdatepost":["cart"],"checkout\/onepage\/saveorder":["cart","checkout-data","last-ordered-items"],"checkout\/sidebar\/removeitem":["cart","wp_ga4"],"checkout\/sidebar\/updateitemqty":["cart","wp_ga4"],"rest\/*\/v1\/carts\/*\/payment-information":["cart","last-ordered-items","captcha","instant-purchase","wp_ga4"],"rest\/*\/v1\/guest-carts\/*\/payment-information":["cart","captcha","wp_ga4"],"rest\/*\/v1\/guest-carts\/*\/selected-payment-method":["cart","checkout-data"],"rest\/*\/v1\/carts\/*\/selected-payment-method":["cart","checkout-data","instant-purchase"],"wishlist\/index\/add":["wishlist","wp_ga4"],"wishlist\/index\/remove":["wishlist"],"wishlist\/index\/updateitemoptions":["wishlist"],"wishlist\/index\/update":["wishlist"],"wishlist\/index\/cart":["wishlist","cart","wp_ga4"],"wishlist\/index\/fromcart":["wishlist","cart"],"wishlist\/index\/allcart":["wishlist","cart","wp_ga4"],"wishlist\/shared\/allcart":["wishlist","cart"],"wishlist\/shared\/cart":["cart"],"customer_order\/cart\/updatefaileditemoptions":["cart"],"checkout\/cart\/updatefaileditemoptions":["cart"],"customer_order\/cart\/advancedadd":["cart"],"checkout\/cart\/advancedadd":["cart"],"checkout\/cart\/removeallfailed":["cart"],"checkout\/cart\/removefailed":["cart"],"customer_order\/cart\/addfaileditems":["cart"],"checkout\/cart\/addfaileditems":["cart"],"customer_order\/sku\/uploadfile":["cart"],"company\/company\/select":["customer-companies","cart","cart-data","checkout-data","negotiable_quote","purchase_order"],"giftregistry\/index\/cart":["cart"],"giftregistry\/view\/addtocart":["cart"],"customer\/address\/*":["instant-purchase"],"customer\/account\/*":["instant-purchase"],"vault\/cards\/deleteaction":["instant-purchase"],"multishipping\/checkout\/overviewpost":["cart"],"wishlist\/index\/copyitem":["wishlist"],"wishlist\/index\/copyitems":["wishlist"],"wishlist\/index\/deletewishlist":["wishlist","multiplewishlist"],"wishlist\/index\/createwishlist":["multiplewishlist"],"wishlist\/index\/editwishlist":["multiplewishlist"],"wishlist\/index\/moveitem":["wishlist"],"wishlist\/index\/moveitems":["wishlist"],"wishlist\/search\/addtocart":["cart","wishlist"],"paypal\/express\/placeorder":["cart","checkout-data"],"paypal\/payflowexpress\/placeorder":["cart","checkout-data"],"paypal\/express\/onauthorization":["cart","checkout-data"],"rest\/*\/v1\/carts\/*\/po-payment-information":["cart","checkout-data","last-ordered-items"],"purchaseorder\/purchaseorder\/success":["cart","checkout-data","last-ordered-items"],"persistent\/index\/unsetcookie":["persistent"],"quickorder\/sku\/uploadfile\/":["cart"],"review\/product\/post":["review"],"paymentservicespaypal\/smartbuttons\/placeorder":["cart","checkout-data"],"paymentservicespaypal\/smartbuttons\/cancel":["cart","checkout-data"],"sso\/saml2\/login":["*"],"sso\/saml2\/acs":["*"],"sociallogin\/account\/login":["*"],"sociallogin\/account\/loginpost":["*"],"braintree\/paypal\/placeorder":["cart","checkout-data"],"braintree\/googlepay\/placeorder":["cart","checkout-data"],"checkout\/cart\/configure":["wp_ga4"],"rest\/*\/v1\/guest-carts\/*\/shipping-information":["wp_ga4"],"rest\/*\/v1\/carts\/*\/shipping-information":["wp_ga4"]}, "clientSideSections": ["checkout-data","cart-data","BLUE_ACORN_SEARCH_LOCATION"], "baseUrls": ["https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/"], "sectionNames": ["messages","customer","compare-products","last-ordered-items","requisition","cart","directory-data","captcha","wishlist","company","company_authorization","customer-companies","negotiable_quote","instant-purchase","loggedAsCustomer","multiplewishlist","purchase_order","persistent","review","payments","wp_ga4","recently_viewed_product","recently_compared_product","product_data_storage","paypal-billing-agreement"] } } }</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "*": { "Magento_Customer/js/customer-data": { "sectionLoadUrl": "https\u003A\u002F\u002Fextension.psu.edu\u002Fcustomer\u002Fsection\u002Fload\u002F", "expirableSectionLifetime": 60, "expirableSectionNames": ["cart","persistent"], "cookieLifeTime": "3600", "cookieDomain": "extension.psu.edu", "updateSessionUrl": "https\u003A\u002F\u002Fextension.psu.edu\u002Fcustomer\u002Faccount\u002FupdateSession\u002F", "isLoggedIn": "" } } }</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "*": { "Magento_Customer/js/invalidation-processor": { "invalidationRules": { "website-rule": { "Magento_Customer/js/invalidation-rules/website-rule": { "scopeConfig": { "websiteId": "2" } } } } } } }</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "body": { "pageCache": {"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/page_cache\/block\/render\/id\/173\/","handles":["default","catalog_category_view","catalog_category_view_type_layered","catalog_category_view_type_layered_without_children","catalog_category_view_displaymode_products","catalog_category_view_id_173","ajaxlogin_customer_signed_out","catalog_category_view_level_4"],"originalRequest":{"route":"catalog","controller":"category","action":"view","uri":"\/forage-and-food-crops\/agronomic-crops\/soil-fertility-and-management"},"versionCookieName":"private_content_version"} } }</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "body": { "addToWishlist": {"productType":["simple","virtual","bundle","downloadable","giftcard","configurable","grouped"]} } }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-68098-67b4109bbcdf0"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-68098-67b4109bbcdf0 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-68218-67b4109bbeb61"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-68218-67b4109bbeb61 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-57811-67b4109bbf411"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-57811-67b4109bbf411 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-5858-67b4109bc0fbc"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-5858-67b4109bc0fbc span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-56226-67b4109bc1b33"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-56226-67b4109bc1b33 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-67219-67b4109bc26b4"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-67219-67b4109bc26b4 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-67198-67b4109bc2fe7"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-67198-67b4109bc2fe7 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-49690-67b4109bc384a"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-49690-67b4109bc384a span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-66472-67b4109bc4097"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-66472-67b4109bc4097 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-36208-67b4109bc4883"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-36208-67b4109bc4883 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-17983-67b4109bc50cc"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-17983-67b4109bc50cc span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-30403-67b4109bc6dae"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-30403-67b4109bc6dae span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-65362-67b4109bc75ba"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-65362-67b4109bc75ba span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-65194-67b4109bc7df1"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-65194-67b4109bc7df1 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-64939-67b4109bc865a"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-64939-67b4109bc865a span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-52332-67b4109bc8f1c"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-52332-67b4109bc8f1c span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-64534-67b4109bc9719"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-64534-67b4109bc9719 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-63592-67b4109bc9f30"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-63592-67b4109bc9f30 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-62343-67b4109bca73c"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-62343-67b4109bca73c span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-61951-67b4109bcaf42"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-61951-67b4109bcaf42 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-21012-67b4109bcb747"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-21012-67b4109bcb747 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-61606-67b4109bcbf4d"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-61606-67b4109bcbf4d span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-2896-67b4109bcc76a"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-2896-67b4109bcc76a span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-61390-67b4109bccf87"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-61390-67b4109bccf87 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-37651-67b4109bcdeb4"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-37651-67b4109bcdeb4 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "[data-role=tocart-form], .form.map.checkout": { "catalogAddToCart": { "product_sku": "NWS\u002D3821" } } }</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "body": { "requireCookie": {"noCookieUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/cookie\/index\/noCookies\/","triggers":[".action.towishlist"],"isRedirectCmsPage":true} } }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-28298-67b4109bd8e92"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-28298-67b4109bd8e92 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-4568-67b4109bd9c45"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-4568-67b4109bd9c45 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-5462-67b4109bda8d3"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-5462-67b4109bda8d3 span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/javascript">prodImageContainers = document.querySelectorAll(".product-image-container-5858-67b4109bdb4ed"); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainers.length; i++) { prodImageContainers[i].style.width = "676px"; } prodImageContainersWrappers = document.querySelectorAll( ".product-image-container-5858-67b4109bdb4ed span.product-image-wrapper" ); for (var i = 0; i < prodImageContainersWrappers.length; i++) { prodImageContainersWrappers[i].style.paddingBottom = "66.272189349112%"; }</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "*": { "Magento_Customer/js/block-submit-on-send": { "formId": "newsletter-validate-detail" } } }</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "*": { "Magento_Ui/js/core/app": { "components": { "storage-manager": { "component": "Magento_Catalog/js/storage-manager", "appendTo": "", "storagesConfiguration" : {"recently_viewed_product":{"requestConfig":{"syncUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/catalog\/product\/frontend_action_synchronize\/"},"lifetime":"1000","allowToSendRequest":null},"recently_compared_product":{"requestConfig":{"syncUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/catalog\/product\/frontend_action_synchronize\/"},"lifetime":"1000","allowToSendRequest":null},"product_data_storage":{"updateRequestConfig":{"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/rest\/extensions\/V1\/products-render-info"},"requestConfig":{"syncUrl":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/catalog\/product\/frontend_action_synchronize\/"},"allowToSendRequest":null}} } } } } }</script> <script type="text/javascript">window.socialloginButtons = '\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u003Cdiv\u0020class\u003D\u0022sociallogin\u002Dwrapper\u0020block\u002Dcustomer\u002Dlogin\u0020login\u002Dcontainer\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv\u0020class\u003D\u0022block\u0020sociallogin\u002Dblock\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv\u0020class\u003D\u0022sociallogin\u002Dblock\u002Dtitle\u0020block\u002Dtitle\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u0020role\u003D\u0022heading\u0022\u0020aria\u002Dlevel\u003D\u00222\u0022\u003ESign\u0020In\u0020with\u0020Social\u0020Profile\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv\u0020class\u003D\u0022sociallogin\u002Dpadding\u0022\u003E\u0020\u003Cdiv\u0020class\u003D\u0022sociallogin\u002Dbox\u0022\u003E\u003Ca\u0020class\u003D\u0022sociallogin\u002Dbutton\u0020button\u002Dgoogle\u0022\u0020rel\u003D\u0022nofollow\u0022\u0020href\u003D\u0022javascri'+'pt\u003Avoid\u00280\u0029\u003B\u0022\u0020data\u002Dhref\u003D\u0022https\u003A\u002F\u002Faccounts.google.com\u002Fo\u002Foauth2\u002Fv2\u002Fauth\u003Fscope\u003Demail\u002Bprofile\u002Bhttps\u00253A\u00252F\u00252Fwww.googleapis.com\u00252Fauth\u00252Fuserinfo.email\u002Bhttps\u00253A\u00252F\u00252Fwww.googleapis.com\u00252Fauth\u00252Fuserinfo.profile\u002Bopenid\u0026access_type\u003Doffline\u0026include_granted_scopes\u003Dtrue\u0026state\u003Dstate_parameter_passthrough_value\u0026client_id\u003D245363440107\u002Dm0ebl7d59vvmacjoen5t8sn21ghrov1c.apps.googleusercontent.com\u0026redirect_uri\u003Dhttps\u003A\u002F\u002Fextension.psu.edu\u002Fsociallogin\u002Faccount\u002Flogin\u002Ftype\u002Fgoogle\u002F\u0026response_type\u003Dcode\u0022\u0020\u003E\u003Cspan\u0020class\u003D\u0022sociallogin\u002Dicon\u0020sl\u002Dgoogle\u0022\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u0020\u003Cdiv\u0020class\u003D\u0022sociallogin\u002Dbox\u0022\u003E\u003Ca\u0020class\u003D\u0022sociallogin\u002Dbutton\u0020button\u002Dtwitter\u0022\u0020rel\u003D\u0022nofollow\u0022\u0020href\u003D\u0022javascri'+'pt\u003Avoid\u00280\u0029\u003B\u0022\u0020data\u002Dhref\u003D\u0022\u0022\u0020\u003E\u003Cspan\u0020class\u003D\u0022sociallogin\u002Dicon\u0020sl\u002Dtwitter\u0022\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cscri'+'pt\u003E\u000A\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020if\u0020\u0028window.socialloginButtons\u0029\u0020\u007B\u000A\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020window.emailFormUrl\u0020\u003D\u0020\u0022https\u003A\u002F\u002Fextension.psu.edu\u002Fsociallogin\u002Faccount\u002Femail\u002F\u0022\u003B\u000A\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020window.twitterOauthUrl\u0020\u003D\u0020\u0022https\u003A\u002F\u002Fextension.psu.edu\u002Fsociallogin\u002Fajax\u002Ftwitteroauth\u002F\u0022\u003B\u000A\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020window.cartPageAccordionState\u0020\u003D\u0020\u0022\u0022\u003B\u000A\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020window.isCustomer\u0020\u003D\u0020\u0022\u0022\u003B\u000A\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020window.isSlCustomPopupUsed\u0020\u003D\u0020\u00221\u0022\u003B\u000A\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020require\u0028\u005B\u0027sociallogin\u0027\u005D,\u0020function\u0028\u0029\u007B\u000A\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020sl.socialLoginClick\u0028\u0029\u003B\u000A\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020sl.slWidgetInit\u0028\u00272\u0027\u0029\u003B\u000A\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020sl.sendEmailClick\u0028\u0029\u003B\u000A\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020sl.emailPopUp\u0028\u0029\u003B\u000A\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u007D\u0029\u003B\u000A\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u0020\u007D\u003C\u002Fscri'+'pt\u003E';</script> <script>try { smileTracker.addPageVar('type.identifier', 'catalog_category_view'); smileTracker.addPageVar('type.label', 'Catalog Category'); smileTracker.addPageVar('locale', 'en_US'); } catch (err) { ; }</script> <script>try { smileTracker.addPageVar('category.id', '173'); smileTracker.addPageVar('category.label', 'Soil Fertility and Management'); smileTracker.addPageVar('category.path', '1/43/169/170/173'); smileTracker.addPageVar('category.breadcrumb', 'Forage and Food Crops|Agronomic Crops'); smileTracker.addPageVar('product_list.page_count', '5'); smileTracker.addPageVar('product_list.product_count', '119'); smileTracker.addPageVar('product_list.current_page', '1'); smileTracker.addPageVar('product_list.sort_order', 'publish_date'); smileTracker.addPageVar('product_list.sort_direction', 'desc'); smileTracker.addPageVar('product_list.display_mode', 'list'); } catch (err) { ; }</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> { "*": { "stickyHeader": {} } }</script> <script type="text/x-magento-init"> {"*": {"Magento_Catalog/js/productCustom": {}}}</script> <script nonce="eHE0OTV3cnlrY2RhZmZkdHUzaGRpdHd6NGdyNjd6Yms=" > window.ga4ParentVsChild = 'parent'; window.ga4VariantEnabled = '0'; require(['jquery','weltpixel_ga4_persistentLayer','weltpixel_ga4_gtm', 'Magento_Customer/js/customer-data'], function ($, wpGa4PersDl ,wpGa4gtm, customerData) { if (window.ga4AllowServices) { $(document).ajaxComplete(function (event, xhr, settings) { if (settings.url.search('/customer\/section\/load/') > 0) { var response = xhr.responseJSON; if (response.wp_ga4) { var dataLayerData = $.parseJSON(response.wp_ga4.datalayer); for (index in dataLayerData) { window.dataLayer.push({ecommerce: null}); window.dataLayer.push(dataLayerData[index]); } } } }); var wpPersDlOptions = {'storageExpiryTime': 30 }; var wpGtmOptions = { 'enabled': 0, 'persDataLayer': wpGa4PersDl }; wpGa4PersDl.init(wpPersDlOptions); wpGa4gtm.trackPromotion(wpGtmOptions); } });</script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-de4732d74895307f015","applicationID":"1105275877","transactionName":"Zl1XZxcAXUBXVEVZDV8XdFARCFxdGVRQRANdV1IcBgBHVlFYQ0lNR1FQRA==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":1757,"atts":"ShpAEV8aTh8UVhMKGUxF","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body></html>