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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_Victorian_eras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_Victorian_eras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Medieval and Victorian eras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_Victorian_eras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 20th century to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nature_versus_nurture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_versus_nurture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Nature versus nurture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_versus_nurture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_construction_of_masculinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_construction_of_masculinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Social construction of masculinity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_construction_of_masculinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gay_and_lesbian_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_and_lesbian_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Gay and lesbian people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gay_and_lesbian_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hegemonic_masculinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hegemonic_masculinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Hegemonic masculinity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegemonic_masculinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precarious_manhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precarious_manhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Precarious manhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precarious_manhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychological_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Psychological research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender-role_stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender-role_stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Gender-role stress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-role_stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masculinity_in_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masculinity_in_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Masculinity in crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masculinity_in_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asian_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asian_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 East Asian cultures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asian_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_African_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_African_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 East African cultures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_African_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Global_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Global_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In the Global South </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_Global_South-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In the Global South subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_Global_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Westernized_influence_in_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westernized_influence_in_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Westernized influence in the media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westernized_influence_in_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_portrayals_in_fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_portrayals_in_fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Visual portrayals in fashion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_portrayals_in_fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Effects on youth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatherhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatherhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Fatherhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatherhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efforts_toward_gender_equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efforts_toward_gender_equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Efforts toward gender equality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efforts_toward_gender_equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Contemporary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Historical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Masculinity</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" > 55 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="ذكورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذكورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="পুৰুষত্ব – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পুৰুষত্ব" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulanl%C4%B1q" title="Maskulanlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maskulanlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="পুরুষত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পুরুষত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m-ch%C3%BA-s%C3%A8ng" title="Lâm-chú-sèng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm-chú-sèng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinidad" title="Maskulinidad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Maskulinidad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Мъжество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мъжество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinitat" title="Masculinitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Masculinitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Арлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Арлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinita" title="Maskulinita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maskulinita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrywdod" title="Gwrywdod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrywdod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinitet" title="Maskulinitet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maskulinitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nnlichkeit" title="Männlichkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Männlichkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Αρρενωπότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρρενωπότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinidad" title="Masculinidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masculinidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinitate" title="Maskulinitate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maskulinitate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="نرینگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرینگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinit%C3%A9" title="Masculinité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Masculinité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manlikheid" title="Manlikheid – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Manlikheid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%84%B1%EC%84%B1" title="남성성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남성성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80" title="मर्दानगी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मर्दानगी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinitas" title="Maskulinitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maskulinitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascolinit%C3%A0" title="Mascolinità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mascolinità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="גבריות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גבריות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinitas" title="Maskulinitas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Maskulinitas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A8" title="ಗಂಡಸುತನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಂಡಸುತನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyri%C5%A1kumas" title="Vyriškumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vyriškumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%C3%A1li" title="Bobáli – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bobáli" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мажественост – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мажественост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="पुरुषत्व – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पुरुषत्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemaskulinan" title="Kemaskulinan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kemaskulinan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannelijkheid" title="Mannelijkheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mannelijkheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%83" title="मिजंपहः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मिजंपहः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E3%82%89%E3%81%97%E3%81%95" title="男らしさ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="男らしさ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinitet" title="Maskulinitet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maskulinitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8_(%D8%B3%DA%93%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8)" title="نرتوب (سړيتوب) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نرتوب (سړيتوب)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%99sko%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Męskość – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Męskość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinidade" title="Masculinidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Masculinidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinitate" title="Masculinitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Masculinitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Маскулинность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маскулинность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Masculinity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rag" title="Rag – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rag" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="پیاوەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیاوەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Маскулинитет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маскулинитет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskuliinisuus" title="Maskuliinisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maskuliinisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinitet" title="Maskulinitet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maskulinitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinidad" title="Maskulinidad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maskulinidad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li 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status</h2>This is an accepted version of this page</div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Masculinity">reviewed</a> on 24 November 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Attributes associated with men</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Manliness" and "Masculine" redirect here. For the book by Harvey Mansfield, see <a href="/wiki/Manliness_(book)" title="Manliness (book)">Manliness (book)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Masculine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Masculine (disambiguation)">Masculine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Statue_de_Mars_(Pyrrhus)_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_MC0058_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/0_Statue_de_Mars_%28Pyrrhus%29_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_MC0058_%282%29.JPG/220px-0_Statue_de_Mars_%28Pyrrhus%29_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_MC0058_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/0_Statue_de_Mars_%28Pyrrhus%29_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_MC0058_%282%29.JPG/330px-0_Statue_de_Mars_%28Pyrrhus%29_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_MC0058_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/0_Statue_de_Mars_%28Pyrrhus%29_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_MC0058_%282%29.JPG/440px-0_Statue_de_Mars_%28Pyrrhus%29_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_MC0058_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="3871" /></a><figcaption>In Roman mythology, <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> was the god of war, an activity associated with masculinity. His female counterpart was <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>.</figcaption></figure> Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behaviors</a>, and roles associated with <a href="/wiki/Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Men">men</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boy" title="Boy">boys</a>. Masculinity can be theoretically understood as <a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">socially constructed</a>,<a href="#cite_note-shehan-1">[1]</a> and there is also evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> factors and biological factors.<a href="#cite_note-shehan-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-MartinFinn-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lippa-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wharton-4">[4]</a> To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate.<a href="#cite_note-MartinFinn-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lippa-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wharton-4">[4]</a> It is <a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and gender distinction">distinct</a> from the definition of the <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">biological male sex</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ferrante-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO-6">[6]</a> as anyone can exhibit masculine traits.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Standards of masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods. In Western cultures, its meaning is traditionally drawn from being contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">femininity</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Hine_Power_house_mechanic_working_on_steam_pump.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lewis_Hine_Power_house_mechanic_working_on_steam_pump.jpg/220px-Lewis_Hine_Power_house_mechanic_working_on_steam_pump.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lewis_Hine_Power_house_mechanic_working_on_steam_pump.jpg/330px-Lewis_Hine_Power_house_mechanic_working_on_steam_pump.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lewis_Hine_Power_house_mechanic_working_on_steam_pump.jpg/440px-Lewis_Hine_Power_house_mechanic_working_on_steam_pump.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2155" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hine" title="Lewis Hine">Lewis Hine</a>'s photo of a power house mechanic working on a steam pump</figcaption></figure> Standards of manliness or masculinity vary across different cultures, subcultures, ethnic groups and historical periods.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Traits traditionally viewed as masculine in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western society</a> include <a href="/wiki/Physical_strength" title="Physical strength">strength</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">courage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-sustainability" title="Self-sustainability"> independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">assertiveness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vetterling-Braggin-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Worell-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-R._Murray_Thomas-12">[12]</a> When women's labor participation increased, there were men who felt less comfortable in their masculinity because it was increasingly difficult for them to reconfirm their status as the breadwinner.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The academic study of masculinity received increased attention during the late 1980s and early 1990s, with the number of courses on the subject in the United States rising from 30 to over 300.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> This has sparked investigation of the intersection of masculinity with concepts from other fields, such as the <a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Social construction of gender difference">social construction of gender difference</a><a href="#cite_note-Flood_2007_Viii-15">[15]</a> (prevalent in a number of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociological" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological">sociological</a> theories). People regardless of biological sex may exhibit masculine traits and behavior. Those exhibiting both masculine and <a href="/wiki/Feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine">feminine</a> characteristics are considered <a href="/wiki/Androgynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgynous">androgynous</a>, and feminist philosophers have argued that gender ambiguity may blur gender classification.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The concept of masculinity varies historically and culturally.<a href="#cite_note-Reeser-18">[18]</a>: 1–3  Since what constitutes masculinity has varied by time and place, according to <a href="/wiki/Raewyn_Connell" title="Raewyn Connell">Raewyn Connell</a>, it is more appropriate to discuss "masculinities" than a single overarching concept.<a href="#cite_note-Connell_2005-19">[19]</a>: 185  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity"> Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odysseus_sehnt_sich_nach_Ithaka_(Tischbein).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Odysseus leaning on a ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Odysseus_sehnt_sich_nach_Ithaka_%28Tischbein%29.jpg/220px-Odysseus_sehnt_sich_nach_Ithaka_%28Tischbein%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Odysseus_sehnt_sich_nach_Ithaka_%28Tischbein%29.jpg/330px-Odysseus_sehnt_sich_nach_Ithaka_%28Tischbein%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Odysseus_sehnt_sich_nach_Ithaka_%28Tischbein%29.jpg/440px-Odysseus_sehnt_sich_nach_Ithaka_%28Tischbein%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, hero of the Odyssey</figcaption></figure> Ancient literature dates back to about 3000 BC, with explicit expectations for men in the form of laws and implied masculine ideals in myths of gods and heroes. According to the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> (about 1750 BC): <ul><li>Rule 3: "If any one bring an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if it be a capital offense charged, be put to death."</li> <li>Rule 128: "If a man takes a woman to wife, but has no intercourse with her, this woman is no wife to him."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li></ul> In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> of 1000 BC, when King David of Israel drew near to death, he told his son Solomon: "I go the way of all the earth: be thou strong therefore, and shew thyself a man".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In his book <a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a> (98 AD), <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> stated that the men from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a> fought aggressively in battle to protect their women from capture by the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><blockquote>"It stands on record that armies already wavering and on the point of collapse have been rallied by the women, pleading heroically with their men, thrusting forward their bared bosoms, and making them realize the imminent prospect of enslavement - a fate which the Germans fear more desperately for their women than for themselves." -Tacitus (Germania)<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></blockquote>Tacitus presented the Germanic warrior <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> as a masculine hero in his account of ancient Germany whose already violent nature was further heightened by the abduction of his beloved wife <a href="/wiki/Thusnelda" title="Thusnelda">Thusnelda</a> by the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>. In his rage Arminius demanded war against the Roman empire.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_Victorian_eras">Medieval and Victorian eras</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval and Victorian eras">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beowulf_and_the_dragon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Beowulf, holding a sword, blocks a dragon's fire with his shield." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beowulf_and_the_dragon.jpg/220px-Beowulf_and_the_dragon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beowulf_and_the_dragon.jpg/330px-Beowulf_and_the_dragon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beowulf_and_the_dragon.jpg/440px-Beowulf_and_the_dragon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1327" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_(hero)" title="Beowulf (hero)">Beowulf</a> fighting the dragon</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Richards" title="Jeffrey Richards">Jeffrey Richards</a> describes a European "medieval masculinity which was essentially Christian and chivalric," which included concepts like courage, respect for women of all classes and generosity.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> According to David Rosen, the traditional view of scholars (such as <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>) that Beowulf is a tale of medieval <a href="/wiki/Heroism" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroism">heroism</a> overlooks the similarities between Beowulf and the monster Grendel. The masculinity exemplified by Beowulf "cut[s] men off from women, other men, passion and the household".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In Arab culture, <a href="/wiki/Hatim_al-Tai" title="Hatim al-Tai">Hatim al-Tai</a> is known to be a model of Arab manliness.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> It is said that he used to give away everything he possessed except for his mount and weapons.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> During the Victorian era, <a href="/wiki/Victorian_masculinity" title="Victorian masculinity">masculinity</a> underwent a transformation from traditional heroism. Scottish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> wrote in 1831: "The old ideal of Manhood has grown obsolete, and the new is still invisible to us, and we grope after it in darkness, one clutching this phantom, another that; <a href="/wiki/The_Sorrows_of_Young_Werther" title="The Sorrows of Young Werther">Werterism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="Byron">Byronism</a>, even <a href="/wiki/Beau_Brummell" title="Beau Brummell">Brummelism</a>, each has its day".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Boxing was professionalized in America and Europe in the 19th century; it emphasized the physical and confrontational aspects of masculinity.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Bare-knuckle boxing without gloves represented "the manly art" in 19th-century America.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_to_present"> 20th century to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century to present">edit</a>]</div> At the beginning of the 20th century, most families in the western world consisted of a father working outside the home as <a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">breadwinner</a> and a mother as working <a href="/wiki/Homemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Homemaker">homemaker</a> in the home, often working together to raise children and/or taking care of elderly family members.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The roles were often divided quite sharply between providing resources (considered masculine) and maintenance and redistribution of resources (considered feminine).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Despite women's increasing participation in the paid labor force and contributions to family income, men's identities remained centered on their working lives and specifically their economic contributions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] In 1963, social theorist <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a>'s seminal work on stigma management presented a list of traits prescribed as categorically masculine for American men:<blockquote>In an important sense there is only one complete unblushing male in America: a young, married, white, urban, northern, heterosexual Protestant father of college education, fully employed, of good complexion, weight and height, and a recent record in sports.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>:128</blockquote> Writing in 1974, R. Gould asserted that the provider role was central to adult men's identities, as masculinity is often measured by the size of a man's economic contribution to the family.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Masculinity is also associated with denying characteristics associated with women.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Overwhelmingly, the construction of masculinity most valued in the latter part of the 20th century and the early 21st century is one that is independent, sexually assertive, and athletic, among other normative markers of manhood.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Masculinity#Dubious" title="Talk:Masculinity">discuss</a>] There is some evidence of this construction developing slightly however. A 2008 study showed that men frequently rank good health, a harmonious family life and a good relationship with their spouse or partner as more important to their quality of life than physical attractiveness and success with women.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The advent of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> has been associated with the ability to form emotional and supportive relationships with others.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PalmercarpenterA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Carpenter in a hard hat using a hand drill outdoors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PalmercarpenterA.jpg/220px-PalmercarpenterA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PalmercarpenterA.jpg/330px-PalmercarpenterA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PalmercarpenterA.jpg/440px-PalmercarpenterA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An early <a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">color photograph</a> of a construction worker</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_versus_nurture">Nature versus nurture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nature versus nurture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></div> Scholars have debated the extent to which gender identity and <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">gender-specific behaviors</a> are due to socialization versus biological factors.<a href="#cite_note-Wharton-4">[4]</a>: 29 <a href="#cite_note-Wijngaard-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kalbfleisch_and_Cody-45">[45]</a> Social and biological influences are thought to be mutually interacting during development.<a href="#cite_note-Wharton-4">[4]</a>: 29 <a href="#cite_note-Lippa-3">[3]</a>: 218–225  Studies of <a href="/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia" title="Congenital adrenal hyperplasia">prenatal androgen exposure</a> have provided some evidence that femininity and masculinity are partly biologically determined.<a href="#cite_note-MartinFinn-2">[2]</a>: 8–9 <a href="#cite_note-Lippa-3">[3]</a>: 153–154  Other possible biological influences include <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormones">hormones</a> (both during development and in adulthood).<a href="#cite_note-Wharton-4">[4]</a>: 29–31 <a href="#cite_note-MartinFinn-2">[2]</a>: 7–13 <a href="#cite_note-Lippa-3">[3]</a>: 153–154  Scholars suggest that innate differences between the sexes are compounded or exaggerated by the influences of social factors.<a href="#cite_note-footnote.co-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-wharton-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-birke-48">[48]</a> However, others have pointed to the fact that personality differences between the sexes are seen to increase with increased levels of egalitarianism.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_construction_of_masculinity">Social construction of masculinity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social construction of masculinity">edit</a>]</div> Across cultures, characteristics of masculinity are similar in essence but varying in detail, another shared pattern is that non-typical behavior of one's sex or gender may be viewed as a social problem. In <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, this <a href="/wiki/Label_(sociology)" title="Label (sociology)">labeling</a> is known as <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender assumptions</a> and is part of <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialization</a> to meet the <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">mores</a> of a society. Non-standard behavior may be considered indicative of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, despite the fact that gender expression, <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> are widely accepted as distinct concepts.<a href="#cite_note-nacua-50">[50]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">where?</a>] When sexuality is defined in terms of object choice (as in early <a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">sexology</a> studies), male homosexuality may be interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">effeminacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chrysler-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a> is a form of masculinity that emphasizes power and is often associated with a disregard for consequences and responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-52">[52]</a> Some believe that masculinity is linked to the male body; in this view, masculinity is associated with <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">male genitalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reeser-18">[18]</a>: 3  Others have suggested that although masculinity may be influenced by biology, it is also a cultural construct.<a href="#cite_note-Reeser-18">[18]</a>: 3  Many aspects of masculinity assumed to be natural are linguistically and culturally driven.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Males were more likely to be depicted in a less humorous way in the evening as opposed to the daytime, whereas females were more likely to be rated in a less humorous way in the daytime as opposed to the evening.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Reeser argues that although the military has a vested interest in constructing and promoting a specific form of masculinity, it does not create it.<a href="#cite_note-Reeser-18">[18]</a>: 17–21  Facial hair is linked to masculinity through language, in stories about boys becoming men when they begin to shave.<a href="#cite_note-Reeser-18">[18]</a>: 30–31  Some social scientists conceptualize masculinity (and femininity) as a performance.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Masculinities-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Gender performances may not necessarily be intentional and people may not even be aware of the extent to which they are performing gender, as one outcome of lifelong gender socialization is the feeling that one's gender is "natural" or biologically-ordained. Masculine performance varies over the life course, but also from one context to another. For instance, the sports world may elicit more traditionally normative masculinities in participants than would other settings.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Men who exhibit a tough and aggressive masculinity on the sports field may display a softer masculinity in familial contexts. Masculinities vary by social class as well. Studies suggest working class constructions of masculinity to be more normative than are those from middle class men and boys.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> As these contexts and comparisons illustrate, theorists suggest a multiplicity of masculinities, not simply one single construction of masculinity.<a href="#cite_note-Masculinities-56">[56]</a> Historian Kate Cooper wrote: "Wherever a woman is mentioned a man's character is being judged – and along with it what he stands for."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Scholars cite <a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">integrity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a> as masculine values in male-male relationships.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gay_and_lesbian_people">Gay and lesbian people</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gay and lesbian people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effeminacy#Gay_men" title="Effeminacy">Effeminacy § Gay men</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay men</a> are considered by some to be "effeminate and deviate from the masculine norm" and are sometimes <a href="/wiki/Benevolent_prejudice" title="Benevolent prejudice">benevolently stereotyped</a> as "gentle and refined", even by other gay men. According to gay human-rights campaigner <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tatchell" title="Peter Tatchell">Peter Tatchell</a>: <blockquote>Contrary to the well-intentioned claim that gays are "just the same" as straights, there is a difference. What is more, the distinctive style of gay masculinity is of great social benefit. Wouldn't life be dull without the flair and imagination of <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a> fashion designers and interior decorators? How could the NHS cope with no gay nurses, or the education system with no gay teachers? Society should thank its lucky stars that not all men turn out straight, macho and insensitive. The different hetero and homo modes of maleness are not, of course, biologically fixed.<a href="#cite_note-Tatchell-63">[63]</a></blockquote> Psychologist Joseph Pleck argues that a hierarchy of masculinity exists largely as a <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomy</a> of homosexual and heterosexual males: "Our society uses the male heterosexual-homosexual dichotomy as a central symbol for all the rankings of masculinity, for the division on any grounds between males who are "real men" and have power, and males who are not".<a href="#cite_note-nomas.org-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kimmel" title="Michael Kimmel">Michael Kimmel</a> adds that the <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">trope</a> "You're so gay" indicates a lack of masculinity, rather than homosexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> According to Pleck, to avoid male oppression of women, themselves and other men, <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> structures, institutions and discourse must be eliminated from Western society. In the documentary The Butch Factor, gay men (one of them <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a>) were asked about their views of masculinity. Masculine traits were generally seen as an advantage in and out of the <a href="/wiki/Closeted" title="Closeted">closet</a>, allowing "butch" gay men to conceal their <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> longer while engaged in masculine activities such as sports. Some did not see themselves as effeminate, and felt little connection to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">gay culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ifbutscoconuts-66">[66]</a> Some effeminate gay men in The Butch Factor felt uncomfortable about their femininity (despite being comfortable with their sexuality),<a href="#cite_note-Feminine_Gay_Man_Strength-67">[67]</a> and feminine gay men may be derided by stereotypically-masculine gays.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Feminine-looking men tended to <a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">come out</a> earlier after being labeled gay by their peers. More likely to face bullying and harassment throughout their lives,<a href="#cite_note-ifbutscoconuts-66">[66]</a> they are taunted by derogatory words (such as "<a href="/wiki/Sissy" title="Sissy">sissy</a>") implying feminine qualities. Effeminate, "<a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">campy</a>" gay men sometimes use what John R. Ballew called "camp humor", such as referring to one another by <a href="/wiki/She_(pronoun)" title="She (pronoun)">female pronouns</a> (according to Ballew, "a funny way of defusing hate directed toward us [gay men]"); however, such humor "can cause us [gay men] to become confused in relation to how we feel about being men".<a href="#cite_note-Gay_men_and_masculinity-69">[69]</a> He further stated: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[Heterosexual] men are sometimes advised to get in touch with their "inner feminine." Maybe gay men need to get in touch with their "inner masculine" instead. Identifying those aspects of being a man we most value and then cultivate those parts of our selves can lead to a healthier and less distorted sense of our own masculinity.<a href="#cite_note-Gay_men_and_masculinity-69">[69]</a></blockquote> A study by the Center for Theoretical Study at <a href="/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles University in Prague">Charles University in Prague</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic">Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic</a> found significant differences in shape among the faces of 66 heterosexual and gay men, with gay men having more "stereotypically masculine" features ("undermin[ing] stereotypical notions of gay men as more feminine looking.")<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> However, other studies with larger sample sizes have found that homosexual men were seen as significantly more feminine and less masculine than those of heterosexual men <a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Furthermore, a 2017 study utilized neural networks to see whether artificial intelligence would be able to differentiate accurately between more than 35,000 images of gay and straight faces. The results showed that the "classifier could correctly distinguish between gay and heterosexual men in 81% of cases, and in 71% of cases for women." Supporting the idea that men's faces are perceived as more feminine, analysis suggests that gay men have more "gender-atypical facial morphology, expression and grooming styles".<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Gay men have been presented in the media as feminine and open to ridicule, although films such as <a href="/wiki/Brokeback_Mountain" title="Brokeback Mountain">Brokeback Mountain</a> are countering the stereotype.<a href="#cite_note-Gay_men_and_masculinity-69">[69]</a> A recent development is the portrayal of gay men in the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT community">LGBT community</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Bear_(gay_culture)" title="Bear (gay culture)">bears</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> of gay men celebrating rugged masculinity<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mazzei-74">[74]</a> and "secondary sexual characteristics of the male: <a href="/wiki/Facial_hair" title="Facial hair">facial hair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androgenic_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenic hair">body hair</a>, proportional size, <a href="/wiki/Hair_loss" title="Hair loss">baldness</a>".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talk_about_post-heroic_masculinities_with_Andreas_Plackinger,_Ulrich_Br%C3%B6ckling,_Rebecca_Heinrich_and_Thomas_Liu_Le_Lann_at_E-Werk_Freiburg,_Germany,_2024..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Talk_about_post-heroic_masculinities_with_Andreas_Plackinger%2C_Ulrich_Br%C3%B6ckling%2C_Rebecca_Heinrich_and_Thomas_Liu_Le_Lann_at_E-Werk_Freiburg%2C_Germany%2C_2024..jpg/248px-Talk_about_post-heroic_masculinities_with_Andreas_Plackinger%2C_Ulrich_Br%C3%B6ckling%2C_Rebecca_Heinrich_and_Thomas_Liu_Le_Lann_at_E-Werk_Freiburg%2C_Germany%2C_2024..jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Talk_about_post-heroic_masculinities_with_Andreas_Plackinger%2C_Ulrich_Br%C3%B6ckling%2C_Rebecca_Heinrich_and_Thomas_Liu_Le_Lann_at_E-Werk_Freiburg%2C_Germany%2C_2024..jpg/372px-Talk_about_post-heroic_masculinities_with_Andreas_Plackinger%2C_Ulrich_Br%C3%B6ckling%2C_Rebecca_Heinrich_and_Thomas_Liu_Le_Lann_at_E-Werk_Freiburg%2C_Germany%2C_2024..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Talk_about_post-heroic_masculinities_with_Andreas_Plackinger%2C_Ulrich_Br%C3%B6ckling%2C_Rebecca_Heinrich_and_Thomas_Liu_Le_Lann_at_E-Werk_Freiburg%2C_Germany%2C_2024..jpg/496px-Talk_about_post-heroic_masculinities_with_Andreas_Plackinger%2C_Ulrich_Br%C3%B6ckling%2C_Rebecca_Heinrich_and_Thomas_Liu_Le_Lann_at_E-Werk_Freiburg%2C_Germany%2C_2024..jpg 2x" data-file-width="4284" data-file-height="4005" /></a><figcaption>Discussions about post-heroic masculinities with Andreas Plackinger, Ulrich Bröckling, Rebecca Heinrich and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Liu_Le_Lann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Liu Le Lann (page does not exist)">Thomas Liu Le Lann</a> at E-Werk <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg</a>, Germany, 2024<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></figcaption></figure> In the Soft Heroes series, French artist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Liu_Le_Lann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Liu Le Lann (page does not exist)">Thomas Liu Le Lann</a> questions concepts of post-heroic masculinity.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> These fabric figures refer to transhuman bodies beyond <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">heteronormativity</a> and question conventional notions of strength and agency.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The Austrian literary scientist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebecca_Heinrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rebecca Heinrich (page does not exist)">Rebecca Heinrich</a>, her research interests include <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> and masculinities in the literary discourse of the 20th and 21st centuries, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> as a theme and motif, hero narratives, literary mediation, performative poetry and literature in the <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a>, describes the Soft Heroes as “<a href="/wiki/Es" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Es">es</a>”, as the trans-human beings are on the edge of formlessness and refuse to be assigned a gender.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a> <a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">pro-feminism</a> paid greater attention to issues of sexuality, particularly the relationship between homosexual men and <a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_masculinity" title="Hegemonic masculinity">hegemonic masculinity</a>. This shift led to increased cooperation between the <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_liberation_movement" title="Men's liberation movement">men's liberation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">gay liberation</a> movements developing, in part, because masculinity was understood as a <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">social construct</a> and in response to the universalization of "men" in previous <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_movement" title="Men's movement">men's movements</a>. Men's rights activists worked to stop second-wave feminists from influencing the gay-rights movement, promoting <a href="/wiki/Hypermasculinity" title="Hypermasculinity">hypermasculinity</a> as inherent to gay sexuality.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Masculinity has played an important role in <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a> culture,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> although lesbians vary widely in the degree to which they express masculinity and femininity. In <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> cultures, masculine women are often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Butch_and_femme" title="Butch and femme">butch</a>".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hegemonic_masculinity">Hegemonic masculinity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hegemonic masculinity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_masculinity" title="Hegemonic masculinity">Hegemonic masculinity</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USMC-10881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men wrestling in a gymnasium, watched by a group of uniformed soldiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/USMC-10881.jpg/250px-USMC-10881.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/USMC-10881.jpg/375px-USMC-10881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/USMC-10881.jpg/500px-USMC-10881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>Contests of physical skill and strength appear in some form in many cultures. Here, two <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marines</a> compete in a wrestling match.</figcaption></figure> Traditional avenues for men to gain honor were providing for their families and exercising <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raewyn_Connell" title="Raewyn Connell">Raewyn Connell</a> has labeled traditional male roles and privileges <a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_masculinity" title="Hegemonic masculinity">hegemonic masculinity</a>, encouraged in men and discouraged in women: "Hegemonic masculinity can be defined as the configuration of gender practice which embodies the currently accepted answer to the problem of the legitimacy of <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a>, which guarantees the dominant position of men and the subordination of women".<a href="#cite_note-Connell_2005-19">[19]</a>: 77  Connell (1987) placed emphasis on heterosexuality and its influence on the construction of gender. From this perspective, there is a dominant (hegemonic) and idealized form of masculinity in every social system and an apotheosized form of femininity that is considered proper for men and women. This idealized form of masculinity (hegemonic masculinity) legitimates and normalizes certain performances of men, and pathologizes, marginalizes, and subordinates any other expressions of masculinities or femininities (masculine and feminine subject positions). Alongside hegemonic masculinity, Connell postulated that there are other forms of masculinities (marginalized and subordinated), which, according to a plethora of studies, are constructed in oppressive ways (Thorne 1993). This is symptomatic of the fact that hegemonic masculinity is relational, which means that it is constructed in relation to and against an Other (emphasized femininity, marginalized and subordinated masculinities).<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In addition to describing forceful articulations of violent masculine identities, hegemonic masculinity has also been used to describe implicit, indirect, or coercive forms of gendered socialization, enacted through video games, fashion, humor, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Precarious_manhood">Precarious manhood</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Precarious manhood">edit</a>]</div> Researchers have argued that the "precariousness" of manhood contributes to traditionally-masculine behavior.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> "Precarious" means that manhood is not inborn, but must be achieved. In many cultures, boys endure painful initiation rituals to become men. Manhood may also be lost, as when a man is derided for not "being a man". Researchers have found that men respond to threats to their manhood by engaging in stereotypically-masculine behaviors and beliefs, such as supporting hierarchy, espousing homophobic beliefs, supporting aggression and choosing physical tasks over intellectual ones.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] In 2014, Winegard and Geary wrote that the precariousness of manhood involves social status (prestige or dominance), and manhood may be more (or less) precarious due to the avenues men have for achieving status.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_women">In women</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In women">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charmion_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Charmion_1897.jpg/220px-Charmion_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Charmion_1897.jpg/330px-Charmion_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Charmion_1897.jpg/440px-Charmion_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Vaudeville trapeze artist and strongwoman, <a href="/wiki/Charmion" title="Charmion">Charmion</a></figcaption></figure> Although often ignored in discussions of masculinity, women can also express masculine traits and behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-Keith-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In Western culture, female masculinity has been codified into identities such as "<a href="/wiki/Tomboy" title="Tomboy">tomboy</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Butch_and_femme" title="Butch and femme">butch</a>". Although female masculinity is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbianism</a>, expressing masculinity is not necessarily related to a woman's sexuality. In <a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">feminist philosophy</a>, female masculinity is often characterized as a type of gender performance which challenges traditional masculinity and <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">male dominance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Zachary A. Kramer argues that the discussion of masculinity should be opened up "to include constructions of masculinity that uniquely affect women."<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Masculine women are often subject to <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a> and harassment, although the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist movement</a> has led to greater acceptance of women expressing masculinity in recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Women who participate in sports, especially male-dominated sports, are sometimes derided as being masculine. Even though most sports emphasize stereotypically masculine qualities, such as <a href="/wiki/Physical_strength" title="Physical strength">strength</a>, <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>, women who participate in sports are still expected to conform to strictly feminine gender norms. This is known as the "female athlete paradox". Although traditional gender norms are gradually changing, female athletes, especially those that participate in male-dominated sports such as <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weight_lifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight lifting">weight lifting</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motorsport</a>, are still often viewed as deviating from the boundaries of femininity and may suffer negative repercussions.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Staurowsky2016-99">[99]</a> Women face a similar paradox in the business world, as corporate leadership roles are widely associated with stereotypically masculine characteristics. Women who adopt these characteristics may be more successful, but also more disliked due to not conforming with expected feminine stereotypes.<a href="#cite_note-Kawakami-100">[100]</a> According to a study in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, women with stereotypically masculine personality traits are more likely to gain access to high-paying occupations than women with feminine personality traits.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> According to another study conducted in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, women who fit the stereotypical masculine <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender role</a> are generally more successful in their careers.<a href="#cite_note-Alewell-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Soldier_Drinks_a_Pint_of_Beer_on_his_Return_from_Afghanistan_MOD_45152497.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Silhouetted man drinking a glass of beer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A_Soldier_Drinks_a_Pint_of_Beer_on_his_Return_from_Afghanistan_MOD_45152497.jpg/220px-A_Soldier_Drinks_a_Pint_of_Beer_on_his_Return_from_Afghanistan_MOD_45152497.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A_Soldier_Drinks_a_Pint_of_Beer_on_his_Return_from_Afghanistan_MOD_45152497.jpg/330px-A_Soldier_Drinks_a_Pint_of_Beer_on_his_Return_from_Afghanistan_MOD_45152497.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A_Soldier_Drinks_a_Pint_of_Beer_on_his_Return_from_Afghanistan_MOD_45152497.jpg/440px-A_Soldier_Drinks_a_Pint_of_Beer_on_his_Return_from_Afghanistan_MOD_45152497.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A British soldier drinks a pint glass of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> after his return <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">from Afghanistan</a>. Fighting in <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drinking_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking alcohol">drinking alcohol</a> are both traditionally masculine activities in many cultures.</figcaption></figure> Evidence points to the negative impact of hegemonic masculinity on men's health-related behavior, with American men making 134.5 million fewer physician visits per year than women. Twenty-five percent of men aged 45 to 60 do not have a personal physician, increasing their risk of death from <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>. Men between 25 and 65 are four times more likely to die from <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a> than women, and are more likely to be diagnosed with a <a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">terminal illness</a> because of their reluctance to see a doctor. Reasons cited for not seeing a physician include fear, denial, embarrassment, a dislike of situations out of their control and the belief that visiting a doctor is not worth the time or cost.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Studies of men in North America and Europe show that men who consume <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic drinks</a> often do so in order to fulfill certain social expectations of manliness. While the causes of drinking and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> are complex and varied, gender roles and social expectations have a strong influence encouraging men to drink.<a href="#cite_note-Lemle_&_Mishkind-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berkowitz-105">[105]</a> In 2004, Arran Stibbe published an analysis of a well-known men's-health magazine in 2000. According to Stibbe, although the magazine ostensibly focused on health it also promoted traditional masculine behaviors such as excessive consumption of convenience foods and meat, alcohol consumption and unsafe sex.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Masculinity and sexual health is also a complex issue in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a>, as well. In South Africa, <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> transmission was one of the significant reasons for the development of masculinities research.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Risky actions commonly representative of <a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">toxic masculinity</a> are also present in Western and Chinese male clients' attitudes and behaviors toward female sex workers in China's commercial sex industry. While many male clients frequently exhibited physical violence toward the female workers, in order to more overtly display their manliness, some men also admitted to being more sexually aggressive at times and purposefully having unprotected sex without the worker's knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Research on beer-commercial content by <a href="/wiki/Lance_Strate" title="Lance Strate">Lance Strate</a><a href="#cite_note-Strate_et_al_1992-109">[109]</a> yielded results relevant to a study of masculinity.<a href="#cite_note-Strate_2001-110">[110]</a> In beer commercials, masculine behavior (especially risk-taking) is encouraged. Commercials often focus on situations in which a man overcomes an obstacle in a group, working or playing hard (construction workers, farm workers or <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboys</a>). Those involving play have central themes of mastery (of nature or each other), risk and adventure: fishing, camping, playing sports or socializing in <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">bars</a>. There is usually an element of danger and a focus on movement and speed (watching fast cars or driving fast). The bar is a setting for the measurement of masculinity in skills such as <a href="/wiki/Billiards" class="mw-redirect" title="Billiards">billiards</a>, strength, and drinking ability.<a href="#cite_note-Strate_et_al_1992-109">[109]</a> Men engage in positive health practices, such as reducing fat intake and alcohol, to conform to masculine ideals.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Men, boys and people who were assigned male at birth face <a href="/wiki/Gender_policing" title="Gender policing">gender policing</a> from people who think they are not masculine enough. Gender policing can increase the risk of alcoholism, anxiety, and depression.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> Study of the history of masculinity emerged during the 1980s, aided by the fields of women's and (later) gender history. Before women's history was examined, there was a "strict gendering of the public/private divide"; regarding masculinity, this meant little study of how men related to the household, domesticity and family life.<a href="#cite_note-:2-113">[113]</a> Although women's historical role was negated, despite the writing of history by (and primarily about) men, a significant portion of the male experience was missing. This void was questioned during the late 1970s, when women's history began to analyze gender and women.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Joan Scott's seminal article, calling for gender studies as an analytical concept to explore society, power and discourse, laid the foundation for this field.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> According to Scott, gender should be used in two ways: productive and produced. Productive gender examined its role in creating power relationships, and produced gender explored the use and change of gender throughout history. This has influenced the field of masculinity, as seen in Pierre Bourdieu's definition of masculinity: produced by society and culture, and reproduced in daily life.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> A flurry of work in women's history led to a call for study of the male role (initially influenced by psychoanalysis) in society and emotional and interpersonal life. Connell wrote that these initial works were marked by a "high level of generality" in "broad surveys of cultural norms". The scholarship was aware of contemporary societal changes aiming to understand and evolve (or liberate) the male role in response to feminism.<a href="#cite_note-Connell_2005-19">[19]</a>: 28 John Tosh calls for a return to this aim for the history of masculinity to be useful, academically and in the public sphere.<a href="#cite_note-:0-117">[117]</a> Two concerns over the study of the history of masculinity are that it would stabilize the historical process (rather than change it) and that a cultural overemphasis on the approach to masculinity lacks the reality of actual experience. According to John Tosh, masculinity has become a conceptual framework used by historians to enhance their cultural explorations instead of a specialty in its own right.<a href="#cite_note-:3-118">[118]</a> This draws attention from reality to representation and meaning, not only in the realm of masculinity; culture was becoming "the bottom line, the real historical reality".<a href="#cite_note-:0-117">[117]</a> Tosh critiques Martin Francis' work in this light because popular culture, rather than the experience of family life, is the basis for Francis' argument.<a href="#cite_note-:1-119">[119]</a> Francis uses contemporary literature and film to demonstrate that masculinity was restless, shying away from domesticity and commitment, during the late 1940s and 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-:1-119">[119]</a> Francis wrote that this flight from commitment was "most likely to take place at the level of fantasy (individual and collective)". In focusing on culture, it is difficult to gauge the degree to which films such as <a href="/wiki/Scott_of_the_Antarctic_(film)" title="Scott of the Antarctic (film)">Scott of the Antarctic</a> represented the era's masculine fantasies.<a href="#cite_note-:1-119">[119]</a> Michael Roper's call to focus on the subjectivity of masculinity addresses this cultural bias, because broad understanding is set aside for an examination "of what the relationship of the codes of masculinity is to actual men, to existential matters, to persons and to their psychic make-up" (Tosh's human experience).<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> According to Tosh, the culture of masculinity has outlived its usefulness because it cannot fulfill the initial aim of this history (to discover how manhood was conditioned and experienced) and he urged "questions of behaviour and agency".<a href="#cite_note-:3-118">[118]</a> His work on Victorian masculinity uses individual experience in letters and sketches to illustrate broader cultural and social customs, such as birthing or Christmas traditions.<a href="#cite_note-:2-113">[113]</a> Stefan Dudink believes that the methodological approach (trying to categorize masculinity as a phenomenon) undermined its <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiographic</a> development.<a href="#cite_note-:4-121">[121]</a> Abigail Solomou-Godeau's work on post-revolutionary French art addresses a strong, constant patriarchy.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Tosh's overall assessment is that a shift is needed in conceptualizing the topic<a href="#cite_note-:3-118">[118]</a> back to the history of masculinity as a speciality aiming to reach a broader audience, rather than as an analytical tool of cultural and social history. The importance he places on public history hearkens back to the initial aims of gender history, which sought to use history to enlighten and change the present. Tosh appeals to historians to live up to the "social expectation" of their work,<a href="#cite_note-:3-118">[118]</a> which would also require a greater focus on subjectivity and masculinity. This view is contrary to Dudink's; the latter called for an "outflanking movement" towards the history of masculinity, in response to the errors he perceived in the study.<a href="#cite_note-:4-121">[121]</a> This would do the opposite of what Tosh called for, deconstructing masculinity by not placing it at the center of historical exploration and using discourse and culture as indirect avenues towards a more-representational approach. In a study of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, Dudink proposes moving beyond the history of masculinity by embedding analysis into the exploration of nation and nationalism (making masculinity a lens through which to view conflict and nation-building).<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Martin Francis' work on domesticity through a cultural lens moves beyond the history of masculinity because "men constantly travelled back and forward across the frontier of domesticity, if only in the realm of the imagination"; normative codes of behavior do not fully encompass the male experience.<a href="#cite_note-:1-119">[119]</a> Media images of boys and young men may lead to the persistence of harmful concepts of masculinity. According to men's-rights activists, the media does not address men's-rights issues and men are often portrayed negatively in advertising.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Peter Jackson called hegemonic masculinity "economically exploitative" and "socially oppressive": "The form of oppression varies from patriarchal controls over women's bodies and reproductive rights, through ideologies of domesticity, femininity and compulsory heterosexuality, to social definitions of the value of work, the nature of skill and the differential remuneration of 'productive' and 'reproductive' labor."<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_research">Psychological research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Psychological research">edit</a>]</div> According to a paper submitted by Tracy Tylka to the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>, "Instead of seeing a decrease in <a href="/wiki/Objectification" title="Objectification">objectification</a> of women in society, there has just been an increase in the objectification of both sexes. And you can see that in the media today." Men and women restrict food intake in an effort to achieve what they consider an attractively-thin body; in extreme cases, this leads to <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holbrook" title="Thomas Holbrook">Thomas Holbrook</a> cited a recent Canadian study indicating that as many as one in six people with eating disorders are men.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Research in the United Kingdom found, "Younger men and women who read fitness and fashion magazines could be psychologically harmed by the images of perfect female and male physiques." Young women and men exercise excessively in an effort to achieve what they consider an attractively-fit and muscular body, which may lead to <a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">body dysmorphic disorder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muscle_dysmorphia" title="Muscle dysmorphia">muscle dysmorphia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Although the stereotypes may have remained constant, the value attached to masculine stereotypes has changed; Todd Reeser has argued that masculinity is an unstable phenomenon, never ultimately achieved.<a href="#cite_note-Reeser-18">[18]</a>: 30–31  In January 2019, the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> warns that conforming to traditional standards of masculinity can cause harm to mental health.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender-role_stress"> Gender-role stress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gender-role stress">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_Won%27t_Cry_Daddy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/I_Won%27t_Cry_Daddy.jpg/220px-I_Won%27t_Cry_Daddy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/I_Won%27t_Cry_Daddy.jpg/330px-I_Won%27t_Cry_Daddy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/I_Won%27t_Cry_Daddy.jpg/440px-I_Won%27t_Cry_Daddy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>According to <a href="/wiki/Social_learning_theory" title="Social learning theory">social learning theory</a>, teaching boys to suppress vulnerable emotions, as in the saying "big boys don't cry", is a significant part of gender socialization in Western society.<a href="#cite_note-Lindsey-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levant_1996-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Worell835-134">[134]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></div> In 1987, Eisler and Skidmore studied masculinity, creating the idea of "masculine stress" and finding three elements of masculinity which often result in emotional stress: <ul><li>The emphasis on prevailing in situations requiring body and fitness</li> <li>Being perceived as emotional</li> <li>The need for adequacy in sexual matters and financial status</li></ul> Because of social norms and pressures associated with masculinity, men with spinal-cord injuries must adapt their self-identity to the losses associated with such injuries; this may "lead to feelings of decreased physical and sexual prowess with lowered self-esteem and a loss of male identity. Feelings of guilt and overall loss of control are also experienced."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Research also suggests that men feel <a href="/wiki/Social_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Social pressure">social pressure</a> to endorse traditional masculine male models in advertising. Brett Martin and Juergen Gnoth (2009) found that although feminine men privately preferred feminine models, they expressed a preference for traditional masculine models in public; according to the authors, this reflected social pressure on men to endorse traditional masculine norms.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In their book Raising Cain: Protecting The Emotional Life of Boys, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dan_Kindlon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dan Kindlon (page does not exist)">Dan Kindlon</a> and Michael Thompson wrote that although all boys are born loving and empathic, exposure to gender socialization (the tough male ideal and <a href="/wiki/Hypermasculinity" title="Hypermasculinity">hypermasculinity</a>) limits their ability to function as emotionally-healthy adults. According to Kindlon and Thompson, boys lack the ability to understand and express emotions productively because of the stress imposed by masculine gender roles.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In the article "Sexual Ethics, Masculinity and Mutual Vulnerability", <a href="/wiki/Rob_Cover" title="Rob Cover">Rob Cover</a> works to unpack Judith Butler's study of masculinity. Cover goes over issues such as sexual assault and how it can be partially explained by hypermasculinity.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masculinity_in_crisis"> Masculinity in crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Masculinity in crisis">edit</a>]</div> A theory of masculinity in crisis has emerged;<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Australian archeologist Peter McAllister said, "I have a strong feeling that masculinity is in crisis. Men are really searching for a role in modern society; the things we used to do aren't in much demand anymore".<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Others see the changing labor market as a source of stress. <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">Deindustrialization</a> and the replacement of <a href="/wiki/Smokestack_industry" title="Smokestack industry">smokestack industries</a> by technology have allowed more women to enter the labor force, reducing its emphasis on physical strength.<a href="#cite_note-Beynon_2002-142">[142]</a>: 86–89  The crisis has also been attributed to the questioning of male dominance and rights granted to men solely on the basis of sex following the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beynon_2002-142">[142]</a>: 83–86  British sociologist John MacInnes wrote that "masculinity has always been in one crisis or another", suggesting that the crises arise from the "fundamental incompatibility between the core principle of modernity that all human beings are essentially equal (regardless of their sex) and the core tenet of patriarchy that men are naturally superior to women and thus destined to rule over them".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> According to John Beynon, masculinity and men are often conflated and it is unclear whether masculinity, men or both are in crisis. He writes that the "crisis" is not a recent phenomenon, illustrating several periods of masculine crisis throughout history (some predating the women's movement and <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrial society</a>), suggesting that due to masculinity's fluid nature "crisis is constitutive of masculinity itself".<a href="#cite_note-Beynon_2002-142">[142]</a> Film scholar Leon Hunt also writes: "Whenever masculinity's 'crisis' actually started, it certainly seems to have been in place by the 1970s".<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asian_cultures">East Asian cultures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: East Asian cultures">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Herbivore_men" title="Herbivore men">Herbivore men</a> and <a href="/wiki/Straight_man_cancer" title="Straight man cancer">Straight man cancer</a></div> In 2008, the word "herbivore men" became popular in Japan and was reported worldwide. Herbivore men refers to young Japanese men who naturally detach themselves from masculinity. <a href="/wiki/Masahiro_Morioka" title="Masahiro Morioka">Masahiro Morioka</a> characterizes them as men 1) having gentle nature, 2) not bound by manliness, 3) not aggressive when it comes to romance, 4) viewing women as equals, and 5) hating emotional pain. Herbivore men are severely criticized by men who love masculinity.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Some contemporary Japanese writers like <a href="/wiki/Ao_Omae" title="Ao Omae">Ao Omae</a> have made the nature of masculinity a focus of their fiction.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In Chinese and Taiwanese popular culture, phrases such as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:大">大</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:男人">男人</a>" (<abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'big man'), "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:死">死</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%95%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:異">異</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:男">男</a>" (<abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'damned hetero male'), and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E7%94%B7%E7%99%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:直男癌">直男癌</a>" (<abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'straight male cancer') are used as pejoratives referring to men exhibiting misogyny, dominance, and homophobia.<a href="#cite_note-ett-china-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_African_cultures">East African cultures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: East African cultures">edit</a>]</div> During Margrethe Silberschmidt's research of urban and rural men in East Africa, she concludes that men experience disempowerment when they cannot fulfill their role as breadwinner and feel inferior to women when they cannot provide for their family.<a href="#cite_note-:76-148">[148]</a> The changes in East Africa's cultural and economic framework can partially be attributed to British colonial rule because it altered the gender division of labor.<a href="#cite_note-:76-148">[148]</a> There was an increase in wage labor which led to a demand for more skilled workers in an environment where there were primarily unskilled workers.<a href="#cite_note-:76-148">[148]</a> Eventually, there was a shift to growing cash crops and the emphasis was put on men to be the breadwinner.<a href="#cite_note-:76-148">[148]</a> A man's social value is traditionally connected to his ability to provide so when he can no longer do that, it negatively impacts his ego.<a href="#cite_note-:76-148">[148]</a> Masculinity is seen as an entity to be protected, and when a man feels disempowered, he finds other ways to reaffirm their masculinity.<a href="#cite_note-:76-148">[148]</a> Research that examines the struggles among men and look into their personal experiences can help to understand the social structures of masculinity.<a href="#cite_note-:62-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Global_South">In the Global South</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In the Global South">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove_science plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#Scholarship" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. Please also establish the relevance for any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary research articles</a> cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Westernized_influence_in_the_media">Westernized influence in the media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Westernized influence in the media">edit</a>]</div> Masculinities as depicted in the media of countries categorized as the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> can depict stereotypical gender roles in various ways. In India, such roles have been pushed through <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> films.<a href="#cite_note-Raj-150">[150]</a> Additionally, there is some indication that Westernized views of masculinity have been pushed onto a global audience through print media advertisements, as well. This has been observed in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> with the expansion of availability of transnational men's magazines.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> While there is some evidence of Western and specifically, North American, influence in advertisements found in Chinese and Taiwanese men's magazines as well, it seems that more often than not, those countries' magazines have just adopted a globally uniform perception of masculinity.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> This theme also presents itself in visual depictions of men in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Sports media outlets have not necessarily promoted a completely "Westernized" version of masculinity, and white, male sports icons may have had an impact when presented alongside those players of other races, such as Asians or black people. A 2019 study found that in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>, for example, Korean players and their respective accomplishments tend to be pushed to the side when compared with white, male players in print media and online news outlets.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Novels may be affected by Westernized perceptions. Amjad Alsyouf argues that African novelists <a href="/wiki/Tayeb_Salih" title="Tayeb Salih">Tayeb Salih</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a>, for example, bring some Western influence to the gender roles portrayed in their respective novels.<a href="#cite_note-Alsyouf-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_portrayals_in_fashion">Visual portrayals in fashion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Visual portrayals in fashion">edit</a>]</div> Masculinity is also an important concept in advertisement branding in the Islamic culture. In <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> men must remain vigilant in making sure that their consumption decisions are representative of the socially accepted masculine norms — particularly in regard to their fashion choices.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Additionally, advertising in fashion branding choices and its effectiveness has been examined in the context of Chinese male consumers' choices. Men interested in wearing luxury fashion brands were often more concerned with making sure their choices were visually representative of a more professional and refined person, as opposed to someone that simply looked tough or strong.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> This kind of focus on visual portrayals can also appear in media depictions. In the Japanese film Sooshokukeidanshi, one of the main characters is made to appear like more of an outsider than the other male characters because of his unique style choices being seen as less traditionally masculine than the cultural expectation is, in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_youth">Effects on youth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Effects on youth">edit</a>]</div> Adharsh Raj and Manash Pratim Goswami write that in India, young people often copy negative behaviors seen as being traditionally masculine in <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> films.<a href="#cite_note-Raj-150">[150]</a> Turkish young people can also fall prey to such negative media influence, According to Özlem Akkaya.<a href="#cite_note-Akkaya-159">[159]</a> In a 2018 study, young males often thought that the violent behavior displayed by the main character, "Behzat", in the Turkish television crime series, <a href="/wiki/Behzat_%C3%87._Bir_Ankara_Polisiyesi" title="Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi">Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi</a>, was relatable to what they already experienced in their own day to day lives (and therefore, saw violence as a seemingly reasonable thing to occur in the series).<a href="#cite_note-Akkaya-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatherhood">Fatherhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Fatherhood">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a>, many societies still follow very patriarchal norms. Through media depictions and real-life scenarios, men are seen as being the head of the family — those that provide financially, have decision making power, and really are in charge. The image of the nuclear family being the societal norm is also ever-present in many places. When men are not able to fulfill that traditionally masculine, fatherly role, they may have a difficult time proving themselves as being worthy enough to have relationships with their children.<a href="#cite_note-Lesch_503–523-160">[160]</a> In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, for example, females often take on more of a culturally masculine role in providing for the household, due to the high percentage of absent fathers in some communities.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Fathers' decision to desert the mother and their biological child is fairly common in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, particularly with regard to those fathers who are younger and come from lower income families. They are often trying to provide for their own nuclear families and cannot also fulfill the cultural obligations commonly attached to fatherhood.<a href="#cite_note-Lesch_503–523-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efforts_toward_gender_equality">Efforts toward gender equality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Efforts toward gender equality">edit</a>]</div> While <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> has not been achieved, changes are happening in regard to these commonly believed gender roles, particularly with gender justice work in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a>. In <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India, males are more frequently becoming involved in this work, while also trying to remain mindful of how their privileged status as men affects the public perception of what they are doing.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbertson-164">[164]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, the tide is also turning, and men's involvement in opposing violence against women is generally seen as being very positive, a good thing for all. However, there are some who still very much see conflict and violence against women as simply going hand in hand with those cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Wu-165">[165]</a> Some want to shift the focus from specifically viewing females as the ones deserving of stronger rights to everyone deserving the opportunity to be viewed as an equal; however, this can create the potential for men to fall back into the mindset of "male victimhood", as opposed to focusing on female <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbertson-164">[164]</a> Although gender equality is becoming a more acknowledged topic in South Africa, for instance, fathers would often rather still hold on to the more traditional gender roles – and pass those ideas down to their sons.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) has also been developed and the results from countries in the Global South studied more in recent years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] Although the survey indicated areas for further improvement, a significant recent finding comes in regard to men's childhood upbringing and their attitudes surrounding gender equality. If men were raised seeing more equal division of household labor tasks, older female relatives working in non-traditional occupations, less violence toward females, etc., those behaviors and attitudes had a tendency to carry over into their adult lives, according to the survey.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> A 2012 study found some evidence that youth have perhaps, inadvertently, made contributions toward greater acceptance of gender equality. Popular culture consumed by youth and those of lesser social status in East <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, singing competitions, bands, and more are starting to showcase more modernized males that combine some stereotypically masculine and feminine aspects in their behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, stricter governmental policies are being put into place regarding abuse and violence. Additionally, initiatives like the "One Man Can" program were formed, which aim to provide <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> prevention and an anti-violence program to men in the country.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The 'We Can End Violence against Women' campaign is another anti-violence initiative in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, developed by the <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam GB</a> group in South Asia. In 2019, the program garnered much voluntary male participation in its gender equality work out of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wu-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brannon_Masculinity_Scale" title="Brannon Masculinity Scale">Brannon Masculinity Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_manliness" title="Christian manliness">Christian manliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emasculation" title="Emasculation">Emasculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">Femininity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_World_Day" title="Men's World Day">Men's World Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Model of masculinity under fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoetic_men%27s_movement" title="Mythopoetic men's movement">Mythopoetic men's movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virility" title="Virility">Virility</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-shehan-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shehan_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shehan_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShehan2018" class="citation book cs1">Shehan, Constance L. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_F1DwAAQBAJ">Gale Researcher Guide for: The Continuing Significance of Gender</a>. Gale, Cengage Learning. pp. 1–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781535861175" title="Special:BookSources/9781535861175"><bdi>9781535861175</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211639/https://books.google.com/books?id=F_F1DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gale+Researcher+Guide+for%3A+The+Continuing+Significance+of+Gender&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=Gale%2C+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781535861175&rft.aulast=Shehan&rft.aufirst=Constance+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF_F1DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MartinFinn-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MartinFinn_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinFinn_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinFinn_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinFinn_2-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinFinn2010" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Hale; Finn, Stephen E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5KLPlmr9T7MC&q=%22what+masculinity+and+femininity+are%22">Masculinity and Femininity in the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A</a>. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 5–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2444-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2444-7"><bdi>978-0-8166-2444-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211639/https://books.google.com/books?id=5KLPlmr9T7MC&q=%22what+masculinity+and+femininity+are%22">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masculinity+and+Femininity+in+the+MMPI-2+and+MMPI-A&rft.pages=5-13&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-2444-7&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Hale&rft.au=Finn%2C+Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5KLPlmr9T7MC%26q%3D%2522what%2Bmasculinity%2Band%2Bfemininity%2Bare%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lippa-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lippa_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lippa_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lippa_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lippa_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lippa_3-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippa2005" class="citation book cs1">Lippa, Richard A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R6OPAgAAQBAJ&q=%22biology+contributes%22+%22masculinity+and+femininity%22">Gender, Nature, and Nurture</a> (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 153–154, 218–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135604257" title="Special:BookSources/9781135604257"><bdi>9781135604257</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211640/https://books.google.com/books?id=R6OPAgAAQBAJ&q=%22biology+contributes%22+%22masculinity+and+femininity%22">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender%2C+Nature%2C+and+Nurture&rft.pages=153-154%2C+218-225&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781135604257&rft.aulast=Lippa&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR6OPAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522biology%2Bcontributes%2522%2B%2522masculinity%2Band%2Bfemininity%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wharton-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wharton_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wharton_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wharton_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wharton_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wharton_4-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWharton2005" class="citation book cs1">Wharton, Amy S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SOTqzUeqmNMC&q=%22+biological+or+genetic+contributions%22">The Sociology of Gender: An Introduction to Theory and Research</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 29–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40-514343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40-514343-1"><bdi>978-1-40-514343-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211640/https://books.google.com/books?id=SOTqzUeqmNMC&q=%22+biological+or+genetic+contributions%22">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. 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Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 269–272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8400-3204-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8400-3204-1"><bdi>978-0-8400-3204-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pages=269-272&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2010-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8400-3204-1&rft.aulast=Ferrante&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO-6"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908003355/http://www.who.int/gender/whatisgender/en/">"What do we mean by 'sex' and 'gender'?"</a>. World Health Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/gender/whatisgender/en/">the original</a> on 8 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+do+we+mean+by+%27sex%27+and+%27gender%27%3F&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fgender%2Fwhatisgender%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam,_Judith2004" class="citation book cs1">Halberstam, Judith (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&pg=PA294">"'Female masculinity'"</a>. In Kimmel, Michael S.; Aronson, Amy (eds.). Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 294–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57-607774-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57-607774-0"><bdi>978-1-57-607774-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211642/https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&pg=PA294">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Female+masculinity%27&rft.btitle=Men+and+Masculinities%3A+A+Social%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=294-5&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57-607774-0&rft.au=Halberstam%2C+Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWj5OBvTh1IC%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmelAronson2004" class="citation book cs1">Kimmel, Michael S.; Aronson, Amy, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&q=%22meanings+of+manhood+vary%22">Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1</a>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57-607774-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57-607774-0"><bdi>978-1-57-607774-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119212151/https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&q=%22meanings+of+manhood+vary%22">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+and+Masculinities%3A+A+Social%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=xxiii&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57-607774-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWj5OBvTh1IC%26q%3D%2522meanings%2Bof%2Bmanhood%2Bvary%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmel1994" class="citation book cs1">Kimmel, Michael S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sk.sagepub.com/books/theorizing-masculinities/n7.xml">"Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame, and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theorizingmascul00brod/page/119">Theorizing Masculinities</a>. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theorizingmascul00brod/page/119">119–141</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781452243627">10.4135/9781452243627</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803949041" title="Special:BookSources/9780803949041"><bdi>9780803949041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Masculinity+as+Homophobia%3A+Fear%2C+Shame%2C+and+Silence+in+the+Construction+of+Gender+Identity&rft.btitle=Theorizing+Masculinities&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks&rft.pages=119-141&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781452243627&rft.isbn=9780803949041&rft.aulast=Kimmel&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Fbooks%2Ftheorizing-masculinities%2Fn7.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vetterling-Braggin-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Vetterling-Braggin_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVetterling-Braggin1982" class="citation book cs1">Vetterling-Braggin, Mary (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SVBpAAAAIAAJ">"Introduction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/femininitymascul0000unse/page/6">"Femininity", "masculinity", and "androgyny": a modern philosophical discussion</a>. Totowa, N.J: Littlefield, Adams. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/femininitymascul0000unse/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822603993" title="Special:BookSources/9780822603993"><bdi>9780822603993</bdi></a>. <q>the [personality] theorist might classify a person as "masculine" if the person thought that person to have any or all of the following P-traits [personality traits] - GROUP Y TRAITS: strength of will, ambition, courage, independence, assertiveness, aggressiveness, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=%22Femininity%22%2C+%22masculinity%22%2C+and+%22androgyny%22%3A+a+modern+philosophical+discussion&rft.place=Totowa%2C+N.J&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Littlefield%2C+Adams&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780822603993&rft.aulast=Vetterling-Braggin&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSVBpAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Worell-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Worell_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarli2001" class="citation book cs1">Carli, Linda L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7SXhBdqejgYC&pg=PA157">"Assertiveness"</a>. In Worell, Judith (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_g9b9/page/157">Encyclopedia of women and gender: sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender, Volume 1</a>. San Diego, California: Academic Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_g9b9/page/157">157–168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780122272462" title="Special:BookSources/9780122272462"><bdi>9780122272462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assertiveness&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+women+and+gender%3A+sex+similarities+and+differences+and+the+impact+of+society+on+gender%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+California&rft.pages=157-168&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780122272462&rft.aulast=Carli&rft.aufirst=Linda+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7SXhBdqejgYC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-R._Murray_Thomas-12"><a href="#cite_ref-R._Murray_Thomas_12-0">^</a> Thomas, R. Murray (2001), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-RxIUDYIuiIC&pg=PT248">Feminist perspectives</a>", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, R. Murray, ed. (2001). Recent theories of human development. Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE</a>. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761922476" title="Special:BookSources/9780761922476"><bdi>9780761922476</bdi></a>. <q>Gender feminists also consider traditional feminine traits (gentleness, modesty, humility, sacrifice, supportiveness, empathy, compassion, tenderness, nurturance, intuitiveness, sensitivity, unselfishness) morally superior to the traditional masculine traits (courage, strong will, ambition, independence, assertiveness, initiative, rationality and emotional control).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+theories+of+human+development&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780761922476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Pearson, Ruth (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09578810008426773">"All Change? Men, Women and Reproductive Work in the Global Economy"</a>. The European Journal of Development Research. 12 (2): 219–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09578810008426773">10.1080/09578810008426773</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0957-8811">0957-8811</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153869428">153869428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Journal+of+Development+Research&rft.atitle=All+Change%3F+Men%2C+Women+and+Reproductive+Work+in+the+Global+Economy&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-237&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153869428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0957-8811&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09578810008426773&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F09578810008426773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Bradley, Rolla M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://athenaeum.uiw.edu/uiw_etds/190/">Masculinity and self perception of men identified as informal leaders</a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Incarnate_Word" title="University of the Incarnate Word">University of the Incarnate Word</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004500685">1004500685</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804033518/https://athenaeum.uiw.edu/uiw_etds/190/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Masculinity+and+self+perception+of+men+identified+as+informal+leaders&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+the+Incarnate+Word&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004500685&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Rolla+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fathenaeum.uiw.edu%2Fuiw_etds%2F190%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/openview/bb91cf3b301335a7d97da0d80aed98a6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y">View online preview.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304193009/https://search.proquest.com/openview/bb91cf3b301335a7d97da0d80aed98a6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y">Archived</a> 4 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood_2007_Viii-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Flood_2007_Viii_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Flood" title="Michael Flood">Flood, Michael</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUON2SYps-QC">International encyclopedia of men and masculinities</a>. London New York: Routledge. p. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415333436" title="Special:BookSources/9780415333436"><bdi>9780415333436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+encyclopedia+of+men+and+masculinities&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780415333436&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUON2SYps-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler, Judith</a> (2006) [1990]. <a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity</a>. New York London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415389556" title="Special:BookSources/9780415389556"><bdi>9780415389556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+trouble%3A+feminism+and+the+subversion+of+identity&rft.place=New+York+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415389556&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurie2014" class="citation journal cs1">Laurie, Timothy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/44221/3/B45EF505-46B2-4F9E-B67A-3926FC103C62%20.pdf">"The ethics of nobody I know: gender and the politics of description"</a> (PDF). Qualitative Research Journal. 14 (1): 64–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FQRJ-03-2014-0011">10.1108/QRJ-03-2014-0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10453%2F44221">10453/44221</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020072238/https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/44221/3/B45EF505-46B2-4F9E-B67A-3926FC103C62">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qualitative+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=The+ethics+of+nobody+I+know%3A+gender+and+the+politics+of+description&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-78&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10453%2F44221&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FQRJ-03-2014-0011&rft.aulast=Laurie&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopus.lib.uts.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F10453%2F44221%2F3%2FB45EF505-46B2-4F9E-B67A-3926FC103C62%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6262250/The_Ethics_of_Nobody_I_Know_Gender_and_the_Politics_of_Description">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221224201535/https://www.academia.edu/6262250/The_Ethics_of_Nobody_I_Know_Gender_and_the_Politics_of_Description">Archived</a> 24 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reeser-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reeser_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reeser_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reeser_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reeser_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reeser_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reeser_18-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeser2010" class="citation book cs1">Reeser, Todd W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMnn8Zf0heoC">Masculinities in theory: an introduction</a>. Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6859-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6859-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-6859-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masculinities+in+theory%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6859-5&rft.aulast=Reeser&rft.aufirst=Todd+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMnn8Zf0heoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connell_2005-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Connell_2005_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connell_2005_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connell_2005_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnell2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raewyn_Connell" title="Raewyn Connell">Connell, R.W.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8h1h8wa2yQC">Masculinities</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745634265" title="Special:BookSources/9780745634265"><bdi>9780745634265</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002215327/https://books.google.com/books?id=W8h1h8wa2yQC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masculinities&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780745634265&rft.aulast=Connell&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW8h1h8wa2yQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammurabi1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> (1910). Hooker, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514033802/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM">The Code of Hammurabi</a>. L.W. King (translator). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM">the original</a> on 14 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Code+of+Hammurabi&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Hammurabi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%2F~dee%2FMESO%2FCODE.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Kings+2:2&version=KJV">"Bible Gateway passage: 1 Kings 2:2 - King James Version"</a>. biblegateway.com. 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Retrieved 29 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblegateway.com&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+1+Kings+2%3A2+-+King+James+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3D1%2BKings%2B2%3A2%26version%3DKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unrv.com/tacitus/tacitusgermania.php">"Tacitus - Germania | UNRV.com"</a>. www.unrv.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111232000/https://www.unrv.com/tacitus/tacitusgermania.php">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unrv.com&rft.atitle=Tacitus+-+Germania+%7C+UNRV.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrv.com%2Ftacitus%2Ftacitusgermania.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/tacitus1.asp">"Internet History Sourcebooks Project"</a>. sourcebooks.fordham.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210083445/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/tacitus1.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sourcebooks.fordham.edu&rft.atitle=Internet+History+Sourcebooks+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fsource%2Ftacitus1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacitus" class="citation book cs1">Tacitus. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Germania_%28Church_%26_Brodribb%29">The Origin and Situation of the Germans</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803191322/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Germania_%28Church_%26_Brodribb%29">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Situation+of+the+Germans&rft.au=Tacitus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FGermania_%2528Church_%2526_Brodribb%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~wstevens/history331texts/barbarians.html">"Tacitus' Germania"</a>. facultystaff.richmond.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128072818/https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~wstevens/history331texts/barbarians.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=facultystaff.richmond.edu&rft.atitle=Tacitus%27+Germania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffacultystaff.richmond.edu%2F~wstevens%2Fhistory331texts%2Fbarbarians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Tacitus, The Annals 1.59 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Arminius/">"Arminius"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174108/https://www.worldhistory.org/Arminius/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Arminius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FArminius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres" class="citation web cs1">Torres, Danielle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uvm.edu/sites/default/files/S13_Thesis_Torres.pdf">"Who is Arminius?"</a> (PDF). University of Vermont. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104013332/https://www.uvm.edu/sites/default/files/S13_Thesis_Torres.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Vermont&rft.atitle=Who+is+Arminius%3F&rft.aulast=Torres&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FS13_Thesis_Torres.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0078:book=1:chapter=59">"Cornelius Tacitus, The Annals, BOOK 1, chapter 59"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227125112/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0078:book=1:chapter=59">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Cornelius+Tacitus%2C+The+Annals%2C+BOOK+1%2C+chapter+59&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0078%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1999" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, Jeffrey (1999). "From Christianity to Paganism: The New Middle Ages and the Values of 'Medieval' Masculinity". Cultural Values. 3 (2): 213–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14797589909367162">10.1080/14797589909367162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Values&rft.atitle=From+Christianity+to+Paganism%3A+The+New+Middle+Ages+and+the+Values+of+%27Medieval%27+Masculinity&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-234&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14797589909367162&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Rosen, David (1993), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXgBaWrB4OYC&pg=PA11">The armor of the man-monster in Beowulf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404105549/https://books.google.com/books?id=pXgBaWrB4OYC&pg=PA11">Archived</a> 4 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen1993" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, David, ed. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXgBaWrB4OYC">The changing fictions of masculinity</a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252063091" title="Special:BookSources/9780252063091"><bdi>9780252063091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+changing+fictions+of+masculinity&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780252063091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXgBaWrB4OYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aWaKYEDfjXwC&dq=hatim+means+crow&pg=PA789">The Arabian Nights: Tales from a Thousand and One Nights</a>. Random House Publishing. 26 August 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307417015" title="Special:BookSources/9780307417015"><bdi>9780307417015</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123063952/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWaKYEDfjXwC&dq=hatim+means+crow&pg=PA789">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023. 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Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-4804">2330-4804</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514120434/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hatem-tai">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2023. 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Gorn, The Manly Art: Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting in America (1986). </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Goffman, Erving. 1963. Stigma: Notes On The Management Of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Gould, R. 1974. Measuring masculinity by the size of a paycheck. In: J. Pleck & J. Sawyer (Eds.) Men and masculinity (pp. 96 – 100). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Pascoe, C. J. (2012). Dude, you're a fag : masculinity and sexuality in high school. Berkeley: University of California Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappasMcKenrySkilken_Catlett2004" class="citation journal cs1">Pappas, Nick T.; McKenry, Patrick C.; Skilken Catlett, Beth (2004). 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Men and Masculinities. 6: 291–312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1097184x03257433">10.1177/1097184x03257433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146594647">146594647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Men+and+Masculinities&rft.atitle=Athlete+Aggression+on+the+Rink+and+off+the+Ice+Athlete+Violence+and+Aggression+in+Hockey+and+Interpersonal+Relationships&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=291-312&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1097184x03257433&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146594647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pappas&rft.aufirst=Nick+T.&rft.au=McKenry%2C+Patrick+C.&rft.au=Skilken+Catlett%2C+Beth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrazian2007" class="citation journal cs1">Grazian, David (2007). 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Symbolic Interaction. 30 (2): 221–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fsi.2007.30.2.221">10.1525/si.2007.30.2.221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Symbolic+Interaction&rft.atitle=The+Girl+Hunt%3A+Urban+Nightlife+and+the+Performance+of+Masculinity+as+Collective+Activity&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-243&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fsi.2007.30.2.221&rft.aulast=Grazian&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.iu.edu/tips/page/normal/8690.html">"Research and insights from Indiana University"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>. 26 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826180211/http://newsinfo.iu.edu/tips/page/normal/8690.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+and+insights+from+Indiana+University&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.date=2008-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.iu.edu%2Ftips%2Fpage%2Fnormal%2F8690.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandFisherRosenHeiman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sand, Michael S.; Fisher, William; Rosen, Raymond; Heiman, Julia; Eardley, Ian (March 2008). "Erectile dysfunction and constructs of masculinity and quality of life in the multinational Men's Attitudes to Life Events and Sexuality (MALES) study". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Sexual_Medicine" title="The Journal of Sexual Medicine">The Journal of Sexual Medicine</a>. 5 (3): 583–594. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.183.9867">10.1.1.183.9867</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2007.00720.x">10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00720.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18221291">18221291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sexual+Medicine&rft.atitle=Erectile+dysfunction+and+constructs+of+masculinity+and+quality+of+life+in+the+multinational+Men%27s+Attitudes+to+Life+Events+and+Sexuality+%28MALES%29+study&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=583-594&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.183.9867%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18221291&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2007.00720.x&rft.aulast=Sand&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+William&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Raymond&rft.au=Heiman%2C+Julia&rft.au=Eardley%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzieCollingsJenkinRiver2018" class="citation journal cs1">McKenzie, Sarah K.; Collings, Sunny; Jenkin, Gabrielle; River, Jo (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6142169">"Masculinity, Social Connectedness, and Mental Health: Men's Diverse Patterns of Practice"</a>. American Journal of Men's Health. 12 (5): 1247–1261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1557988318772732">10.1177/1557988318772732</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-9883">1557-9883</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6142169">6142169</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29708008">29708008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Men%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Masculinity%2C+Social+Connectedness%2C+and+Mental+Health%3A+Men%27s+Diverse+Patterns+of+Practice&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1247-1261&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6142169%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1557-9883&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29708008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1557988318772732&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Sarah+K.&rft.au=Collings%2C+Sunny&rft.au=Jenkin%2C+Gabrielle&rft.au=River%2C+Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6142169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wijngaard-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Wijngaard_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_Wijngaard1997" class="citation book cs1">van den Wijngaard, Marianne (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dn5cI9BHbKgC&pg=PA1">Reinventing the Sexes: The Biomedical Construction of Femininity and Masculinity</a>. 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Retrieved 6 March 2015. <q>Their results found that homosexual men were rated as more stereotypically 'masculine' than heterosexual men, which they said undermined stereotypical notions of gay men as more feminine looking.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Gay+and+straight+men+may+have+different+facial+shapes%2C+new+study+suggests&rft.date=2013-11-08&rft.aulast=Saul&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fgay-and-straight-men-may-have-different-facial-shapes-new-study-suggests-8928519.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lyons, Minna (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23813041/">"Detection of sexual orientation ("gaydar") by homosexual and heterosexual women"</a>. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 43 (2): 345–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-013-0144-7">10.1007/s10508-013-0144-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23813041">23813041</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254253005">254253005</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622142717/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23813041/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023. <q>... homosexual men were rated as more feminine and less masculine than heterosexual men.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=Detection+of+sexual+orientation+%28%22gaydar%22%29+by+homosexual+and+heterosexual+women&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=345-352&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254253005%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23813041&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10508-013-0144-7&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Minna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F23813041%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Y., Wang (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fpspa0000098">"Deep neural networks are more accurate than humans at detecting sexual orientation from facial images"</a>. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 114 (2): 246–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fpspa0000098">10.1037/pspa0000098</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389215">29389215</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1379347">1379347</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622142718/https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037/pspa0000098">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023. <q>... gay men and women tended to have gender-atypical facial morphology, expression, and grooming styles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Deep+neural+networks+are+more+accurate+than+humans+at+detecting+sexual+orientation+from+facial+images.&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=246-257&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1379347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29389215&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fpspa0000098&rft.aulast=Y.&rft.aufirst=Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2FdoiLanding%3Fdoi%3D10.1037%252Fpspa0000098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advocate.com/comedy/2014/04/17/tbt-when-advocate-invented-bears">"When The Advocate Invented Bears"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Advocate (LGBT magazine)">The Advocate</a>. 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Documents d’artistes Genève (in French). Retrieved 10 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documents+d%E2%80%99artistes+Gen%C3%A8ve&rft.atitle=Soft+Heroes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdda-geneve.ch%2Ffr%2Fartistes%2Fthomas-liu-le-lann%2Foeuvres%2Fsoft-heroes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novembre.global/magazine/thomas-liu-le-lann-and-l-ecriture-du-moi">"Thomas Liu le Lann & l'écriture du moi / NOVEMBRE GLOBAL"</a>. novembre.global. 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Kultur Joker (in German). 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Cambridge Malden, Massachusetts: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745628387" title="Special:BookSources/9780745628387"><bdi>9780745628387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unpacking+queer+politics%3A+a+lesbian+feminist+perspective&rft.place=Cambridge+Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780745628387&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funpackingqueerpo00jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Halberstam, Judith (1998), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYAi9OEYRekC&pg=PA119">Lesbian masculinity: even stone butches get the blues</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405004251/https://books.google.com/books?id=UYAi9OEYRekC&pg=PA119">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam1998" class="citation book cs1">Halberstam, Judith, ed. 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Butch–Femme Network, founded in Massachusetts in 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.butch-femme.net/butchfemmenetwork_016.htm">the original</a> on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+our+Butch-Femme+Definitions+Page+%28blog%29&rft.pub=Butch%E2%80%93Femme+Network%2C+founded+in+Massachusetts+in+1996&rft.aulast=Wickens&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.butch-femme.net%2Fbutchfemmenetwork_016.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Hollibaugh, Amber L. (2000), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=41bNbaMuyPoC&pg=PA249">Gender warriors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405004258/https://books.google.com/books?id=41bNbaMuyPoC&pg=PA249">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollibaugh2000" class="citation book cs1">Hollibaugh, Amber L., ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mydangerousdesir00holl/page/249">My dangerous desires: a queer girl dreaming her way home</a>. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mydangerousdesir00holl/page/249">249</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822326250" title="Special:BookSources/9780822326250"><bdi>9780822326250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+dangerous+desires%3A+a+queer+girl+dreaming+her+way+home&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780822326250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmydangerousdesir00holl%2Fpage%2F249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2003" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Helen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myhusbandbettylo0000boyd/page/64">My husband Betty: love, sex, and life with a crossdresser</a>. New York: Thunder Mouth Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myhusbandbettylo0000boyd/page/64">64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560255154" title="Special:BookSources/9781560255154"><bdi>9781560255154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+husband+Betty%3A+love%2C+sex%2C+and+life+with+a+crossdresser&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Thunder+Mouth+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781560255154&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmyhusbandbettylo0000boyd%2Fpage%2F64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-87"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2006" class="citation journal cs1">George, Annie (July 2006). "Reinventing honorable masculinity: discourses from a working-class Indian community". <a href="/wiki/Men_and_Masculinities" title="Men and Masculinities">Men and Masculinities</a>. 9 (1): 35–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1097184X04270379">10.1177/1097184X04270379</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143440592">143440592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Men+and+Masculinities&rft.atitle=Reinventing+honorable+masculinity%3A+discourses+from+a+working-class+Indian+community&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-52&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1097184X04270379&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143440592%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostas2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kostas, M (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803183625/http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/16529/3/16529_Snow%20White%20in%20the%20Hellenic%20Primary%20Classrooms..pdf">"Snow White in Hellenic primary classrooms: Children's responses to non-traditional gender discourses"</a> (PDF). Gender and Education. 30 (4): 530–548. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09540253.2016.1237619">10.1080/09540253.2016.1237619</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54912000">54912000</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/16529/3/16529_Snow%20White%20in%20the%20Hellenic%20Primary%20Classrooms..pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+and+Education&rft.atitle=Snow+White+in+Hellenic+primary+classrooms%3A+Children%27s+responses+to+non-traditional+gender+discourses&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=530-548&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09540253.2016.1237619&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54912000%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kostas&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcreate.canterbury.ac.uk%2F16529%2F3%2F16529_Snow%2520White%2520in%2520the%2520Hellenic%2520Primary%2520Classrooms..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Laurie, Timothy; Hickey-Moody, Anna (2017), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31232852/Masculinity_and_Ridicule">Masculinity and ridicule</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404153241/https://www.academia.edu/31232852/Masculinity_and_Ridicule">Archived</a> 4 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapenburg2017" class="citation book cs1">Papenburg, Bettina, ed. (2017). Gender: laughter. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Macmillan Reference. pp. 215–228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028663265" title="Special:BookSources/9780028663265"><bdi>9780028663265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender%3A+laughter&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=215-228&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780028663265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBossonVandello2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bosson, Jennifer K.; Vandello, Joseph A. (April 2011). "Precarious manhood and its links to action and aggression". <a href="/wiki/Current_Directions_in_Psychological_Science" title="Current Directions in Psychological Science">Current Directions in Psychological Science</a>. 20 (2): 82–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963721411402669">10.1177/0963721411402669</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42522764">42522764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Directions+in+Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Precarious+manhood+and+its+links+to+action+and+aggression&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=82-86&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0963721411402669&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42522764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bosson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+K.&rft.au=Vandello%2C+Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandelloBossonCohenBurnaford2008" class="citation journal cs1">Vandello, Joseph A.; Bosson, Jennifer K.; Cohen, Dov; Burnaford, Rochelle M.; Weaver, Jonathan R. (December 2008). "Precarious manhood". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology" title="Journal of Personality and Social Psychology">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</a>. 95 (6): 1325–1339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0012453">10.1037/a0012453</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19025286">19025286</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6800516">6800516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Precarious+manhood&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1325-1339&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6800516%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19025286&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0012453&rft.aulast=Vandello&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft.au=Bosson%2C+Jennifer+K.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Dov&rft.au=Burnaford%2C+Rochelle+M.&rft.au=Weaver%2C+Jonathan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinegardWinegardGeary2014" class="citation journal cs1">Winegard, Bo M.; Winegard, Ben; Geary, David C. (March 2014). "Eastwood's brawn and Einstein's brain: an evolutionary account of dominance, prestige, and precarious manhood". <a href="/wiki/Review_of_General_Psychology" title="Review of General Psychology">Review of General Psychology</a>. 18 (1): 34–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0036594">10.1037/a0036594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147382166">147382166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+General+Psychology&rft.atitle=Eastwood%27s+brawn+and+Einstein%27s+brain%3A+an+evolutionary+account+of+dominance%2C+prestige%2C+and+precarious+manhood&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-48&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0036594&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147382166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Winegard&rft.aufirst=Bo+M.&rft.au=Winegard%2C+Ben&rft.au=Geary%2C+David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keith-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Keith_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2017" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Thomas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r_niDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT4">Masculinities in contemporary American culture: an intersectional approach to the complexities and challenges of male identity</a>. New York: Routledge. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317595342" title="Special:BookSources/9781317595342"><bdi>9781317595342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masculinities+in+contemporary+American+culture%3A+an+intersectional+approach+to+the+complexities+and+challenges+of+male+identity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317595342&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr_niDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam1998" class="citation book cs1">Halberstam, Judith (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYAi9OEYRekC&pg=PR11">"Preface"</a>. In Halberstam, Judith (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/femalemasculinit00judi/page/">Female Masculinity</a>. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/femalemasculinit00judi/page/">xi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822322436" title="Special:BookSources/9780822322436"><bdi>9780822322436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Female+Masculinity&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780822322436&rft.aulast=Halberstam&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUYAi9OEYRekC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gardiner, Judith Kegan (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/896773">"Female masculinities: a review essay"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Men_and_Masculinities" title="Men and Masculinities">Men and Masculinities</a>. 11 (5): 622–633. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1097184X08328448">10.1177/1097184X08328448</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147357074">147357074</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803220407/https://zenodo.org/record/896773">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Men+and+Masculinities&rft.atitle=Female+masculinities%3A+a+review+essay&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=622-633&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1097184X08328448&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147357074%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Judith+Kegan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F896773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> <dl><dd>Review of: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascoe2011" class="citation book cs1">Pascoe, C.J. (2011). <a href="/wiki/Dude,_You%27re_a_Fag" title="Dude, You're a Fag">Dude, you're a fag: masculinity and sexuality in high school</a>. California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781283291927" title="Special:BookSources/9781283291927"><bdi>9781283291927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dude%2C+you%27re+a+fag%3A+masculinity+and+sexuality+in+high+school&rft.place=California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781283291927&rft.aulast=Pascoe&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></dd> <dd>and: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2004" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Adrienne (2004). Gender as Soft Assembly. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203837849" title="Special:BookSources/9780203837849"><bdi>9780203837849</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+as+Soft+Assembly&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780203837849&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kramer, Zachary A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/nlj/vol13/iss2/9">"Three tales of female masculinity"</a>. Nevada Law Journal. 13 (2): 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211053846/http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/nlj/vol13/iss2/9/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nevada+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Three+tales+of+female+masculinity&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Zachary+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholars.law.unlv.edu%2Fnlj%2Fvol13%2Fiss2%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Girshick, Lori B. (2008), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eq8E8iuLqIYC&pg=PT48">The social construction of biological facts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405004255/https://books.google.com/books?id=eq8E8iuLqIYC&pg=PT48">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirshick2009" class="citation book cs1">Girshick, Lori B., ed. (April 2009). Transgender voices: beyond women and men. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781584656838" title="Special:BookSources/9781584656838"><bdi>9781584656838</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transgender+voices%3A+beyond+women+and+men&rft.place=Hanover%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2009-04&rft.isbn=9781584656838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaloian" class="citation news cs1">Paloian, Andrea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190216115443/https://steinhardt.nyu.edu/appsych/opus/issues/2012/fall/female">"The Female/Athlete Paradox: Managing Traditional Views of Masculinity and Femininity"</a>. Applied Psychology Opus. New York University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://steinhardt.nyu.edu/appsych/opus/issues/2012/fall/female">the original</a> on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Psychology+Opus&rft.atitle=The+Female%2FAthlete+Paradox%3A+Managing+Traditional+Views+of+Masculinity+and+Femininity&rft.aulast=Paloian&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsteinhardt.nyu.edu%2Fappsych%2Fopus%2Fissues%2F2012%2Ffall%2Ffemale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staurowsky2016-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Staurowsky2016_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaurowsky2016" class="citation book cs1">Staurowsky, Ellen J. (2016). Women and Sport: Continuing a Journey of Liberation and Celebration. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. pp. 41–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1450417594" title="Special:BookSources/978-1450417594"><bdi>978-1450417594</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Sport%3A+Continuing+a+Journey+of+Liberation+and+Celebration&rft.place=Champaign%2C+IL&rft.pages=41-49&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1450417594&rft.aulast=Staurowsky&rft.aufirst=Ellen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kawakami-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Kawakami_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawakamiWhiteLanger2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kawakami, Christine; White, Judith B.; Langer, Ellen J. (January 2000). 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"Masculine vs Feminine Personality Traits and Women's Employment Outcomes in Britain: A Field Experiment," GLO Discussion Paper Series 152, Global Labor Organization (GLO). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/glodps/152.html">https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/glodps/152.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143506/https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/glodps/152.html">Archived</a> 30 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Alewell-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Alewell_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlewell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Alewell, Dorothea (7 October 2013). "Be successful – be male and masculine? On the influence of gender roles on objective career success". Evidence-based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship. 1 (2): 147–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FEBHRM-10-2012-0014">10.1108/EBHRM-10-2012-0014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evidence-based+HRM%3A+A+Global+Forum+for+Empirical+Scholarship&rft.atitle=Be+successful+%E2%80%93+be+male+and+masculine%3F+On+the+influence+of+gender+roles+on+objective+career+success&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-168&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FEBHRM-10-2012-0014&rft.aulast=Alewell&rft.aufirst=Dorothea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaldasCheaterMarshall2005" class="citation journal cs1">Galdas, Paul M.; Cheater, Francine M.; Marshall, Paul (March 2005). "Men and health help-seeking behaviour: Literature review". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Advanced_Nursing" title="Journal of Advanced Nursing">Journal of Advanced Nursing</a>. 49 (6): 616–623. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2648.2004.03331.x">10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03331.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15737222">15737222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Advanced+Nursing&rft.atitle=Men+and+health+help-seeking+behaviour%3A+Literature+review&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=616-623&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2648.2004.03331.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15737222&rft.aulast=Galdas&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft.au=Cheater%2C+Francine+M.&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lemle_&_Mishkind-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Lemle_&_Mishkind_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemleMishkind1989" class="citation journal cs1">Lemle, Russell; Mishkind, Marc E. 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Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576077740" title="Special:BookSources/9781576077740"><bdi>9781576077740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcohol&rft.btitle=Men+and+Masculinities%3A+A+Social%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Historical+Encyclopedia%3A+Volume+1&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781576077740&rft.aulast=Berkowitz&rft.aufirst=Alan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWj5OBvTh1IC%26q%3Dalcohol%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStibbe2004" class="citation journal cs1">Stibbe, Arran (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/679/1/Health%20and%20the%20social%20construction%20of%20masculinity%20in%20Men%E2%80%99s%20Health%20magazine.pdf">"Health and the social construction of masculinity in "Men's Health" magazine"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Men_and_Masculinities" title="Men and Masculinities">Men and Masculinities</a>. 7 (1): 31–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1097184X03257441">10.1177/1097184X03257441</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109931551">109931551</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721163632/http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/679/1/Health%20and%20the%20social%20construction%20of%20masculinity%20in%20Men%E2%80%99s%20Health%20magazine.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2018. 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Men and Masculinities and Research from South Africa"</a>. Men and Masculinities. 22: 34–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1097184X18805548">10.1177/1097184X18805548</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150906818">150906818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Men+and+Masculinities&rft.atitle=Vehicle+for+Southern+African+Knowledge%3F+Men+and+Masculinities+and+Research+from+South+Africa&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=34-43&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1097184X18805548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150906818%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morrell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F1097184X18805548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tsang, Eileen Yuk-Ha (4 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2018.1431177">"Real Men Get the Best Bar Girls: Performing Masculinities in China's Global Sex Industry"</a>. Deviant Behavior. 40 (5): 559–573. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639625.2018.1431177">10.1080/01639625.2018.1431177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-9625">0163-9625</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218525378">218525378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deviant+Behavior&rft.atitle=Real+Men+Get+the+Best+Bar+Girls%3A+Performing+Masculinities+in+China%27s+Global+Sex+Industry&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=559-573&rft.date=2019-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218525378%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0163-9625&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01639625.2018.1431177&rft.aulast=Tsang&rft.aufirst=Eileen+Yuk-Ha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F01639625.2018.1431177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strate_et_al_1992-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strate_et_al_1992_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strate_et_al_1992_109-1">b</a> Strate, Lance (1992), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GJA7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT78">Beer commercials: a manual on masculinity</a>", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1992" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Steve, ed. 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Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803941632" title="Special:BookSources/9780803941632"><bdi>9780803941632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men%2C+masculinity+and+the+media&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=1992-02-26&rft.isbn=9780803941632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Citing:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostmanNystromStrateWeingartner1987" class="citation book cs1">Postman, Neil; Nystrom, Christine; <a href="/wiki/Lance_Strate" title="Lance Strate">Strate, Lance</a>; Weingartner, Charles (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED290074">Myths, men, and beer: an analysis of beer commercials on broadcast television</a>. Falls Church, Virginia: American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17165318">17165318</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043311/https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED290074">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths%2C+men%2C+and+beer%3A+an+analysis+of+beer+commercials+on+broadcast+television&rft.place=Falls+Church%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=American+Automobile+Association+Foundation+for+Traffic+Safety&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17165318&rft.aulast=Postman&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Nystrom%2C+Christine&rft.au=Strate%2C+Lance&rft.au=Weingartner%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DED290074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrate1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lance_Strate" title="Lance Strate">Strate, Lance</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044710/http://archive.nyscanet.org/omeka/">"The mediation of nature and culture in beer commercials"</a>. New Dimensions in Communications, Proceedings of the 47th Annual New York State Speech Communication Association Conference III. 1989: 92–95. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.nyscanet.org/omeka/">the original</a> on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Dimensions+in+Communications%2C+Proceedings+of+the+47th+Annual+New+York+State+Speech+Communication+Association+Conference+III&rft.atitle=The+mediation+of+nature+and+culture+in+beer+commercials&rft.volume=1989&rft.pages=92-95&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Strate&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.nyscanet.org%2Fomeka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrate1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Lance_Strate" title="Lance Strate">Strate, Lance</a> (October 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acrwebsite.org/volumes/7148/volumes/v18/NA-18">"The cultural meaning of beer commercials"</a>. Acr North American Advances. NA-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034456/http://acrwebsite.org/volumes/7148/volumes/v18/NA-18">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acr+North+American+Advances&rft.atitle=The+cultural+meaning+of+beer+commercials&rft.volume=NA-18&rft.date=1990-10&rft.aulast=Strate&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facrwebsite.org%2Fvolumes%2F7148%2Fvolumes%2Fv18%2FNA-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> Paper presented at the Advances in Consumer Research Conference, New York.</li> <li>Wenner, Lawrence A. (1991), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gcBkAAAAMAAJ">One part alcohol, one part sport, one part dirt, stir gently: beer commercials and television sports</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404105550/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcBkAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 4 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVande_BergWenner1991" class="citation book cs1">Vande Berg, Leah R.; Wenner, Lawrence A., eds. (1 January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/televisioncritic00vand">Television criticism: Approaches and applications</a>. New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801305801" title="Special:BookSources/9780801305801"><bdi>9780801305801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Television+criticism%3A+Approaches+and+applications&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1991-01-01&rft.isbn=9780801305801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftelevisioncritic00vand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li></ul></dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strate_2001-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Strate_2001_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrate2001" class="citation book cs1">Strate, Lance (2001). "Beer commercials: a manual on masculinity". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kimmel" title="Michael Kimmel">Kimmel, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Messner" title="Michael Messner">Messner, Michael</a> (eds.). Men's lives (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780205321056" title="Special:BookSources/9780205321056"><bdi>9780205321056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beer+commercials%3A+a+manual+on+masculinity&rft.btitle=Men%27s+lives&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780205321056&rft.aulast=Strate&rft.aufirst=Lance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreightonOliffe2010" class="citation journal cs1">Creighton, Genevieve; Oliffe, John L (2010). "Theorising masculinities and men's health: A brief history with a view to practice". Health Sociology Review. 19 (4): 413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5172%2Fhesr.2010.19.4.409">10.5172/hesr.2010.19.4.409</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143771206">143771206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Sociology+Review&rft.atitle=Theorising+masculinities+and+men%27s+health%3A+A+brief+history+with+a+view+to+practice&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=413&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5172%2Fhesr.2010.19.4.409&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143771206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Creighton&rft.aufirst=Genevieve&rft.au=Oliffe%2C+John+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauermeisterConnochieJadwin-CakmakMeanley2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bauermeister, José A.; Connochie, Daniel; Jadwin-Cakmak, Laura; Meanley, Steven (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5393921">"Gender Policing During Childhood and the Psychological Well-Being of Young Adult Sexual Minority Men in the United States"</a>. American Journal of Men's Health. 11 (3): 693–701. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1557988316680938">10.1177/1557988316680938</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-9883">1557-9883</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5393921">5393921</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27903954">27903954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Men%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Gender+Policing+During+Childhood+and+the+Psychological+Well-Being+of+Young+Adult+Sexual+Minority+Men+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=693-701&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5393921%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1557-9883&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27903954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1557988316680938&rft.aulast=Bauermeister&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+A.&rft.au=Connochie%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Jadwin-Cakmak%2C+Laura&rft.au=Meanley%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5393921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_113-1">b</a> Tosh, John (1999), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Br8JCAAAQBAJ">Introduction: masculinity and domesticity</a>", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTosh1999" class="citation book cs1">Tosh, John, ed. (1999). A man's place: masculinity and the middle-class home in Victorian England. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300077797" title="Special:BookSources/9780300077797"><bdi>9780300077797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+man%27s+place%3A+masculinity+and+the+middle-class+home+in+Victorian+England&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780300077797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1976" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Natalie Z. (Spring–Summer 1976). ""Women's history" in transition: the European case". <a href="/wiki/Feminist_Studies" title="Feminist Studies">Feminist Studies</a>. 3 (3–4): 83–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3177729">10.2307/3177729</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.0499697.0003.309">2027/spo.0499697.0003.309</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177729">3177729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Studies&rft.atitle=%22Women%27s+history%22+in+transition%3A+the+European+case&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93summer&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=83-103&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.0499697.0003.309&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3177729%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3177729&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Natalie+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1986" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Joan W. (December 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/educacaoerealidade/article/view/71721">"Gender: a useful category of historical analysis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a>. 91 (5): 1053–1075. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F91.5.1053">10.1086/ahr/91.5.1053</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1864376">1864376</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162012479">162012479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Gender%3A+a+useful+category+of+historical+analysis&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1053-1075&rft.date=1986-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162012479%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1864376%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr%2F91.5.1053&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Joan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseer.ufrgs.br%2Findex.php%2Feducacaoerealidade%2Farticle%2Fview%2F71721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourdieu2001" class="citation book cs1">Bourdieu, Pierre (2001). Masculine domination. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745622651" title="Special:BookSources/9780745622651"><bdi>9780745622651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masculine+domination&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780745622651&rft.aulast=Bourdieu&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_117-1">b</a> Steedman, Carolyn (1992), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EzD4fdELEioC&pg=PA614">Culture, cultural studies and the historians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405004300/https://books.google.com/books?id=EzD4fdELEioC&pg=PA614">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossbergNelsonTreichler1992" class="citation book cs1">Grossberg, Lawrence; Nelson, Cary; Treichler, Paula, eds. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturalstudies0000unse/page/617">Cultural studies</a>. New York: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturalstudies0000unse/page/617">617</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415903455" title="Special:BookSources/9780415903455"><bdi>9780415903455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+studies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=617&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780415903455&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturalstudies0000unse%2Fpage%2F617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_118-3">d</a> Tosh, John (2011), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0E5ARiVe9YUC&pg=PA17">The history of masculinity: an outdated concept?</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldBrady2011" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, John H.; Brady, Sean, eds. (2011). What is masculinity?: historical dynamics from antiquity to the contemporary world. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 17–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137305602" title="Special:BookSources/9781137305602"><bdi>9781137305602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+masculinity%3F%3A+historical+dynamics+from+antiquity+to+the+contemporary+world&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire+New+York&rft.pages=17-34&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781137305602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_119-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, Martin (April 2007). "A flight from commitment? Domesticity, adventure and the masculine imaginary in Britain after the Second World War". <a href="/wiki/Gender_%26_History" title="Gender & History">Gender & History</a>. 19 (1): 163–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0424.2007.00469.x">10.1111/j.1468-0424.2007.00469.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144767677">144767677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+%26+History&rft.atitle=A+flight+from+commitment%3F+Domesticity%2C+adventure+and+the+masculine+imaginary+in+Britain+after+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=163-185&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0424.2007.00469.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144767677%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoper2005" class="citation journal cs1">Roper, Michael (March 2005). 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"The trouble with men: Problems in the history of 'masculinity'". <a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Cultural_Studies" title="European Journal of Cultural Studies">European Journal of Cultural Studies</a>. 1 (3): 419–431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F136754949800100307">10.1177/136754949800100307</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145772531">145772531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=The+trouble+with+men%3A+Problems+in+the+history+of+%27masculinity%27&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=419-431&rft.date=1998-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F136754949800100307&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145772531%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dudink&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon-Godeau1997" class="citation book cs1">Solomon-Godeau, Abigail (1997). Male trouble: a crisis in representation. New York: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500280379" title="Special:BookSources/9780500280379"><bdi>9780500280379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Male+trouble%3A+a+crisis+in+representation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780500280379&rft.aulast=Solomon-Godeau&rft.aufirst=Abigail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudink2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dudink, Stefan (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18352%2Fbmgn-lchr.1562">"Multipurpose masculinities: gender and power in low countries histories of masculinity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BMGN:_Low_Countries_Historical_Review" title="BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review">BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review</a>. 127 (1): 5–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18352%2Fbmgn-lchr.1562">10.18352/bmgn-lchr.1562</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F116820">2066/116820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMGN%3A+Low+Countries+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Multipurpose+masculinities%3A+gender+and+power+in+low+countries+histories+of+masculinity&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-18&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F116820&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18352%2Fbmgn-lchr.1562&rft.aulast=Dudink&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18352%252Fbmgn-lchr.1562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrellSterba2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Farrell" title="Warren Farrell">Farrell, Warren</a>; Sterba, James P. (2008). Does feminism discriminate against men?. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195312829" title="Special:BookSources/9780195312829"><bdi>9780195312829</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Does+feminism+discriminate+against+men%3F&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780195312829&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft.au=Sterba%2C+James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1991" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Peter (April 1991). "The cultural politics of masculinity: towards a social geography". <a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Institute_of_British_Geographers" title="Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers">Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</a>. 16 (2): 199–213. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991TrIBG..16..199J">1991TrIBG..16..199J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F622614">10.2307/622614</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/622614">622614</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147461986">147461986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Institute+of+British+Geographers&rft.atitle=The+cultural+politics+of+masculinity%3A+towards+a+social+geography&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-213&rft.date=1991-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F622614&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147461986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F622614%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991TrIBG..16..199J&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabmeier2006" class="citation news cs1">Grabmeier, Jeff (10 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618040952/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/maleobj.htm">"Pressure to be more muscular may lead men to unhealthy behaviors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/maleobj.htm">the original</a> on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 29 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pressure+to+be+more+muscular+may+lead+men+to+unhealthy+behaviors&rft.date=2006-08-10&rft.aulast=Grabmeier&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchnews.osu.edu%2Farchive%2Fmaleobj.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> <dl><dd>See also: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzTylka2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz, Jonathan P.; Tylka, Tracy L. (April 2008). "Exploring entitlement as a moderator and mediator of the relationship between masculine gender role conflict and men's body esteem". <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_Men_%26_Masculinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology of Men & Masculinity">Psychology of Men & Masculinity</a>. 9 (2): 67–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1524-9220.9.2.67">10.1037/1524-9220.9.2.67</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9430583">9430583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Men+%26+Masculinity&rft.atitle=Exploring+entitlement+as+a+moderator+and+mediator+of+the+relationship+between+masculine+gender+role+conflict+and+men%27s+body+esteem&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-81&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F1524-9220.9.2.67&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9430583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+P.&rft.au=Tylka%2C+Tracy+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://u.osu.edu/tracyltylka/files/2015/02/SchwartzTylka-2lditi1.pdf">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041224/http://u.osu.edu/tracyltylka/files/2015/02/SchwartzTylka-2lditi1.pdf">Archived</a> 1 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoode2000" class="citation news cs1">Goode, Erica (25 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/25/health/thinner-the-male-battle-with-anorexia.html">"Thinner: the male battle with anorexia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404220730/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/25/health/thinner-the-male-battle-with-anorexia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thinner%3A+the+male+battle+with+anorexia&rft.date=2000-06-25&rft.aulast=Goode&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F06%2F25%2Fhealth%2Fthinner-the-male-battle-with-anorexia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7318411.stm">"Magazines 'harm male body image'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 28 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531172427/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7318411.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Magazines+%27harm+male+body+image%27&rft.date=2008-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F7318411.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.askmen.com/sports/bodybuilding/56_fitness_tip.html">"Muscle dysmorphia"</a>. askmen.com. Ask Men. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108134833/https://uk.askmen.com/sports/bodybuilding/56_fitness_tip.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=askmen.com&rft.atitle=Muscle+dysmorphia&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.askmen.com%2Fsports%2Fbodybuilding%2F56_fitness_tip.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/health/060815_bodyimage_men.html">"Men muscle in on body image problems"</a>. livescience.com. LiveScience. 6 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft.atitle=Men+muscle+in+on+body+image+problems&rft.date=2015-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fhealth%2F060815_bodyimage_men.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112130606/https://www.latimes.com/health/ny-news-traditional-masculinity-harmful-psychological-association-20190109-story.html">"Magazines 'traditional masculinity harmful'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LA_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="LA Times">LA Times</a>. 9 January 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/health/ny-news-traditional-masculinity-harmful-psychological-association-20190109-story.html">the original</a> on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LA+Times&rft.atitle=Magazines+%27traditional+masculinity+harmful%27&rft.date=2019-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fhealth%2Fny-news-traditional-masculinity-harmful-psychological-association-20190109-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindsey-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Lindsey_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey2015" class="citation book cs1">Lindsey, Linda L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qjjbCgAAQBAJ&q=%22big+boys+don't+cry%22">Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspective</a>. Routledge. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31-734808-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-31-734808-5"><bdi>978-1-31-734808-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+Roles%3A+A+Sociological+Perspective&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-31-734808-5&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Linda+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqjjbCgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522big%2Bboys%2Bdon%27t%2Bcry%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levant_1996-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Levant_1996_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevant1996" class="citation journal cs1">Levant, Ronald F. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232569489">"The new psychology of men"</a>. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 27 (3): 259–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0735-7028.27.3.259">10.1037/0735-7028.27.3.259</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301184158/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232569489_A_New_Psychology_of_Men">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2020. 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San Diego, California: Academic Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_g9b9/page/835">835</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0122272455" title="Special:BookSources/978-0122272455"><bdi>978-0122272455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+and+Gender%3A+Sex+Similarities+and+Differences+and+the+Impact+of+Society+on+Gender&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+California&rft.pages=835&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0122272455&rft.aulast=Worell&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofwo0000unse_g9b9%2Fpage%2F835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinsonKleiber2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchinson, Susan L.; Kleiber, Douglas A. (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://js.sagamorepub.com/trj/article/view/1110">"Heroic masculinity following spinal cord injury: Implications for therapeutic recreation practice and research"</a>. Therapeutic Recreation Journal. 34 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320214432/https://js.sagamorepub.com/trj/article/view/1110">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Therapeutic+Recreation+Journal&rft.atitle=Heroic+masculinity+following+spinal+cord+injury%3A+Implications+for+therapeutic+recreation+practice+and+research&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2000-01&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Susan+L.&rft.au=Kleiber%2C+Douglas+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjs.sagamorepub.com%2Ftrj%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinGnoth2009" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Brett A.S.; Gnoth, Juergen (December 2009). "Is the Marlboro man the only alternative? The role of gender identity and self-construal salience in evaluations of male models". Marketing Letters. 20 (4): 353–367. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.477.5034">10.1.1.477.5034</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11002-009-9069-2">10.1007/s11002-009-9069-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143193100">143193100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marketing+Letters&rft.atitle=Is+the+Marlboro+man+the+only+alternative%3F+The+role+of+gender+identity+and+self-construal+salience+in+evaluations+of+male+models&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=353-367&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.477.5034%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143193100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11002-009-9069-2&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Brett+A.S.&rft.au=Gnoth%2C+Juergen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basmartin.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Martin-Gnoth-2009.pdf">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024192003/https://basmartin.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Martin-Gnoth-2009.pdf">Archived</a> 24 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindlonThompson2000" class="citation cs2">Kindlon, Dan; Thompson, Michael (2000), "The road not taken: turning boys away from their inner life", in Kindlon, Dan; Thompson, Michael (eds.), Raising Cain: protecting the emotional life of boys, New York: Ballantine Books, pp. 1–20, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780345434852" title="Special:BookSources/9780345434852"><bdi>9780345434852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+road+not+taken%3A+turning+boys+away+from+their+inner+life&rft.btitle=Raising+Cain%3A+protecting+the+emotional+life+of+boys&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-20&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780345434852&rft.aulast=Kindlon&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCover2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cover, Rob (2014). "Sexual ethics, masculinity and mutual vulnerability: Judith Butler's contribution to an ethics of non-violence". <a href="/wiki/Australian_Feminist_Studies" title="Australian Feminist Studies">Australian Feminist Studies</a>. 29 (82): 435–451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08164649.2014.967741">10.1080/08164649.2014.967741</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143116739">143116739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Feminist+Studies&rft.atitle=Sexual+ethics%2C+masculinity+and+mutual+vulnerability%3A+Judith+Butler%27s+contribution+to+an+ethics+of+non-violence&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=82&rft.pages=435-451&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08164649.2014.967741&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143116739%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cover&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrocks1994" class="citation book cs1">Horrocks, Roger (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k24dAQAAMAAJ">Masculinities in Crisis: Myths, Fantasies, and Realities</a>. St Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333593226" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333593226"><bdi>978-0333593226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masculinities+in+Crisis%3A+Myths%2C+Fantasies%2C+and+Realities&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0333593226&rft.aulast=Horrocks&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk24dAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Sally (2000). Marked Men: White Masculinity in Crisis. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50036-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50036-4"><bdi>978-0-231-50036-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marked+Men%3A+White+Masculinity+in+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50036-4&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2010" class="citation news cs1">Rogers, Thomas (14 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712150156/http://www.salon.com/2010/11/14/manthropology_interview/singleton/">"The dramatic decline of the modern man"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2010/11/14/manthropology_interview/singleton/">the original</a> on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=The+dramatic+decline+of+the+modern+man&rft.date=2010-11-14&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2010%2F11%2F14%2Fmanthropology_interview%2Fsingleton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beynon_2002-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beynon_2002_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beynon_2002_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beynon_2002_142-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeynon2002" class="citation cs2">Beynon, John (2002), "Masculinities and the notion of 'crisis'", in Beynon, John (ed.), Masculinities and culture, Philadelphia: Open University Press, pp. 75–97, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-19988-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-19988-4"><bdi>978-0-335-19988-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Masculinities+and+the+notion+of+%27crisis%27&rft.btitle=Masculinities+and+culture&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=75-97&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-335-19988-4&rft.aulast=Beynon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacInnes1998" class="citation book cs1">MacInnes, John (1998). The end of masculinity: the confusion of sexual genesis and sexual difference in modern society. Philadelphia: Open University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-19659-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-19659-3"><bdi>978-0-335-19659-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+end+of+masculinity%3A+the+confusion+of+sexual+genesis+and+sexual+difference+in+modern+society&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-335-19659-3&rft.aulast=MacInnes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1998" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Leon (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3dvtQEetWrsC&pg=PA73">British low culture: from safari suits to sexploitation</a>. London, New York: Routledge. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15182-5"><bdi>978-0-415-15182-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+low+culture%3A+from+safari+suits+to+sexploitation&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15182-5&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3dvtQEetWrsC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorioka2013" class="citation journal cs1">Morioka, Masahiro (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifestudies.org/press/review.html">"A phenomenological study of "Herbivore Men""</a>. The Review of Life Studies. 4: 1–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306153227/http://www.lifestudies.org/press/review.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Life+Studies&rft.atitle=A+phenomenological+study+of+%22Herbivore+Men%22&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2013-09&rft.aulast=Morioka&rft.aufirst=Masahiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifestudies.org%2Fpress%2Freview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifestudies.org/press/rls0401.pdf">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025222313/http://www.lifestudies.org/press/rls0401.pdf">Archived</a> 25 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolis2023" class="citation web cs1">Margolis, Eric (10 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2023/06/10/books/ao-omae/">"Ao Omae confronts identities and alienation of modern youth"</a>. The Japan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230611010704/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2023/06/10/books/ao-omae/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2023. 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Retrieved 24 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Men+and+Masculinities&rft.atitle=Pathways+to+Gender-equitable+Men%3A+Findings+from+the+International+Men+and+Gender+Equality+Survey+in+Eight+Countries&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=467-501&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1097184X14558234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145452643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Levtov&rft.aufirst=Ruti+Galia&rft.au=Barker%2C+Gary&rft.au=Contreras-Urbina%2C+Manuel&rft.au=Heilman%2C+Brian&rft.au=Verma%2C+Ravi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F1097184X14558234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouie2012" class="citation journal cs1">Louie, Kam (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911812001234">"Popular Culture and Masculinity Ideals in East Asia, with Special Reference to China"</a>. The Journal of Asian Studies. 71 (4): 929–943. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911812001234">10.1017/S0021911812001234</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10722%2F190534">10722/190534</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Popular+Culture+and+Masculinity+Ideals+in+East+Asia%2C+with+Special+Reference+to+China&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=929-943&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10722%2F190534&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911812001234&rft.aulast=Louie&rft.aufirst=Kam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0021911812001234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDworkinHatcherColvinPeacock2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dworkin, Shari L.; Hatcher, Abigail M.; Colvin, Chris; Peacock, Dean (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3848879">"Impact of a Gender-Transformative HIV and Antiviolence Program on Gender Ideologies and Masculinities in Two Rural, South African Communities"</a>. Men and Masculinities. 16 (2): 181–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1097184X12469878">10.1177/1097184X12469878</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-184X">1097-184X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3848879">3848879</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24311940">24311940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Men+and+Masculinities&rft.atitle=Impact+of+a+Gender-Transformative+HIV+and+Antiviolence+Program+on+Gender+Ideologies+and+Masculinities+in+Two+Rural%2C+South+African+Communities&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-202&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3848879%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1097-184X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24311940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1097184X12469878&rft.aulast=Dworkin&rft.aufirst=Shari+L.&rft.au=Hatcher%2C+Abigail+M.&rft.au=Colvin%2C+Chris&rft.au=Peacock%2C+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3848879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Contemporary">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrindell2005" class="citation journal cs1">Arrindell, Willem A. (1 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA138230975">"Masculine gender role stress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_Times" title="Psychiatric Times">Psychiatric Times</a>. XXII (11): 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatric+Times&rft.atitle=Masculine+gender+role+stress&rft.volume=XXII&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2005-10-01&rft.aulast=Arrindell&rft.aufirst=Willem+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.galegroup.com%2Fps%2Fanonymous%3Fid%3DGALE%257CA138230975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrindellKolkMartinKwee2003" class="citation journal cs1">Arrindell, Willem A.; et al. (September–December 2003). "Masculine gender role stress: a potential predictor of phobic and obsessive-compulsive behaviour". Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 34 (3–4): 251–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbtep.2003.10.002">10.1016/j.jbtep.2003.10.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14972672">14972672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Behavior+Therapy+and+Experimental+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Masculine+gender+role+stress%3A+a+potential+predictor+of+phobic+and+obsessive-compulsive+behaviour&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=251-267&rft.date=2003-09%2F2003-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbtep.2003.10.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14972672&rft.aulast=Arrindell&rft.aufirst=Willem+A.&rft.au=Kolk%2C+Annemarie+M.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Katie&rft.au=Kwee%2C+M.G.T.&rft.au=Booms%2C+Ellen+O.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshe2006" class="citation book cs1">Ashe, Fidelma (2006). The New Politics of Masculinity: Men, Power and Resistance. London New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781281062505" title="Special:BookSources/9781281062505"><bdi>9781281062505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Politics+of+Masculinity%3A+Men%2C+Power+and+Resistance&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781281062505&rft.aulast=Ashe&rft.aufirst=Fidelma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddulph2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biddulph" title="Steve Biddulph">Biddulph, Steve</a> (2010). The new manhood: The handbook for a new kind of man. Warriewood, N.S.W: Finch Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1876451882" title="Special:BookSources/978-1876451882"><bdi>978-1876451882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+manhood%3A+The+handbook+for+a+new+kind+of+man&rft.place=Warriewood%2C+N.S.W&rft.pub=Finch+Pub&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1876451882&rft.aulast=Biddulph&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroomTovey2009" class="citation book cs1">Broom, Alex; Tovey, Philip, eds. (2009). Men's health: body, identity, and social context. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470516560" title="Special:BookSources/9780470516560"><bdi>9780470516560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men%27s+health%3A+body%2C+identity%2C+and+social+context&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+U.K.+Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780470516560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchbinder2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Buchbinder" title="David Buchbinder">Buchbinder, David</a> (2014). "Deciphering men: reading the masculine in Modern Family". Qualitative Research Journal. 14 (1): 16–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FQRJ-03-2014-0003">10.1108/QRJ-03-2014-0003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qualitative+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Deciphering+men%3A+reading+the+masculine+in+Modern+Family&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-27&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FQRJ-03-2014-0003&rft.aulast=Buchbinder&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurstin2005" class="citation news cs1">Burstin, Fay (15 October 2005). "What's killing men". Herald Sun. Melbourne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald+Sun&rft.atitle=What%27s+killing+men&rft.date=2005-10-15&rft.aulast=Burstin&rft.aufirst=Fay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey-Glover2015" class="citation journal cs1">Coffey-Glover, Laura (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29336/1/PubSub6855_CoffeyGlover.pdf">"Ideologies of masculinity in women's magazines: a critical stylistic approach"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Gender_and_Language" title="Gender and Language">Gender and Language</a>. 9 (3): 337–364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fgenl.v9i3.17360">10.1558/genl.v9i3.17360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+and+Language&rft.atitle=Ideologies+of+masculinity+in+women%27s+magazines%3A+a+critical+stylistic+approach&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337-364&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fgenl.v9i3.17360&rft.aulast=Coffey-Glover&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firep.ntu.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F29336%2F1%2FPubSub6855_CoffeyGlover.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorneau1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Corneau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Corneau (page does not exist)">Corneau, Guy</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/absentfatherslos00corn">Absent fathers, lost sons: the search for masculine identity</a>. Boston New York: Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877736035" title="Special:BookSources/9780877736035"><bdi>9780877736035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absent+fathers%2C+lost+sons%3A+the+search+for+masculine+identity&rft.place=Boston+New+York&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780877736035&rft.aulast=Corneau&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabsentfatherslos00corn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtenay2000" class="citation journal cs1">Courtenay, Will H. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menshealth.org/code/SSM.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 February 2018. 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Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-43-382690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-43-382690-0"><bdi>978-1-43-382690-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Men+and+Masculinities&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-43-382690-0&rft.aulast=Levant&rft.aufirst=Ronald+F.&rft.au=Wong%2C+Y.+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do_hkvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1998" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Martin (1998). Gay macho: the life and death of the homosexual clone. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814746943" title="Special:BookSources/9780814746943"><bdi>9780814746943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+macho%3A+the+life+and+death+of+the+homosexual+clone&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780814746943&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lupton, Ben (March 2006). "Explaining men's entry into female-concentrated occupations: issues of masculinity and social class". <a href="/wiki/Gender,_Work_and_Organization" title="Gender, Work and Organization">Gender, Work and Organization</a>. 13 (2): 103–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0432.2006.00299.x">10.1111/j.1468-0432.2006.00299.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145124069">145124069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender%2C+Work+and+Organization&rft.atitle=Explaining+men%27s+entry+into+female-concentrated+occupations%3A+issues+of+masculinity+and+social+class&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=103-128&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0432.2006.00299.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145124069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lupton&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield, Harvey</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/Manliness_(book)" title="Manliness (book)">Manliness</a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300106640" title="Special:BookSources/9780300106640"><bdi>9780300106640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manliness&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780300106640&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeser2010" class="citation news cs1">Reeser, T. (2010). "Masculinities in Theory". <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. Malden, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.atitle=Masculinities+in+Theory&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Reeser&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2005" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, L. (21 October 2005). "Not just boys being boys: Brutal hazings are a product of a culture of masculinity defined by violence, aggression and domination". <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a>. Ottawa, Ontario.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Not+just+boys+being+boys%3A+Brutal+hazings+are+a+product+of+a+culture+of+masculinity+defined+by+violence%2C+aggression+and+domination&rft.date=2005-10-21&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Shapiro" title="Stephen A. Shapiro">Shapiro, Stephen A.</a> (1984). Manhood: a new definition. New York: Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780399129926" title="Special:BookSources/9780399129926"><bdi>9780399129926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manhood%3A+a+new+definition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780399129926&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuttleworth2004" class="citation cs2">Shuttleworth, Russell (2004), "Disabled masculinity", in Smith, Bonnie G.; Hutchison, Beth (eds.), Gendering disability, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, pp. 166–178, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813533735" title="Special:BookSources/9780813533735"><bdi>9780813533735</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Disabled+masculinity&rft.btitle=Gendering+disability&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=166-178&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780813533735&rft.aulast=Shuttleworth&rft.aufirst=Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1994" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Mark (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maleimpersonator0000simp">Male impersonators: men performing masculinity</a>. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415909914" title="Special:BookSources/9780415909914"><bdi>9780415909914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Male+impersonators%3A+men+performing+masculinity&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780415909914&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaleimpersonator0000simp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Also available as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1993" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Mark (1993). Male impersonators: men performing masculinity. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780304328086" title="Special:BookSources/9780304328086"><bdi>9780304328086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Male+impersonators%3A+men+performing+masculinity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780304328086&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson1995" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, June (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menarenotcosteff00june">Men are not cost-effective: male crime in America</a>. New York: HarperPerennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060950989" title="Special:BookSources/9780060950989"><bdi>9780060950989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+are+not+cost-effective%3A+male+crime+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperPerennial&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780060950989&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmenarenotcosteff00june&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTozer2015" class="citation book cs1">Tozer, Malcolm (2015). The ideal of manliness: the legacy of Thring's Uppingham. Truro: Sunnyrest Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781329542730" title="Special:BookSources/9781329542730"><bdi>9781329542730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ideal+of+manliness%3A+the+legacy+of+Thring%27s+Uppingham&rft.place=Truro&rft.pub=Sunnyrest+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781329542730&rft.aulast=Tozer&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2010" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Fintan (2010). Male trouble: masculinity and the performance of crisis. Basingstoke, Hampshire England New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349368242" title="Special:BookSources/9781349368242"><bdi>9781349368242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Male+trouble%3A+masculinity+and+the+performance+of+crisis&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire+England+New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781349368242&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Fintan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Williamson, P. (29 November 1995). "Their own worst enemy". <a href="/wiki/Nursing_Times" title="Nursing Times">Nursing Times</a>. 91 (48): 24–27. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937998604">937998604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nursing+Times&rft.atitle=Their+own+worst+enemy&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=24-27&rft.date=1995-11-29&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F937998604&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWongHoWangMiller2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wong, Y. Joel; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/cou-cou0000176.pdf">"Meta-analyses of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes"</a> (PDF). Journal of Counseling Psychology. 64 (1): 80–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fcou0000176">10.1037/cou0000176</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27869454">27869454</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8385">8385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Counseling+Psychology&rft.atitle=Meta-analyses+of+the+relationship+between+conformity+to+masculine+norms+and+mental+health-related+outcomes&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-93&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27869454&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fcou0000176&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Y.+Joel&rft.au=Ho%2C+Moon-Ho+Ringo&rft.au=Wang%2C+Shu-Yi&rft.au=Miller%2C+I.+S.+Keino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2Freleases%2Fcou-cou0000176.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2000" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2000/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.7.pdf">What About Boys?: A Literature Review on the Health and Development of Adolescent Boys</a> (PDF). Geneva, Switzerland. WHO/FCH/CAH/00.7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+About+Boys%3F%3A+A+Literature+Review+on+the+Health+and+Development+of+Adolescent+Boys&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2000&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhqlibdoc.who.int%2Fhq%2F2000%2FWHO_FCH_CAH_00.7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWray2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Wray, Herbert (26 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829203251/https://www.backissues.com/issue/US-News-and-World-Report-September-26-2005">"Survival skills"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. Vol. 139, no. 11. p. 63. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://backissues.com/issue/US-News-and-World-Report-September-26-2005">the original</a> on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Survival+skills&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=63&rft.date=2005-09-26&rft.aulast=Wray&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbackissues.com%2Fissue%2FUS-News-and-World-Report-September-26-2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Historical">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchbinder2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Buchbinder" title="David Buchbinder">Buchbinder, David</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OH2UCKBg6xoC&pg=PA65">"Color and movement: the male dancer, masculinity and race in film"</a>. In Jackson II, Ronald L.; Moshin, Jamie E. (eds.). Communicating marginalized masculinities: identity politics in TV, film, and new media. Routledge Studies in Rhetoric and Communication. New York: Routledge. pp. 65–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415623070" title="Special:BookSources/9780415623070"><bdi>9780415623070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Color+and+movement%3A+the+male+dancer%2C+masculinity+and+race+in+film&rft.btitle=Communicating+marginalized+masculinities%3A+identity+politics+in+TV%2C+film%2C+and+new+media&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Rhetoric+and+Communication&rft.pages=65-79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780415623070&rft.aulast=Buchbinder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOH2UCKBg6xoC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkinsClark_Hine1999" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Earnestine; Clark Hine, Darlene (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questionofmanhoo00hine">A question of manhood: a reader in U.S. Black men's history and masculinity</a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253213433" title="Special:BookSources/9780253213433"><bdi>9780253213433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+question+of+manhood%3A+a+reader+in+U.S.+Black+men%27s+history+and+masculinity&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780253213433&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Earnestine&rft.au=Clark+Hine%2C+Darlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquestionofmanhoo00hine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmel2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kimmel" title="Michael Kimmel">Kimmel, Michael</a> (2012) [1996]. Manhood in America: A Cultural History (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199781553" title="Special:BookSources/9780199781553"><bdi>9780199781553</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manhood+in+America%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199781553&rft.aulast=Kimmel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurie1999" class="citation cs2">Laurie, Ross (1999), "Masculinity", in Boyd, Kelly (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0121vD9STIMC&pg=PA778">Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing vol 2</a>, Taylor & Francis, pp. 778–80, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781884964336" title="Special:BookSources/9781884964336"><bdi>9781884964336</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Masculinity&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Historians+and+Historical+Writing+vol+2&rft.pages=778-80&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781884964336&rft.aulast=Laurie&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0121vD9STIMC%26pg%3DPA778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988">, Historiography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPleckPleck1980" class="citation book cs1">Pleck, Elizabeth Hafkin; Pleck, Joseph H. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanman0000plec">The American man</a>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780130281425" title="Special:BookSources/9780130281425"><bdi>9780130281425</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+man&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780130281425&rft.aulast=Pleck&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Hafkin&rft.au=Pleck%2C+Joseph+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanman0000plec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPozzo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pozzo, Barbara (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/nlj/vol13/iss2/15">"Masculinity Italian style"</a>. Nevada Law Journal. 13 (2): 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nevada+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Masculinity+Italian+style&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Pozzo&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholars.law.unlv.edu%2Fnlj%2Fvol13%2Fiss2%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2002" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Gary (2002). Castration: an abbreviated history of western manhood. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415938815" title="Special:BookSources/9780415938815"><bdi>9780415938815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castration%3A+an+abbreviated+history+of+western+manhood&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780415938815&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheweleit1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Theweleit" title="Klaus Theweleit">Theweleit, Klaus</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malefantasies02klau">Male fantasies</a>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816614516" title="Special:BookSources/9780816614516"><bdi>9780816614516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Male+fantasies&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780816614516&rft.aulast=Theweleit&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalefantasies02klau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns1990" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, Peter N. (1990). Be a man!: males in modern society. New York: Holmes & Meier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780841912816" title="Special:BookSources/9780841912816"><bdi>9780841912816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Be+a+man%21%3A+males+in+modern+society&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holmes+%26+Meier&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780841912816&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Peter+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasculinity" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculinity&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Masculinity" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Masculinity">Masculinity</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/masculinity" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:masculinity">masculinity</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> Bibliographic <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mensbiblio.xyonline.net/">The Men's Bibliography</a>, a comprehensive bibliography of writing on men, masculinities, gender and sexualities, listing over 16,700 works. (mainly from a constructionist perspective)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060501135951/http://www.boyhoodstudies.com/">Boyhood Studies</a>, features a 2200+ bibliography of young masculinities.</li></ul> Other <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/series/323986426/men-in-america">Men in America</a>, series by National Public Radio</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Masculism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #D5DFCE;;background: #D5DFCE;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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<li><a href="/wiki/Gender_marking_in_job_titles" title="Gender marking in job titles">Gender marking in job titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_masculinity" title="Hegemonic masculinity">Hegemonic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_sexism" title="Occupational sexism">Occupational sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marriage and reproduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience" title="Marriage of convenience">Marriage of convenience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_abortion" title="Paper abortion">Paper abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">Paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Paternal rights and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_fraud" title="Paternity fraud">Paternity fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm theft">Sperm theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-at-home_dad" title="Stay-at-home dad">Stay-at-home dad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tender_years_doctrine" title="Tender years doctrine">Tender years doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_wife" title="Trophy wife">Trophy wife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_shelter#Male_residents" title="Women's shelter">Men's shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime" title="Sex differences in crime">Sex differences in crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_poisoning" title="Testosterone poisoning">Testosterone poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virility" title="Virility">Virility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore_men" title="Herbivore men">Herbivore men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manosphere" title="Manosphere">Manosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine beauty ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_health" title="Men's health">Men's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">Human sex ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D5DFCE;;width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_movement" title="Men's movement">Men's movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_liberation_movement" title="Men's liberation movement">Men's liberation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights_movement" title="Men's rights movement">Men's rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights_movement_in_India" title="Men's rights movement in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoetic_men%27s_movement" title="Mythopoetic men's movement">Mythopoetic men's movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_Going_Their_Own_Way" title="Men Going Their Own Way">Men Going Their Own Way</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fathers&#039;_rights_movement" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D5DFCE; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement_by_country" title="Fathers' rights movement by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement_in_Australia" title="Fathers' rights movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement_in_Italy" title="Fathers' rights movement in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fathers' rights movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Fathers' rights movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D5DFCE;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bly" title="Robert Bly">Robert Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Donovan_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Donovan (writer)">Jack Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Farrell" title="Warren Farrell">Warren Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassie_Jaye" title="Cassie Jaye">Cassie Jaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kimmel" title="Michael Kimmel">Michael Kimmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Messner" title="Michael Messner">Michael Messner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_Pizzey" title="Erin Pizzey">Erin Pizzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_Arndt" title="Bettina Arndt">Bettina Arndt</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D5DFCE;;width:1%">Remembrance days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Men%27s_Day" title="International Men's Day">International Men's Day</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D5DFCE;;width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence" 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style="width:1%">Sexism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcracy" title="Androcracy">Androcracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androcentrism" title="Androcentrism">Androcentrism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #D5DFCE;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Masculism" 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1011027/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4123701-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85081797">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119462329">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119462329">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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