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id="toc-Undersea_communications_and_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undersea_communications_and_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Undersea communications and operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undersea_communications_and_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purchase_by_Nokia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purchase_by_Nokia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Purchase by Nokia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purchase_by_Nokia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Key people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_segments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_segments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operating segments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_segments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Research and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_distinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_distinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards and distinctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_distinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawsuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawsuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lawsuits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lawsuits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lawsuits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lawsuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violations_of_the_U.S._Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violations_of_the_U.S._Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violations_of_the_U.S._Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcatel-Lucent_v._Microsoft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcatel-Lucent_v._Microsoft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><i>Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcatel-Lucent_v._Microsoft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcatel-Lucent_v._Newegg_and_Overstock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcatel-Lucent_v._Newegg_and_Overstock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span><i>Alcatel-Lucent v. Newegg and Overstock</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcatel-Lucent_v._Newegg_and_Overstock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcatel-Lucent</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA" title="ألكاتل-لوسنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكاتل-لوسنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Алкател-Лусент – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алкател-Лусент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel" title="Alcatel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alcatel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel" title="Alcatel – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Alcatel" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA" title="آلکاتل-لوسنت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلکاتل-لوسنت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%B9%B4%ED%85%94-%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A8%ED%8A%B8" title="알카텔-루슨트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알카텔-루슨트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%9C-%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98" title="אלקטל-לוסנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקטל-לוסנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="अल्काटेल-लुसेन्ट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अल्काटेल-लुसेन्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="アルカテル・ルーセント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルカテル・ルーセント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel" title="Alcatel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alcatel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆல்காடெல்-லுசென்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆல்காடெல்-லுசென்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Alcatel-Lucent" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French global telecommunications equipment company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Alcatel_Mobile" title="Alcatel Mobile">Alcatel Mobile</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alcatel_Submarine_Networks" title="Alcatel Submarine Networks">Alcatel Submarine Networks</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Alcatel-Lucent S.A.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcatel_Lucent_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alcatel_Lucent_Logo.svg/220px-Alcatel_Lucent_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alcatel_Lucent_Logo.svg/330px-Alcatel_Lucent_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alcatel_Lucent_Logo.svg/440px-Alcatel_Lucent_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="63" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcatel-Lucent_Boulogne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Alcatel-Lucent_Boulogne.jpg/220px-Alcatel-Lucent_Boulogne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Alcatel-Lucent_Boulogne.jpg/330px-Alcatel-Lucent_Boulogne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Alcatel-Lucent_Boulogne.jpg/440px-Alcatel-Lucent_Boulogne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="361" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a>: ALU</li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">NYSE</a>: ALU</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Networking_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Networking equipment">Networking equipment</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessors</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcatel_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcatel SA">Alcatel SA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucent">Lucent</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1 December 2006<span class="noprint">; 18 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2006-12-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">3 November 2016<span class="noprint">; 8 years ago</span><span style="display: none;"> (<span class="dtend">2016-11-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Acquired by and merged with <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Networks" title="Nokia Networks">Nokia Networks</a> (2016 acquisition)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent_Enterprise" title="Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise">Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise</a> (2014 spin off)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatel_Submarine_Networks" title="Alcatel Submarine Networks">Alcatel Submarine Networks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Camus_(businessman)" title="Philippe Camus (businessman)">Philippe Camus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data">Hardware, <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">software</a> and services to telecommunications service providers and enterprises</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217000553/http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/">alcatel-lucent.com</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2013-02-17)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alcatel-Lucent S.A.</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[alkatɛl<span class="wrap"> </span>lysɛnt]</a></span>) was a multinational <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">telecommunications equipment</a> company, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France. The company focused on <a href="/wiki/Fixed_line_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed line telephone">fixed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_convergence" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications convergence">converged</a> <a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">networking hardware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> technologies, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_convergence#Telecommunication_convergence_business_support_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications convergence">software</a> and services, and operated between 2006 and 2016 in more than 130 countries. </p><p>The American company <a href="/wiki/Lucent_Technologies" title="Lucent Technologies">Lucent Technologies</a> was acquired by the France-based <a href="/wiki/Alcatel" title="Alcatel">Alcatel</a> in 2006, after which the latter renamed itself to Alcatel-Lucent. Lucent was a successor of <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a> and a holding company of <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>. In 2014, the Alcatel-Lucent group split into two: <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent_Enterprise" title="Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise">Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise</a>, providing enterprise communication services, and Alcatel-Lucent, selling to communications operators. The enterprise business was sold to China Huaxin Post and Telecom Technologies in the same year,<sup id="cite_ref-CN-MP-CX-2013-LX01_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-MP-CX-2013-LX01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2016 <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> acquired the remainder of Alcatel-Lucent.<sup id="cite_ref-CN-MP-CX-2013-LX02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-MP-CX-2013-LX02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CN-MP-CX-2013-LX03_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-MP-CX-2013-LX03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 November 2016, Nokia completed the acquisition, retired the brand name and merged it into their <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Networks" title="Nokia Networks">Nokia Networks</a> division. Bell Labs was maintained as an independent subsidiary of Nokia.<sup id="cite_ref-finallyseal_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finallyseal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92percent_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92percent-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predecessor_companies">Predecessor companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Predecessor companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rue_de_la_Bo%C3%A9tie,_54-56.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rue_de_la_Bo%C3%A9tie%2C_54-56.jpg/250px-Rue_de_la_Bo%C3%A9tie%2C_54-56.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rue_de_la_Bo%C3%A9tie%2C_54-56.jpg/330px-Rue_de_la_Bo%C3%A9tie%2C_54-56.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rue_de_la_Bo%C3%A9tie%2C_54-56.jpg/500px-Rue_de_la_Bo%C3%A9tie%2C_54-56.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Former Alcatel-Lucent head office to 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Alcatel-Lucent was formed when Alcatel (originally short for the Société Alsacienne de Constructions Atomiques, de Télécommunications et d'Électronique, a small company in <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a> absorbed by CGE in 1966) merged with <a href="/wiki/Lucent_Technologies" title="Lucent Technologies">Lucent Technologies</a> on 1 December 2006. However, the predecessors of the company have been a part of telecommunications industry since the late 19th century. The company has roots in two early telecommunications companies: La Compagnie Générale d'Électricité (CGE) and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric Manufacturing Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lucenthistory_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucenthistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western Electric began in 1869 when <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a> and Enos N. Barton started a manufacturing firm based in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, US. By 1880, the company had relocated to Chicago, Illinois, and become the largest electrical manufacturing company in the United States. In 1881, the American Bell Telephone Company, founded by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> and forerunner of <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">American Telephone & Telegraph</a> (<a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>), purchased a controlling interest in Western Electric and made it the exclusive developer and manufacturer of equipment for the <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell telephone companies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lucenthistory_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucenthistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CGE was formed in 1898 by French engineer Pierre Azaria in the <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> region of what was then Germany and was a conglomerate involved in industries such as electricity, transportation, electronics and telecommunications. CGE would become a leader in digital communications and would also be known for building the <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a> (train à grande vitesse) high-speed trains in France.<sup id="cite_ref-lucenthistory_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucenthistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcatel_One_Touch_535,_front_side_(filtered_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alcatel_One_Touch_535%2C_front_side_%28filtered_cropped%29.jpg/250px-Alcatel_One_Touch_535%2C_front_side_%28filtered_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alcatel_One_Touch_535%2C_front_side_%28filtered_cropped%29.jpg/330px-Alcatel_One_Touch_535%2C_front_side_%28filtered_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alcatel_One_Touch_535%2C_front_side_%28filtered_cropped%29.jpg/500px-Alcatel_One_Touch_535%2C_front_side_%28filtered_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="2844" /></a><figcaption>Alcatel One Touch 535, front side (introduced July 2003)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Laboratories">Bell Telephone Laboratories</a> was created in 1925 from the consolidation of the R&D organizations of Western Electric and AT&T. Bell Labs would make significant scientific advances including the <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cell</a>, the digital signal processor chip, the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular concept of mobile telephone service</a>. Bell Labs researchers have won 7 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prizes">Nobel Prizes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lucenthistory_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucenthistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1925, Western Electric sold its International Western Electric Company subsidiary to <a href="/wiki/ITT_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="ITT Corporation">ITT Corporation</a>. CGE purchased ITT's telecommunications division in the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-lucenthistory_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucenthistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AT&T re-entered the European telecommunications market in 1984 following the <a href="/wiki/Bell_System_divestiture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell System divestiture">Bell System divestiture</a>. Philips promoted the venture in part because its <a href="/wiki/PRX_(telephony)" title="PRX (telephony)">PRX</a> public switching technology was aging, and it sought a partner to help fund the development costs of digital switching. The joint company used the existing manufacturing and development facilities in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilversum" title="Hilversum">Hilversum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury" title="Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a> as well as its U.S. resources to adapt the <a href="/wiki/5ESS_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="5ESS switch">5ESS</a> system to the European market. The joint venture company AT&T & Philips Telecommunications BV doubled annual turnover between 1984 and 1987, winning major switching and transmission contracts, mainly in the effectively captive Netherlands market. In 1987, AT&T increased its holding to 60% and in 1990 it purchased the remainder of the Philips' holding. </p><p>In 1998, Alcatel Alsthom shifted its focus to the telecommunications industry, spinning off its <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alsthom</a> activities and changing the company's name to Alcatel. AT&T spun off Lucent Technologies in April 1996 with an <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> (IPO).<sup id="cite_ref-lucenthistory_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucenthistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcatel-Lucent_global_locations.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Alcatel-Lucent_global_locations.JPG/330px-Alcatel-Lucent_global_locations.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Alcatel-Lucent_global_locations.JPG/500px-Alcatel-Lucent_global_locations.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Alcatel-Lucent_global_locations.JPG/960px-Alcatel-Lucent_global_locations.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Areas served by Alcatel-Lucent in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 2000, Alcatel acquired Canada's <a href="/wiki/Newbridge_Networks" title="Newbridge Networks">Newbridge Networks</a>. </p><p>In April 2004, <a href="/wiki/TCL_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="TCL Corporation">TCL Corporation</a> and Alcatel announced the creation of a mobile phone manufacturing joint venture: <a href="/wiki/Alcatel_Mobile_Phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcatel Mobile Phones">Alcatel Mobile Phones</a>. A year later Alcatel sold its share in the joint venture but licensed the Alcatel brand name to TCL, which continues to this day under <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>. </p><p>In April 2006, Alcatel announced that it would swap its shares of <a href="/wiki/Alcatel_Alenia_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcatel Alenia Space">Alcatel Alenia Space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telespazio" title="Telespazio">Telespazio</a> for €673 million and a 12.1% stake in Thales, a key player in the French defence industry. This increased Alcatel's stake in <a href="/wiki/Thales_Group" title="Thales Group">Thales</a> to 20.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-lucenthistory_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucenthistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%BCrnberg_Nordostpark_Alcatel-Lucent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/N%C3%BCrnberg_Nordostpark_Alcatel-Lucent.jpg/220px-N%C3%BCrnberg_Nordostpark_Alcatel-Lucent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/N%C3%BCrnberg_Nordostpark_Alcatel-Lucent.jpg/330px-N%C3%BCrnberg_Nordostpark_Alcatel-Lucent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/N%C3%BCrnberg_Nordostpark_Alcatel-Lucent.jpg/440px-N%C3%BCrnberg_Nordostpark_Alcatel-Lucent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4824" data-file-height="2118" /></a><figcaption>Alcatel-Lucent campus, <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_Alcatel-Lucent">Creation of Alcatel-Lucent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation of Alcatel-Lucent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Facing intense competition in the telecommunications industry, Alcatel and Lucent Technologies merged on 30 November 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-mergertimeline2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mergertimeline2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006–2015"><span id="2006.E2.80.932015"></span>2006–2015</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2006–2015"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alcatel-Lucent acquired <a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Nortel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a> radio access business at the end of 2006. During 2007 the company acquired Canadian <a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">metro WDM networking</a> supplier Tropic Networks, Inc.; enterprise services gateway products developer NetDevices; <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a> software company Tamblin; and the telecommunications consulting practice Thompson Advisory Group, Inc. Alcatel-Lucent had a joint venture with Dutch company <a href="/wiki/Draka_Holding" class="mw-redirect" title="Draka Holding">Draka Holding</a> N.V. for manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Optical_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fibre">optical fibre</a>, but Draka bought out Alcatel-Lucent's 49.9% stake for €209 million in December 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Motive,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Motive, Inc.">Motive, Inc.</a>, a Texas-based provider of service management software for broadband and mobile data services, was acquired in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-lucenthistory_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucenthistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ben_Verwaayen" title="Ben Verwaayen">Ben Verwaayen</a> was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> in September 2008 after Alcatel-Lucent's first CEO, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Russo" title="Patricia Russo">Patricia Russo</a>, and first chairman, <a href="/wiki/Serge_Tchuruk" title="Serge Tchuruk">Serge Tchuruk</a>, resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2009, Alcatel-Lucent's stake in Thales was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Aviation" title="Dassault Aviation">Dassault Aviation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dassault_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dassault-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcatel-Lucent announced the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/OpenPlug" title="OpenPlug">OpenPlug</a> on 1 September 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-openplug_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openplug-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For 2010, the company had revenues of €16 billion and a reported net loss of €334 million.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Alcatel-Lucent moved the remaining workforce and equipment from <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>, 6200 East Broad Street, to <a href="/wiki/Dublin,_Ohio" title="Dublin, Ohio">Dublin, Ohio</a>, 5475 Rings Road (near Mall at Tuttle Crossing.)<sup id="cite_ref-The_Columbus_Dispatch_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Columbus_Dispatch-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former location was the Columbus Works manufacturing facility, which began in 1957 by Western Electric. During the early 2000s, the location had reduced workforce and less manufacturing needs under Lucent Technologies. Upon the merger, Alcatel-Lucent in October 2007, decided to cease productions and release additional 230 positions from the location.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision for the move from Columbus to Dublin was from a large manufacturing facility with only 500 office employees at the office and 100 others working off-site, to a smaller 120,000 square foot two-tower building of office space for the workforce. Also, a $10 million tax incentive was provided from the State of Ohio, to assist in the relocation costs and keep the telecommunications workforce in the region. The work done at Dublin was in new-generation cell sites, 3G, 4G applications, and 4G LTE technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Columbus_Dispatch_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Columbus_Dispatch-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2011, Alcatel-Lucent sold its <a href="/wiki/Genesys_(company)" title="Genesys (company)">Genesys</a> call-centre services business unit to <a href="/wiki/Permira" title="Permira">Permira</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">private equity</a> group, for $1.5 billion—the same amount that Lucent had paid for the business in 2000. Alcatel-Lucent needed funding for the Franco-American business, which made annual losses from 2007 to 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For 2011, revenues were €15 billion, with a net loss of €1.1 billion. For 2012, revenues were €14.4 billion and the net loss €1.4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-2012results_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012results-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After seven consecutive years of negative cash flows, in October 2013 the company announced plans to cut 10,000 employees, 14% of the 72,000 workforce, as part of a €1 billion cost reduction effort.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2013, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Combes" title="Michel Combes">Michel Combes</a> succeeded Verwaayen as CEO. On 19 June 2013, Combes announced "The Shift Plan",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a three-year plan including refocusing the portfolio on IP networking, ultra-broadband access and cloud; €1 billion in cost savings; selective asset sales intended to generate at least €1 billion over the period of the plan; and the restructuring of the group's debt. </p><p>In 2014, a Bell Labs location was opened in Kfar Sava, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, Israel. It was expected to research <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud services</a>, complementing another Tel Aviv location set up by Alcatel in 1985 which was the global research center for the Cloudband product.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 October 2014, the company announced that it had closed the sale of its subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent_Enterprise" title="Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise">Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise</a> (ALE) to China Huaxin Post & Telecommunication Economy Development Center. </p><p>In 2014, the Italian labs for the management system for terrestrial networks (1350 OMS) and two families of equipment for fiber optic telecommunications—OMSN (Optical Multi-Service Node) and TSS (Transport Service Switch)—were transferred to a new dedicated company, SM Optics, a subsidiary of the <a href="/wiki/Siae_Microelettronica" title="Siae Microelettronica">Siae Microelettronica</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undersea_communications_and_operations">Undersea communications and operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Undersea communications and operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the successor company doing undersea operations, see <a href="/wiki/Alcatel_Submarine_Networks" title="Alcatel Submarine Networks">Alcatel Submarine Networks</a>.</div> <p>Alcatel had a long history of domestic and global work in laying the infrastructure of undersea routes for telecommunications.<sup id="cite_ref-Light_Wave_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Light_Wave-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Purchases by Alcatel in the 1990s included the <a href="/wiki/Enderby%27s_Wharf" title="Enderby's Wharf">Enderby's Wharf</a> site on the Thames in London, where cables were made from the 1850s;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Les Câbles de Lyon at Calais, established in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ile-de-Sein-2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ile-de-Sein-2004.jpg/250px-Ile-de-Sein-2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ile-de-Sein-2004.jpg/330px-Ile-de-Sein-2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ile-de-Sein-2004.jpg/500px-Ile-de-Sein-2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Alcatel cable ship <i>Ile De Sein</i> docked in Port of Calais, 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in 2000, Alcatel Submarine Networks (ASN) and Louis Dreyfus Armatuers (LDA) had a partnership called ALDA Marine. This joint venture was to build, own and operate a fleet of <a href="/wiki/Cable_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable ships">cable ships</a> to provide subsea telecommunication cable systems and marine operations in the global market. In 2003, Alcatel was part of the consortium to build the Sudan to South Africa undersea cable link called Eastern Africa Submarine System (EASSy).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcatel_-_%C3%AEle_de_Br%C3%A9hat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Alcatel_-_%C3%AEle_de_Br%C3%A9hat.jpg/250px-Alcatel_-_%C3%AEle_de_Br%C3%A9hat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Alcatel_-_%C3%AEle_de_Br%C3%A9hat.jpg/330px-Alcatel_-_%C3%AEle_de_Br%C3%A9hat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Alcatel_-_%C3%AEle_de_Br%C3%A9hat.jpg/500px-Alcatel_-_%C3%AEle_de_Br%C3%A9hat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Alcatel ship <i>île de Bréhat</i> in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>By 2004, Alcatel had several cable ships in undersea operations. According to service logs, there were four ships operated by Louis Dreyfus Armatuers: <i>Ile de Batz</i>, <i>Ile de Brehat</i>, <i>Ile de Re</i>, <i>Ile de Sein</i>. At the same time, Alcatel had a subsidiary, Alcatel Submarine Networks Marine A/S, with cable ships, <i>Heimdal</i> and <i>Lodbrog</i>. Another subsidiary, Alcatel Contracting Norway AS, operated <i>CS Stanelco</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cable-laying fleet at that time consisted of: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lodbrog_Shipped_in_Keelung_Port_20131227.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lodbrog_Shipped_in_Keelung_Port_20131227.jpg/220px-Lodbrog_Shipped_in_Keelung_Port_20131227.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lodbrog_Shipped_in_Keelung_Port_20131227.jpg/330px-Lodbrog_Shipped_in_Keelung_Port_20131227.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lodbrog_Shipped_in_Keelung_Port_20131227.jpg/440px-Lodbrog_Shipped_in_Keelung_Port_20131227.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Alcatel-Lucent ship <i>Lodbrog</i> in Port Keelung in 2013</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CS_Ile_de_Batz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS Ile de Batz (page does not exist)">CS <i>Batz</i></a> (2001) Built in 2001. Worked in 2003 on the Apollo route: Widemouth Bay, Bude, England to Brookhaven, USA and Lannion, France to Manasquan, USA; in 2008 worked on TPE (Trans Pacific Express).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CS_Ile_de_Brehat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS Ile de Brehat (page does not exist)">CS <i>Brehat</i></a> (2002) Built in 2002. North route main lay of 4400 km for 2003 Apollo route. Route clearance in 2015 for GTT Express.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CS_Ile_de_Re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS Ile de Re (page does not exist)">CS <i>Re</i></a> (1983) Built in 1983. In 2006 worked on the APNG 2 cable route from Sydney, Australia to Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CS_Ile_de_Sein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS Ile de Sein (page does not exist)">CS <i>Sein</i></a> (2001) Built in 2001, length: 140.36 m. Cable work in 2003 on the routes from Azores to Madeira and Madeira to Porto Santo.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CS_Heimdal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS Heimdal (page does not exist)">CS <i>Heimdal</i></a> (1983, 2000–2004) Built in 1983. 1988: Renamed <i>Ferrymar I</i> and reverted to <i>Mercadian Admiral II</i>. 2000: Converted to a repair and cable laying vessel and sold to Alcatel Submarine Networks Marine AS. In 2003 performed repair of optical fiber in the Pacific Ocean, on the route between Japan and the United States, at almost 9,400 km depth.<sup id="cite_ref-Light_Wave_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Light_Wave-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2004: Sold to SEACOR Smit Offshore (Worldwide) Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CS_Lodbrog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS Lodbrog (page does not exist)">CS <i>Lodbrog</i></a> (1985) Built in 1985.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CS_Stanelco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS Stanelco (page does not exist)">CS <i>Stanelco 2</i></a> (1975) Built in 1975 by Brattvag Skips in Brattvag. Named coaster <i>Siraholm.</i> Renamed in 1982 by Standard Telefon og Kabelfabrik when converted to a cable repair ship. Sold to Alcatel Contracting Norway A/S, Oslo in 2000.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcatel_buildings,_East_Greenwich_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1572213.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Alcatel_buildings%2C_East_Greenwich_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1572213.jpg/250px-Alcatel_buildings%2C_East_Greenwich_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1572213.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Alcatel_buildings%2C_East_Greenwich_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1572213.jpg/330px-Alcatel_buildings%2C_East_Greenwich_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1572213.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Alcatel_buildings%2C_East_Greenwich_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1572213.jpg/500px-Alcatel_buildings%2C_East_Greenwich_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1572213.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Alcatel's Greewich, UK cable factory for repeaters, amplifiers, and submerged equipment</figcaption></figure> <p>Since Alcatel was a manufacturer of telecommunication components for undersea cables, they also used company repeaters in their operations. Repeaters are used for amplification of the copper cable voice transmission over long distance undersea cables. The manufacturing location, operating since 1858, was in Greenwich, UK for the production of amplifiers, repeaters, and other submerged equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_we_are_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_we_are-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sub-marine_repeater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sub-marine_repeater.jpg/220px-Sub-marine_repeater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sub-marine_repeater.jpg/330px-Sub-marine_repeater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sub-marine_repeater.jpg/440px-Sub-marine_repeater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>An Alcatel submarine repeater</figcaption></figure><p>Between May 2008 and September 2010, Alcatel-Lucent completed 10,000 kilometers of two-fiber-pair cabling on the EASSy link. Alcatel-Lucent used DWDM technology to transmit SDH frames over nine stations connecting South Africa to Sudan using this undersea fiber cabling type.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the Alcatel <i>CS Ile de Sein</i> assisted in recovering the <a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_447" title="Air France Flight 447">Air France Flight 447</a> data recorder in the Atlantic. A remotely operated vehicle from Phoenix International Inc. assisted the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcatel-Lucent purchased a cable ship named <i>CS Gulmar Badaro</i>, in 2011 renaming it <i>CS Ile d'Aix</i> for further expansion of operations. This vessel was built in 1992 and had facilities for cable laying and repair.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%8Ele_d%27Aix_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%C3%8Ele_d%27Aix_2019.jpg/250px-%C3%8Ele_d%27Aix_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%C3%8Ele_d%27Aix_2019.jpg/330px-%C3%8Ele_d%27Aix_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%C3%8Ele_d%27Aix_2019.jpg/500px-%C3%8Ele_d%27Aix_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Nokia cable ship <i>Île d'Aix</i> in 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>A manufacturing location for analogue systems and seismic sensor in Trondheim, Norway, was acquired by Alcatel-Lucent in November 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_we_are_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_we_are-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Alcatel-Lucent renewed their partnership with Louis Dreyfus Armateurs (LDA). Alcatel-Lucent took ownership of all seven ships in the fleet, which would be operated by LDA.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Bell Labs achieved a 6,600 kilometer single mode transoceanic fiber for Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks deployment, after the Nokia and Alcatel-Lucent merger occurred. By this time, 580,000 kilometers of optical submarine cables/systems had been deployed globally by Alcatel-Lucent.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks became part of Nokia in 2016. Nokia and ASN added another cable ship to the fleet, <i>CS Ile d'Ouessant</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_we_are_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_we_are-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This vessel was purchased in 2019 and was built in 2011 as the <i>CS Toisa Warrior</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, Nokia and ASN added two more cable ships for the fleet, the <i>CS Ile d'Yeu</i> and <i>CS Ile de Molène</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 2020, Alcatel Submarine Networks had a 33% share of the global market and had laid 600,000 kilometers of cables.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purchase_by_Nokia">Purchase by Nokia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Purchase by Nokia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 April 2015, Finnish telecommunications firm <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> announced its intent to purchase Alcatel-Lucent for €15.6 billion in an all-stock deal. The acquisition aimed to create a stronger competitor to the rival firms <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>, whom Nokia and Alcatel-Lucent had surpassed in terms of total combined revenue in 2014. The acquisition was expected to be completed in early 2016, and was subject to regulatory and shareholder approval. Combes left in September and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Camus_(businessman)" title="Philippe Camus (businessman)">Philippe Camus</a> (who had been chairman of the board since 2008) as interim CEO.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulatory approval was obtained in October 2015 and shareholder approval was announced on 4 January 2016. The Bell Labs division would be maintained, but the Alcatel-Lucent brand would be replaced by Nokia.<sup id="cite_ref-verge-alcatelnokia_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge-alcatelnokia-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nokia-alcatelmerger_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nokia-alcatelmerger-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsj-pressure_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-pressure-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 January 2016, Alcatel-Lucent started operating as part of the Nokia Group.<sup id="cite_ref-finallyseal_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finallyseal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sale to Nokia was finalized in November and the company was merged into <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Networks" title="Nokia Networks">Nokia Networks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CN-MP-CX-2013-LX03_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-MP-CX-2013-LX03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The company's global headquarters (now a Nokia office) was in <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a>, France.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had previous head offices in the <a href="/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="7th arrondissement of Paris">7th arrondissement</a> and <a href="/wiki/8th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="8th arrondissement of Paris">8th arrondissement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its previous head office, in the 8th arrondissement, was built between 1912 and 1929 and was renovated in 1998. During the renovation, the building was decorated with materials on the theme of the cosmos and time.<sup id="cite_ref-ALHQ_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALHQ-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were regional groups for the Americas, Asia Pacific & China, and Europe, Middle East & Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle East and Africa Headquarters were at Smart Village, <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>, Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcatel was present in Italy with various research centers: <a href="/wiki/Vimercate" title="Vimercate">Vimercate</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rieti" title="Rieti">Rieti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battipaglia" title="Battipaglia">Battipaglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genova" class="mw-redirect" title="Genova">Genova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sesto_Fiorentino" title="Sesto Fiorentino">Sesto Fiorentino</a>; by 2014, their presence was only in Vimercate, Trieste and Rome.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_people">Key people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Key people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Camus_(businessman)" title="Philippe Camus (businessman)">Philippe Camus</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Combes" title="Michel Combes">Michel Combes</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Eizenstat" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart Eizenstat">Stuart Eizenstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Cyril_Spinetta" title="Jean-Cyril Spinetta">Jean-Cyril Spinetta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_segments">Operating segments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Operating segments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Core Networking segment included three business divisions: IP Routing, IP Transport and IP Platforms. The Access segment included 4 business divisions: Wireless, Fixed Access, Licensing and Managed Services.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_development">Research and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Research and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> was Alcatel-Lucent's <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> (R & D) organization.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1876, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> was awarded the first patent for the <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, and subsequently started <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> is named in his honor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Clinton Davisson</a> shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for demonstrating the wave nature of matter. His fundamental work is part of the foundation for much of today's solid-state electronics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1947, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, William Shockley of Bell Labs invented the <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>. In 1956, they received a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> for their invention. The transistor led to an electronics revolution during the post-war boom. The transition from <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum tubes">vacuum tubes</a> to transistors enabled all technologies to be built on a smaller scale and use less electricity. Items that before required large dedicated spaces, could now fit into a home or even on a kitchen counter.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Pearson" title="Gerald Pearson">Gerald Pearson</a>, Darryl Chapin and <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Fuller" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin Fuller">Calvin Fuller</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cell</a>. <a href="/wiki/Telstar" title="Telstar">Telstar</a>, the first active communications satellite also developed by Bell Labs and launched in 1962, used these solar cell batteries as an external renewable source of power once launched. It was the first to carry live television over water, between England and the US.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the late 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Townes">Charles Townes</a> and Arthur Shawlow of Bell Labs invented the <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>, which has numerous applications, including measuring/cutting in the manufacturing industry and research/surgery in the medical industry. Bell Labs was awarded the laser patent in 1960.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Arno Allan Penzias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Robert Woodrow Wilson</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic microwave background radiation">cosmic microwave background radiation</a>. They were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in Physics in 1978.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> and a team of Bell Labs employees invented the <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> operating system and the <a href="/wiki/C_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C programming language">C programming language</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Willard_S._Boyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Willard S. Boyle">Willard S. Boyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a> were awarded the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> prize, for work on <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled devices</a> which transform patterns of light into useful digital information. In 2009, they received a Nobel Prize for their invention. The device is widely used in digital cameras, video cameras and modern astronomy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2013, there was a Net R&D investment of €2.3 billion (approx. 16% of sales). There are more than 32,000 active patents, more than 3,000 obtained in 2013, and 14,900 pending patent applications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_distinctions">Awards and distinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Awards and distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alcatel-Lucent was selected by <i><a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a></i> in its 2012 TR50 List of the World's Most Innovative Companies. The magazine recognized Alcatel-Lucent lightRadio as a "key innovation".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2012, Alcatel-Lucent won the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_World_Congress" title="Mobile World Congress">Mobile World Congress</a> Best Infrastructure Technology Award for the lightRadio Network.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the company was named Industry Group Leader in the Technology Hardware & Equipment sector in the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Sustainability_Indices" title="Dow Jones Sustainability Indices">Dow Jones Sustainability Indices</a> review,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was listed in the Thomson Reuters Top 100 Global Innovators for the fourth consecutive year.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lawsuits">Lawsuits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lawsuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violations_of_the_U.S._Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act">Violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2010, Alcatel-Lucent agreed to pay a total settlement of $137 million for bribing officials in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in violation of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act" title="Foreign Corrupt Practices Act">Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</a> (FCPA).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/US_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="US Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC) alleged that Alcatel retained consultants to funnel bribes of over $8 million to government officials in order to obtain and retain lucrative telecommunications contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcatel admitted that it made profits of approximately $48 million as a result of the bribes and was ordered to pay $45 million to settle charges with the SEC and a further $92 million to settle the criminal charges brought by the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> (DOJ).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcatel-Lucent_v._Microsoft"><i>Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent_v._Microsoft" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft">Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft</a></div> <p>Lucent Technologies filed suit against <a href="/wiki/Gateway,_Inc." title="Gateway, Inc.">Gateway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>, claiming they had violated patents on <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> and other technologies developed by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, a division of predecessor company <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">American Telephone & Telegraph</a>. Microsoft voluntarily joined the lawsuit in April 2003, and Alcatel was added after it acquired Lucent. </p><p>The first part of the case involved two audio coding patents that Alcatel-Lucent claimed were infringed by Microsoft's Windows Media Player application. Alcatel-Lucent won the trial and $1.52 billion in damages, but the judge granted<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft's motion for judgment and new trial.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcatel-Lucent appealed.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second part of the case, the judge ruled that Microsoft had not violated Alcatel-Lucent's patents relating to speech recognition and the case was therefore dismissed before going to trial. Alcatel-Lucent intended to appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third part of the case, involving several user interface-related patents, began on 21 May 2013.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Additional patent infringement cases, some filed by Microsoft and some filed by Alcatel-Lucent, are pending in the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcatel-Lucent_v._Newegg_and_Overstock"><i>Alcatel-Lucent v. Newegg and Overstock</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Alcatel-Lucent v. Newegg and Overstock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2013, <a href="/wiki/Newegg" title="Newegg">Newegg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overstock.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Overstock.com">Overstock</a> won a victory in <a href="/wiki/United_States_circuit_court" title="United States circuit court">United States circuit court</a> in which an Alcatel-Lucent <a href="/wiki/Shopping_cart_software" title="Shopping cart software">shopping cart</a> patent was invalidated.<sup id="cite_ref-newegg_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newegg-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CN-MP-CX-2013-LX01-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CN-MP-CX-2013-LX01_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telecomdrive.com/china-huaxin-acquires-alcatel-lucent-enterprise-business/">"China Huaxin Acquires Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise Business"</a>. 1 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+Huaxin+Acquires+Alcatel-Lucent+Enterprise+Business&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelecomdrive.com%2Fchina-huaxin-acquires-alcatel-lucent-enterprise-business%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CN-MP-CX-2013-LX02-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CN-MP-CX-2013-LX02_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2015/04/16/nokias-16-6-billion-acquisition-of-alcatel-lucent-explained/?sh=12f3ba12605c">"Nokia's $16.6 Billion Acquisition Of Alcatel-Lucent Explained"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. 16 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Nokia%27s+%2416.6+Billion+Acquisition+Of+Alcatel-Lucent+Explained&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fgreatspeculations%2F2015%2F04%2F16%2Fnokias-16-6-billion-acquisition-of-alcatel-lucent-explained%2F%3Fsh%3D12f3ba12605c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CN-MP-CX-2013-LX03-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CN-MP-CX-2013-LX03_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CN-MP-CX-2013-LX03_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2016/11/02/885798/0/en/Nokia-finalizes-its-acquisition-of-Alcatel-Lucent-ready-to-seize-global-connectivity-opportunities.html">"Nokia finalizes its acquisition of Alcatel-Lucent, ready to seize global connectivity opportunities"</a>. 2 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nokia+finalizes+its+acquisition+of+Alcatel-Lucent%2C+ready+to+seize+global+connectivity+opportunities&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globenewswire.com%2Fnews-release%2F2016%2F11%2F02%2F885798%2F0%2Fen%2FNokia-finalizes-its-acquisition-of-Alcatel-Lucent-ready-to-seize-global-connectivity-opportunities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finallyseal-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-finallyseal_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finallyseal_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTonner2016" class="citation web cs1">Tonner, Andrew (6 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2016/01/06/nokia-and-alcatel-lucent-finally-seal-the-deal.aspx">"Nokia and Alcatel-Lucent Finally Seal the Deal"</a>. The Motley Fool<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nokia+and+Alcatel-Lucent+Finally+Seal+the+Deal&rft.pub=The+Motley+Fool&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Tonner&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fool.com%2Finvesting%2Fgeneral%2F2016%2F01%2F06%2Fnokia-and-alcatel-lucent-finally-seal-the-deal.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92percent-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92percent_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/886125/000119312516507637/d121689dsc13da.htm">"Nokia beneficially owns 91.8% of the Alcatel Lucent Shares (including Alcatel Lucent Shares represented by Alcatel Lucent ADSs) representing 91.8% of the total outstanding voting power in Alcatel Lucent (including such rights represented by Alcatel Lucent ADSs)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nokia+beneficially+owns+91.8%25+of+the+Alcatel+Lucent+Shares+%28including+Alcatel+Lucent+Shares+represented+by+Alcatel+Lucent+ADSs%29+representing+91.8%25+of+the+total+outstanding+voting+power+in+Alcatel+Lucent+%28including+such+rights+represented+by+Alcatel+Lucent+ADSs%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2FArchives%2Fedgar%2Fdata%2F886125%2F000119312516507637%2Fd121689dsc13da.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lucenthistory-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lucenthistory_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lucenthistory_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lucenthistory_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lucenthistory_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lucenthistory_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lucenthistory_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lucenthistory_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lucenthistory_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403053314/http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/%21ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4w3sfQGSYGYRq6m-pEoYgbxjggRX4_83FT9IH1v_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UAdXXZMA%21%21/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0FfNUxJ">"Alcatel-Lucent History"</a>. <i>Company Overview</i>. Alcatel-Lucent. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4w3sfQGSYGYRq6m-pEoYgbxjggRX4_83FT9IH1v_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UAdXXZMA!!/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0FfNUxJ">the original</a> on 3 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Company+Overview&rft.atitle=Alcatel-Lucent+History&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alcatel-lucent.com%2Fwps%2Fportal%2F%21ut%2Fp%2Fkcxml%2F04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4w3sfQGSYGYRq6m-pEoYgbxjggRX4_83FT9IH1v_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UAdXXZMA%21%21%2Fdelta%2Fbase64xml%2FL3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0FfNUxJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mergertimeline2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mergertimeline2006_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930041108/http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/%21ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4w39w3RL8h2VAQAGOJBYA%21%21?LMSG_CABINET=Docs_and_Resource_Ctr&LMSG_CONTENT_FILE=News_Features%2FNews_Feature_Detail_000046.xml">"Alcatel-Lucent Merger Timeline"</a>. <i>News Features</i>. Alcatel-Lucent. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4w39w3RL8h2VAQAGOJBYA!!?LMSG_CABINET=Docs_and_Resource_Ctr&LMSG_CONTENT_FILE=News_Features/News_Feature_Detail_000046.xml">the original</a> on 30 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+Features&rft.atitle=Alcatel-Lucent+Merger+Timeline&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alcatel-lucent.com%2Fwps%2Fportal%2F%21ut%2Fp%2Fkcxml%2F04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4w39w3RL8h2VAQAGOJBYA%21%21%3FLMSG_CABINET%3DDocs_and_Resource_Ctr%26LMSG_CONTENT_FILE%3DNews_Features%2FNews_Feature_Detail_000046.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeers2007" class="citation cs2">Leers, Kaj (18 December 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/12/18/afx4450827.html">"Draka to pay 209 mln eur to Alcatel-Lucent for 49.9 pct stake in Comteq JV"</a>, <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Draka+to+pay+209+mln+eur+to+Alcatel-Lucent+for+49.9+pct+stake+in+Comteq+JV&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft.aulast=Leers&rft.aufirst=Kaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Ffeeds%2Fafx%2F2007%2F12%2F18%2Fafx4450827.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108173144/http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/%21ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4x3tXDUL8h2VAQAURh_Yw%21%21?LMSG_CABINET=Docs_and_Resource_Ctr&LMSG_CONTENT_FILE=News_Releases_2008%2FNews_Article_001159.xml">"Alcatel-Lucent announces Chairman Serge Tchuruk and CEO Pat Russo to step down"</a> (Press release). Alcatel-Lucent. 29 July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4x3tXDUL8h2VAQAURh_Yw!!?LMSG_CABINET=Docs_and_Resource_Ctr&LMSG_CONTENT_FILE=News_Releases_2008/News_Article_001159.xml">the original</a> on 8 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcatel-Lucent+announces+Chairman+Serge+Tchuruk+and+CEO+Pat+Russo+to+step+down&rft.pub=Alcatel-Lucent&rft.date=2008-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alcatel-lucent.com%2Fwps%2Fportal%2F%21ut%2Fp%2Fkcxml%2F04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4x3tXDUL8h2VAQAURh_Yw%21%21%3FLMSG_CABINET%3DDocs_and_Resource_Ctr%26LMSG_CONTENT_FILE%3DNews_Releases_2008%2FNews_Article_001159.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dassault-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dassault_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dassault-aviation.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/2/files/2013/05/20090518_Thales_E.pdf">"Dassault Aviation completes the acquisition of Alcatel-Lucent's stakes in Thales"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Press Release</i>. Dassault Aviation. 20 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Release&rft.atitle=Dassault+Aviation+completes+the+acquisition+of+Alcatel-Lucent%27s+stakes+in+Thales&rft.date=2009-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dassault-aviation.com%2Fwp-content%2Fblogs.dir%2F2%2Ffiles%2F2013%2F05%2F20090518_Thales_E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-openplug-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-openplug_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930041435/http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/%21ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4w3MfQFSYGYRq6m-pEoYgbxjgiRIH1vfV-P_NxU_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UAAD_zXg%21%21/delta/base64xml/L0lJayEvUUd3QndJQSEvNElVRkNBISEvNl9BX0U4QS9lbl93dw%21%21?LMSG_CABINET=Docs_and_Resource_Ctr&LMSG_CONTENT_FILE=News_Releases_2010%2FNews_Article_002180.xml">"Alcatel-Lucent acquires OpenPlug, a cross-platform mobile software development tool provider"</a>. <i>Press Release</i>. Alcatel-Lucent. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4w3MfQFSYGYRq6m-pEoYgbxjgiRIH1vfV-P_NxU_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UAAD_zXg!!/delta/base64xml/L0lJayEvUUd3QndJQSEvNElVRkNBISEvNl9BX0U4QS9lbl93dw!!?LMSG_CABINET=Docs_and_Resource_Ctr&LMSG_CONTENT_FILE=News_Releases_2010/News_Article_002180.xml">the original</a> on 30 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Release&rft.atitle=Alcatel-Lucent+acquires+OpenPlug%2C+a+cross-platform+mobile+software+development+tool+provider&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alcatel-lucent.com%2Fwps%2Fportal%2F%21ut%2Fp%2Fkcxml%2F04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4w3MfQFSYGYRq6m-pEoYgbxjgiRIH1vfV-P_NxU_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UAAD_zXg%21%21%2Fdelta%2Fbase64xml%2FL0lJayEvUUd3QndJQSEvNElVRkNBISEvNl9BX0U4QS9lbl93dw%21%21%3FLMSG_CABINET%3DDocs_and_Resource_Ctr%26LMSG_CONTENT_FILE%3DNews_Releases_2010%2FNews_Article_002180.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110316050722/http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/%21ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4x3tXDUL8h2VAQAURh_Yw%21%21?LMSG_CABINET=Docs_and_Resource_Ctr&LMSG_CONTENT_FILE=News_Releases_2011%2FNews_Article_002343.xml">"Alcatel-Lucent fourth quarter 2010 earnings"</a> (Press release). Alcatel-Lucent. 10 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4x3tXDUL8h2VAQAURh_Yw!!?LMSG_CABINET=Docs_and_Resource_Ctr&LMSG_CONTENT_FILE=News_Releases_2011/News_Article_002343.xml">the original</a> on 16 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcatel-Lucent+fourth+quarter+2010+earnings&rft.pub=Alcatel-Lucent&rft.date=2011-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alcatel-lucent.com%2Fwps%2Fportal%2F%21ut%2Fp%2Fkcxml%2F04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4x3tXDUL8h2VAQAURh_Yw%21%21%3FLMSG_CABINET%3DDocs_and_Resource_Ctr%26LMSG_CONTENT_FILE%3DNews_Releases_2011%2FNews_Article_002343.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Columbus_Dispatch-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Columbus_Dispatch_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Columbus_Dispatch_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeran2011" class="citation news cs1">Feran, Tim (14 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dispatch.com/story/business/2011/12/15/despite-smaller-work-force-alcatel/24040671007/">"Despite smaller work force, Alcatel-Lucent remains a giant in telecommunications at its new central Ohio HQ"</a>. <i>The Columbus Dispatch</i>. The Columbus Dispatch<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved on 31 July 2014 "Headquarters 148/152 route de la Reine 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100829214624/http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/%21ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4w3sfQGSYGYRq6m-pEoYgbxjgiRIH1vfV-P_NxU_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UAIZNI3w%21%21/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0FfNEQy">"Fact Sheet"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomson+Reuters+Names+the+2014+Top+100+Global+Innovators&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomsonreuters.com%2Fpress-releases%2F112014%2F2014-top-100-innovators&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFCPA_Blog2010" class="citation web cs1">FCPA Blog (28 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fcpablog.com/blog/2010/12/28/alcatel-lucent-settles-bribery-case.html">"Alcatel-Lucent Settles Bribery Case"</a>. FCPA Blog.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcatel-Lucent+Settles+Bribery+Case&rft.pub=FCPA+Blog&rft.date=2010-12-28&rft.au=FCPA+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcpablog.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F12%2F28%2Falcatel-lucent-settles-bribery-case.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission2010" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (27 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-258.htm">"SEC Charges Alcatel-Lucent with FCPA Violations"</a>. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SEC+Charges+Alcatel-Lucent+with+FCPA+Violations&rft.pub=U.S.+Securities+and+Exchange+Commission&rft.date=2010-12-27&rft.au=U.S.+Securities+and+Exchange+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress%2F2010%2F2010-258.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Florida2010" class="citation web cs1">United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (27 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2010/comp21795.pdf">"Securities and Exchange Commission v Alcatel-Lucent, S.A."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://origin.arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070806-judge-tosses-verdict-1-52-billion-award-in-microsoft-mp3-patent-case.html">the original</a> on 29 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Microsoft+wins+in+second+Alcatel-Lucent+patent+suit&rft.date=2007-03-02&rft.aulast=Broache&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2FMicrosoft%2Bwins%2Bin%2Bsecond%2BAlcatel-Lucent%2Bpatent%2Bsuit%2F2100-1014_3-6163828.html%3Ftag%3Dnefd.top&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontalbano2007" class="citation news cs1">Montalbano, Elizabeth (3 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,129581-c,legalissues/article.html">"One Patent Claim Against Microsoft Dropped"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Newegg+nukes+%27corporate+troll%27+Alcatel+in+third+patent+appeal+win+this+year&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2F2013%2F05%2Fnewegg-nukes-corporate-troll-alcatel-in-third-patent-appeal-win-this-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcatel-Lucent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcatel-Lucent&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon 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