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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Municipal reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of municipalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Local elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinde_(Deutschland)" title="Gemeinde (Deutschland) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gemeinde (Deutschland)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بلديات ألمانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلديات ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceyos_d%27Alema%C3%B1a" title="Conceyos d'Alemaña – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conceyos d'Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-kok_%C3%AA_kong-si%C4%81" title="Tek-kok ê kong-siā – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-kok ê kong-siā" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Общини в Германия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Общини в Германия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmoa_(Deitschland)" title="Gmoa (Deitschland) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gmoa (Deitschland)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumunio%C3%B9_Alamagn" title="Kumunioù Alamagn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kumunioù Alamagn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinde_(Deutschland)" title="Gemeinde (Deutschland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemeinde (Deutschland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vald_(Saksamaa)" title="Vald (Saksamaa) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vald (Saksamaa)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipios_de_Alemania" title="Municipios de Alemania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Municipios de Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaniako_udalerriak" title="Alemaniako udalerriak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemaniako udalerriak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_(Allemagne)" title="Commune (Allemagne) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Commune (Allemagne)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeente_(D%C3%BAtsl%C3%A2n)" title="Gemeente (Dútslân) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gemeente (Dútslân)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B8%EB%8D%B0" title="게마인데 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게마인데" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinde" title="Gemeinde – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gemeinde" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comuni_della_Germania" title="Comuni della Germania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comuni della Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komuna_(Vokietija)" title="Komuna (Vokietija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Komuna (Vokietija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Општини во Германија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Општини во Германија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitse_gemeente" title="Duitse gemeente – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duitse gemeente" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinde_(Tyskland)" title="Gemeinde (Tyskland) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gemeinde (Tyskland)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeen_(D%C3%BC%C3%BCtschland)" title="Gemeen (Düütschland) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gemeen (Düütschland)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gminy_w_Niemczech" title="Gminy w Niemczech – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gminy w Niemczech" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munic%C3%ADpios_da_Alemanha" title="Municípios da Alemanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Municípios da Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemeende" title="Jemeende – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Jemeende" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Община (Германия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Община (Германия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany" title="Municipalities of Germany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Municipalities of Germany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysklands_kommuner" title="Tysklands kommuner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tysklands kommuner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Алмания коммуналары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алмания коммуналары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Ҷамоат (Олмон) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷамоат (Олмон)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya%27n%C4%B1n_belediyeleri" title="Almanya'nın belediyeleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanya'nın belediyeleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Громади Німеччини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Громади Німеччини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جرمنی کی بلدیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمنی کی بلدیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A3_(%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c)" title="Xã (Đức) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xã (Đức)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E9%95%87_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="市镇 (德国) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="市镇 (德国)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q262166#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="float: right; width: ;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #F0F0F0; vertical-align: middle">Municipalities of Germany <br /> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Gemeinden</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Category</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Found in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kreis</i></span>) <br /> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirk</a></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Populations</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">12 (<a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B6de" title="Gröde">Gröde</a>) - 3,600,000 (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg" title="File:Administrative divisions of Germany.svg"><img alt="The vertical (federal) separation of powers across the federal government (white), the states (yellow), and the municipalities (brown)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg/300px-Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg/450px-Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg/600px-Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="519" usemap="#ImageMap_ed391f04fb959ace" resource="/wiki/File:Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg" /></a><map name="ImageMap_ed391f04fb959ace"><area href="/wiki/Germany" shape="poly" coords="150,0,188,38,112,38" alt="Federal Level" title="Federal Level" /><area href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" shape="poly" coords="112,38,188,38,186,76,74,76" alt="Federal States" title="Federal States" /><area href="/wiki/City-state#Stadtstaaten_of_Germany" shape="poly" coords="188,38,300,150,223,150,186,76" alt="City States" title="City States" /><area href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" shape="poly" coords="74,76,186,76,193,90,60,90" alt="(Governmental Districts)" title="(Governmental Districts)" /><area href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" shape="poly" coords="60,90,150,90,150,107,43,107" alt="(Rural) Districts" title="(Rural) Districts" /><area href="/wiki/Gemeindeverband" shape="poly" coords="43,107,98,107,90,124,26,124" alt="(Collective Municipalities)" title="(Collective Municipalities)" /><area href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany" shape="poly" coords="26,124,90,124,77,150,0,150" alt="Municipalities" title="Municipalities" /><area href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany" shape="poly" coords="98,107,150,107,150,150,77,150" alt="(Municipalities)" title="(Municipalities)" /><area href="/wiki/Independent_city#Germany" shape="poly" coords="150,90,193,90,223,150,150,150" alt="Urban Districts" title="Urban Districts" /></map><figcaption>Administrative divisions of Germany (clickable <a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg" title="File:Administrative divisions of Germany.svg">image</a>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany"><span style="color: white;"><small>Politics of </small><br />Germany</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Constitution <span style="font-size:85%;">(Basic Law)</span></span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany">Federal Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Head of State</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of Germany</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(1949%E2%80%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (1949–)">Chancellor of Germany</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="List of chancellors of Germany">list</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice Chancellor of Germany</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Habeck" title="Robert Habeck">Robert Habeck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Grüne</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Scholz_cabinet" title="Scholz cabinet">Scholz</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_agency_(Germany)" title="Federal agency (Germany)">Federal agencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bundestag_constituencies" title="List of Bundestag constituencies">constituencies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_German_Bundestag" title="Member of the German Bundestag">members</a></dd></dl></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermittlungsausschuss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vermittlungsausschuss (page does not exist)"><i>Vermittlungsausschuss</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsamer_Ausschuss" title="Gemeinsamer Ausschuss"><i>Gemeinsamer Ausschuss</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Judiciary</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Federal courts</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Justice" title="Federal Court of Justice">Ordinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_(Germany)" title="Federal Administrative Court (Germany)">Administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Fiscal_Court" title="Federal Fiscal Court">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Labour_Court" title="Federal Labour Court">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Social_Court" title="Federal Social Court">Social</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Senate_of_the_Supreme_Courts_of_the_Federation" title="Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts of the Federation">Joint Senate</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany#Courts" title="Judiciary of Germany">Other courts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Subdivisions</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State (<i>Land</i>)</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_President_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister President (Germany)">Minister president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Parliament_(Germany)" title="State Parliament (Germany)">State Parliament (<i>Landtag</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_German_state_parliaments" title="Composition of the German state parliaments">composition</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk"><i>Regierungsbezirk</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District (<i>Kreis</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">list</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amt_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amt (country subdivision)">Collective municipality (<i>Amt</i>)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Municipality (<i>Gemeinde</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">list</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Elections</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Germany" title="Electoral system of Germany">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Germany" title="Referendums in Germany">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_governing_coalition" title="German governing coalition">Coalitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(Germany)" title="Federal Convention (Germany)">Federal Convention (<i>Bundesversammlung</i>)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Presidential elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">Weimar Republic (1919–1933)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_German_presidential_election" title="1919 German presidential election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_German_presidential_election" title="1925 German presidential election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_German_presidential_election" title="1932 German presidential election">1932</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_East_Germany" title="President of East Germany">East Germany (1949–1960)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1957</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_presidential_election" title="1949 West German presidential election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_West_German_presidential_election" title="1954 West German presidential election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_West_German_presidential_election" title="1959 West German presidential election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_West_German_presidential_election" title="1964 West German presidential election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_presidential_election" title="1969 West German presidential election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_West_German_presidential_election" title="1974 West German presidential election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_West_German_presidential_election" title="1979 West German presidential election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_West_German_presidential_election" title="1984 West German presidential election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_West_German_presidential_election" title="1989 West German presidential election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_German_presidential_election" title="1994 German presidential election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_German_presidential_election" title="1999 German presidential election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_German_presidential_election" title="2004 German presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_German_presidential_election" title="2009 German presidential election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_German_presidential_election" title="2010 German presidential election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_German_presidential_election" title="2012 German presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_German_presidential_election" title="2017 German presidential election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_German_presidential_election" title="2022 German presidential election"><i>2022</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Parliamentary election</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1867_North_German_federal_election" title="February 1867 North German federal election">1867 (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1867_North_German_federal_election" title="August 1867 North German federal election">1867 (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Zollparlament_election" title="1868 Zollparlament election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_German_federal_election" title="1871 German federal election">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_German_federal_election" title="1874 German federal election">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_German_federal_election" title="1877 German federal election">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_German_federal_election" title="1878 German federal election">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_German_federal_election" title="1881 German federal election">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_German_federal_election" title="1884 German federal election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_German_federal_election" title="1887 German federal election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_German_federal_election" title="1890 German federal election">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_German_federal_election" title="1893 German federal election">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_German_federal_election" title="1898 German federal election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_German_federal_election" title="1903 German federal election">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_German_federal_election" title="1907 German federal election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_German_federal_election" title="1912 German federal election">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_German_federal_election" title="1919 German federal election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_German_federal_election" title="1920 German federal election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1924_German_federal_election" title="May 1924 German federal election">1924 (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1924_German_federal_election" title="December 1924 German federal election">1924 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_German_federal_election" title="1928 German federal election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_German_federal_election" title="1930 German federal election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">1932 (July)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">1932 (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">1933 (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1933_German_parliamentary_election" title="November 1933 German parliamentary election">1933 (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1936 German parliamentary election and referendum">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1938 German parliamentary election and referendum">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election" title="1953 West German federal election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_West_German_federal_election" title="1961 West German federal election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election" title="1965 West German federal election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election" title="1969 West German federal election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election" title="1972 West German federal election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election" title="1976 West German federal election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_West_German_federal_election" title="1980 West German federal election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election" title="1987 West German federal election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_German_federal_election" title="1998 German federal election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_German_federal_election" title="2025 German federal election"><i>2025</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b>European elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1979 European Parliament election in West Germany">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1984 European Parliament election in West Germany">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1989 European Parliament election in West Germany">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1994 European Parliament election in Germany">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1999 European Parliament election in Germany">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2004 European Parliament election in Germany">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2009 European Parliament election in Germany">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2014 European Parliament election in Germany">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2019 European Parliament election in Germany">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2024 European Parliament election in Germany"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">State and local politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b>State Politics</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Politics of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bavaria" title="Politics of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Berlin" title="Politics of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brandenburg" title="Politics of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Bremen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Bremen (page does not exist)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hamburg" title="Politics of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hesse" title="Politics of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Politics of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Politics of North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Politics of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saarland" title="Politics of Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saxony" title="Politics of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Politics of Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Politics of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thuringia" title="Politics of Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Foreign relations</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><br /> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Foreign relations by country</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Germany–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Russia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>International Relations</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_German_citizens" title="Visa requirements for German citizens">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_passport" title="German passport">Passport</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Political ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Germany" title="Political culture of Germany">Political culture</a> / <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Germany" title="Federalism in Germany">Federalism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Germany_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Communism in Germany (disambiguation)">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Conservatism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian Conservatism in Germany">Agrarian Conservatism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Germany_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democracy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Germany" title="Template:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipalities</a><sup id="cite_ref-styleguide_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-styleguide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Gemeinden</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɡəˌmaɪ̯ndn̩]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f0\/De-Gemeinden.ogg\/De-Gemeinden.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Gemeinden.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/De-Gemeinden.ogg/De-Gemeinden.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Gemeinden.ogg" title="File:De-Gemeinden.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gemeinde</i></span>) are the lowest level of official territorial division in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. This can be the second, third, fourth or fifth level of territorial division, depending on the status of the municipality and the <i><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Land</a></i> (federal state) it is part of. The city-states Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are second-level divisions. A <i>Gemeinde</i> is one level lower in those <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states</a> which also include <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirke</a></i></span> (singular: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Regierungsbezirk</i></span>) as an intermediate territorial division (Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia). The <i>Gemeinde</i> is one level higher if it is not part of a <i><a href="/wiki/Gemeindeverband" title="Gemeindeverband">Gemeindeverband</a></i> ("municipal association").<sup id="cite_ref-styleguide_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-styleguide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest degree of autonomy may be found in the <i>Gemeinden</i> which are not part of a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Kreis</a></i></span> ("district").<sup id="cite_ref-styleguide_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-styleguide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <i>Gemeinden</i> are referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Kreisfreie_Stadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreisfreie Stadt">Kreisfreie Städte</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Stadtkreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadtkreis">Stadtkreise</a></i>, often translated as "urban district". In some states they retained a higher measure of autonomy than the other municipalities of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kreis</i></span> (e.g. <i>Große Kreisstadt</i>). Municipalities titled <i>Stadt</i> (town or city) are urban municipalities while those titled <i>Gemeinde</i> are classified as rural municipalities. </p><p>With more than 3,600,000 inhabitants, the most populous municipality of Germany is the city of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>; and the least populous is <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B6de" title="Gröde">Gröde</a> in <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Municipalities_per_federal_state">Municipalities per federal state</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_Germany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Municipalities per federal state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Status as of January 2024.</i> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#e0e0e0"> <th>Federal state</th> <th>Municipalities<sup id="cite_ref-jahrbuch19_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jahrbuch19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Municipalities with town status<sup id="cite_ref-jahrbuch19_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jahrbuch19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Municipalities that are urban districts<sup id="cite_ref-jahrbuch19_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jahrbuch19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Average no. of inhabitants<sup id="cite_ref-jahrbuch19_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jahrbuch19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Average area (km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-jahrbuch19_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jahrbuch19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Lists <small>(<a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Germany" title="Category:Cities in Germany">Cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Germany" title="Category:Towns in Germany">Towns</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_of_Germany" title="Category:Municipalities of Germany">Municipalities</a>)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></td> <td align="right">1,101</td> <td align="right">313</td> <td align="right">9</td> <td align="right">10,012</td> <td align="right">32.5</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Category:Cities in Baden-Württemberg">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Category:Towns in Baden-Württemberg">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Category:Municipalities in Baden-Württemberg">M</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td> <td align="right">2,056</td> <td align="right">317</td> <td align="right">25</td> <td align="right">6,321</td> <td align="right">34.3</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Bavaria" title="Category:Cities in Bavaria">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Bavaria" title="Category:Towns in Bavaria">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_Bavaria" title="Category:Municipalities in Bavaria">M</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td align="right">1</td> <td align="right">1</td> <td align="right">1</td> <td align="right">3,613,000</td> <td align="right">891.0</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></td> <td align="right">413</td> <td align="right">113</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">6,005</td> <td align="right">71.1</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Brandenburg" title="Category:Cities in Brandenburg">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Brandenburg" title="Category:Towns in Brandenburg">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_Brandenburg" title="Category:Municipalities in Brandenburg">M</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></td> <td align="right">2</td> <td align="right">2</td> <td align="right">2</td> <td align="right">340,500</td> <td align="right">209.5</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td align="right">1</td> <td align="right">1</td> <td align="right">1</td> <td align="right">1,831,000</td> <td align="right">755.2</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a></td> <td align="right">422</td> <td align="right">191</td> <td align="right">5</td> <td align="right">14,759</td> <td align="right">49.9</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Hesse" title="Category:Cities in Hesse">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Hesse" title="Category:Towns in Hesse">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_Hesse" title="Category:Municipalities in Hesse">M</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></td> <td align="right">939</td> <td align="right">159</td> <td align="right">8</td> <td align="right">8,426</td> <td align="right">50.5</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Lower_Saxony" title="Category:Cities in Lower Saxony">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Lower_Saxony" title="Category:Towns in Lower Saxony">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_Lower_Saxony" title="Category:Municipalities in Lower Saxony">M</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></td> <td align="right">725</td> <td align="right">84</td> <td align="right">2</td> <td align="right">2,148</td> <td align="right">31.1</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Category:Cities in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Category:Towns in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Category:Municipalities in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">M</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td align="right">396</td> <td align="right">271</td> <td align="right">22</td> <td align="right">45,232</td> <td align="right">86.1</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Category:Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Category:Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Category:Municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia">M</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></td> <td align="right">2,301</td> <td align="right">129</td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">1,768</td> <td align="right">8.6</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Category:Cities in Rhineland-Palatinate">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Category:Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Category:Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate">M</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></td> <td align="right">52</td> <td align="right">17</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">19,115</td> <td align="right">49.4</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Saarland" title="Category:Cities in Saarland">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Saarland" title="Category:Towns in Saarland">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_Saarland" title="Category:Municipalities in Saarland">M</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></td> <td align="right">418</td> <td align="right">169</td> <td align="right">3</td> <td align="right">9,694</td> <td align="right">43.8</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Saxony" title="Category:Cities in Saxony">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Saxony" title="Category:Towns in Saxony">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_Saxony" title="Category:Municipalities in Saxony">M</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></td> <td align="right">218</td> <td align="right">104</td> <td align="right">3</td> <td align="right">10,197</td> <td align="right">93.8</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Category:Cities in Saxony-Anhalt">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Category:Towns in Saxony-Anhalt">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Category:Municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt">M</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></td> <td align="right">1,104</td> <td align="right">63</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">2,613</td> <td align="right">14.3</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Category:Cities in Schleswig-Holstein">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Category:Towns in Schleswig-Holstein">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Category:Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein">M</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></td> <td align="right">605</td> <td align="right">117</td> <td align="right">5</td> <td align="right">3,515</td> <td align="right">26.7</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Thuringia" title="Category:Cities in Thuringia">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Thuringia" title="Category:Towns in Thuringia">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_Thuringia" title="Category:Municipalities in Thuringia">M</a> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></b></td> <td align="right"><b>10,753</b></td> <td align="right"><b>2,056</b></td> <td align="right"><b>106</b></td> <td align="right"><b>7,517</b></td> <td align="right"><b>32.5</b></td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Germany" title="Category:Cities in Germany">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Germany" title="Category:Towns in Germany">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_of_Germany" title="Category:Municipalities of Germany">M</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Municipal_reforms">Municipal reforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_Germany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Municipal reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of municipalities of Germany has decreased strongly over the years: in 1968 there were 24,282 municipalities in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, and in 1980 there were 8,409.<sup id="cite_ref-guth_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guth-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same trend occurred in the <a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">New states of Germany</a> after the German reunification: from 7,612 municipalities in 1990<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 2,380 as of 1 January 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-jahrbuch19_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jahrbuch19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in some cases growing cities absorbed neighbouring municipalities, most of these mergers were driven by a need to increase the efficiency and reduce costs of administration.<sup id="cite_ref-guth_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guth-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, many districts and also urban districts were merged into larger districts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_municipalities">Types of municipalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_Germany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of municipalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several types of municipalities in Germany, with different levels of autonomy. Each federal state has its own administrative laws, and its own local government structure. The main types of municipalities are: </p> <ul><li>city state (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Stadtstaat</i>): Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are both municipalities and federal states</li> <li>urban district (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kreisfreie Stadt</i></span>, in Baden-Württemberg: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stadtkreis</i></span>): a municipality that is not part of a district, and hence fulfills the responsibilities of both a municipality and a district. As of 2018, there are 107 urban districts (including Berlin and Hamburg)<sup id="cite_ref-jahrbuch19_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jahrbuch19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>town (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stadt</i></span>): a municipality with the right to call itself "Stadt". The title "Stadt" does not imply any duties or rights anymore. Many towns received <a href="/wiki/Town_privileges" title="Town privileges">town privileges</a> in the Middle Ages, others were elevated to town status more recently because they reached a certain size, e.g. more than 10,000 inhabitants</li> <li>municipality forming part of a municipal association (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Amtsangehörige Gemeinde</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Verwaltungsgemeinschaftsangehörige Gemeinde</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mitgliedsgemeinde</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ortsgemeinde</i></span> in Rhineland-Palatinate): a municipality with a mayor and a municipal council, but no other administrative institutions. Administrative duties are performed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Gemeindeverband" title="Gemeindeverband">Gemeindeverband</a></i> ("municipal association")<sup id="cite_ref-styleguide_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-styleguide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>municipality not forming part of a municipal association (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Amtsfreie Gemeinde</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einheitsgemeinde</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Verbandsfreie Gemeinde</i></span> in Rhineland-Palatinate): a municipality that fulfills all responsibilities of a municipality</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_elections">Local elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_Germany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Local elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In all municipalities, the <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> and the members of the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council" title="Municipal council">municipal council</a> are appointed by <a href="/wiki/Local_election" title="Local election">local elections</a> that take place on a regular basis. Elections for the municipal councils (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kommunalwahlen</i></span>) take place every 4 years in Bremen, every 6 years in Bavaria and every 5 years in all other states.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The office of mayor is full-time (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">hauptamtlich</i></span>) in larger municipalities, and voluntary (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ehrenamtlich</i></span>) in smaller municipalities, for instance those that are part of a municipal association. Mayors are elected for a specific term, which is different in every state. Since mayoral elections also have to be held when a mayor resigns from office, these do not take place at the same time for all municipalities in a state. The terms for mayors are:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Baden-Württemberg: 8 years</li> <li>Bavaria, Hesse, Thuringia: 6 years</li> <li>Berlin, Hamburg: 5 years, indirect elections</li> <li>Brandenburg, Rhineland-Palatinate: 8 years for full-time mayors, 5 years for voluntary mayors</li> <li>Bremen: 4-6 years, indirect elections</li> <li>Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia: 5 years</li> <li>Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 7-9 years for full-time mayors, 5 years for voluntary mayors</li> <li>Saarland: 10 years</li> <li>Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt: 7 years</li> <li>Schleswig-Holstein: 6-8 years for full-time mayors, 5 years for voluntary mayors</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_Germany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">List of municipalities in Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_Germany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-styleguide-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-styleguide_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-styleguide_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-styleguide_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-styleguide_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/styleguide_english_dgt_country_compendium_en.pdf">Country Compendium. A companion to the English Style Guide</a>, European Commission, May 2021, pages 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jahrbuch19-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jahrbuch19_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jahrbuch19_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jahrbuch19_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jahrbuch19_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jahrbuch19_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jahrbuch19_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jahrbuch19_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Querschnitt/Jahrbuch/jb-bevoelkerung.pdf?__blob=publicationFile">"Statistisches Jahrbuch 2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Statistisches_Bundesamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Bundesamt">Statistisches Bundesamt</a>. p. 29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistisches+Jahrbuch+2019&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Statistisches+Bundesamt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FThemen%2FQuerschnitt%2FJahrbuch%2Fjb-bevoelkerung.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Populations as of December 31, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guth-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guth_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guth_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuth,_D.Scheer,_J.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Guth, D.; Scheer, J. (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vpl.tu-dortmund.de/cms/Medienpool/PDF_Dokomunte/Arbeitspapiere/AP20_von_Dennis_Guth_und_Julian_Scheer.pdf">"Kommunale Gebietsreformem und Vergleichbarkeit von Gemeindestrukturdaten"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Raum und Mobilität - Arbeitspapiere des Fachgebiets Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung</i>. <b>20</b>. <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Dortmund" title="Technical University of Dortmund">TU Dortmund</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Raum+und+Mobilit%C3%A4t+-+Arbeitspapiere+des+Fachgebiets+Verkehrswesen+und+Verkehrsplanung&rft.atitle=Kommunale+Gebietsreformem+und+Vergleichbarkeit+von+Gemeindestrukturdaten&rft.volume=20&rft.date=2010-11&rft.au=Guth%2C+D.&rft.au=Scheer%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vpl.tu-dortmund.de%2Fcms%2FMedienpool%2FPDF_Dokomunte%2FArbeitspapiere%2FAP20_von_Dennis_Guth_und_Julian_Scheer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbsr.bund.de/BBSR/DE/veroeffentlichungen/berichte-kompakt/2010/DL_6_2010.pdf">"Gebietsreformen – politische Entscheidungen und Folgen für die Statistik"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>BBSR-Berichte KOMPAKT</i>. <b>6</b>. Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung. July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBSR-Berichte+KOMPAKT&rft.atitle=Gebietsreformen+%E2%80%93+politische+Entscheidungen+und+Folgen+f%C3%BCr+die+Statistik&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbsr.bund.de%2FBBSR%2FDE%2Fveroeffentlichungen%2Fberichte-kompakt%2F2010%2FDL_6_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wahlrecht.de/kommunal/index.htm">Übersicht über die Wahlsysteme bei Kommunalwahlen</a>, accessed 12 July 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKost,_A.Wehling,_H.-G.2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kost, A.; Wehling, H.-G. (2010). Kost, Andreas; Wehling, Hans-Georg (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cX8uBAAAQBAJ"><i>Kommunalpolitik in den deutschen Ländern: Eine Einführung</i></a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-531-92034-4">10.1007/978-3-531-92034-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-531-17007-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-531-17007-7"><bdi>978-3-531-17007-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kommunalpolitik+in+den+deutschen+L%C3%A4ndern%3A+Eine+Einf%C3%BChrung&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-531-92034-4&rft.isbn=978-3-531-17007-7&rft.au=Kost%2C+A.&rft.au=Wehling%2C+H.-G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcX8uBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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