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alphabet</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Latin alphabet"> <meta name="keywords" content="Latin alphabet"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Latin alphabet"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 266</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Latin alphabet</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">266</span> Switching to the Latin Alphabet in Kazakhstan: A Brief Overview of Character Recognition Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ainagul%20Yermekova">Ainagul Yermekova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liudmila%20Goncharenko"> Liudmila Goncharenko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Baghirzade"> Ali Baghirzade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergey%20Sybachin"> Sergey Sybachin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this article, we address the problem of Kazakhstan's transition to the Latin alphabet. The transition process started in 2017 and is scheduled to be completed in 2025. In connection with these events, the problem of recognizing the characters of the new alphabet is raised. Well-known character recognition programs such as ABBYY FineReader, FormReader, MyScript Stylus did not recognize specific Kazakh letters that were used in Cyrillic. The author tries to give an assessment of the well-known method of character recognition that could be in demand as part of the country's transition to the Latin alphabet. Three methods of character recognition: template, structured, and feature-based, are considered through the algorithms of operation. At the end of the article, a general conclusion is made about the possibility of applying a certain method to a particular recognition process: for example, in the process of population census, recognition of typographic text in Latin, or recognition of photos of car numbers, store signs, etc. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20detection" title="text detection">text detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=template%20method" title=" template method"> template method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recognition%20algorithm" title=" recognition algorithm"> recognition algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structured%20method" title=" structured method"> structured method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feature%20method" title=" feature method"> feature method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138734/switching-to-the-latin-alphabet-in-kazakhstan-a-brief-overview-of-character-recognition-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138734.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">186</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">265</span> From the “Movement Language” to Communication Language</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmudjon%20Kuchkarov">Mahmudjon Kuchkarov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marufjon%20Kuchkarov"> Marufjon Kuchkarov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The origin of ‘Human Language’ is still a secret and the most interesting subject of historical linguistics. The core element is the nature of labeling or coding the things or processes with symbols and sounds. In this paper, we investigate human’s involuntary Paired Sounds and Shape Production (PSSP) and its contribution to the development of early human communication. Aimed at twenty-six volunteers who provided many physical movements with various difficulties, the research team investigated the natural, repeatable, and paired sounds and shape productions during human activities. The paper claims the involvement of Paired Sounds and Shape Production (PSSP) in the phonetic origin of some modern words and the existence of similarities between elements of PSSP with characters of the classic Latin alphabet. The results may be used not only as a supporting idea for existing theories but to create a closer look at some fundamental nature of the origin of the languages as well. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=body%20shape" title="body shape">body shape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=body%20language" title=" body language"> body language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coding" title=" coding"> coding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20alphabet" title=" Latin alphabet"> Latin alphabet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=merging%20method" title=" merging method"> merging method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=movement%20language" title=" movement language"> movement language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=movement%20sound" title=" movement sound"> movement sound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20sound" title=" natural sound"> natural sound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=origin%20of%20language" title=" origin of language"> origin of language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pairing" title=" pairing"> pairing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phonetics" title=" phonetics"> phonetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sound%20and%20shape%20production" title=" sound and shape production"> sound and shape production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20origin" title=" word origin"> word origin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20semantic" title=" word semantic"> word semantic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160314/from-the-movement-language-to-communication-language" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160314.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">249</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">264</span> Electronic and Computer-Assisted Refreshable Braille Display Developed for Visually Impaired Individuals</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ay%C5%9Fe%20Eldem">Ayşe Eldem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatih%20Ba%C5%9F%C3%A7ift%C3%A7i"> Fatih Başçiftçi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Braille alphabet is an important tool that enables visually impaired individuals to have a comfortable life like those who have normal vision. For this reason, new applications related to the Braille alphabet are being developed. In this study, a new Refreshable Braille Display was developed to help visually impaired individuals learn the Braille alphabet easier. By means of this system, any text downloaded on a computer can be read by the visually impaired individual at that moment by feeling it by his/her hands. Through this electronic device, it was aimed to make learning the Braille alphabet easier for visually impaired individuals with whom the necessary tests were conducted. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visually%20impaired%20individual" title="visually impaired individual">visually impaired individual</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Braille" title=" Braille"> Braille</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Braille%20display" title=" Braille display"> Braille display</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refreshable%20Braille%20display" title=" refreshable Braille display"> refreshable Braille display</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=USB" title=" USB"> USB</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15833/electronic-and-computer-assisted-refreshable-braille-display-developed-for-visually-impaired-individuals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15833.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">345</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">263</span> China's Aid to Latin America from the 1950s to 2020</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wanda%20Luen-Wun%20Siu">Wanda Luen-Wun Siu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaowen%20Zhang"> Xiaowen Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper adopted a retrospective review of China’s assistance to Latin America from the1950s to 2020. Findings suggested that China’s assistance to Latin America can be roughly divided into five stages: The 1950s to 1960s was the initial stage of China’s assistance to Latin America, mainly focusing on the establishment of diplomatic relations with Cuba and other Latin American countries. The strategy has a strong ideological basis. The 1980s was the stage of development of China's aid to Latin America, which was characterized by consolidating and expanding diplomatic space, emphasizing the spirit of cooperation of equality, mutual benefit, and common development. 90-20 marked the further development of diplomatic relations with Latin American countries, plus domestic market-oriented reforms, emphasizing the importance of economic considerations and less ideological orientation, and this period also witnessed more Chinese state-owned enterprises going out to invest in Latin America. 2010-2019 marked the further development of Latin American relations. This paper contributes to the literature of diplomacy and health assistance to Latin America and highlights the importance of foreign aid and health assistance in sealing bilateral diplomatic relations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aid" title="aid">aid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=china" title=" china"> china</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=latin%20america" title=" latin america"> latin america</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilateral%20relations" title=" bilateral relations"> bilateral relations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141914/chinas-aid-to-latin-america-from-the-1950s-to-2020" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141914.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">231</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">262</span> The Conceptualization of Patient-Centered Care in Latin America: A Scoping Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anne%20Klimesch">Anne Klimesch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alejandra%20Martinez"> Alejandra Martinez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20H%C3%A4Rter"> Martin HäRter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isabelle%20Scholl"> Isabelle Scholl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paulina%20Bravo"> Paulina Bravo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Patient-centered care (PCC) is a key principle of high-quality healthcare. In Latin America, research on and promotion of PCC have taken place in the past. However, thorough implementation of PCC in practice is still missing. In Germany, an integrative model of patient-centeredness has been developed by synthesis of diverse concepts of PCC. The model could serve as a point of reference for further research on the implementation of PCC. However, it is predominantly based on research from Europe and North America. This scoping review, therefore, aims to accumulate research on PCC in Latin America in the past 15 years and analyse how PCC has been conceptualized. The resulting overview of PCC in Latin America will be a foundation for a subsequent study aiming at the adaptation of the integrative model of patient-centeredness to the Latin American health care context. Scientific databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, SCIELO, Redalyc.) will be searched, and reference and citation tracking will be performed. Studies will be included if they were carried out in Latin America, investigated PCC in any clinical and community setting (public and private), and were published in English, Spanish, French, or Portuguese since 2006. Furthermore, any theoretical framework or conceptual model to guide how PCC is conceptualized in Latin America will be included. Two reviewers will be responsible for the identification of articles, screening of records, and full-text assessment. The results of the scoping review will be used in the development of a mixed-methods study with the aim to understand the needs for PCC, as well as barriers and facilitators in Latin America. Based on the outcomes, the integrative model of PCC will be translated to Spanish and adapted to the Latin American context. The integrative model will enable the dissemination of the concept of PCC in Latin America and will provide a common ground for further research on the topic. The project will thereby make an important contribution to an evidence-based implementation of PCC in Latin America. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conceptual%20framework" title="conceptual framework">conceptual framework</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrative%20model%20of%20PCC" title=" integrative model of PCC"> integrative model of PCC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America" title=" Latin America"> Latin America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patient-centered%20care" title=" patient-centered care"> patient-centered care</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136526/the-conceptualization-of-patient-centered-care-in-latin-america-a-scoping-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136526.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">261</span> From Parents to Pioneers: Examining Parental Impact on Entrepreneurial Traits in Latin America</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bert%20Seither">Bert Seither</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Entrepreneurship is a critical driver of economic growth, especially in emerging regions such as Latin America. This study investigates how parental influences, particularly parental individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO), shape the entrepreneurial traits of Latin American entrepreneurs. By examining key factors like parental IEO, work ethic, parenting style, and family support, this research assesses how much of an entrepreneur's own IEO can be attributed to parental influence. The study also explores how socio-economic status and cultural context moderate the relationship between parental traits and entrepreneurial orientation. Data will be collected from 600 Latin American entrepreneurs via an online survey. This research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurial traits and the broader socio-cultural factors that contribute to entrepreneurial success in diverse contexts. Findings from this study will offer valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and business leaders on fostering entrepreneurship across Latin America, providing practical applications for shaping entrepreneurial behavior through family influences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneurial%20orientation" title="entrepreneurial orientation">entrepreneurial orientation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parental%20influence" title=" parental influence"> parental influence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20American%20entrepreneurs" title=" Latin American entrepreneurs"> Latin American entrepreneurs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-economic%20status" title=" socio-economic status"> socio-economic status</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20context" title=" cultural context"> cultural context</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192155/from-parents-to-pioneers-examining-parental-impact-on-entrepreneurial-traits-in-latin-america" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192155.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">18</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">260</span> Technology, Music Education, and Social-Emotional Learning in Latin America</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinan%20Laurentia%20Woo">Jinan Laurentia Woo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper explores the intersection of technology, music education, and social-emotional learning (SEL) with a focus on Latin America. It delves into the impact of music education on social-emotional skills development, highlighting the universal significance of music across various life stages. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in music education is discussed, emphasizing its potential to enhance learning experiences. The paper also examines the implementation of SEL strategies in Latin American public schools, emphasizing the importance of fostering social-emotional well-being in educational settings. Challenges such as unequal access to technology and education in the region are addressed, calling for further research and investment in tech-assisted music education. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=music%20education" title="music education">music education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20emotional%20learning" title=" social emotional learning"> social emotional learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20technology" title=" educational technology"> educational technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America" title=" Latin America"> Latin America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence" title=" artificial intelligence"> artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=music" title=" music"> music</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183500/technology-music-education-and-social-emotional-learning-in-latin-america" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183500.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">58</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">259</span> The Role of Human Capital in the Evolution of Inequality and Economic Growth in Latin-America</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luis%20Felipe%20Brito-Gaona">Luis Felipe Brito-Gaona</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emma%20M.%20Iglesias"> Emma M. Iglesias</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There is a growing literature that studies the main determinants and drivers of inequality and economic growth in several countries, using panel data and different estimation methods (fixed effects, Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) and Two Stages Least Squares (TSLS)). Recently, it was studied the evolution of these variables in the period 1980-2009 in the 18 countries of Latin-America and it was found that one of the main variables that explained their evolution was Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). We extend this study to the year 2015 in the same 18 countries in Latin-America, and we find that FDI does not have a significant role anymore, while we find a significant negative and positive effect of schooling levels on inequality and economic growth respectively. We also find that the point estimates associated with human capital are the largest ones of the variables included in the analysis, and this means that an increase in human capital (measured by schooling levels of secondary education) is the main determinant that can help to reduce inequality and to increase economic growth in Latin-America. Therefore, we advise that economic policies in Latin-America should be directed towards increasing the level of education. We use the methodologies of estimating by fixed effects, GMM and TSLS to check the robustness of our results. Our conclusion is the same regardless of the estimation method we choose. We also find that the international recession in the Latin-American countries in 2008 reduced significantly their economic growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title="economic growth">economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20capital" title=" human capital"> human capital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inequality" title=" inequality"> inequality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin-America" title=" Latin-America"> Latin-America</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77403/the-role-of-human-capital-in-the-evolution-of-inequality-and-economic-growth-in-latin-america" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77403.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">226</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">258</span> Alphabet Recognition Using Pixel Probability Distribution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vaidehi%20Murarka">Vaidehi Murarka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sneha%20Mehta"> Sneha Mehta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dishant%20Upadhyay"> Dishant Upadhyay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Our project topic is “Alphabet Recognition using pixel probability distribution”. The project uses techniques of Image Processing and Machine Learning in Computer Vision. Alphabet recognition is the mechanical or electronic translation of scanned images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine-encoded text. It is widely used to convert books and documents into electronic files etc. Alphabet Recognition based OCR application is sometimes used in signature recognition which is used in bank and other high security buildings. One of the popular mobile applications includes reading a visiting card and directly storing it to the contacts. OCR's are known to be used in radar systems for reading speeders license plates and lots of other things. The implementation of our project has been done using Visual Studio and Open CV (Open Source Computer Vision). Our algorithm is based on Neural Networks (machine learning). The project was implemented in three modules: (1) Training: This module aims “Database Generation”. Database was generated using two methods: (a) Run-time generation included database generation at compilation time using inbuilt fonts of OpenCV library. Human intervention is not necessary for generating this database. (b) Contour–detection: ‘jpeg’ template containing different fonts of an alphabet is converted to the weighted matrix using specialized functions (contour detection and blob detection) of OpenCV. The main advantage of this type of database generation is that the algorithm becomes self-learning and the final database requires little memory to be stored (119kb precisely). (2) Preprocessing: Input image is pre-processed using image processing concepts such as adaptive thresholding, binarizing, dilating etc. and is made ready for segmentation. “Segmentation” includes extraction of lines, words, and letters from the processed text image. (3) Testing and prediction: The extracted letters are classified and predicted using the neural networks algorithm. The algorithm recognizes an alphabet based on certain mathematical parameters calculated using the database and weight matrix of the segmented image. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contour-detection" title="contour-detection">contour-detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20networks" title=" neural networks"> neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-processing" title=" pre-processing"> pre-processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recognition%20coefficient" title=" recognition coefficient"> recognition coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=runtime-template%20generation" title=" runtime-template generation"> runtime-template generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=segmentation" title=" segmentation"> segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weight%20matrix" title=" weight matrix "> weight matrix </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12115/alphabet-recognition-using-pixel-probability-distribution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12115.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">257</span> The Libyc Writing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Ait%20Ali%20Yahia">S. Ait Ali Yahia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the main features of the Maghreb is its linguistic richness. The multilingualism is a fact which always marked the Maghreb since the beginning of the history up to know. Since the arrival of the Phoenicians, followed by the Carthaginians, Romans, and Arabs, etc, there was a social group in the Maghreb which controlled two kinds of idioms. The libyc one remained, despite everything, the local language used by the major part of the population. This language had a support of written transmission attested by many inscriptions. Among all the forms of the Maghreb writing, this alphabet, however, continues to cause a certain number of questions about the origin and the date of its appearance. The archaeological, linguistic and historical data remain insufficient to answer these questions. This did not prevent the researchers from giving an opinion. In order to answer these questions we will expose here the various assumptions adopted by various authors who are founded on more or less explicit arguments. We will also speak about the various forms taken by the libyc writing during antiquity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20alphabet%20libyc" title="the alphabet libyc">the alphabet libyc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eastern%20libyc" title=" Eastern libyc"> Eastern libyc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Western%20libyc" title=" Western libyc"> Western libyc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilingualism" title=" multilingualism"> multilingualism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6391/the-libyc-writing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6391.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">256</span> Ancient Latin Language and Haiku Poetry: A Case Study between Teaching and Translation Studies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arianna%20Sacerdoti">Arianna Sacerdoti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The translation of Haiku Poetry into Latin is fundamentally experimental in nature. One of the first seminal books containing such translations, alongside translations into different modern languages, 'A Piedi Scalzi', was written by Tartamella in 2016. The results of a text-oriented study of this book will be commented upon and analyzed. The author Arianna Sacerdoti made similar translations with high school student. Such an experiment garners interest across a diverse range of disciplines such as teaching, translation studies, and classics reception studies. The methodology employed is text-oriented as the Haiku poem translations will be commented on by considering their relationship with the original. The results of this investigation, conducted within the field of experimental teaching, are expected to confirm the usefulness of this approach to the teaching of Latin and its potential to actively involve students in identifying the diachronic differences between the world of classical antiquity and the contemporary one. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ancient%20latin" title="ancient latin">ancient latin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haiku" title=" Haiku"> Haiku</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation%20studies" title=" translation studies"> translation studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reception%20of%20classics" title=" reception of classics"> reception of classics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110407/ancient-latin-language-and-haiku-poetry-a-case-study-between-teaching-and-translation-studies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110407.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">255</span> Social Work Advocacy Regarding Equitable Hiring Of Latinos</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roberto%20Lorenzo">Roberto Lorenzo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Much has been said about the dynamics of the Latin American experience in the United States, however, there seems to be very little data regarding the perception of career identity. Although we do have some Latinos within the professional ranks, there is not nearly enough to claim that we have practiced enough cultural competence to create equity in the professional sphere in the United States. In this thesis, data will be provided regarding labor force statistics highlighting the industries that Latin Americans frequent. Also provided will be the citing of data that suggests further necessity of cultural competence within the professional realm regarding Latin Americans. In addition, methods that were spoken about over the course of our social work education will be discussed in order to connect to possible solutions to this issue. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hiring" title="hiring">hiring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latinos" title=" Latinos"> Latinos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=professional%20equity" title=" professional equity"> professional equity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20competence" title=" cultural competence"> cultural competence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192437/social-work-advocacy-regarding-equitable-hiring-of-latinos" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192437.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">19</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">254</span> The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Higher Education in Latin America</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luis%20Rodrigo%20Valencia%20Perez">Luis Rodrigo Valencia Perez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francisco%20Flores%20Aguero"> Francisco Flores Aguero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gibran%20Aguilar%20Rangel"> Gibran Aguilar Rangel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming diverse sectors, and higher education in Latin America is no exception. This article explores the impact of AI on higher education institutions in the region, highlighting the imperative need for well-trained teachers in emerging technologies and a cultural shift towards the adoption and efficient use of these tools. AI offers significant opportunities to improve learning personalization, optimize administrative processes, and promote more inclusive and accessible education. However, the effectiveness of its implementation depends largely on the preparation and willingness of teachers to integrate these technologies into their pedagogical practices. Furthermore, it is essential that Latin American countries develop and implement public policies that encourage the adoption of AI in the education sector, thus ensuring that institutions can compete globally. Policies should focus on the continuous training of educators, investment in technological infrastructure, and the creation of regulatory frameworks that promote innovation and the ethical use of AI. Only through a comprehensive and collaborative approach will it be possible to fully harness the potential of AI to transform higher education in Latin America, thereby boosting the region's development and competitiveness on the global stage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence%20%28AI%29" title="artificial intelligence (AI)">artificial intelligence (AI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=higher%20education" title=" higher education"> higher education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teacher%20training" title=" teacher training"> teacher training</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20policies" title=" public policies"> public policies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=latin%20america" title=" latin america"> latin america</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20competitiveness" title=" global competitiveness"> global competitiveness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189184/the-impact-of-artificial-intelligence-on-higher-education-in-latin-america" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189184.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">28</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">253</span> The South Looking East: The New Geopolitics of Latin America</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heike%20Pintor%20Pirzkall">Heike Pintor Pirzkall</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The positive economic evolution of many countries in the Latin American Continent, mainly in South America, has changed the geopolitical position of the region in the world. It is no longer the Hinterland or backyard of the United States, now it has become the Heartland for Europe and Asia. This position has favored the interest of countries like China or India, who are combining trade agreements with special assistance and aid agreements in many fields like agriculture, alternative energy resources, defense and mining. As many countries in the region are no longer low income countries, a more equal relationship in development aid has been created were the donor and the recipient have become partners and where new actors intervene in a triangular relationship that promotes new alternative aid structures. Triangular co-operation brings together the best of different actors who are providers of development co-operation, partners in SouthSouth co-operation and international organizations. The objective is to share knowledge and implement projects that support the common goal of reducing poverty and promoting development. The intention of this paper is to explain the reasons for Latin America´s “virage” to the east and to give examples of projects and agreements between Latin American countries, China and India which will help to understand the intensification of south-east relations in recent years. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development%20cooperation" title="development cooperation">development cooperation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=China" title=" China"> China</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America" title=" Latin America"> Latin America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=triangular%20cooperation" title=" triangular cooperation"> triangular cooperation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20resources" title=" natural resources"> natural resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partnership" title=" partnership"> partnership</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2658/the-south-looking-east-the-new-geopolitics-of-latin-america" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2658.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">383</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">252</span> Perception and Control in the Age of Surrealism: A Critical History and a Survey of Pita Amor’s Poetic Ontology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oliver%20Arana">Oliver Arana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Within the common vein of social understanding, surrealism is often understood to rely on disconcerting images and fragmented collage, both in its visual representation and literary manifestations. By tracing the history and literature of surrealism, the author makes the argument that there were certain factions within Latin America that employed characteristics of surrealism in order to reach some sense of understanding, and not to further complicate or disorient -an aim that most closely aligns to Freudian psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis should, however, be a comparable practice only to understand how Latin American surrealism had more of a concrete goal than its European counterpart. The primary subject of the paper is the Mexican poet, Pita Amor, who has retroactively been associated with the movement; and therefore, it should be duly noted that the adjective, surrealism, only applies to her as something that describes traits within the literary lexicon. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pita%20Amor" title=" Pita Amor"> Pita Amor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poetry" title=" poetry"> poetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surrealism" title=" surrealism"> surrealism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115330/perception-and-control-in-the-age-of-surrealism-a-critical-history-and-a-survey-of-pita-amors-poetic-ontology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115330.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">251</span> The Transnationalization of Anti-Corruption Compliance Programs in Latin America</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hitalo%20Silva">Hitalo Silva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The most famous corruption scandals in the past four years were taken in Latin America, especially in Brazil, but besides the stain that these countries suffered in an international field, there was a huge effort to create or modernize its national anti-corruption laws. Also, the countries are implementing new standards for investigations and corporate compliance programs, in order to combat corruption and prevent the money laundering. But here is the following question: is here an invisible uniformization/transnationalization of the anti-corruption systems in Latin America? This new scenario reflects the impacts of the corruption investigations conducted in Latin America countries, such as Car Wash Operation in Brazil, Pretelt Case in Colombia, Gasoducto Sur Peruano case and the Mr. Alex Kouri’s case both in Peru. Legal and institutional pro-transparency reforms were made recently, the companies are trying to implement new standards of conduct and investing in their compliance department. In this sense, there is a huge homogeneity in Latin America concerning the structuring of corporate compliance programs, a truly transnationalization not only of laws but also corporate standards among these countries. Although legislative initiatives vary among the countries, there is a tendency to impose rigid liability standards for the companies being investigated for corruption, not only the personal punishments of their executives, which demonstrate the power of authorities to strength the investigative tools. Also, instruments such as leniency agreements and plea bargain are essential to put a central role in enforcement activities in Latin America. In other words, in a region where six former Presidents were convicted for acts of corruption, and, companies such as Odebrecht that is accused of offering bribes to politicians from Argentina to México, passing through Ecuador, Colombia, Guatemala and Panama, this demonstrates the necessity to increase strength of their legal framework in a sense that unify transnational goals. All things considered, this paper will show how anti-corruption regulators are cooperating in Latin America jurisdictions in order to unify their laws and how the private sector is dealing with this new scenario of corporate culture change. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compliance" title="compliance">compliance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corruption" title=" corruption"> corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investigations" title=" investigations"> investigations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America" title=" Latin America"> Latin America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transnational" title=" transnational"> transnational</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121791/the-transnationalization-of-anti-corruption-compliance-programs-in-latin-america" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121791.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">250</span> Analysis of the Brazilian Trade Balance in Relation to Mercosur: A Comparison between the Period 1989-1994 and 1994-2012</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luciana%20Aparecida%20Bastos">Luciana Aparecida Bastos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tatiana%20Diair%20L.%20F.%20Rosa"> Tatiana Diair L. F. Rosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jesus%20Creapldi"> Jesus Creapldi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The idea of Latin American integration occurred from the ideals of Simón Bolívar that, in 1824, called the Ibero-American nations to Amphictyonic Congress of Panama, on June 22, 1826, where he would defend the importance of Latin American unity. However, this congress was frustrating and the idea of Bolívar went no further. It was only after the European Union to start the process, driven by the end of World War II that the subject returned to emerge in Latin America. Thus, in 1960, supported by the European integration process, started in 1957 with the excellent result of the ECSC - European Coal and Steel Community, a result of the Customs Union of the BENELUX (integration between Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg) in 1948, was created in Latin America, LAFTA - Latin American Free Trade Association, in 1960. In 1980, LAFTA was replaced by LAAI- Latin American Association, both with the same goal: to integrate Latin America, it´s economy and its trade. Most researchers in this period agree that the regional market would be expanded through the integration. The creation of one or more economic blocs in the region would provide the union of Latin American countries through a fusion of common interests and by their geographical proximity, which would try to develop common projects to promote mutual growth and economic development, tariff reductions, promotion of increased trade between, among many other goals set together. Thus, taking into account Mercosur, the main Latin-American block, created in 1994, the aim of this paper is to make a brief analysis of the trade balance performance of Brazil (larger economy of the block) in Mercosur in the periods: 1989-1994 and 1994-2012. The choice of this period was because the objective is to compare the period before and after the integration of Brazil in Mercosur. The methodologies used were the literature review and descriptive statistics. The results showed that after the integration of Brazil in Mercosur, the exports and imports grew within the bloc and the country turned out to become the leading importer of other economies of Mercosur after integration, that is, Brazil, after integration to Mercosur, was largely responsible for promoting the expansion of regional trade through the import of products from other members of the block. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mercosur" title=" mercosur"> mercosur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integration" title=" integration"> integration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trade%20balance" title=" trade balance"> trade balance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparison" title="comparison">comparison</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31779/analysis-of-the-brazilian-trade-balance-in-relation-to-mercosur-a-comparison-between-the-period-1989-1994-and-1994-2012" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31779.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">249</span> Variants of Mathematical Induction as Strong Proof Techniques in Theory of Computing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Tarek">Ahmed Tarek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Alveed"> Ahmed Alveed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the theory of computing, there are a wide variety of direct and indirect proof techniques. However, mathematical induction (MI) stands out to be one of the most powerful proof techniques for proving hypotheses, theorems, and new results. There are variations of mathematical induction-based proof techniques, which are broadly classified into three categories, such as structural induction (SI), weak induction (WI), and strong induction (SI). In this expository paper, several different variants of the mathematical induction techniques are explored, and the specific scenarios are discussed where a specific induction technique stands out to be more advantageous as compared to other induction strategies. Also, the essential difference among the variants of mathematical induction are explored. The points of separation among mathematical induction, recursion, and logical deduction are precisely analyzed, and the relationship among variations of recurrence relations, and mathematical induction are being explored. In this context, the application of recurrence relations, and mathematical inductions are considered together in a single framework for codewords over a given alphabet. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alphabet" title="alphabet">alphabet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=codeword" title=" codeword"> codeword</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deduction" title=" deduction"> deduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematical" title=" mathematical"> mathematical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=induction" title=" induction"> induction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recurrence%20relation" title=" recurrence relation"> recurrence relation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strong%20induction" title=" strong induction"> strong induction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20induction" title=" structural induction"> structural induction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weak%20induction" title=" weak induction"> weak induction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116467/variants-of-mathematical-induction-as-strong-proof-techniques-in-theory-of-computing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116467.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">248</span> Development and Acceptance of a Proposed Module for Enhancing the Reading and Writing Skills in Baybayin: The Traditional Writing System in the Philippines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Venus%20G.%20Solares">Maria Venus G. Solares</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ancient Filipinos had their own spelling or alphabet that differed from the modern Roman alphabet brought by the Spaniards. It consists of seventeen letters, three vowels, and fourteen consonants and is called Baybayin. The word Baybayin is a Tagalog word that refers to all the letters used in writing a language, an alphabet; however, it is also a syllable. The House Bill 4395, first proposed by Rep. Leopoldo Bataoil of the second district of Pangasinan in 2011, which later became House Bill 1022 of what he called The Declaration of the Baybayin as the National Writing System of the Philippines, prompted the researcher to conduct a study on the topic. The main objective of this study was to develop and assess the proposed module for enhancing the reading and writing skills in Baybayin of the students. The researchers wanted to ensure the acceptability of the Baybayin using the proposed module and meet the needs of students in developing their ability to read and write Baybayin through the module. The researchers used quasi-experimental research in this study. The data was collected through the initial and final analysis of the students of Adamson University's ABM 1102 using convenient sampling techniques. Based on statistical analysis of data using weighted mean, standard deviation, and paired t-tests, the proposed module helped improve the students' literacy skills, and the response exercises in the proposed module changed the acceptability of the Baybayin in their minds. The study showed that there was an important difference in the scores of students before and after the use of the module. The student's response to the assessment of their reading and writing skills on Baybayin was highly acceptable. This study will help develop the reading and writing skills of the students in Baybayin and teach Baybayin in response to the revival of a part of Philippine culture that has been long forgotten. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proposed%20module" title=" proposed module"> proposed module</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=skill" title=" skill"> skill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acceptability" title=" acceptability"> acceptability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175711/development-and-acceptance-of-a-proposed-module-for-enhancing-the-reading-and-writing-skills-in-baybayin-the-traditional-writing-system-in-the-philippines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175711.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">247</span> Musical Notation Reading versus Alphabet Reading-Comparison and Implications for Teaching Music Reading to Students with Dyslexia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ora%20Geiger">Ora Geiger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reading is a cognitive process of deciphering visual signs to produce meaning. During the reading process, written information of symbols and signs is received in the person’s eye and processed in the brain. This definition is relevant to both the reading of letters and the reading of musical notation. But while the letters of the alphabet are signs determined arbitrarily, notes are recorded systematically on a staff, with the location of each note on the staff indicating its relative pitch. In this paper, the researcher specifies the characteristics of alphabet reading in comparison to musical notation reading, and discusses the question whether a person diagnosed with dyslexia will necessarily have difficulty in reading musical notes. Dyslexia is a learning disorder that makes it difficult to acquire alphabet-reading skills due to difficulties expressed in the identification of letters, spelling, and other language deciphering skills. In order to read, one must be able to connect a symbol with a sound and to join the sounds into words. A person who has dyslexia finds it difficult to translate a graphic symbol into the sound that it represents. When teaching reading to children diagnosed with dyslexia, the multi-sensory approach, supporting the activation and involvement of most of the senses in the learning process, has been found to be particularly effective. According to this approach, when most senses participate in the reading learning process, it becomes more effective. During years of experience, the researcher, who is a music specialist, has been following the music reading learning process of elementary school age students, some of them diagnosed with Dyslexia, while studying to play soprano (descant) recorder. She argues that learning music reading while studying to play a musical instrument is a multi-sensory experience by its nature. The senses involved are: sight, hearing, touch, and the kinesthetic sense (motion), which provides the brain with information on the relative positions of the body. In this way, the learner experiences simultaneously visual, auditory, tactile, and kinesthetic impressions. The researcher concludes that there should be no contra-indication for teaching standard music reading to children with dyslexia if an appropriate process is offered. This conclusion is based on two main characteristics of music reading: (1) musical notation system is a systematic, logical, relative set of symbols written on a staff; and (2) music reading learning connected with playing a musical instrument is by its nature a multi-sensory activity since it combines sight, hearing, touch, and movement. This paper describes music reading teaching procedures and provides unique teaching methods that have been found to be effective for students who were diagnosed with Dyslexia. It provides theoretical explanations in addition to guidelines for music education practices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alphabet%20reading" title="alphabet reading">alphabet reading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dyslexia" title=" dyslexia"> dyslexia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multisensory%20teaching%20method" title=" multisensory teaching method"> multisensory teaching method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=music%20reading" title=" music reading"> music reading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recorder%20playing" title=" recorder playing"> recorder playing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32691/musical-notation-reading-versus-alphabet-reading-comparison-and-implications-for-teaching-music-reading-to-students-with-dyslexia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32691.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">246</span> Preferred Character Size for Oblique Angles </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Photjanat%20Phimnom">Photjanat Phimnom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haruetai%20Lohasiriwat"> Haruetai Lohasiriwat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In today’s world, the LED display has been used for presenting visual information under various circumstances. Such information is an important intermediary in the human information processing. Researchers have been investigated diverse factors that influence this process effectiveness. The letter size is undoubtedly one major factor that has been tested and recommended by many standards and guidelines. However, viewing information on the display from direct perpendicular position is a typical assumption whereas many actual events are required viewing from the angles. This current research aims to study the effect of oblique viewing angle and viewing distance on ability to recognize alphabet, number, and English word. The total of ten participants was volunteered to our 3 x 4 x 4 within subject study. Independent variables include three distance levels (2, 6, and 12 m), four oblique angle (0, 45, 60, 75 degree), and four target types (alphabet, number, short words, and long words). Following the method of constant stimuli we found that the larger oblique angle, ranging from 0 to 75 degree from the line of sight, results in significant higher legibility threshold or larger font size required (p-value < 0.05). Viewing distance factor also shows to have significant effect on the threshold (p-value < 0.05). However, the effect from distance factor is expected to be confounded by the quality of the screen we used in our experiment. Lastly, our results show that single alphabet as well as single number are recognized at significant lower threshold (smaller font size) as compared to both short and long words (p-value < 0.05). Therefore, it is recommended that when designs information to be presented on LED display, understanding of all possible ranges of oblique angle should be taken into account in order to specify the preferred letter size. Additionally, the recommendation of letter size for 100 % readability in our tested conditions is provided in the paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=letter%20size" title="letter size">letter size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oblique%20angle" title=" oblique angle"> oblique angle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viewing%20distance" title=" viewing distance"> viewing distance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legibility%20threshold" title=" legibility threshold"> legibility threshold</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18450/preferred-character-size-for-oblique-angles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18450.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">245</span> Corporate Social Responsibility a Comparison between European and Latin American Companies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eva%20Wagner">Eva Wagner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lucely%20Vargas"> Lucely Vargas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) plays an important role in (large-scale) enterprises’ business strategy in developed and emerging countries. This article approaches CSR in international comparison by examining the CSR reporting of 116 leading companies in Austria, Germany, Colombia and Chile from 2006 to 2010. We have used an independently developed scoring model which analyzes reported CSR-activities using seven dimensions to efficiently assess CSR. The study reveals that there are significant differences in CSR-commitment among countries and regions: German companies, as expected, lead most of the investigated CSR dimensions revealing stronger commitment to CSR than their Austrian, Colombian and Chilean counterparts. Even if Latin American companies lag behind their European counterparts, they exhibit high CSR-performance in the social dimension: corporate giving and philanthropic activities are firmly anchored in the tradition of Latin American companies. This indicates that particular CSR-emphases reflect the political and social circumstances of each individual country. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20social%20responsibility" title="corporate social responsibility">corporate social responsibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20social%20performance" title=" corporate social performance"> corporate social performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20comparison" title=" international comparison"> international comparison</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27248/corporate-social-responsibility-a-comparison-between-european-and-latin-american-companies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27248.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">316</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">244</span> Innovation Trends in Latin America Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Rodr%C3%ADguez">José Carlos Rodríguez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mario%20G%C3%B3mez"> Mario Gómez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper analyses innovation trends in Latin America countries by means of the number of patent applications filed by residents and non-residents during the period 1965 to 2012. Making use of patent data released by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), we search for the presence of multiple structural changes in patent application series in Argentina, Brazil Chile, and Mexico. These changes may suggest that firms’ innovative activity has been modified as a result of implementing a particular science, technology and innovation (STI) policy. Accordingly, the new regulations implemented in these countries during 1980s and 1990s have influenced their intellectual property regimes. The question conducting this research is thus how STI policies in these countries have affected their innovation activity? The results achieved in this research confirm the existence of multiple structural changes in the series of patent applications resulting from STI policies implemented in these countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=econometric%20methods" title="econometric methods">econometric methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovation%20activity" title=" innovation activity"> innovation activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America%20countries" title=" Latin America countries"> Latin America countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patents" title=" patents"> patents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=science" title=" science"> science</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technology%20and%20innovation%20policy" title=" technology and innovation policy"> technology and innovation policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6035/innovation-trends-in-latin-america-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6035.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">283</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">243</span> Historical Memory and Social Representation of Violence in Latin American Cinema: A Cultural Criminology Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maylen%20Villamanan%20Alba">Maylen Villamanan Alba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Latin America is marked by its history: conquest, colonialism, and slavery left deep footprints in most Latin American countries. Also, the past century has been affected by wars, military dictatorships, and political violence, which profoundly influenced Latin American popular culture. Consequently, reminiscences of historical crimes are frequently present in daily life, media, public opinion, and arts. This legacy is remembered in novels, paintings, songs, and films. In fact, Latin American cinema has a trend which refers to the verisimilitude with reality in fiction films. These films about historical violence are narrated as fictional characters, but their stories are based on real historical contexts. Therefore, cultural criminology has considered films as a significant field to understand social representations of violence related to historical crimes. The aim of the present contribution is to analyze the legacy of past and historical memory in social representations of violence in Latin American cinema as a critical approach to historical crimes. This qualitative research is based on content analysis. The sample is seven multi-award winning films of the International Festival of New Latin American Cinema of Havana. The films selected are Kamchatka, Argentina (2002); Carandiru, Brazil (2003); Enlightened by fire, Argentina (2005); Post-mortem, Chile (2010); No, Chile (2012) Wakolda; Argentina (2013) and The Clan, Argentina (2015). Cultural criminology highlights that cinema shapes meanings of social practices such as historical crimes. Critical criminology offers a critical theory framework to interpret Latin American cinema. This analysis reveals historical conditions deeply associated with power relationships, policy, and inequality issues. As indicated by this theory, violence is characterized as a structural process based on social asymmetries. These social asymmetries are crossed by social scopes, including institutional and personal dimensions. Thus, institutions of the states are depicted through personal stories of characters involved with human conflicts. Intimacy and social background are linked in the personages who simultaneously perform roles such as soldiers, policemen, professionals or inmates and they are at the same time depict as human beings with family, gender, racial, ideological or generational issues. Social representations of violence related to past legacy are a portrait of historical crimes perpetrated against Latin American citizens. Thereby, they have contributed to political positions, social behaviors, and public opinion. The legacy of these historical crimes suggests a path that should never be taken again. It means past legacy is a reminder, a warning, and a historic lesson for Latin American people. Social representations of violence are permeated by historical memory as denunciation under a critical approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20American%20cinema" title="Latin American cinema">Latin American cinema</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=historical%20memory" title=" historical memory"> historical memory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20representation" title=" social representation"> social representation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violence" title=" violence"> violence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110323/historical-memory-and-social-representation-of-violence-in-latin-american-cinema-a-cultural-criminology-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110323.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">242</span> Cartel's Little Helpers: A Comparative Study of the Case Law Regarding the Facilitators of Collusion in Latin America Competition Law and Policy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andres%20Calderon">Andres Calderon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to avoid detection and punishment, cartels have recruited the help of third parties to organize, execute and disguise the anticompetitive practices cartel members have agreed upon. These third parties may take the form of consultancy firms, guilds or professional advisors that do not perform an economic activity in the market where the collusion takes place. This paper takes a look into how national competition authorities and national legislators have dealt with the emergence of the cartels’ facilitators in Latin America. Following the practice of other jurisdictions such as United States (Toys R' Us, Apple), European Union (AC Treuhand), United Kingdom (Replica Kits, Hasbro) and Spain (Urban, Snap-On), some countries (e.g. Argentina, Chile) in Latin America have started to conduct investigations and find antitrust liability in cartels’ facilitators for helping others to violate their national competition laws. Some countries (e.g. Peru and Colombia) have also amended their legislation to amplify the subjective scope of application in order to include cartels’ facilitators. The Latin American case is one of special relevance because public officials are often prone to promote or indulge agreements between competitors in sectors of political interest. A broad definition of cartels’ facilitator, consequently, could lead to the prosecution of punishment of public officials that may hinder the competitive process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anticompetitive%20practices" title="anticompetitive practices">anticompetitive practices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cartel" title=" cartel"> cartel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collusion" title=" collusion"> collusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competition" title=" competition"> competition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=facilitator" title=" facilitator"> facilitator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hub%20and%20spoke" title=" hub and spoke"> hub and spoke</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105072/cartels-little-helpers-a-comparative-study-of-the-case-law-regarding-the-facilitators-of-collusion-in-latin-america-competition-law-and-policy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105072.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">241</span> Green Windows of Opportunity in Latin American Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fabianna%20Bacil">Fabianna Bacil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zenathan%20Hasannundin"> Zenathan Hasannundin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Clovis%20Freire"> Clovis Freire</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The green transition opens green windows of opportunity – temporary moments in which there are lower barriers and shorter learning periods for developing countries to enter emerging technologies and catch-up. However, taking advantage of these windows requires capabilities in national sectoral systems to adopt and develop technologies linked to green sectors as well as strong responses to build the required knowledge, skills, and infrastructure and foster the growth of targeted sectors. This paper uses UNCTAD’s frontier technology readiness index to analyse the current position of Latin America and the Caribbean to use, adopt, and adapt frontier technologies, examining the preconditions in the region to take up windows of opportunity that arise with the green transition. The index highlights the inequality across countries in the region, as well as gaps in capabilities dimensions, especially in terms of R&D. Moving to responses, it highlights industrial policies implemented to foster the growth of green technologies, emphasising the essential role played by the state to build and strengthen capabilities and provide infant industry protection that enables the growth of these sectors. Overall, while there are exceptions, especially in the Brazilian case, countries in Latin America and the Caribbean should focus on strengthening their capabilities to be better positioned, especially in terms of knowledge creation, infrastructure, and financing availability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Green%20technologies" title="Green technologies">Green technologies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Industrial%20policy" title=" Industrial policy"> Industrial policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America" title=" Latin America"> Latin America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=windows%20of%20opportunity" title=" windows of opportunity"> windows of opportunity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171739/green-windows-of-opportunity-in-latin-american-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171739.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">63</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">240</span> Effects of Corruption and Logistics Performance Inefficiencies on Container Throughput: The Latin America Case</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fernando%20Seabra">Fernando Seabra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giulia%20P.%20Flores"> Giulia P. Flores</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karolina%20C.%20Gomes"> Karolina C. Gomes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Trade liberalizations measures, as import tariff cuts, are not a sufficient trigger for trade growth. Given that price margins are narrow, traders and cargo operators tend to opt out of markets where the process of goods clearance is slow and costly. Excess paperwork and slow customs dispatch not only lead to institutional breakdowns and corruption but also to increasing transaction cost and trade constraints. The objective of this paper is, therefore, two-fold: First, to evaluate the relationship between institutional and infrastructural performance indexes and trade growth in container throughput; and, second, to investigate the causes for differences in container demurrage and detention fees in Latin American countries (using other emerging countries as benchmarking). The analysis is focused on manufactured goods, typically transported by containers. Institutional and infrastructure bottlenecks and, therefore, the country logistics efficiency – measured by the Logistics Performance Index (LPI, World Bank-WB) – are compared with other indexes, such as the Doing Business index (WB) and the Corruption Perception Index (Transparency International). The main results based on the comparison between Latin American countries and the others emerging countries point out in that the growth in containers trade is directly related to LPI performance. It has also been found that the main hypothesis is valid as aspects that more specifically identify trade facilitation and corruption are significant drivers of logistics performance. The exam of port efficiency (demurrage and detention fees) has demonstrated that not necessarily higher level of efficiency is related to lower charges; however, reductions in fees have been more significant within non-Latin American emerging countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corruption" title="corruption">corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=logistics%20performance%20index" title=" logistics performance index"> logistics performance index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=container%20throughput" title=" container throughput"> container throughput</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America" title=" Latin America"> Latin America</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55660/effects-of-corruption-and-logistics-performance-inefficiencies-on-container-throughput-the-latin-america-case" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55660.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">250</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">239</span> Unraveling the Phonosignological Foundations of Human Language and Semantic Analysis of Linguistic Elements in Cross-Cultural Contexts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmudjon%20Kuchkarov">Mahmudjon Kuchkarov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marufjon%20Kuchkarov"> Marufjon Kuchkarov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mukhayyo%20Sobirjanova"> Mukhayyo Sobirjanova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The origins of human language remain a profound scientific mystery, characterized by speculative theories often lacking empirical support. This study presents findings that may illuminate the genesis of human language, emphasizing its roots in natural, systematic, and repetitive sound patterns. Also, this paper presents the phonosignological and semantic analysis of linguistic elements across various languages and cultures. By utilizing the principles of the "Human Language" theory, we analyze the symbolic, phonetic, and semantic characteristics of elements such as "A", "L", "I", "F", and "四" (pronounced /si/ in Chinese and /shi/ in Japanese). Our findings reveal that natural sounds and their symbolic representations form the foundation of language, with significant implications for understanding religious and secular myths. This paper explores the intricate relationships between these elements and their cultural connotations, particularly focusing on the concept of "descent" in the context of the phonetic sequence "A, L, I, F," and the symbolic associations of the number four with death. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=empirical%20research" title="empirical research">empirical research</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20language" title=" human language"> human language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phonosignology" title=" phonosignology"> phonosignology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantics" title=" semantics"> semantics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sound%20patterns" title=" sound patterns"> sound patterns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=symbolism" title=" symbolism"> symbolism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=body%20shape" title=" body shape"> body shape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=body%20language" title=" body language"> body language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coding" title=" coding"> coding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20alphabet" title=" Latin alphabet"> Latin alphabet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=merging%20method" title=" merging method"> merging method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20sound" title=" natural sound"> natural sound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=origin%20of%20language" title=" origin of language"> origin of language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pairing" title=" pairing"> pairing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phonetics" title=" phonetics"> phonetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sound%20and%20shape%20production" title=" sound and shape production"> sound and shape production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20origin" title=" word origin"> word origin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20semantic" title=" word semantic"> word semantic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188357/unraveling-the-phonosignological-foundations-of-human-language-and-semantic-analysis-of-linguistic-elements-in-cross-cultural-contexts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188357.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">37</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">238</span> On the Interface of the Phonemes and the Orthography of KāNà</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akat%20Sordum%20Owen">Akat Sordum Owen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper focuses on the interface between the phonemes and the orthography of Kānà, an endangered language spoken in Khānà and Tàì Local Government Areas of Rivers State of Nigeria. Kānà is one of the four languages (others being Gòkānà, Bāān Ògóì and Ẹ́lẹ́mẹ́) of Ogonoid (i.e. Ogoni group of languages) located in the Cross River branch of Benue-Congo phylum. A good number of scholars, including Ikoro (1996) and Vobnu (2001) agree on the phonemes inventory of the language but differ on the choice of the letters of the orthography. Whereas many scholars on the language accept that the language is alphabetic and satisfactory with respect to the use of Latin (English) alphabetic orthography with emphasis on phoneme-grapheme relation, some other scholars tend to uphold that the complex consonants in the phonemic chart should be treated as a consonant cluster in the alphabet. This paper argues that consonant clusters occur at syntactic (and morphological) levels with regard to certain items in order to produce desired pronunciations and spellings. Each consonant in a cluster is identical and can be used with other letters to produce a different word. The data was obtained from scholarly writings on the language, by interviews and our intuition as a native speaker of the language. It is believed that this study will trigger further research into the orthography of Kānà and other tonal languages, such as Igbo and Yoruba having similar features in order to reanalyze the number of letters in the alphabets of those languages. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=KANA" title="KANA">KANA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phonemes" title=" phonemes"> phonemes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orthography" title=" orthography"> orthography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=letters" title=" letters"> letters</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192460/on-the-interface-of-the-phonemes-and-the-orthography-of-kana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192460.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">13</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">237</span> A Framework for Teaching Distributed Requirements Engineering in Latin American Universities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Sevilla">G. Sevilla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Zapata"> S. Zapata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Giraldo"> F. Giraldo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Torres"> E. Torres</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Collazos"> C. Collazos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work describes a framework for teaching of global software engineering (GSE) in university undergraduate programs. This framework proposes a method of teaching that incorporates adequate techniques of software requirements elicitation and validated tools of communication, critical aspects to global software development scenarios. The use of proposed framework allows teachers to simulate small software development companies formed by Latin American students, which build information systems. Students from three Latin American universities played the roles of engineers by applying an iterative development of a requirements specification in a global software project. The proposed framework involves the use of a specific purpose Wiki for asynchronous communication between the participants of the process. It is also a practice to improve the quality of software requirements that are formulated by the students. The additional motivation of students to participate in these practices, in conjunction with peers from other countries, is a significant additional factor that positively contributes to the learning process. The framework promotes skills for communication, negotiation, and other complementary competencies that are useful for working on GSE scenarios. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=requirements%20analysis" title="requirements analysis">requirements analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributed%20requirements%20engineering" title=" distributed requirements engineering"> distributed requirements engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=practical%20experiences" title=" practical experiences"> practical experiences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collaborative%20support" title=" collaborative support"> collaborative support</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97296/a-framework-for-teaching-distributed-requirements-engineering-in-latin-american-universities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97296.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">204</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20alphabet&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20alphabet&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20alphabet&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20alphabet&page=5">5</a></li> <li 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