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id="toc-Situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extent_of_the_borough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent_of_the_borough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Extent of the borough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extent_of_the_borough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boroughs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boroughs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Boroughs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boroughs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spatial_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spatial_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Spatial planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spatial_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Civic history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>First settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Roman era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Imperial City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4.1</span> <span>Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_of_1634" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_of_1634"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4.2</span> <span>Fire of 1634</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_of_1634-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_era_and_end_of_the_Imperial_City_of_Aalen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_era_and_end_of_the_Imperial_City_of_Aalen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4.3</span> <span>Napoleonic era and end of the Imperial City of Aalen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_era_and_end_of_the_Imperial_City_of_Aalen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Industrial Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Nazi era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Post-war era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Christian_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Christian_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Other Christian communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Christian_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mergings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mergings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Mergings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mergings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population's_progression_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population's_progression_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Population's progression and structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population's_progression_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mayors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms_and_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms_and_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Coat of arms and flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms_and_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Godparenthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Godparenthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Godparenthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Godparenthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal_finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Municipal finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture and sights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_sights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and sights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schubart_Literary_Award" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schubart_Literary_Award"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Schubart Literary Award</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schubart_Literary_Award-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_memorial_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_memorial_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Museums and memorial sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_memorial_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorial_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Memorial sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorial_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_Town_Hall_with_"Spy"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_Town_Hall_with_"Spy""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>Historic Town Hall with "Spy"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_Town_Hall_with_"Spy"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Town_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Town_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.3</span> <span>Old Town Hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Town_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bürgerspital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bürgerspital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.4</span> <span>Bürgerspital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bürgerspital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limes-Thermen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limes-Thermen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.5</span> <span>Limes-Thermen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limes-Thermen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_square" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_square"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.6</span> <span>Market square</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_square-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Market_fountain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_fountain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.6.1</span> <span>Market fountain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_fountain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reichsstädter_Brunnen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reichsstädter_Brunnen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.6.2</span> <span>Reichsstädter Brunnen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reichsstädter_Brunnen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radgasse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radgasse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.7</span> <span>Radgasse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radgasse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tiefer_Stollen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiefer_Stollen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.8</span> <span>Tiefer Stollen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiefer_Stollen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observatory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observatory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.9</span> <span>Observatory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windpark_Waldhausen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windpark_Waldhausen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.10</span> <span>Windpark Waldhausen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windpark_Waldhausen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aalbäumle_observation_tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aalbäumle_observation_tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.11</span> <span>Aalbäumle observation tower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aalbäumle_observation_tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Natural monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regular_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regular_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Regular events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regular_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reichsstädter_Tage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reichsstädter_Tage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.1</span> <span>Reichsstädter Tage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reichsstädter_Tage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.2</span> <span>Roman Festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aalen_Jazz_Festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aalen_Jazz_Festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.3</span> <span>Aalen Jazz Festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aalen_Jazz_Festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy and infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy and infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Street" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Street"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Street</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Air transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bicycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bicycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Bicycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bicycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Public facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TV_and_radio_transmission_tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TV_and_radio_transmission_tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>TV and radio transmission tower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TV_and_radio_transmission_tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Things_named_after_Aalen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Things_named_after_Aalen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Things named after Aalen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Things_named_after_Aalen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_citizens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_citizens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Honorary citizens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_citizens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aalen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86" title="آلن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آلن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="آلن (شهر) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلن (شهر)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3)" title="Ален (Баден-Вюртемберг) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ален (Баден-Вюртемберг)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD-%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3)" title="Ален (Бадэн-Вюртэмберг) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ален (Бадэн-Вюртэмберг)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Аален – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аален" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen_(munisipyo)" title="Aalen (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aalen (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Άαλεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άαλεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="آلن (شهر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلن (شهر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%8C_(%EB%B0%94%EB%8D%B4%EB%B7%94%EB%A5%B4%ED%85%9C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EC%A3%BC)" title="알렌 (바덴뷔르템베르크주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렌 (바덴뷔르템베르크주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3)" title="Ален (Баден-Вюртемберг) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ален (Баден-Вюртемберг)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="אאלן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אאלן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="აალენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აალენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3)" title="Ален (Баден-Вюртемберг) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ален (Баден-Вюртемберг)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_(Germania)" title="Ala (Germania) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ala (Germania)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80lene_(B%C4%81dene-Virtemberga)" title="Ālene (Bādene-Virtemberga) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ālene (Bādene-Virtemberga)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alenas_(BV)" title="Alenas (BV) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alenas (BV)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3)" title="Ален (Баден-Виртемберг) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ален (Баден-Виртемберг)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3_(%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%B4%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF)" title="アーレン (バーデン＝ヴュルテンベルク) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーレン (バーデン＝ヴュルテンベルク)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%92%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3)" title="Ален (Баден-Вуьртемберг) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ален (Баден-Вуьртемберг)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86" title="آلن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آلن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen_(miasto)" title="Aalen (miasto) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aalen (miasto)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3)" title="Ален (Баден-Вюртемберг) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ален (Баден-Вюртемберг)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81)" title="Ален (Осталбкрајс) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ален (Осталбкрајс)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%92%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3)" title="Ален (Баден-Вүртемберг) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ален (Баден-Вүртемберг)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="อาเลิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาเลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Аален – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аален" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آلین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آلین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%A6%EF%BC%88%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB-%E7%AC%A6%E8%85%BE%E5%A0%A1%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%89" title="阿伦（巴登-符腾堡州） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿伦（巴登-符腾堡州）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%80%AB_(%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB-%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1)" title="阿倫 (巴登-符騰堡) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿倫 (巴登-符騰堡)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Aalen" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aalen&params=48_50_N_10_6_E_type:city(68816)_region:DE-BW"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°50′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°6′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.833°N 10.100°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.833; 10.100</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Baden-Württemberg, Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ahlen" title="Ahlen">Ahlen</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Norwegian statistician, see <a href="/wiki/Odd_Aalen" title="Odd Aalen">Odd Aalen</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org"><span class="wrap">Aalen </span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Town#Germany" title="Town">Town</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalen_Joseph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aalen_Joseph.jpg/250px-Aalen_Joseph.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aalen_Joseph.jpg/375px-Aalen_Joseph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aalen_Joseph.jpg/500px-Aalen_Joseph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2194" data-file-height="2825" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hissflagge_Aalen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Aalen"><img alt="Flag of Aalen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hissflagge_Aalen.svg/120px-Hissflagge_Aalen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hissflagge_Aalen.svg/250px-Hissflagge_Aalen.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Aalen_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Aalen"><img alt="Coat of arms of Aalen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/DEU_Aalen_COA.svg/120px-DEU_Aalen_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/DEU_Aalen_COA.svg/250px-DEU_Aalen_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:line; margin-top:0.2px"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="height:auto; padding:0.1em; padding-left:0.3em; padding-right:1.5em;">Location of Aalen within <a href="/wiki/Ostalbkreis" title="Ostalbkreis">Ostalbkreis</a> district</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" 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alt="Göppingen (district)" title="Göppingen (district)" /><area href="/wiki/Aalen" shape="poly" 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alt="Bavaria" title="Bavaria" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aalen is located in Germany"><img alt="Aalen is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.329%;left:46%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Aalen"><img alt="Aalen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Aalen </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aalen is located in Baden-Württemberg"><img alt="Aalen is located in Baden-Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg/250px-Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg/375px-Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg/500px-Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1215" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.059%;left:83.781%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Aalen"><img alt="Aalen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Aalen </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Baden-Württemberg</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aalen&params=48_50_N_10_6_E_type:city(68816)_region:DE-BW"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°50′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°6′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.833°N 10.100°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.833; 10.100</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Admin. region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_(region)" title="Stuttgart (region)">Stuttgart</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ostalbkreis" title="Ostalbkreis">Ostalbkreis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2021–29) </span></th><td class="infobox-data">Frederick Brütting<sup id="cite_ref-mayor_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">146.63 km<sup>2</sup> (56.61 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">430 m (1,410 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">68,816</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">470/km<sup>2</sup> (1,200/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">73430–73434</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">07361/-66/-67</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Germany" title="Vehicle registration plates of Germany">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">AA</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/">www.aalen.de</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aalen</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈaːlən]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/01\/Aalen2.ogg\/Aalen2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Aalen2.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Aalen2.ogg/Aalen2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalen2.ogg" title="File:Aalen2.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is a town located in the eastern part of the German state of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, about 70 kilometres (43 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> and 48 kilometres (30 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>. It is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Ostalbkreis" title="Ostalbkreis">Ostalbkreis</a> district and is its largest town. It is also the largest town in the <a href="/wiki/Ostw%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Ostwürttemberg">Ostwürttemberg</a> region. Since 1956, Aalen has had the status of <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Kreisstadt" title="Große Kreisstadt">Große Kreisstadt</a> (major district town). It is noted for its many <a href="/wiki/Half-timbered" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-timbered">half-timbered</a> houses constructed from the 16th century through the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-munro_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With an area of 146.63 km<sup>2</sup>, Aalen is ranked 7th in Baden-Württemberg and 2nd within the <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_(region)" title="Stuttgart (region)">Government Region of Stuttgart</a>, after Stuttgart. With a population of about 66,000, Aalen is the 15th most-populated settlement in Baden-Württemberg. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1113px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalb%C3%A4umle_Panorama01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view from the Aalbäumle (14. January 2022)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Aalb%C3%A4umle_Panorama01.jpg/1103px-Aalb%C3%A4umle_Panorama01.jpg" decoding="async" width="1103" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Aalb%C3%A4umle_Panorama01.jpg/1655px-Aalb%C3%A4umle_Panorama01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Aalb%C3%A4umle_Panorama01.jpg/2206px-Aalb%C3%A4umle_Panorama01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7890" data-file-height="1430" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalb%C3%A4umle_Panorama01.jpg" title="File:Aalbäumle Panorama01.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view from the <i>Aalbäumle</i> (14. January 2022)</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situation">Situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalen_Luftbild.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Aalen_Luftbild.JPG/250px-Aalen_Luftbild.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Aalen_Luftbild.JPG/330px-Aalen_Luftbild.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Aalen_Luftbild.JPG/500px-Aalen_Luftbild.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the district of Unterkochen (the town centre is partly covered and in the background), the Aalen lowlands well perceptible in the back</figcaption></figure> <p>Aalen is situated on the upper reaches of the river <a href="/wiki/Kocher" title="Kocher">Kocher</a>, at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_Jura" title="Swabian Jura">Swabian Jura</a> which lies to the south and south-east, and close to the hilly landscapes of the <a href="/wiki/Ellwangen_Hills" title="Ellwangen Hills">Ellwangen Hills</a> to the north and the <i>Welland</i> to the north-west. </p><p>The west of Aalen's territory is on the foreland of the eastern Swabian Jura, and the north and north-west is on the <a href="/wiki/Swabian-Franconian_Forest" title="Swabian-Franconian Forest">Swabian-Franconian Forest</a>, both being part of the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_Keuper-Lias_Plains" title="Swabian Keuper-Lias Plains">Swabian Keuper-Lias Plains</a>. The south-west is part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albuch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albuch (page does not exist)">Albuch</a>, the east is part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4rtsfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Härtsfeld (page does not exist)">Härtsfeld</a>, these two both being parts of the Swabian Jura.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kocher enters the town's territory from <a href="/wiki/Oberkochen" title="Oberkochen">Oberkochen</a> to the south, crosses the district of Unterkochen, then enters the town centre, where the <i>Aal</i> flows into it. The <i>Aal</i> is a small river located only within the town's territory. Next, the Kocher crosses the district of Wasseralfingen, then leaves the town for <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCttlingen,_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Hüttlingen, Baden-Württemberg">Hüttlingen</a>. Rivers originating near Aalen are the <a href="/wiki/Rems_(river)" title="Rems (river)">Rems</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Essingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Essingen">Essingen</a>, west of Aalen) and the <a href="/wiki/Jagst" title="Jagst">Jagst</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Unterschneidheim" title="Unterschneidheim">Unterschneidheim</a>, east of Aalen), both being tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a>, just like the Kocher. </p><p>The elevation in the centre of the market square is 430 m (1,410 ft) relative to <a href="/wiki/Normalh%C3%B6hennull" title="Normalhöhennull">Normalhöhennull</a>. The territory's lowest point is at the <a href="/wiki/Lein_(Kocher)" title="Lein (Kocher)">Lein</a> river near Rodamsdörfle, the highest point is the Grünberg's peak near Unterkochen at 733 m (2,405 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-bauer9_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aalen's territory ranges over all <a href="/wiki/Group_(stratigraphy)" title="Group (stratigraphy)">lithostratigraphic groups</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_German_Jurassic" title="South German Jurassic">South German Jurassic</a>: Aalen's south and the <i>Flexner</i> massif are on top of the <a href="/wiki/White_Jurassic" title="White Jurassic">White Jurassic</a>, the town centre is on the <a href="/wiki/Brown_Jurassic" title="Brown Jurassic">Brown Jurassic</a>, and a part of Wasseralfingen is on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Jurassic" title="Black Jurassic">Black Jurassic</a>. As a result, the town advertises itself as a "Geologist's Mecca".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most parts of the territory are on the <i>Opalinuston-Formation</i> (Opalinum Clay <a href="/wiki/Formation_(stratigraphy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (stratigraphy)">Formation</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Aalenian" title="Aalenian">Aalenian</a> subdivision of the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> Period, which is named after Aalen.<sup id="cite_ref-munro_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the <i>Sandberg</i>, the <i>Schnaitberg</i> and the <i>Schradenberg</i> hills, all in the west of Aalen, the <i>Eisensandstein</i> (Iron Sandstone) formation emerges to the surface. On the other hills of the city, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sands</a> <i>(Goldshöfer Sande)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> and residual <a href="/wiki/Rubble" title="Rubble">rubble</a> prevail. The historic centre of Aalen and the other areas in the Kocher valley are founded completely on <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">holocenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a> <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loam</a> <i>(Auelehm)</i> and riverbed gravel that have filled in the valley. </p><p>Most parts of Dewangen and Fachsenfeld are founded on formations of <i>Jurensismergel</i> (Jurensis <a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a>), <i>Posidonienschiefer</i> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Posidonia_Shale" title="Posidonia Shale">Posidonia Shale</a>), <i>Amaltheenton</i> (Amalthean Clay), <i>Numismalismergel</i> (Numismalis Marl) and <i>Obtususton</i> (Obtusus Clay, named after <a href="/wiki/Asteroceras_obtusum" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroceras obtusum">Asteroceras obtusum</a> ammonites) moving from south to north, all belonging to the Jurassic and being rich in fossils. They are at last followed by the <i>Trossingen Formation</i> already belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a>. </p><p>Until 1939 iron ore was mined on the <i>Braunenberg</i> hill. (see <a href="#Tiefer_Stollen">Tiefer Stollen</a> section). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extent_of_the_borough">Extent of the borough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extent of the borough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The maximum extent of the town's territory amounts to 18 km (11 mi) in a north–south dimension and 25 km (16 mi) in an east–west dimension. The area is 14,662.8 hectares (36,233 acres), which includes 42.2% 6,186.2 ha (15,286 acres) agriculturally used area and 37.7% 5,534.9 ha (13,677 acres) of forest. 11.5% 1,692.3 ha (4,182 acres) are built up or vacant, 6.4% 932.8 ha (2,305 acres) is used by traffic infrastructure. Sporting and recreation grounds and parks comprise 1% 152.7 hectares (377 acres), other areas 1.1% 163.9 ha (405 acres).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boroughs">Boroughs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Boroughs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalen_Stadtbezirke.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Aalen_Stadtbezirke.png/250px-Aalen_Stadtbezirke.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Aalen_Stadtbezirke.png/330px-Aalen_Stadtbezirke.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Aalen_Stadtbezirke.png/500px-Aalen_Stadtbezirke.png 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>Map of Aalen's boroughs <i>(Stadtbezirke)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Aalen's territory consists of the town centre <i>(Kernstadt)</i> and the municipalities <a href="/wiki/Merger_(politics)" title="Merger (politics)">merged</a> from between 1938 (Unterrombach) and 1975 (Wasseralfingen, see <a href="#Mergings">mergings</a> section). The municipalities merged in the course of the latest municipal reform of the 1970s are also called <i><a href="/wiki/Stadtbezirk" title="Stadtbezirk">Stadtbezirke</a></i> (quarters or districts), and are <i>Ortschaften</i> ("settlements") in terms of Baden-Württemberg's <i><a href="/wiki/Gemeindeordnung" title="Gemeindeordnung">Gemeindeordnung</a></i> (municipal code), which means, each of them has its own council elected by its respective residents <i>(Ortschaftsrat)</i> and is presided by a spokesperson <i>(Ortsvorsteher)</i>. </p><p>The town centre itself and the merged former municipalities consist of numerous villages <i>(Teilorte)</i>, mostly separated by open ground from each other and having their own independent and long-standing history. Some however have been created as <a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">planned communities</a>, which were given proper names, but no well-defined borders. </p><p>List of villages:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Borough</th> <th class="unsortable">Coat of arms</th> <th>Area in km<sup>2</sup></th> <th>Residents<br /><small>(1 July 2011)</small></th> <th class="unsortable">Villages </th></tr> <tr> <td>Town centre </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Aalen_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Aalen"><img alt="Coat of arms of Aalen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/DEU_Aalen_COA.svg/40px-DEU_Aalen_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/DEU_Aalen_COA.svg/60px-DEU_Aalen_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/DEU_Aalen_COA.svg/120px-DEU_Aalen_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2.5em">30,62 </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2.5em">34.466<span style="position:absolute"><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td> <td>Hammerstadt, Hofherrnweiler, Mädle, Mantelhof, Neßlau, Oberrombach, Unterrombach, the latter also known as <i>Weststadt</i> ("West Town") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dewangen </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Dewangen_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Dewangen"><img alt="Coat of arms of Dewangen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/DEU_Dewangen_COA.svg/40px-DEU_Dewangen_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/DEU_Dewangen_COA.svg/60px-DEU_Dewangen_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/DEU_Dewangen_COA.svg/80px-DEU_Dewangen_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="811" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2.5em">16,53 </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2.5em">3.183<span style="position:absolute"><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td> <td>Aushof, Bernhardsdorf, Bronnenhäusle, Degenhof, Dreherhof, Faulherrnhof, Freudenhöfle, Gobühl, Großdölzerhof, Haldenhaus, Hüttenhöfe, Kleindölzerhof, Kohlhöfle, Langenhalde, Lusthof, Neuhof, Rauburr, Reichenbach, Riegelhof, Rodamsdörfle, Rotsold, Schafhof, Schultheißenhöfle, Streithöfle, Tannenhof, Trübenreute </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ebnat </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Ebnat_(Aalen)_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ebnat"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ebnat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/DEU_Ebnat_%28Aalen%29_COA.svg/40px-DEU_Ebnat_%28Aalen%29_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/DEU_Ebnat_%28Aalen%29_COA.svg/60px-DEU_Ebnat_%28Aalen%29_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/DEU_Ebnat_%28Aalen%29_COA.svg/120px-DEU_Ebnat_%28Aalen%29_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="396" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2.5em">21,16 </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2.5em">3.327<span style="position:absolute"><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td> <td>Affalterwang, Diepertsbuch, Niesitz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fachsenfeld </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Fachsenfeld_COA.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Fachsenfeld"><img alt="Coat of arms of Fachsenfeld" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/DEU_Fachsenfeld_COA.png/40px-DEU_Fachsenfeld_COA.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/DEU_Fachsenfeld_COA.png/60px-DEU_Fachsenfeld_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/DEU_Fachsenfeld_COA.png/120px-DEU_Fachsenfeld_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="1306" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2.5em">3,95 </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2.5em">3.605<span style="position:absolute"><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td> <td>Bodenbach, Hangendenbuch, Himmlingsweiler, Mühlhäusle, Scherrenmühle, Waiblingen </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hofen </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Hofen_(Aalen)_COA.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Hofen"><img alt="Coat of arms of Hofen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/DEU_Hofen_%28Aalen%29_COA.png/40px-DEU_Hofen_%28Aalen%29_COA.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/DEU_Hofen_%28Aalen%29_COA.png/60px-DEU_Hofen_%28Aalen%29_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/DEU_Hofen_%28Aalen%29_COA.png/120px-DEU_Hofen_%28Aalen%29_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2.5em">12,58 </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2.5em">2.080<span style="position:absolute"><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td> <td>Attenhofen, Fürsitz, Goldshöfe, Heimatsmühle, Oberalfingen, Wagenrain </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unterkochen </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Unterkochen_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Unterkochen"><img alt="Coat of arms of Unterkochen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/DEU_Unterkochen_COA.svg/40px-DEU_Unterkochen_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/DEU_Unterkochen_COA.svg/60px-DEU_Unterkochen_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/DEU_Unterkochen_COA.svg/120px-DEU_Unterkochen_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="811" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2.5em">21,44 </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2.5em">4.927<span style="position:absolute"><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td> <td>Birkhöfe, Glashütte, Neukochen, Neuziegelhütte, Stefansweilermühle </td></tr> <tr> <td>Waldhausen </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Waldhausen_(Aalen)_COA.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Waldhausen"><img alt="Coat of arms of Waldhausen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/DEU_Waldhausen_%28Aalen%29_COA.png/40px-DEU_Waldhausen_%28Aalen%29_COA.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/DEU_Waldhausen_%28Aalen%29_COA.png/60px-DEU_Waldhausen_%28Aalen%29_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/DEU_Waldhausen_%28Aalen%29_COA.png/80px-DEU_Waldhausen_%28Aalen%29_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2.5em">24,38 </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2.5em">2.335<span style="position:absolute"><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td> <td>Arlesberg, Bernlohe, Beuren, Brastelburg, Geiselwang, Hohenberg, Neubau, Simmisweiler </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wasseralfingen </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Wasseralfingen_COA.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Wasseralfingen"><img alt="Coat of arms of Wasseralfingen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/DEU_Wasseralfingen_COA.png/40px-DEU_Wasseralfingen_COA.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/DEU_Wasseralfingen_COA.png/60px-DEU_Wasseralfingen_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/DEU_Wasseralfingen_COA.png/120px-DEU_Wasseralfingen_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2.5em">15,97 </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2.5em">11.767<span style="position:absolute"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td> <td>Affalterried, Brausenried, Bürgle, Erzhäusle, Heisenberg, Mäderhof, Onatsfeld, Rötenberg, Röthardt, Salchenhof, Treppach, Weidenfeld </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spatial_planning">Spatial planning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spatial planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aalen forms a <i>Mittelzentrum</i> ("medium-level centre") within the <a href="/wiki/Ostw%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Ostwürttemberg">Ostwürttemberg</a> region. Its designated <a href="/wiki/Catchment_area_(human_geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catchment area (human geography)">catchment area</a> includes the following municipalities of the central and eastern Ostalbkreis district: <a href="/wiki/Abtsgm%C3%BCnd" title="Abtsgmünd">Abtsgmünd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bopfingen" title="Bopfingen">Bopfingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essingen_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Essingen (Württemberg)">Essingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCttlingen_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüttlingen (Württemberg)">Hüttlingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirchheim_am_Ries" title="Kirchheim am Ries">Kirchheim am Ries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauchheim" title="Lauchheim">Lauchheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neresheim" title="Neresheim">Neresheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberkochen" title="Oberkochen">Oberkochen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riesb%C3%BCrg" title="Riesbürg">Riesbürg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westhausen_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westhausen (Württemberg)">Westhausen</a>, and is interwoven with the catchment area of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a>, situated in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, 30 km (19 mi) east of Aalen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Aalen's territory sprawls on escarpments of the Swabian Jura, on the Albuch and the Härtsfeld landscapes, and its elevation has a range of 355 m (1,165 ft), the climate varies from district to district. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">weather station</a> the following data originate from is located between the town centre and Wasseralfingen at about <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aalen&params=48_51_02_N_10_05_44_E_&title=weather+station"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°51′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">10°05′44″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.85056°N 10.09556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.85056; 10.09556</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">weather station</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> and has been in operation since 1991. </p><p>The sunshine duration is about 1800 hours per year, which averages 4.93 hours per day. So Aalen is above the German average of 1550 hours per year. However, with 167 days of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>, Aalen's region also ranks above the German average of 138. The annual rainfall is 807 mm (31.8 in), about the average within Baden-Württemberg.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The annual mean temperature is 9.9 °C (49.8 °F). Here Aalen ranks above the German average of 8.2 °C (46.8 °F) and the Baden-Württemberg average of 8.1 °C (46.6 °F). </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Aalen </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9<br />(48) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14<br />(57) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18<br />(64) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21<br />(70) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23<br />(73) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23<br />(73) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20<br />(68) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(45) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4<br />(25) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3<br />(27) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(32) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(46) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(52) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9<br />(48) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4<br />(40) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.5<br />(2.15) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.8<br />(2.00) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.3<br />(2.93) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.4<br />(2.18) </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.4<br />(3.13) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.7<br />(2.70) </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.9<br />(3.46) </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.8<br />(3.18) </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.6<br />(2.66) </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.4<br />(2.85) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.0<br />(2.32) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.1<br />(2.21) </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">806.9<br />(31.77) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">167 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #717171; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.75 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180 </td> <td style="background: #B8B855; color:#000000;" class="notheme">124 </td> <td style="background: #717171; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #717171; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #C5C506; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,799.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civic_history">Civic history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Civic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_settlements">First settlements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous remains of early civilization have been found in the area. Tools made of <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> and traces of <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> human settlement dated between the 8th and 5th millennium BC were found on several sites on the margins of the Kocher and Jagst valleys. On the <i>Schloßbaufeld</i> plateau (appr. 650 by 350 m (2,130 by 1,150 ft)), situated behind <i>Kocherburg</i> castle near Unterkochen, a hill-top settlement was found, with the core being dated to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. In the <i>Appenwang</i> forest near Wasseralfingen, in Goldshöfe, and in Ebnat, <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumuli</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> were found. In Aalen and Wasseralfingen, gold and silver coins left by the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> were found. The Celts were responsible for the fortifications in the Schloßbaufeld settlement consisting of sectional embankments and a stone wall. Also, Near Heisenberg (Wasseralfingen), a Celtic <a href="/wiki/Nemeton" title="Nemeton">nemeton</a> has been identified; however, it is no longer readily apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer25_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer25-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_era">Roman era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Roman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limesmuseum_Aalen_principia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Limesmuseum_Aalen_principia.jpg/220px-Limesmuseum_Aalen_principia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Limesmuseum_Aalen_principia.jpg/330px-Limesmuseum_Aalen_principia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Limesmuseum_Aalen_principia.jpg/440px-Limesmuseum_Aalen_principia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Roman fort's excavated foundation walls</figcaption></figure> <p>After abandoning the <a href="/wiki/Alb_Limes" title="Alb Limes">Alb Limes</a> (a <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a></i> generally following the ridgeline of the Swabian Jura) around 150 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>, Aalen's territory became part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, in direct vicinity of the then newly erected <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_Limes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhaetian Limes">Rhaetian Limes</a>. The Romans erected a <a href="/wiki/Castrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Castrum">castrum</a> to house the <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> unit <i><a href="/wiki/Ala_(Roman_military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala (Roman military)">Ala</a> II Flavia milliaria</i>; its remains are known today as <i>Kastell Aalen</i> ("Aalen Roman fort"). The site is west of today's town centre at the bottom of the <i>Schillerhöhe</i> hill. With about 1,000 horsemen and nearly as many <a href="/wiki/Groom_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groom (horse)">grooms</a>, it was the largest fort of <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries_(Roman_military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliaries (Roman military)">auxiliaries</a> along the Rhaetian Limes. There were Civilian settlements adjacent along the south and the east. Around 260 AD, the Romans gave up the fort as they withdrew their presence in unoccupied <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> back to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> rivers, and the <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> took over the region.<sup id="cite_ref-ostalbkreis_315_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ostalbkreis_315-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aalen-antike_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aalen-antike-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on 3rd- and 4th-century coins found, the civilian settlement continued to exist for the time being. However, there is no evidence of continued civilization between the Roman era and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer25_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer25-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foundation">Foundation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on discovery of alamannic graves, archaeologists have established the 7th century as the origination of Aalen. In the northern and western walls of St. John's church, which is located directly adjacent to the eastern gate of the Roman fort, Roman stones were incorporated. The building that exists today probably dates to the 9th century. </p><p>The first mention of Aalen was in 839, when emperor <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> reportedly permitted the <a href="/wiki/Fulda_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulda monastery">Fulda monastery</a> to exchange land with the Hammerstadt village, then known as <i>Hamarstat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ostalbkreis_123_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ostalbkreis_123-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aalen itself was first mentioned in an inventory list of <a href="/wiki/Ellwangen_Abbey" title="Ellwangen Abbey">Ellwangen Abbey</a>, dated ca. 1136, as the village <i>Alon</i>, along with a lower nobleman named Conrad of Aalen. This nobleman probably had his ancestral castle at a site south of today's town centre and was subject first to Ellwangen abbey, later to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">House of Hohenstaufen</a>, and eventually to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Oettingen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Oettingen">House of Oettingen</a>. 1426 was the last time a member of that house was mentioned in connection with Aalen. Documents, from the Middle Ages, indicate that the town of Aalen was founded by the Hohenstaufen some time between 1241 and 1246, but at a different location than the earlier village, which was supposedly destroyed in 1388 during the war between the Alliance of Swabian Cities and the Dukes of Bavaria. Later, it is documented that the counts of Oettingen ruled the town in 1340. They are reported to have pawned the town to Count <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_II,_Count_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Eberhard II, Count of Württemberg">Eberhard II</a> and subsequently to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="House of Württemberg">House of Württemberg</a> in 1358 or 1359 in exchange for an amount of money.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer82_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer82-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperial_City">Imperial City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Imperial City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the war against Württemberg, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a> took the town without a fight after a siege. On 3 December 1360, he declared Aalen an <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Imperial City</a>, that is, a city or town responsible only to the emperor, a status that made it a quasi-sovereign city-state and that it kept until 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1377, Aalen joined the Alliance of Swabian Cities, and in 1385, the term <i>civitas</i> appears in the town's seal for the first time. In 1398, Aalen was granted the right to hold markets, and in 1401 Aalen obtained proper jurisdiction. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalen_1528.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Aalen_1528.jpg/220px-Aalen_1528.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Aalen_1528.jpg/330px-Aalen_1528.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Aalen_1528.jpg/440px-Aalen_1528.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1681" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption>Town view of 1528</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest artistic representation of Aalen was made in 1528. It was made as the basis of a lawsuit between the town and the Counts of Oettingen at the <a href="/wiki/Reichskammergericht" title="Reichskammergericht">Reichskammergericht</a> in Speyer. It shows Aalen surrounded by walls, towers, and double moats. The layout of the moats, which had an embankment built between them, is recognizable by the present streets named <i>Nördlicher, Östlicher, Südlicher</i> and <i>Westlicher Stadtgraben</i> (Northern, Eastern, Southern and Western Moat respectively). The wall was about 6 metres (20 ft) tall, 1518 <a href="/wiki/Pace_(unit)" title="Pace (unit)">single paces</a> (990 metres (3,250 ft)) long and enclosed an area of 5.3 hectares (13 acres). During its early years, the town had two <a href="/wiki/Town_gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Town gate">town gates</a>: The <i>Upper</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Ellwangen" title="Ellwangen">Ellwangen</a> Gate</i> in the east, and St. Martin's gate in the south; however due to frequent floods, St. Martin's gate was bricked up in the 14th century and replaced by the <i>Lower</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Gm%C3%BCnd" title="Schwäbisch Gmünd">Gmünd</a> Gate</i> built in the west before 1400. Later, several minor side gates were added. The central street market took place on the <i>Wettegasse</i> (today called <i>Marktplatz</i>, "market square") and the <i>Reichsstädter Straße</i>. So the market district stretched from one gate to the other, however in Aalen it was not straight, but with a 90-degree curve between southern (St. Martin's) gate and eastern (Ellwangen) gate. </p><p>Around 1500, the civic graveyard was relocated from the town church to St. John's Church,<sup id="cite_ref-bauer82_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer82-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1514, the <i>Vierundzwanziger</i> ("Group of 24") was the first assembly constituted by the citizens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Reformation">Reformation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Delegated by Württemberg's Duke <a href="/wiki/Louis_III,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Louis III, Duke of Württemberg">Louis III</a>, on 28 June 1575, nearly 30 years after <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s death, <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Andreae" title="Jakob Andreae">Jakob Andreae</a>, professor and chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a>, arrived in Aalen. The sermon he gave the following day convinced the mayor, the council, and the citizens to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> in the town. Andreae stayed in Aalen for four weeks to help with the change.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer82_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer82-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brought along enormous changes, as the council forbade the Roman Catholic priests to celebrate masses and give sermons. However, after victories of the imperial armies at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Provost" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Provost">Prince-Provostry</a> of Ellwangen, which still held the <a href="/wiki/Jus_patronatus" title="Jus patronatus">right of patronage</a> in Aalen, were able to temporarily bring Catholicism back to Aalen; however after the military successes of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Union" title="Protestant Union">Protestant Union</a>, Protestant church practices were instituted again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fire_of_1634">Fire of 1634</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fire of 1634"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the night of 5 September 1634,<sup id="cite_ref-GA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two ensigns of the army of <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Saxe-Weimar" title="Bernard of Saxe-Weimar">Bernard of Saxe-Weimar</a> who were fighting with the Swedes and retreating after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Battle of Nördlingen</a> set fire to two powder carriages, to prevent the war material to fall into Croatian hands and to prevent their advance. The result was a conflagration, that some say destroyed portions of the town. There are differing stories regarding this fire. According to 17th-century accounts, the church and all the buildings, except of the <i>Schwörturm</i> tower, were casualties of the fire, and only nine families survived. 19th century research by Hermann Bauer, Lutheran pastor and local historian, discovered that the 17th-century account is exaggerated, but he does agree that the town church and buildings in a "rather large" semicircle around it were destroyed. The fire also destroyed the town archive housed in an addition to the church, with all of its documents.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer82_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer82-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fire, soldiers of both armies went through the town looting.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took nearly 100 years for the town to reach its population of 2,000. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Imperial_City_of_Aalen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Free_Imperial_City_of_Aalen.JPG/220px-Free_Imperial_City_of_Aalen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Free_Imperial_City_of_Aalen.JPG/330px-Free_Imperial_City_of_Aalen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Free_Imperial_City_of_Aalen.JPG/440px-Free_Imperial_City_of_Aalen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Territory of the Imperial City of Aalen</figcaption></figure> <p>French troops marched through Aalen in 1688 during the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>; however, unlike other places, they left without leaving severe damages. The French came through again in 1702 during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> and in 1741 during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bauer82_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer82-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter also caused imperial troops to move through in 1743.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town church's tower collapsed in 1765, presumably because proper building techniques were not utilized during the reconstruction after the fire of 1634. The collapsing tower struck two children of the tower watchman who died of their injuries, and destroyed the nave, leaving only the altar cross intact. The remaining walls had to be knocked down due to the damage. Reconstruction began the same year, creating the building that exists today.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer82_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer82-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 November 1749, the so-called <i>Aalen protocol</i> regulating the cohabitation of Lutherans and Roman Catholics in the jointly ruled territory of Oberkochen was signed in Aalen by the Duchy of Württemberg and the Prince-Provostry of Ellwangen. Aalen had been chosen because of its neutral status as a Free Imperial City. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Napoleonic_era_and_end_of_the_Imperial_City_of_Aalen">Napoleonic era and end of the Imperial City of Aalen</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Napoleonic era and end of the Imperial City of Aalen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angriff_auf_Aalen_1796.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Angriff_auf_Aalen_1796.jpg/250px-Angriff_auf_Aalen_1796.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Angriff_auf_Aalen_1796.jpg/330px-Angriff_auf_Aalen_1796.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Angriff_auf_Aalen_1796.jpg/500px-Angriff_auf_Aalen_1796.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption>French attack on Aalen of 1796</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a> (1796), Aalen was looted.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer82_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer82-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The War of the Second Coalition concluded in 1801 with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/German_Mediatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="German Mediatisation">German Mediatisation</a> of 1803 that assigned most Imperial Cities to the neighbouring principalities. Aalen was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Electorate of Württemberg">Electorate of Württemberg</a>, which later became the Kingdom of Württemberg, and became seat of the District ("Oberamt") of Aalen. During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a>, on 6 October 1805, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> arrived in Aalen, with an army of 40,000. This event, along with Bavarian and Austrian troops moving in some days later, caused miseries that according to the town clerk "no feather could describe".<sup id="cite_ref-bauer145_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer145-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1811, the municipality of Unterrombach was formed out of some villages previously belonging to Aalen, some to the Barons of Wöllwarth, and the eastern villages were assigned to the municipality of Unterkochen. </p><p>In the age of the Napoleonic wars, the <a href="/wiki/Town_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Town wall">town walls</a> were no longer of use, and in the 18th century, with the maintenance of walls, gates and towers becoming more neglected Finally, due to the fact that the funds were lacking, starting in 1800, most towers were demolished, the other buildings followed soon.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer145_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer145-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalen_nach_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aalen_nach_1861.jpg/220px-Aalen_nach_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aalen_nach_1861.jpg/330px-Aalen_nach_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aalen_nach_1861.jpg/440px-Aalen_nach_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>Railway station and town after 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, Aalen's economy was shaped by its rural setting. Many citizens were pursuing farming besides their craft, such as <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a>. In the mid 19th century, there were twelve tanneries in Aalen, due to the proximity of <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>, an important sales market. Other crafts that added to the economy were <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving mills</a>, which produced linen and woolen goods, and baking of sweet pastry and gingerbread.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer122_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer122-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Aalen, industrialisation was a slow process. The first major increase was in the 1840s, when three factories for <a href="/wiki/Nail_(fastener)" title="Nail (fastener)">nails</a> and some other factories emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer122_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer122-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the link with the railway network, by the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Rems_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Rems Railway">Rems Railway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cannstatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannstatt">Cannstatt</a> to Wasseralfingen in 1861, that brought more industry to Aalen, along with the royal <a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">steel mill</a> (later <i>Schwäbische Hüttenwerke</i>) in Wasseralfingen. The Rems Railway's extension to Nördlingen in 1863, the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Brenz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Brenz Railway">Brenz Railway</a> in 1864 and of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Jagst_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Jagst Railway">Upper Jagst Railway</a> in 1866 turned Aalen into a <a href="/wiki/Railway_hub" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway hub">railway hub</a>. Furthermore, between 1901 and its shutdown in 1972, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4rtsfeld_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Härtsfeld Railway (page does not exist)">Härtsfeld Railway</a> connected Aalen with <a href="/wiki/Dillingen_an_der_Donau" title="Dillingen an der Donau">Dillingen an der Donau</a> via <a href="/wiki/Neresheim" title="Neresheim">Neresheim</a>. Part of becoming a rail hub entailed more jobs based on the rail industry. These included, a maintenance facility, a <a href="/wiki/Railway_roundhouse" title="Railway roundhouse">roundhouse</a>, an administrative office, two track maintenance shops, and a freight station with an industrial <a href="/wiki/Branch_line" title="Branch line">branch line</a>. This helped shape Aalen into what today's historians call a "railwayman's town".<sup id="cite_ref-Hafner_Stadtführer_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hafner_Stadtführer-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1866, the utilities in town all began to be upgraded. Starting with the Aalen <a href="/wiki/Gasworks" title="Gasworks">gasworks</a> which were opened and <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lighting</a> was introduced. Then in 1870, a modern <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> system was started and in 1912 the <a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains electricity</a>. Finally, in 1935, the first electrically powered <a href="/wiki/Streetlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetlight">streetlights</a> were installed.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer122_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer122-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalen-um-1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Aalen-um-1900.jpg/220px-Aalen-um-1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Aalen-um-1900.jpg/330px-Aalen-um-1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Aalen-um-1900.jpg/440px-Aalen-um-1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Aalen by 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>To fight housing shortage during and immediately after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the town set up barracks settlement areas at the <i>Schlauch</i> and <i>Alter Turnplatz</i> grounds. In spite of the industry being crippled by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of 1929, the public baths at the Hirschbach creek where modernized, extended and re-opened in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-Hafner_Stadtführer_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hafner_Stadtführer-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazi_era">Nazi era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nazi era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/German_federal_election,_November_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="German federal election, November 1932">federal election of 1932</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> performed below average in Aalen with 25.8% of votes compared to 33.1% on the national level, thus finishing second to the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> which had 26.6% (11.9% nationwide) of the votes, and ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> with 19.8% (20.4%). However, the <a href="/wiki/German_federal_election,_March_1933" class="mw-redirect" title="German federal election, March 1933">March 1933 federal elections</a> showed that the sentiment had changed as the Nazi Party received 34.1% (still below German average 43.9% nationwide), but by far the leading vote-getter in Aalen, followed by the Centre party at 26.6% (11.3% nationwide) and the Social Democrats 18.6% (18.3% nationwide).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The democratically elected mayor Friedrich Schwarz remained in office until the Nazis removed him from office, in 1934, and replaced him by chairman of the Nazi Party town council head and brewery owner Karl Barth. Karl Barth was a provisional mayor until the more permanent solution of Karl Schübel. In August 1934, the Nazi consumer fair <a href="/w/index.php?title=Braune_Messe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braune Messe (page does not exist)">Braune Messe</a> ("brown fair") was held in Aalen.<sup id="cite_ref-Braune_Messe_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braune_Messe-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi rule in Germany</a>, there were many military offices constructed in Aalen, starting with, in 1936, a military district riding and driving school for <a href="/wiki/Wehrkreis_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wehrkreis V">Wehrkreis V</a>. The Nazis also built an army replenishment office <i>(Heeresverpflegungsamt)</i>, a branch arsenal office <i>(Heeresnebenzeugamt)</i> and a branch army ammunitions institute <i>(Heeresnebenmunitionsanstalt)</i>. </p><p>Starting in 1935, <a href="/wiki/Merger_(politics)" title="Merger (politics)">mergers</a> of neighbouring towns began. In 1938, the Oberamt was transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Landkreis</a> of Aalen and the municipality of Unterrombach was disbanded. Its territory was mostly added to Aalen, with the exception of Hammerstadt, which was added to the municipality of Dewangen. Forst, Rauental and Vogelsang were added to Essingen (in 1952 the entire former municipality of Unterrombach was merged into Aalen, with the exception of Forst, which is part of Essingen until present). </p><p>In September 1944, the <i>Wiesendorf</i> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camp</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Natzweiler-Struthof" title="List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof">subcamp</a> of <a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof" class="mw-redirect" title="Natzweiler-Struthof">Natzweiler-Struthof</a>, was constructed nearby. It was designated for between 200 and 300 prisoners who were utilized for <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labor in industrial businesses</a> nearby. Until the camp's dissolution in February 1945, 60 prisoners died.<sup id="cite_ref-Schätzle_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schätzle-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1946 and 1957, the camp buildings were torn down; however, its foundations are still in place in house <i>Moltkestraße 44/46</i>. Also, there were several other labour camps which existed where prisoners of war along with women and men from occupied countries occupied by Germany were pooled. The prisoners at these other camps had to work for the arms industry in major businesses like <i>Schwäbische Hüttenwerke</i> and the <i>Alfing Keßler</i> machine factory.<sup id="cite_ref-gedenkstaetten_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gedenkstaetten-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the civic hospital, the <a href="/wiki/Deaconess" title="Deaconess">deaconesses</a> on duty were gradually replaced by <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_People%27s_Welfare" title="National Socialist People's Welfare">National Socialist People's Welfare</a> nurses. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a> led to <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">compulsory sterilization</a> of some 200 persons there.<sup id="cite_ref-Einhorn_140_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Einhorn_140-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fortunately, Aalen avoided most of the combat activity during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It was only during the last weeks of the war that Aalen became a target of <a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">air warfare</a>, which led to the destruction and severe damage of parts of the town, the train station, and other railway installations. A series of air attacks lasting for more than three weeks reached its peak on 17 April 1945, when <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> planes bombed the branch arsenal office and the train station. During this raid, 59 people were killed, more than half of them buried by debris, and more than 500 lost their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-Aalen_Luftangriffe_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aalen_Luftangriffe-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, 33 residential buildings, 12 other buildings and 2 bridges were destroyed, and 163 buildings, including 2 churches, were damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer145_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer145-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five days later, the Nazi rulers of Aalen were unseated by the US forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-war_era">Post-war era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Post-war era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aalen became part of the State of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, upon its creation in 1952. Then, with the Baden-Württemberg territorial reform of 1973, the District of Aalen was merged into the <a href="/wiki/Ostalbkreis" title="Ostalbkreis">Ostalbkreis</a> district. Subsequently, Aalen became seat of that district, and in 1975, the town's borough attained its present size (<a href="#Mergings">see below</a>). </p><p>The population of Aalen exceeded the limit of 20,000, which was the requirement for to gain the status of <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Kreisstadt" title="Große Kreisstadt">Große Kreisstadt</a> ("major district town") in 1946. On 1 August 1947, Aalen was declared <i>Unmittelbare Kreisstadt</i> ("immediate district town"), and with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Gemeindeordnung" title="Gemeindeordnung">Gemeindeordnung</a> (municipal code) of Baden-Württemberg on 1 April 1956, it was declared <i>Große Kreisstadt</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 31 December 2008, 51.1 percent of Aalen were members of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, 23.9 percent were members of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical-Lutheran_Church_in_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg">Evangelical-Lutheran Church</a>. About 25 percent belong to other or no religious community or gave no information.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The district of Waldhausen was the district with the highest percentage of Roman Catholic inhabitants at 75.6 percent, and the central district was the one with the highest percentage of Evangelical-Lutheran inhabitants at 25.6 percent, as well as those claiming no religious preference at 32.5 percent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aalen's population originally was subject to the <a href="/wiki/Jus_patronatus" title="Jus patronatus">jus patronatus</a> of Ellwangen Abbey, and thus subject to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Augsburg" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Augsburg">Roman Catholic Diocese of Augsburg</a>. </p><p>With the assistance of the Duke of Württemberg, in 1575, the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">reformation</a> was implemented in Aalen. Subsequently, Aalen has been a predominantly Protestant town for centuries, with the exception of the years from 1628 until 1632 (see <a href="#Reformation">reformation</a> section). Being an Imperial City, Aalen could govern its clerical matters on its own, so Clerics, organists and choir masters were direct subjects to the council, which thus exerted bishop-like power. There was even a proper hymn book for Aalen.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer82_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer82-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the transition to Württemberg, in 1803, Aalen became seat of a <a href="/wiki/Deanery" title="Deanery">deanery</a>, with the dean church being the Town Church (with the building constructed from 1765 to 1767 and existing until present). <a href="/wiki/Georg_Pf%C3%A4fflin" title="Georg Pfäfflin">Georg Pfäfflin</a> was dean in Aalen (1952–1967). He carried out the parish service with great commitment, built community centers and renovated churches. When he said goodbye to Aalen, the newspaper Schwäbische Post paid tribute to him: <i>A distinguished personality in intellectual life is leaving Aalen</i>. </p><p>Another notable church in Aalen is <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">St. John's</a> Church, located on the cemetery and refurbished in 1561. </p><p>As Aalen's population grew in the 20th century, more parishes were founded: <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">St. Mark's</a> parish with its church building of 1967 and <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">St. Martin's</a> parish with its church of 1974. In the borough of Unterrombach, Aalen had implemented the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">reformation</a> as well, but the community remained a <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_ease" title="Chapel of ease">chapel-of-ease</a> of Aalen. A proper church, the Christ Church, was erected in 1912 and a proper parish was established in 1947. In Fachsenfeld, the ruling family of Woellwarth resp. of Leinroden implemented the reformation. A parish church was built in 1591, however with an influx of Catholics in the 18th century, a Catholic majority was established. The other districts of present-day Aalen remained mostly catholic after the reformation, however Wasseralfingen established a Lutheran parish in 1891 and a church, St. Magdalene's Church, in 1893. In Unterkochen, after World War II, a parish was established and a church was built in 1960. All four parishes belong to the deanery of Aalen within the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical-Lutheran_Church_in_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg">Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg</a>. Furthermore, in Aalen there are <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Old Pietistic</a> communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salvatorkirche_aalen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Salvatorkirche_aalen.jpg/250px-Salvatorkirche_aalen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Salvatorkirche_aalen.jpg/330px-Salvatorkirche_aalen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Salvatorkirche_aalen.jpg/340px-Salvatorkirche_aalen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Salvator's Church</figcaption></figure> <p>The few Catholics of today's central district were covered by the parish of Unterkochen until the 19th century, a situation which continued for some years even after completion of <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">St. Mary's</a> Church in 1868, which was constructed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Morlok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Morlok (page does not exist)">Georg Morlok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer145_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer145-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1872 Aalen got its proper parish again, and in 1913, a second Catholic church, Salvator's Church, was completed, and in 1969 the Holy Cross Church was also finished. In 1963, a second parish was set up, and in 1972 it got a new Church, the new St. Mary's Church, which has been erected in place of the old St. Mary's church, which had been torn down in 1968. Another church of the second parish was St. Augustine's Church, which was completed in 1970. Finally, in 1976 and 1988, St. Elizabeth's Church and St. Thomas' Church were completed. Furthermore, in 1963, the St. Michael pastoral care office was built. </p><p>Hofherrnweiler has its own Catholic church, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">St. Boniface's</a>, since 1904. The villages of Dewangen, Ebnat, Hofen, Waldhausen and Wasseralfingen had remained Catholic after reformation, so old parishes and churches persist there. The <i>Assumption of Mary</i> Church in Dewangen has an <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">early Gothic</a> tower and a newly built nave (1875). <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Mary's Immaculate Conception</a> Church in Ebnat was constructed in 1723; however the church was first mentioned in 1298. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marienwallfahrtskirche_Unterkochen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marienwallfahrtskirche_Unterkochen.jpg/250px-Marienwallfahrtskirche_Unterkochen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marienwallfahrtskirche_Unterkochen.jpg/255px-Marienwallfahrtskirche_Unterkochen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Marienwallfahrtskirche_Unterkochen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>St. Mary, Unterkochen</figcaption></figure> <p>Hofen's <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>'s Church is a <a href="/wiki/Fortified_church" title="Fortified church">fortified church</a>, whose current nave was built between 1762 and 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside the church, the Late Gothic <a href="/wiki/Odile_of_Alsace" title="Odile of Alsace">St. Odile's</a> Chapel is standing, whose entrance has the year 1462 engraved upon it. Foundations of prior buildings have been dated to the 11th and 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. Mary's Church of Unterkochen was first mentioned in 1248, and has served the Catholics of Aalen for a long time. Waldhausen's parish church of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">St. Nicholas</a> was built between 1699 and 1716. Wasseralfingen at first was a <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_ease" title="Chapel of ease">chapel of ease</a> for Hofen, but has since had its own chapel, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">St. Stephen</a>, built. It was presumably built in 1353 and remodeled in 1832. In 1834, a proper parish was established, which built a new St. Stephen's Church. This new building utilized the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture" title="Romanesque Revival architecture">Romanesque Revival architecture</a> style and was built between 1881 and 1883, and has since remained the parish's landmark. Also, Fachsenfeld received its own church, named <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a> in 1895. All Catholic parishes within Aalen are today incorporated into four pastoral care units within the <i>Ostalb</i> Deanery of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rottenburg-Stuttgart" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart">Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart</a>; however these units also comprise some parishes outside of Aalen. Pastoral Care Unit two comprises the parishes of Essingen, Dewangen and Fachsenfeld, unit four comprises Hofen and Wasseralfingen, unit five comprises both parishes of Aalen's centre and Hofherrnweiler, unit five comprises Waldhausen, Ebnat, Oberkochen and Unterkochen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Christian_communities">Other Christian communities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other Christian communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the two major religions within Aalen, there are also <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free churches</a> and other communities, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the late 19th century, no <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> were documented within Aalen. In 1886 there were four Jews were living in Aalen, a number that rose to ten in 1900, fell to seven in 1905, and remained so until 1925. Upon the Nazis' rise to power in 1933, seven Jews, including two children, lived in Aalen.<sup id="cite_ref-Juden_1984_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juden_1984-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> in 1938, the vitrines of the three Jewish shops in the town were smashed and their proprietors imprisoned for several weeks. After their release, most Aalen Jews emigrated. The last Jews of Aalen, Fanny Kahn, was forcibly resettled to <a href="/wiki/Oberdorf_am_Ipf" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberdorf am Ipf">Oberdorf am Ipf</a>, which had a large Jewish community. Today, a street of Aalen is named after her. The Jew Max Pfeffer returned from Brussels to Aalen in 1948 to continue his shop, but emigrated to Italy in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Juden_1984_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juden_1984-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Aalen, there is an Islamic <a href="/wiki/Turkish-Islamic_Union_for_Religious_Affairs" title="Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs">Ditib</a> community, which maintains the <i>D.I.T.I.B. Mosque of Aalen (Central Mosque)</i> located at Ulmer Straße.<sup id="cite_ref-Moscheesuche_Ditib_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moscheesuche_Ditib-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mosque's construction started on 30 August 2008. The Islamist <a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a> organisation maintains the <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Fatih</a> Mosque, as well at Ulmer Straße.<sup id="cite_ref-Moscheesuche_IGMG_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moscheesuche_IGMG-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mergings">Mergings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mergings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The present-day make up of Aalen was created on 21 June 1975 by the unification of the cities of Aalen and Wasseralfingen,<sup id="cite_ref-munro_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the initial name of <i>Aalen-Wasseralfingen</i>. This annexation made Aalen's territory one third larger than its prior size. On 1 July 1975, the name <i>Aalen</i> was revived. Prior to this merger, the town of Aalen had already annexed the following municipalities: </p> <ul><li>1938: Unterrombach</li> <li>1 January 1970: Waldhausen</li> <li>1 July 1972: Ebnat</li> <li>1 January 1973: Dewangen, Fachsenfeld (including the village of Hangendenbach, which was transferred from Abtsgmünd in 1954) and Unterkochen. The merging of Dewangen nearly doubled the territory of Aalen.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population's_progression_and_structure"><span id="Population.27s_progression_and_structure"></span>Population's progression and structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Population's progression and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_development_Aalen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Population_development_Aalen.png/500px-Population_development_Aalen.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Population_development_Aalen.png/960px-Population_development_Aalen.png 1.5x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Progression of Aalen's population</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, Aalen was just a small town with a few hundred inhabitants. The population grew slowly due to numerous wars, famines and epidemics. It was the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in the 19th century where Aalen's growth accelerated. Whereas in 1803, only 1,932 people inhabited the town, in 1905 it had already increased to 10,442. The number continued to rise and reached 15,890 in 1939. </p><p>The influx of refugees and <a href="/wiki/Heimatvertriebene" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimatvertriebene">ethnic Germans</a> from Germany's former eastern territories after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> pushed the population to 31,814 in 1961. The merger with Wasseralfingen on 21 June 1975 added 14,597 persons and resulted in a total population of 65,165 people. On 30 June 2005, the population, which was officially determined by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_offices_in_Germany" title="List of statistical offices in Germany">Statistical Office of Baden-Württemberg</a>, was 67,125. </p><p>The following overview shows how the population figures of the borough were ascertained. Until 1823, the figures are mostly estimates, thereafter census results or official updates by the state statistical office. Starting in 1871, the figures were determined by non-uniform method of tabulation using extrapolation. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Inhabitants </th></tr> <tr> <td>1634</td> <td align="right">2,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1803</td> <td align="right">1,932 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1823</td> <td align="right">2,486 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 December 1843 ¹</td> <td align="right">3,319 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 December 1855 ¹</td> <td align="right">3,720 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 December 1861 ¹</td> <td align="right">4,272 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 December 1871 ¹</td> <td align="right">5,552 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 December 1880 ¹</td> <td align="right">6,659 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 December 1890 ¹</td> <td align="right">7,155 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 December 1900 ¹</td> <td align="right">9,058 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 December 1905 ¹</td> <td align="right">10,442 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Inhabitants </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 December 1910 ¹</td> <td align="right">11,347 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 December 1916 ¹</td> <td align="right">10,655 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 December 1917 ¹</td> <td align="right">10,551 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 October 1919 ¹</td> <td align="right">11,978 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 June 1925 ¹</td> <td align="right">12,171 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 June 1933 ¹</td> <td align="right">12,703 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 May 1939 ¹</td> <td align="right">15,890 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 December 1945</td> <td align="right">19,552 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 October 1946 ¹</td> <td align="right">21,941 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 September 1950 ¹</td> <td align="right">25,375 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 September 1956 ¹</td> <td align="right">29,360 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Inhabitants </th></tr> <tr> <td>6 June 1961 ¹</td> <td align="right">31,814 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 December 1965</td> <td align="right">34,373 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 May 1970 ¹</td> <td align="right">37,366 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 December 1975</td> <td align="right">64,735 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 December 1980</td> <td align="right">63,030 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 December 1985</td> <td align="right">63,195 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 December 1990</td> <td align="right">64,781 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994</td> <td align="right">66,330<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 December 1995</td> <td align="right">66,234 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 December 2000</td> <td align="right">66,373 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 December 2005</td> <td align="right">67,066 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 December 2010</td> <td align="right">66,113 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small>¹ Census result</small> </p><p>On 31 December 2008, Aalen had precisely 66,058 inhabitants, of which 33,579 were female and 32,479 were male. The average age of Aalen's inhabitants rose from 40.5 years in 2000 to 42.4 in 2008.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Within the borough, 6,312 foreigners resided, which is 9.56 percent. Of them, the largest percentage are from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (38 percent of all foreigners), the second largest group are from Italy (13 percent), followed by <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croatians</a> (6 percent) and <a href="/wiki/Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Serb">Serbs</a> (5 percent).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The number of married residents fell from 32,948 in 1996 to 31,357 in 2007, while the number of divorced residents rose in the same period from 2,625 to 3,859. The number of single residents slightly increased between 1996 and 2004 from 25,902 to 26,268 and fell slightly until 2007 to 26,147. The number of widowed residents fell from 5,036 in 1996 to 4,783 in 2007.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durchschnittsalter_Aalen.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Average age of Aalen's inhabitants"><img alt="Average age of Aalen's inhabitants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Durchschnittsalter_Aalen.png/120px-Durchschnittsalter_Aalen.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Durchschnittsalter_Aalen.png/250px-Durchschnittsalter_Aalen.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2780" data-file-height="1418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Average age of Aalen's inhabitants</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Familienstand_Aalen.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ratio of married inhabitants contrasted to unmarried"><img alt="Ratio of married inhabitants contrasted to unmarried" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Familienstand_Aalen.png/120px-Familienstand_Aalen.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Familienstand_Aalen.png/250px-Familienstand_Aalen.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2426" data-file-height="1417" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ratio of married inhabitants contrasted to unmarried</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aalen has arranged a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_association" title="Municipal association">municipal association</a> with <a href="/wiki/Essingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Essingen">Essingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCttlingen,_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Hüttlingen, Baden-Württemberg">Hüttlingen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council">Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Local_election" title="Local election">local election</a> of 25 May 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council" title="Municipal council">town council</a> consists of 51 representatives having a term of five years. The seats are distributed as follows on parties and groups (changes refer to the second last election of 2004): </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemeinderat_Aalen_2014.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gemeinderat_Aalen_2014.svg/350px-Gemeinderat_Aalen_2014.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gemeinderat_Aalen_2014.svg/525px-Gemeinderat_Aalen_2014.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gemeinderat_Aalen_2014.svg/700px-Gemeinderat_Aalen_2014.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of seats in the council since 2014</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Town council since 2014 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Parliamentary group</th> <th>Election result</th> <th>±</th> <th>Strength</th> <th>± </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">37,4 % </td> <td style="text-align:center">+1,2 Pp. </td> <td style="text-align:center">19 Sitze </td> <td style="text-align:center">−2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">22,9 % </td> <td style="text-align:center">−0,5 Pp. </td> <td style="text-align:center">11 Sitze </td> <td style="text-align:center">–2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">15,6 % </td> <td style="text-align:center">–0,1 Pp. </td> <td style="text-align:center">8 Sitze </td> <td style="text-align:center">–1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a> Aalen </td> <td style="text-align:center">11,5 % </td> <td style="text-align:center">+11,5 Pp. </td> <td style="text-align:center">6 Sitze </td> <td style="text-align:center">+6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a>/Pro Aalen </td> <td style="text-align:center">7,3 % </td> <td style="text-align:center">–0,3 Pp. </td> <td style="text-align:center">4 Sitze </td> <td style="text-align:center">+1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">FW</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">3,4 % </td> <td style="text-align:center">–10,4 Pp. </td> <td style="text-align:center">2 Sitze </td> <td style="text-align:center">–5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Active Citizens <i>(Aktive Bürger)</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1,9 % </td> <td style="text-align:center">−1,5 Pp. </td> <td style="text-align:center">1 Sitz<span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">e</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayors">Mayors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mayors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1374, the mayor and the council maintain the government of the town. In the 16th century, the town had two, sometimes three mayors, and in 1552, the council had 13 members. Later, the head of the administration was reorganized several times. In the Württemberg era, the mayor's title was initially called <i>Bürgermeister</i>, then from 1819 it was <a href="/wiki/Schulthei%C3%9F" title="Schultheiß">Schultheiß</a>, and since 1947 it is <i>Oberbürgermeister</i>. The mayor is elected for a term of eight years, and he is chairman and a voting member of the council. He has one deputy with the official title of <i>Erster Bürgermeister</i> ("first mayor") and one with the official title of <i>Bürgermeister</i> ("mayor"). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_Aalen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flagge_Aalen.svg/250px-Flagge_Aalen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="425" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flagge_Aalen.svg/330px-Flagge_Aalen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flagge_Aalen.svg/500px-Flagge_Aalen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Aalen</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Heads of town in Aalen since 1802</b> </p> <ul><li>1802–<span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0000</span>: Theodor Betzler</li> <li>1812–1819: Ludwig Hölder</li> <li>1819–1829: Theodor Betzler</li> <li>1829:<span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">–0000</span> Palm</li> <li>1829–1848: Philipp Ehmann</li> <li>1848–1873: Gustav Oesterlein</li> <li>1873–1900: Julius Bausch</li> <li>1900–1902: Paul Maier</li> <li>1903–1934: Friedrich Schwarz</li> <li>1935–1945: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Sch%C3%BCbel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Schübel (page does not exist)">Karl Schübel</a> (<a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">NSDAP</a>)</li> <li>1945–1950: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Balluff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Balluff (page does not exist)">Otto Balluff</a></li> <li>1950–1975: Karl Schübel (independent)</li> <li>1976–2005: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Pfeifle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Pfeifle (page does not exist)">Ulrich Pfeifle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</li> <li>2005–2013: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Gerlach (page does not exist)">Martin Gerlach</a> (independent)</li> <li>2013–2021: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thilo_Rentschler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thilo Rentschler (page does not exist)">Thilo Rentschler</a> (SPD)</li> <li>2021–<span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0000</span>: Frederick Brütting<sup id="cite_ref-mayor_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (SPD)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coat_of_arms_and_flag">Coat of arms and flag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Coat of arms and flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadtwappen_Aalen_1766.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Stadtwappen_Aalen_1766.JPG/100px-Stadtwappen_Aalen_1766.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Stadtwappen_Aalen_1766.JPG/150px-Stadtwappen_Aalen_1766.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Stadtwappen_Aalen_1766.JPG/200px-Stadtwappen_Aalen_1766.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of 1766 with eagle and eel</figcaption></figure> <p>Aalen's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> depicts a black eagle with a red tongue on golden background, having a red shield on its breast with a bent silver <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eel</a> on it. Eagle and eel were first acknowledged as Aalen's heraldic animals in the seal of 1385, with the eagle representing the town's <a href="/wiki/Imperial_immediacy" title="Imperial immediacy">imperial immediacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer9_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the territorial reform, it was bestowed again by the <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_(region)" title="Stuttgart (region)">Administrative District of Stuttgart</a> on 16 November 1976. </p><p>The coat of arms' <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazon</a> reads: "In gold, the black imperial eagle, with a red breast shield applied to it, therein a bent silver eel" <i>(In Gold der schwarze Reichsadler, belegt mit einem roten Brustschild, darin ein gekrümmter silberner Aal)</i>. </p><p>Aalen's flag is striped in red and white and contains the coat of arms. </p><p>The origin of the town's name is uncertain. <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Merian" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthäus Merian">Matthäus Merian</a> (1593–1650) presumed the name to originate from its location at the Kocher river, where "frequently eels are caught", while <i>Aal</i> is German for "eel". Other explanations point to Aalen as the garrison of an <a href="/wiki/Ala_(Roman_allied_military_unit)" title="Ala (Roman allied military unit)">ala</a> during the Roman empire, respectively to an abridgement of the Roman name "Aquileia" as a potential name of the Roman fort, a name that nearby <a href="/wiki/Heidenheim_an_der_Brenz" title="Heidenheim an der Brenz">Heidenheim an der Brenz</a> bore as well. Another interpretation points to a Celtic word <b>aa</b> meaning "water".<sup id="cite_ref-bauer9_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Godparenthood">Godparenthood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Godparenthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the occasion of the 1980 <i>Reichsstädter Tage</i>, Aalen took over godparenthood for the more than 3000 ethnic Germans displaced from the <a href="/wiki/Vy%C5%A1kov" title="Vyškov">Wischau</a> linguistic enclave. 972 of them settled in Aalen in 1946. The "Wischau Linguistic Enclave Society" <i>(Gemeinschaft Wischauer Sprachinsel)</i> regularly organises commemorative meetings in Aalen. Their traditional costumes are stored in the <a href="#Old_Town_Hall">Old Town Hall</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_finances">Municipal finances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Municipal finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2007 municipal poll by the Baden-Württemberg chapter of the <a href="/wiki/German_Taxpayers_Federation" title="German Taxpayers Federation">German Taxpayers Federation</a>, municipal tax revenues totalling to 54,755 million Euros (2006) resp. 62,148 million Euros (2007) face the following debts:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>2006 total: 109.9 million Euros debts (64.639 million of the finance department and 48.508 million of the municipal enterprises and fund assets)</li> <li>2007 total: 114.5 million Euros debts (69.448 million of the finance department and 45.052 million of the municipal enterprises and fund assets)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div> <p>Aalen is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Saint-Lô">Saint-Lô</a>, France (1978)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christchurch,_Dorset" title="Christchurch, Dorset">Christchurch</a>, United Kingdom (1981)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tatab%C3%A1nya" title="Tatabánya">Tatabánya</a>, Hungary (1987)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>, Turkey (1995); initiated by Ismail Demirtas, who emigrated in 1962 from Turkey to Aalen and was social adviser for foreign employees<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cervia" title="Cervia">Cervia</a>, Italy (2011)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique"><img alt="Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vilankulo" title="Vilankulo">Vilankulo</a>, Mozambique (2018)</li></ul> <p>The "Twin Towns Society of Aalen" <i>(Städtepartnerschaftsverein Aalen e. V.)</i> promotes friendly relations between Aalen and its twin towns,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which comprises mutual exchanges of sports and cultural clubs, schools and other civic institutions. On the occasion of the <a href="#Reichsstädter_Tage">Reichsstädter Tage</a>, from 11 until 13 September 2009 the first conference of twin towns was held. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_sights">Culture and sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Culture and sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Theater_der_Stadt_Aalen" title="Theater der Stadt Aalen">Theater der Stadt Aalen</a></i> theatre was founded in 1991 and stages 400 to 500 performances a year.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schubart_Literary_Award">Schubart Literary Award</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Schubart Literary Award"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The town endowed the "Schubart Literary Award" <i>(Schubart-Literaturpreis)</i> in 1955 in tribute to <a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Daniel_Schubart" title="Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart">Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart</a>, who spent his childhood and youth in Aalen. It is one of the earliest literary awards in Baden-Württemberg and is awarded biennially to German-language writers whose work coincide with Schubart's "liberal and enlightened reasoning".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is compensated with 12,000 Euros. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Founded in 1958, the "<a href="/wiki/Music_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Music School">Music School</a> of the Town of Aalen" today has about 1,500 students taught by 27 music instructors in 30 subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, a <a href="/wiki/Symphony_orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphony orchestra">symphony orchestra</a> was founded in Aalen, which today is called <i>Aalener Sinfonieorchester</i>, and consists mostly of instructors and students of the music school. It performs three public concerts annually: The "New Year's Concert" in January, the "Symphony Concert" in July and a "Christmas Concert" in December.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond that, music festivals regularly take place in Aalen, like the <a href="/wiki/Aalen_Jazzfest" class="mw-redirect" title="Aalen Jazzfest">Aalen Jazzfest</a>. </p><p>The Aalen volunteer fire department has had a <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching band</a> since 1952, whose roots date back to 1883. In 1959, the band received its first <a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">glockenspiel</a> from TV host <a href="/wiki/Peter_Frankenfeld" title="Peter Frankenfeld">Peter Frankenfeld</a> on the occasion of a TV appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A famous German rapper, designer and singer, that goes under the name of <a href="/wiki/Cro_(musician)" title="Cro (musician)">Cro</a>, was born in Aalen and lived his early years here. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Kunstverein Aalen</i> was founded in 1983 as a non-profit art association and today is located in the Old Town Hall. The institution with more than 400 members focuses on solo and group exhibitions by international artists.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It belongs to the <i>Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Kunstvereine</i> (ADKV), an umbrella organization for non-profit art associations.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_memorial_sites">Museums and memorial sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Museums and memorial sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Museums">Museums</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limesmuseum_Aalen_Aussenansicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Limesmuseum_Aalen_Aussenansicht.jpg/250px-Limesmuseum_Aalen_Aussenansicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Limesmuseum_Aalen_Aussenansicht.jpg/330px-Limesmuseum_Aalen_Aussenansicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Limesmuseum_Aalen_Aussenansicht.jpg/500px-Limesmuseum_Aalen_Aussenansicht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Aalen Limes Museum, exterior view</figcaption></figure> <p>In the central district of Aalen, there are two museums: The "Aalen <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes</a> Museum" <i>(Limesmuseum Aalen)</i> is located at the place of the largest <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Roman cavalry fort</a> north of the Alps until about 200 AD. It opened in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum exhibits numerous objects from the Roman era. The ruins of the cavalry fort located beside the museum is open to museum visitors. Every other year, a Roman festival is held in the area of the museum (<a href="#Roman_Festival">see below</a>). </p><p>In the Geological-Paleontological Museum located in the historic town hall, there are more than 1500 fossils from the Swabian Jura, including <a href="/wiki/Ammonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonite">ammonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaur">ichthyosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>, displayed. </p><p>In the Waldhausen district the <i>Heimatstüble</i> museum of local history has an exhibition on agriculture and rural living. </p><p>In the Wasseralfingen district, there are two more museums: The <i>Museum Wasseralfingen</i> comprises a local history exhibition and an art gallery including works of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Plock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Plock (page does not exist)">Hermann Plock</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Schuster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmut Schuster (page does not exist)">Helmut Schuster</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sieger_K%C3%B6der&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sieger Köder (page does not exist)">Sieger Köder</a>. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Stove" title="Stove">stove</a> plate collection of the <i>Schwäbische Hüttenwerke</i> steel mill is exhibited, with artists, modellers and the production sequence of a cast plate from design to final product being presented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Memorial_sites">Memorial sites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Memorial sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedenkstein_Schillerlinde_Wasseralfingen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gedenkstein_Schillerlinde_Wasseralfingen.jpg/250px-Gedenkstein_Schillerlinde_Wasseralfingen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gedenkstein_Schillerlinde_Wasseralfingen.jpg/330px-Gedenkstein_Schillerlinde_Wasseralfingen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gedenkstein_Schillerlinde_Wasseralfingen.jpg/500px-Gedenkstein_Schillerlinde_Wasseralfingen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Memorial stone at <i>Schillerlinde</i></figcaption></figure> <p>There is memorial stone at the <i>Schillerlinde</i> tree above Wasseralfingen's ore pit dedicated to four prisoners of the subcamp of Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp killed there. Also in Wasseralfingen, in the cemetery a memorial with the Polish inscription "To the victims of Hitler" which commemorates the deceased forced labourers buried there.<sup id="cite_ref-gedenkstaetten_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gedenkstaetten-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, on the <i>Schillerhöhe</i> hill the town erected a bell tower as a memorial to Aalen's victims of both world wars and to the <a href="/wiki/Heimatvertriebene" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimatvertriebene">displacement of ethnic Germans</a>. The tower was planned by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Leo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Leo (page does not exist)">Emil Leo</a>, the bell was endowed by Carl Schneider. The tower is open on request. Every evening at 18:45 (before 2003: at 19:45), the memorial's bell rings.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buildings">Buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Churches">Churches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johanneskirche_Aalen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Johanneskirche_Aalen.jpg/250px-Johanneskirche_Aalen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Johanneskirche_Aalen.jpg/330px-Johanneskirche_Aalen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Johanneskirche_Aalen.jpg/500px-Johanneskirche_Aalen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption>St. John's Church</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Stephanus,_Wasseralfingen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/St._Stephanus%2C_Wasseralfingen.jpg/170px-St._Stephanus%2C_Wasseralfingen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/St._Stephanus%2C_Wasseralfingen.jpg/255px-St._Stephanus%2C_Wasseralfingen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/St._Stephanus%2C_Wasseralfingen.jpg/340px-St._Stephanus%2C_Wasseralfingen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>St. Stephen's Church, Wasseralfingen</figcaption></figure> <p>The town centre is dominated by the Evangelical-Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">St. Nicholas'</a> Church in the heart of the pedestrian area. The church, in its present shape being built between 1765 and 1767, is the only major <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Late Baroque</a> building in Aalen and is the main church of the Evangelical-Lutheran parish of Aalen. </p><p><i>St. John's Church</i> is located inside of St. John's cemetery in the western centre. The building presumably is from the 9th century and thus is one of Württemberg's oldest existing churches. The interior features <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a> from the early 13th century. </p><p>For other churches in Aalen, see the <a href="#Religions">Religions</a> section. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historic_Town_Hall_with_"Spy""><span id="Historic_Town_Hall_with_.22Spy.22"></span>Historic Town Hall with "Spy"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Historic Town Hall with "Spy""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spionturm_Aalen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Spionturm_Aalen.jpg/250px-Spionturm_Aalen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Spionturm_Aalen.jpg/330px-Spionturm_Aalen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Spionturm_Aalen.jpg/500px-Spionturm_Aalen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="1390" /></a><figcaption>"Spy's Tower"</figcaption></figure> <p>The Historic Town Hall was originally built in the 14th century. After the fire of 1634, it was re-constructed in 1636. This building received a clock from Lauterburg,<sup id="cite_ref-bauer82_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer82-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Imperial City of <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> donated a <a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a>. It features a figurine of the "Spy of Aalen" and historically displayed other figurines, however the latter ones were lost by a fire in 1884. Since then, the Spy resides inside the reconstructed tower and has become a symbol of the town. The building was used as the town hall until 1907. Since 1977, the Geological-Paleontological Museum resides in the Historic Town Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-Citybummel_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citybummel-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to legend, the citizens of Aalen owe the "Spy of Aalen" <i>(Spion von Aalen)</i> their town having been spared from destruction by the emperor's army: </p> <blockquote><p>The Imperial City of Aalen was once in quarrel with the emperor, and his army was shortly before the gates to take the town. The people of Aalen got scared and thus dispatched their "most cunning" one out into the enemy's camp to spy out the strength of their troops. Without any digression, he went straight into the middle of the enemy camp, which inescapably led to him being seized and presented to the emperor. When the emperor asked him what he had lost here, he answered in <a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian German</a>: "Don't frighten, high lords, I just want to peek how many cannons and other war things you've got, since I am the spy of Aalen". The emperor laughed upon such a blatancy and <i>acted</i> naïvety, steered him all through the camp and then sent him back home. Soon the emperor withdrew with his army as he thought a town such <i>wise guys</i> reside in deserved being spared.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_Town_Hall">Old Town Hall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Old Town Hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest record of the Old Town Hall was in 1575. Its outside wall features the oldest known coat of arms, which is of 1664. Until 1851, the building also housed the <i>Krone-Post</i> hotel, which coincided with being a station of the <a href="/wiki/Thurn-und-Taxis-Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Thurn-und-Taxis-Post">Thurn und Taxis postal company</a>. It has housed many notable persons. Thus the so-called "Napoleon Window" with its "N" painted on reminds of the stay of French emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> in 1805. According to legend, he rammed his head so hard it bled on this window, when he was startled by the noise of his soldiers ridiculing the "Spy of Aalen".<sup id="cite_ref-bauer145_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer145-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building was used as Aalen's town hall from 1907 until 1975. Today it houses a cabaret café and the stage of the Theatre of the Town of Aalen. The town has adopted the <i>Wischau Linguistic Enclave Society</i> due to their godparenthood and stores their traditional costumes in the building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bürgerspital"><span id="B.C3.BCrgerspital"></span>Bürgerspital</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Bürgerspital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Bürgerspital</i> ("Civic Asylum") is a <a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">timber-frame</a> house erected on <i>Spritzenhausplatz</i> ("Fire Engine House Square") in 1702. Until 1873, it was used as civic hospital, then, later as a retirement home. After a comprehensive renovation in 1980 it was turned into a senior citizen's community centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Citybummel_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citybummel-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Limes-Thermen">Limes-Thermen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Limes-Thermen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On a slope of the <i>Langert</i> mountain, south of the town, the <i>Limes-Thermen</i> ("Limes <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a>") <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a> are located. They were built in ancient Roman style and opened in 1985. The health spa is supplied with water about 34 to 36 °C (93 to 97 °F). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Market_square">Market square</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Market square"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The market square is the historic hub of Aalen and runs along about 150 metres (490 ft) from the town hall in the south to the Historic Town Hall and the Old Town Hall in the north, where it empties into <i>Radgasse</i> alley. Since 1809, it is site of the weekly market on Wednesday and Saturday. About 10 metres (33 ft) in front of the <i>Reichsstädter Brunnen</i> fountain at the town hall, the coats of arms of Aalen, its twinned cities and of the Wischau linguistic enclave are paved into the street as mosaic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Market_fountain">Market fountain</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Market fountain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marktbrunnen_Aalen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Marktbrunnen_Aalen.jpg/220px-Marktbrunnen_Aalen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Marktbrunnen_Aalen.jpg/330px-Marktbrunnen_Aalen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Marktbrunnen_Aalen.jpg/440px-Marktbrunnen_Aalen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Statue depicting <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a> at the market fountain</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1705, for the water supply of Aalen a well casing was erected at the northern point of the market square, in front of the Historic Town Hall. It was a present of duke <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Louis,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg">Eberhard Louis</a>. The fountain bore a statue of emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I.</a>, who was enthroned in 1705 and in 1707 renewed Aalen's Imperial City privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer82_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer82-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fountain was supplied via a wooden pipe. Excessive water was dissipated through ditches branched from Kocher river. When in the early 1870s Aalen's water network was constructed, the fountain was replaced by a smaller fountain about 100 metres (330 ft) distant. In 1975, the old market fountain was re-erected in baroque style. It bears a replica of the emperor's statue, with the original statue exhibited in the new town hall's lobby. The <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> casing plates depict the 1718 coat of arms of the Duchy of Württemberg and the coats of arms of Aalen and of the merged municipalities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Reichsstädter_Brunnen"><span id="Reichsst.C3.A4dter_Brunnen"></span>Reichsstädter Brunnen</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Reichsstädter Brunnen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Reichsstädter Brunnen</i> fountain ("Imperial Civic Fountain") is located in front of the town hall at the southern point of the market square. It was created by sculptor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Nuss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Nuss (page does not exist)">Fritz Nuss</a> in 1977 to commemorate Aalen's time as an Imperial City (1360–1803). On its circumference is a <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> showing bronze figurines illustrating the town's history.<sup id="cite_ref-Citybummel_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citybummel-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radgasse">Radgasse</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Radgasse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Radgasse</i> ("Wheel Alley") features Aalen's oldest façade. Originally a small pond was on its side. The buildings were erected between 1659 and 1662 for peasants with citizenry privileges and renovated in the mid-1980s. The namesake for the alley was the "Wheel" tavern, which was to be found at the site of today's address <i>Radgasse 15</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Citybummel_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citybummel-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tiefer_Stollen">Tiefer Stollen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Tiefer Stollen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eingang_Besucherbergwerk_Tiefer_Stollen_heute.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Eingang_Besucherbergwerk_Tiefer_Stollen_heute.JPG/250px-Eingang_Besucherbergwerk_Tiefer_Stollen_heute.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Eingang_Besucherbergwerk_Tiefer_Stollen_heute.JPG/330px-Eingang_Besucherbergwerk_Tiefer_Stollen_heute.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Eingang_Besucherbergwerk_Tiefer_Stollen_heute.JPG/500px-Eingang_Besucherbergwerk_Tiefer_Stollen_heute.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>Tiefer Stollen</i> tourist mine</figcaption></figure> <p>The former iron ore pit <i>Wilhelm</i> at Braunenberg hill was converted into the <i>Tiefer Stollen</i> tourist mine in order to remind of the old-day miners' efforts and to maintain it as a memorial of early industrialisation in the Aalen area. It has a mining museum open for visitors, and a <a href="/wiki/Mine_railway" title="Mine railway">mine railway</a> takes visitors deep into the mountain. The Town of Aalen, a sponsorship association, and many citizens volunteered several thousand hours of labour to put the mine into its current state. As far as possible, things were left in the original state. In 1989, a sanitary gallery was established where respiratory diseases are treated within rest cures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus the Aalen village of Röthard, where the gallery is located, was awarded the title of "Place with sanitary gallery service" in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Observatory">Observatory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Observatory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Aalen Observatory was built in 1969 as school observatory for the Schubart <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a>. In 2001, it was converted to a public observatory. Since then, it has been managed by the <i>Astronomische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Aalen</i> ("Aalen Astronomical Society"). It is located on Schillerhöhe hill and features two <a href="/wiki/Refractive_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Refractive telescope">refractive telescopes</a>. They were manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss AG</a> which has its headquarters in nearby Oberkochen and operates a manufacturing works in Aalen (<a href="#Economy_and_infrastructure">see below</a>). In the observatory, guided tours and lectures are held regularly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Windpark_Waldhausen">Windpark Waldhausen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Windpark Waldhausen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windrad_Waldhausen_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Windrad_Waldhausen_02.JPG/250px-Windrad_Waldhausen_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Windrad_Waldhausen_02.JPG/330px-Windrad_Waldhausen_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Windrad_Waldhausen_02.JPG/500px-Windrad_Waldhausen_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Wind turbine at Windpark Waldhausen</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Windpark Waldhausen</i> <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farm</a> began operations in early 2007. It consists of seven <a href="/wiki/REpower" class="mw-redirect" title="REpower">REpower</a> MM92 wind turbines with a <a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">nameplate capacity</a> of 2 MW each.<sup id="cite_ref-windpark_waldhausen_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-windpark_waldhausen-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hub height of each wind turbine is 100 metres (330 ft), with a rotor diameter of 92 metres (302 ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aalbäumle_observation_tower"><span id="Aalb.C3.A4umle_observation_tower"></span>Aalbäumle observation tower</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Aalbäumle observation tower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalb%C3%A4umle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aalb%C3%A4umle.jpg/170px-Aalb%C3%A4umle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aalb%C3%A4umle.jpg/255px-Aalb%C3%A4umle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aalb%C3%A4umle.jpg/340px-Aalb%C3%A4umle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2247" data-file-height="3029" /></a><figcaption><i>Aalbäumle</i> observation tower</figcaption></figure> <p>The 26 metres (85 ft) tall <i>Aalbäumle</i> observation tower is built atop <i>Langert</i> mountain. This popular hiking destination was built in 1898 and was remodelled in 1992. It features a good view over Aalen and the Welland region, up to the Rosenstein mountain and Ellwangen. Beneath the tower, an adventure playground and a cabin is located. A flag on the tower signals whether the cabin's restaurant is open. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_monuments">Natural monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Natural monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Baden-Württemberg State Institute for Environment, Measurements and Natural Conservation has laid out six protected landscapes in Aalen (the <i>Swabian Jura escarpment between Lautern and Aalen with adjacent territories</i>, the <i>Swabian Jura escarpment between Unterkochen and Baiershofen</i>, the <i>Hilllands around Hofen</i>, the <i>Kugeltal and Ebnater Tal valleys with parts of Heiligental valley and adjacent territories</i>, <i>Laubachtal valley</i> and <i>Lower Lein Valley with side valleys</i>), two sanctuary forests (<i>Glashütte</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kocher" title="Kocher">Kocher</a> Origin</i>), 65 extensive <a href="/wiki/Natural_monument" title="Natural monument">natural monuments</a>, 30 individual natural monuments and the following two <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas">protected areas</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 24.1 hectares (60 acres) large <i>Dellenhäule</i> protected area between Aalen's Waldhausen district and Neresheim's Elchingen district, created in 1969, is a sheep pasture with <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wood_pasture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pasture">wood pasture</a> of old willow oaks.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 46.5 hectares (115 acres) large <i>Goldshöfer Sande</i> protected area was established in 2000 and is situated between Aalen's Hofen district and Hüttlingen. The sands on the hill originated from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a> are of geological importance, and the various grove structures offer habitat to severely endangered bird species.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WaldstadionAalen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WaldstadionAalen.jpg/330px-WaldstadionAalen.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WaldstadionAalen.jpg/495px-WaldstadionAalen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WaldstadionAalen.jpg/660px-WaldstadionAalen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Scholz Arena</figcaption></figure> <p>The football team, <a href="/wiki/VfR_Aalen" title="VfR Aalen">VfR Aalen</a>, was founded in 1921 and played in the <a href="/wiki/2._Fu%C3%9Fball-Bundesliga" class="mw-redirect" title="2. Fußball-Bundesliga">2nd German League</a> between 2012 and 2015, after which they were relegated to <a href="/wiki/3._Liga" title="3. Liga">3. Liga</a>. Its playing venue is the <a href="/wiki/Scholz-Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholz-Arena">Scholz-Arena</a> situated in the west of the town, which bore the name <i>Städtisches Waldstadion Aalen</i> ("Civic Forest Stadium of Aalen") until 2008. From 1939 until 1945, the VfR played in the <a href="/wiki/Gauliga_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Gauliga Württemberg">Gauliga Württemberg</a>, then one of several parallel top-ranking soccer leagues of Germany. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=KSV_Aalen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KSV Aalen (page does not exist)">KSV Aalen</a> wrestles in the <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga_(wrestling)" title="Bundesliga (wrestling)">Wrestling Federal League</a>. It was German champion in team wrestling in 2010. Its predecessor, the <i>KSV Germania Aalen</i> disbanded in 2005, was German champion eight times and runner-up five times since 1976. Another Aalen club, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=TSV_Dewangen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TSV Dewangen (page does not exist)">TSV Dewangen</a>, wrestled in the Federal League until 2009. </p><p>Two American sports, <a href="/wiki/American_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="American Football">American Football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a>, are pursued by the <i>MTV Aalen</i>. <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> has been gaining in popularity in Aalen for years. The first men's team of <i>DJK Aalen</i> accomplished qualification for regional league in the season of 2008/09. </p><p>The <i>Ostalb</i> ski lifts are located south of the town centre, at the northern slope of the Swabian Jura. The skiing area comprises two <a href="/wiki/Platter_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Platter lift">platter lifts</a> that have a vertical rise of 130 and 30 metres (427 and 98 ft), with two runs with lengths of 800 and 1,200 metres (2,600 and 3,900 ft) and a beginners' run.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regular_events">Regular events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Regular events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reichsstädter_Tage"><span id="Reichsst.C3.A4dter_Tage"></span>Reichsstädter Tage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Reichsstädter Tage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1975, <i>Reichsstädter Tage</i> ("Imperial City days") festival is held annually in the town centre on the second weekend in September. It is deemed the largest festival of the <a href="/wiki/Ostw%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Ostwürttemberg">Ostwürttemberg</a> region,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is associated with a shopping Sunday in accordance with the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ladenschlussgesetz" title="Ladenschlussgesetz">Ladenschlussgesetz</a></i></span> code. The festival is also attended by delegations from the twinned cities. On the town hall square, on Sunday an <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical service</a> is held. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Festival">Roman Festival</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Roman Festival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The international Roman Festival <i>(Römertage)</i> are held biannially on the site of the former Roman fort and the modern Limes museum. The festival's ninth event in 2008 was attended by around 11,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aalen_Jazz_Festival">Aalen Jazz Festival</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Aalen Jazz Festival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Annually during the second week of November, the <a href="/wiki/Aalen_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Aalen Jazz Festival">Aalen Jazz Festival</a> brings known and unknown artists to Aalen. It has already featured musicians like <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/B._B._King" title="B. B. King">B. B. King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Murray_(saxophonist)" title="David Murray (saxophonist)">David Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/McCoy_Tyner" title="McCoy Tyner">McCoy Tyner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jarreau" title="Al Jarreau">Al Jarreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esbj%C3%B6rn_Svensson" title="Esbjörn Svensson">Esbjörn Svensson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Mangelsdorff" title="Albert Mangelsdorff">Albert Mangelsdorff</a>. The festival is complemented by individual concerts in spring and summer, and, including the individual concerts, comprises around 25 concerts with a total of about 13,000 visitors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_infrastructure">Economy and infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Economy and infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008 there were 30,008 employees liable to <a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">social insurance</a> living in Aalen. 13,946 (46.5 percent) were employed in the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">manufacturing sector</a>, 4,715 (15.7 percent) in commerce, catering, hotels and transport, and 11,306 (37.7 percent) in other services.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annually 16,000 employees commute to work, with about 9,000 living in the town and commuting out.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Altogether in Aalen there are about 4,700 business enterprises, 1,100 of them being registered in the <a href="/wiki/German_Trade_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="German Trade Register">trade register</a>. The others comprise 2,865 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleingewerbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kleingewerbe (page does not exist)">small enterprises</a> and 701 craft enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-Unternehmen_und_Betriebe_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unternehmen_und_Betriebe-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Aalen, <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a> is the predominant industry, along with machine-building. Other industries include <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, paper, information technology, <a href="/wiki/Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">chemicals</a>, textiles,<sup id="cite_ref-EB_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> medical instruments, pharmaceuticals, and food.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable enterprises include <i>SHW Automotive</i> (originating from the former <i>Schwäbische Hüttenwerke</i> steel mills and a mill of 1671 in Wasseralfingen), the <i>Alfing Kessler</i> engineering works, the precision tools manufacturer <i>MAPAL Dr. Kress</i>, the snow chain manufacturer <i>RUD Ketten Rieger & Dietz</i> and its subsidiary <i>Erlau</i>, the <i>Gesenkschmiede Schneider</i> forging die smithery, the <i>SDZ Druck und Medien</i> media company, the <i>Papierfabrik Palm</i> paper mill, the alarm system manufacturer <i>Telenot</i>, the laser show provider <i>LOBO electronic</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">textile finisher</a> <i>Lindenfarb</i>, which all have their seat in Aalen. A branch in Aalen is maintained by optical systems manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss</a> headquartered in nearby Oberkochen.<sup id="cite_ref-Unternehmen_und_Betriebe_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unternehmen_und_Betriebe-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahnhof_Aalen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bahnhof_Aalen.jpg/250px-Bahnhof_Aalen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bahnhof_Aalen.jpg/330px-Bahnhof_Aalen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bahnhof_Aalen.jpg/500px-Bahnhof_Aalen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Aalen station</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aalen_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Aalen station">Aalen station</a> is a regional railway hub on the <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart-Bad_Cannstatt%E2%80%93N%C3%B6rdlingen_railway" title="Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt–Nördlingen railway">Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt–Nördlingen railway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_Hauptbahnhof" title="Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof">Stuttgart</a> and <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen_station" title="Nördlingen station">Nördlingen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aalen%E2%80%93Ulm_railway" title="Aalen–Ulm railway">Aalen–Ulm railway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ulm_Hauptbahnhof" title="Ulm Hauptbahnhof">Ulm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Goldsh%C3%B6fe%E2%80%93Crailsheim_railway" title="Goldshöfe–Crailsheim railway">Goldshöfe–Crailsheim railway</a> to <a href="/wiki/Crailsheim" title="Crailsheim">Crailsheim</a>. Until 1972, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4rtsfeld_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Härtsfeld Railway (page does not exist)">Härtsfeld Railway</a> connected Aalen with <a href="/wiki/Dillingen_an_der_Donau" title="Dillingen an der Donau">Dillingen an der Donau</a> via <a href="/wiki/Neresheim" title="Neresheim">Neresheim</a>. Other railway stations within the town limits are <i>Hofen (b Aalen)</i>, <i>Unterkochen</i>, <i>Wasseralfingen</i> and <a href="/wiki/Goldsh%C3%B6fe_station" title="Goldshöfe station">Goldshöfe station</a>. The <i>Aalen-Erlau</i> stop situated in the south is no longer operational. </p><p>Aalen station is served at two-hour intervals by trains of <a href="/wiki/Intercity_(Deutsche_Bahn)" title="Intercity (Deutsche Bahn)">Intercity</a> line 61 <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Hauptbahnhof" title="Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof">Karlsruhe</a>–Stuttgart–Aalen–<a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg_Hauptbahnhof" title="Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof">Nuremberg</a>. For regional rail travel, Aalen is served by various lines of the <a href="/wiki/Interregio-Express" title="Interregio-Express">Interregio-Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional-Express" title="Regional-Express">Regional-Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regionalbahn" title="Regionalbahn">Regionalbahn</a> categories. Since the beginning of 2019, the British company <a href="/wiki/Go-Ahead_Verkehrsgesellschaft_Deutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="Go-Ahead Verkehrsgesellschaft Deutschland">Go-Ahead</a> took over the regional railway business of <a href="/wiki/DB_Regio" title="DB Regio">DB Regio</a> in the region surrounding Aalen. The town also operates the Aalen <a href="/wiki/Industrial_railway" title="Industrial railway">industrial railway</a> <i>(Industriebahn Aalen)</i>, which carries about 250 carloads per year.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bus">Bus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aalen also is a regional hub in the bus network of OstalbMobil, the transport network of the district Aalen is in. The bus lines are operated and serviced by regional companies like OVA and RBS RegioBus Stuttgart. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Street">Street</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Street"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The junctions of <i>Aalen/<a href="/wiki/Westhausen_(Ostalb)" title="Westhausen (Ostalb)">Westhausen</a></i> and <i>Aalen/Oberkochen</i> connect Aalen with the <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a> <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_7" title="Bundesautobahn 7">A7</a> (<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>–<a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCssen" title="Füssen">Füssen</a>). Federal roads (<i><a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe" title="Bundesstraße">Bundesstraßen</a></i>) connecting with Aalen are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundesstraße 19 (page does not exist)">B 19</a> (<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundesstraße 29 (page does not exist)">B 29</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waiblingen" title="Waiblingen">Waiblingen</a>–<a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_290&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundesstraße 290 (page does not exist)">B 290</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tauberbischofsheim" title="Tauberbischofsheim">Tauberbischofsheim</a>–Westhausen). The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schw%C3%A4bische_Dichterstra%C3%9Fe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schwäbische Dichterstraße (page does not exist)">Schwäbische Dichterstraße</a> ("Swabian Poets' Route") tourist route established in 1977/78 leads through Aalen. </p><p>Several bus lines operate within the borough. The <i>Omnibus-Verkehr Aalen</i> company is one of the few in Germany that use <a href="/wiki/Double-decker_bus" title="Double-decker bus">double-decker buses</a>, it has done so since 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A district-wide fare system, <i>OstalbMobil</i>, has been in effect since 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Air transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stuttgart Airport, offering international connections, is about 90 kilometres (56 mi) away, the travel time by train is about 100 Minutes. At <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen-Heidenheim_Airport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aalen-Heidenheim Airport (page does not exist)">Aalen-Heidenheim Airport</a>, located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south-east of Aalen, small aircraft are permitted. <a href="/wiki/Gliding" title="Gliding">Gliding</a> airfields nearby are in <a href="/wiki/Heubach" title="Heubach">Heubach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4" title="Bartholomä">Bartholomä</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bicycle">Bicycle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Bicycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bicycle routes stretching through Aalen are the <i>Deutscher Limes-Radweg</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">German Limes</a> Bicycle Route") and the <i>Kocher-Jagst</i> Bicycle Route. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_facilities">Public facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Public facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aalen houses an <a href="/wiki/Amtsgericht" title="Amtsgericht">Amtsgericht</a> (local district court), chambers of the Stuttgart <a href="/wiki/Labor_court" title="Labor court">Labour Court</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_notary" title="Civil law notary">notary's office</a>, a tax office and an <a href="/wiki/Employment_agency" title="Employment agency">employment agency</a>. It is the seat of the Ostalbkreis district office, of the Aalen Deanery of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church and of the <i>Ostalb</i> deanery of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rottenburg-Stuttgart" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart">Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart</a>. </p><p>The Stuttgart <a href="/wiki/Administrative_court" title="Administrative court">administrative court</a>, the Stuttgart Labour Court and the Ulm Social Welfare Court are in charge for Aalen. </p><p>Aalen had a civic hospital, which resided in the <i>Bürgerspital</i> building until 1873, then in a building at <i>Alte Heidenheimer Straße</i>. In 1942, the hospital was taken over by the district. The district hospital at the present site of <i>Kälblesrain</i>, known today as <i>Ostalb-Klinikum</i>, was opened in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer145_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer145-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first local newspaper, <i>Der Bote von Aalen</i> ("The Herald of Aalen"), has been published on Wednesdays and Saturdays since 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer145_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer145-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, local newspapers published in Aalen are the <i><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bische_Post" title="Schwäbische Post">Schwäbische Post</a></i>, which obtains its supra-regional pages from the Ulm-based <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestpresse" class="mw-redirect" title="Südwestpresse">Südwestpresse</a>, and the <i>Aalener Nachrichten</i> (erstwhile <i>Aalener Volkszeitung</i>), a local edition of <a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bische_Zeitung" title="Schwäbische Zeitung">Schwäbische Zeitung</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leutkirch_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Leutkirch im Allgäu">Leutkirch im Allgäu</a>. </p><p>Two of Germany's biggest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesezirkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesezirkel (page does not exist)">Lesezirkels</a> (magazine rental services) are headquartered in Aalen: <i>Brabandt LZ Plus Media</i> and <i>Lesezirkel Portal</i>. </p><p>Regional event magazines are <i>Xaver</i>, <i>åla</i>, <i>ålakultur</i>. </p><p>The commercial broadcasters <i>Radio Ton</i> and <i>Radio 7</i> have studios in Aalen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Latin_school" title="Latin school">Latin school</a> was first recorded in Aalen in 1447; it was remodeled in 1616 and also later in various buildings that were all situated near the town church, and continued up through the 19th century. In the course of the reformation, a "German school" was established in tandem, being a predecessor of the latter <a href="/wiki/Volksschule" title="Volksschule">Volksschule</a> school type. In 1860, the <i>Ritterschule</i> was built as a <i>Volksschule</i> for girls; the building today houses the <i>Pestalozzischule</i>. In 1866, a new building was erected for the Latin school and for the <a href="/wiki/Realschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Realschule">Realschule</a> established in 1840. This building, later known as the <i>Alte Gewerbeschule</i>, was torn down in 1975 to free up land for the new town hall. In 1912, the <i>Parkschule</i> building was opened. It was designed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bonatz" title="Paul Bonatz">Paul Bonatz</a> and today houses the <i>Schubart-<a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a></i>. </p><p>The biggest educational institution in the town is the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hochschule_Aalen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hochschule Aalen (page does not exist)">Hochschule Aalen</a></i>, which was founded in 1962 and focuses on engineering and economics. It is attended by 5000 students on five campuses and employs 129 professors and 130 other lecturers. </p><p>The town provides three <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasiums</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Realschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Realschule">Realschulen</a>, two <i>Förderschulen</i> (<a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">special schools</a>), six combined <a href="/wiki/Grundschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundschule">Grundschulen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschulen</a> and eight standalone Grundschulen. The Ostalbkreis district provides three vocational schools and three additional special schools. Finally, six non-state schools of various types exist. </p><p>The German <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> Library (German: <i>Deutsche Esperanto-Bibliothek</i>, Esperanto: <i>Germana Esperanto-Biblioteko</i>) has been located in the building of the town library since 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TV_and_radio_transmission_tower">TV and radio transmission tower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: TV and radio transmission tower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">Südwestrundfunk</a> broadcasting company operates the Aalen <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmission tower</a> on the <i>Braunenberg</i> hill. The tower was erected in 1956, it is 140 metres (460 ft) tall and made of <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Things_named_after_Aalen">Things named after Aalen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Things named after Aalen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following vehicles are named "Aalen": </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737-500" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737-500">Boeing 737-500</a> <i>D-ABJF</i></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a> <a href="/wiki/ICE_3" title="ICE 3">ICE 3</a> <i>Tz309</i> (since 2 June 2008)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lufthansa_B737-530_(D-ABJF)_landing_at_London_Heathrow_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boeing 737-500 "Aalen""><img alt="Boeing 737-500 "Aalen"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Lufthansa_B737-530_%28D-ABJF%29_landing_at_London_Heathrow_Airport.jpg/120px-Lufthansa_B737-530_%28D-ABJF%29_landing_at_London_Heathrow_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Lufthansa_B737-530_%28D-ABJF%29_landing_at_London_Heathrow_Airport.jpg/180px-Lufthansa_B737-530_%28D-ABJF%29_landing_at_London_Heathrow_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Lufthansa_B737-530_%28D-ABJF%29_landing_at_London_Heathrow_Airport.jpg/240px-Lufthansa_B737-530_%28D-ABJF%29_landing_at_London_Heathrow_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="1293" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boeing 737-500 "Aalen"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICE_Aalen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ICE "Aalen" at Aalen station"><img alt="ICE "Aalen" at Aalen station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ICE_Aalen.jpg/120px-ICE_Aalen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ICE_Aalen.jpg/180px-ICE_Aalen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ICE_Aalen.jpg/240px-ICE_Aalen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ICE "Aalen" at Aalen station</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Friedrich_Daniel_Schubart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Christian_Friedrich_Daniel_Schubart.jpg/140px-Christian_Friedrich_Daniel_Schubart.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Christian_Friedrich_Daniel_Schubart.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Daniel_Schubart" title="Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart">Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart</a>, before 1804</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P_Sinner_-_Bischof_Karl_Joseph_Hefele_1869_(GPh43).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P_Sinner_-_Bischof_Karl_Joseph_Hefele_1869_%28GPh43%29.jpg/140px-P_Sinner_-_Bischof_Karl_Joseph_Hefele_1869_%28GPh43%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P_Sinner_-_Bischof_Karl_Joseph_Hefele_1869_%28GPh43%29.jpg/210px-P_Sinner_-_Bischof_Karl_Joseph_Hefele_1869_%28GPh43%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P_Sinner_-_Bischof_Karl_Joseph_Hefele_1869_%28GPh43%29.jpg/280px-P_Sinner_-_Bischof_Karl_Joseph_Hefele_1869_%28GPh43%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Joseph_von_Hefele" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Joseph von Hefele">Karl Joseph von Hefele</a>, 1869</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurt_Jooss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kurt_Jooss.jpg/250px-Kurt_Jooss.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kurt_Jooss.jpg/330px-Kurt_Jooss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1657" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Jooss" title="Kurt Jooss">Kurt Jooss</a>, 1971</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_von_Westerstetten" title="Johann Christoph von Westerstetten">Johann Christoph von Westerstetten</a> (1563–1637), <a href="/wiki/Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">Prince-bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4tt" title="Eichstätt">Eichstätt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">counter-reformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Daniel_Schubart" title="Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart">Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart</a> (1739–1791), poet, organ player, composer and journalist; lived in Aalen as a child and adolescent.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Joseph_von_Hefele" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Joseph von Hefele">Karl Joseph von Hefele</a> (1809–1893), Roman Catholic theologian, clerical historian and bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Jakob_Neher" title="Stephan Jakob Neher">Stephan Jakob Neher</a> (1829–1902), Catholic priest and church historian.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Duala_Manga_Bell" title="Rudolf Duala Manga Bell">Rudolf Duala Manga Bell</a> (1873–1914), King of <a href="/wiki/Duala_people" title="Duala people">Duala</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and resistance leader in the German colony of <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lived in Aalen from 1891 until 1896.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wahl" title="Karl Wahl">Karl Wahl</a> (1892–1981), <a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gau_Swabia" title="Gau Swabia">Gau Swabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Jooss" title="Kurt Jooss">Kurt Jooss</a> (1901–1979), born in Wasseralfingen; dancer, choreographer and dance educator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Elser" title="Georg Elser">Georg Elser</a> (1903–1945), opponent of Nazism, worked in 1923 as an apprentice carpenter in Aalen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Zehender" title="August Zehender">August Zehender</a> (1903–1945), SS Brigade Commander and Major General of the Waffen-SS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Heck" title="Bruno Heck">Bruno Heck</a> (1917–1989), politician (CDU), former minister of the government and CDU secretary general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bausinger" title="Hermann Bausinger">Hermann Bausinger</a> (1926–2021), cultural scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Els%C3%A4sser" title="Hans Elsässer">Hans Elsässer</a> (1929–2003), astronomer and founding director of the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Astronomy" title="Max Planck Institute for Astronomy">Max Planck Institute for Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sobek" title="Werner Sobek">Werner Sobek</a> (born 1953), architect and <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">structural engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Thiele" title="Gerhard Thiele">Gerhard Thiele</a> (born 1953 in Heidenheim), physicist and former astronaut, attended school in Aalen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Schanelec" title="Angela Schanelec">Angela Schanelec</a> (born 1962), actress, film director and screenwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Spiesshofer" title="Ulrich Spiesshofer">Ulrich Spiesshofer</a> (born 1964), business executive, former <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a> of the <a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a> Group</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gerlach_(Politiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Martin Gerlach (Politiker)">Martin Gerlach, (DE Wiki)</a> (born 1965), independent politician, mayor of Aalen (2005–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steffen_Schorn" title="Steffen Schorn">Steffen Schorn</a> (born 1967), jazz musician & professor at the <a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg">Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cro_(rapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cro (rapper)">Carlo Waibel</a> (born 1990), singer known as <i><a href="/wiki/Cro_(musician)" title="Cro (musician)">Cro</a></i>, wears a panda mask on stage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Bickelhaupt" title="Werner Bickelhaupt">Werner Bickelhaupt</a> (born 1939), football coach, lives in Aalen since 2004, head coach for <a href="/wiki/Eswatini_national_football_team" title="Eswatini national football team">Swaziland</a> for 3 months in 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Adams_(athlete)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Adams (athlete)">Walter Adams</a> (born 1945 in Wasseralfingen), middle-distance runner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Zander_(wrestler)" title="Thomas Zander (wrestler)">Thomas Zander</a> (born 1967), wrestler, <a href="/wiki/World_Wrestling_Championships" title="World Wrestling Championships">world champion</a> in 1994 and silver medallist at the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl-Uwe_Steeb" title="Carl-Uwe Steeb">Carl-Uwe Steeb</a> (born 1967), retired tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erol_Sabanov" title="Erol Sabanov">Erol Sabanov</a> (born 1974), former football goalkeeper who played about 300 games</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Beck_(footballer)" title="Andreas Beck (footballer)">Andreas Beck</a> (born 1987), footballer, immigrated aged 3, grew up in Aalen; played about 475 games and 9 for <a href="/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Funk" title="Patrick Funk">Patrick Funk</a> (born 1990), footballer, played about 375 games</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Kaufmann" title="Fabio Kaufmann">Fabio Kaufmann</a> (born 1992), footballer, played over 350 games</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_citizens">Honorary citizens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Honorary citizens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ruland Ayßlinger, composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> (1891–1944), Field Marshal of World War II, grew up in Aalen</li> <li>Paul Edel<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wilhelm Jakob Schweiker (1859–1927), founder of the Aalen Historical Society <i>(Geschichts- und Altertumsverein Aalen</i>) and name giver of the Wilhelm Jakob Schweiker Award<sup id="cite_ref-GA_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Pfeifle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Pfeifle (page does not exist)">Ulrich Pfeifle</a>, Mayor of Aalen from 1976 until 2005</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mayor-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mayor_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mayor_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/buergermeisterwahl-aalen-2021/">Oberbürgermeisterwahl Aalen 2021</a>, Staatsanzeiger.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-bw.de/BevoelkGebiet/Bevoelk_I_D_A_vj.csv">"Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2022"</a> [Population by nationality and sex as of December 31, 2022] <span class="cs1-format">(CSV)</span> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Statistisches_Landesamt_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg">Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg</a>. June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+Nationalit%C3%A4t+und+Geschlecht+am+31.+Dezember+2022&rft.pub=Statistisches+Landesamt+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik-bw.de%2FBevoelkGebiet%2FBevoelk_I_D_A_vj.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-munro-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-munro_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-munro_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-munro_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMunro1995">Munro 1995</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLUBW_State_Institute_for_Environment,_Measurements,_and_Nature_Conservation_Baden-Württemberg2010">LUBW State Institute for Environment, Measurements, and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bauer9-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bauer9_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer9_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer9_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauer1983">Bauer 1983</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSauerborn2002">Sauerborn 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013a">City of Aalen 2013a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013b">City of Aalen 2013b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013c">City of Aalen 2013c</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013d">City of Aalen 2013d</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013e">City of Aalen 2013e</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013f">City of Aalen 2013f</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013g">City of Aalen 2013g</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013h">City of Aalen 2013h</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013i">City of Aalen 2013i</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013j">City of Aalen 2013j</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013w">City of Aalen 2013w</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2013">Anon 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bauer25-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bauer25_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer25_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauer1983">Bauer 1983</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ostalbkreis_315-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ostalbkreis_315_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinter1992">Winter 1992</a>, pp. 315–320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aalen-antike-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aalen-antike_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013k">City of Aalen 2013k</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ostalbkreis_123-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ostalbkreis_123_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinter1992">Winter 1992</a>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bauer82-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bauer82_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer82_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer82_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer82_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer82_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer82_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer82_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer82_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer82_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer82_23-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauer1983">Bauer 1983</a>, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanby1984">Canby 1984</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GA-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GA_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeschichtsverein_Aalen_(Historical_Society_of_Aalen)2013">Geschichtsverein Aalen (Historical Society of Aalen) 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2013a">Anon 2013a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauer2012">Bauer 2012</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bauer145-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bauer145_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer145_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer145_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer145_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer145_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer145_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer145_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauer1983">Bauer 1983</a>, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bauer122-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bauer122_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer122_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauer122_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauer1983">Bauer 1983</a>, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aalen"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Aalen">"Aalen" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aalen&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hafner_Stadtführer-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hafner_Stadtführer_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hafner_Stadtführer_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHafner1989">Hafner 1989</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauer1984">Bauer 1984</a>, p. 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braune_Messe-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Braune_Messe_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon1934">Anon 1934</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schätzle-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schätzle_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchätzle1980">Schätzle 1980</a>, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gedenkstaetten-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gedenkstaetten_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gedenkstaetten_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuvogelStankowskiGraf1995">Puvogel, Stankowski & Graf 1995</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Einhorn_140-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Einhorn_140_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNußbaumer2008">Nußbaumer 2008</a>, p. 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aalen_Luftangriffe-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aalen_Luftangriffe_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013l">City of Aalen 2013l</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2010">City of Aalen 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimla2005">Simla 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimla2005a">Simla 2005a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juden_1984-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Juden_1984_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Juden_1984_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauer1984">Bauer 1984</a>, pp. 302–344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moscheesuche_Ditib-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moscheesuche_Ditib_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2013b">Anon 2013b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moscheesuche_IGMG-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moscheesuche_IGMG_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2013c">Anon 2013c</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1998">Cohen 1998</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaxpayers_Association_of_Germany2007">Taxpayers Association of Germany 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aalen.de/partnerstaedte-aalens.37146.25.htm">"Partnerstädte Aalens"</a>. <i>aalen.de</i> (in German). Aalen<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aalen.de&rft.atitle=Partnerst%C3%A4dte+Aalens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fpartnerstaedte-aalens.37146.25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPress_and_Information_Office_of_the_Federal_Government2010">Press and Information Office of the Federal Government 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013m">City of Aalen 2013m</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013n">City of Aalen 2013n</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013o">City of Aalen 2013o</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013p">City of Aalen 2013p</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013q">City of Aalen 2013q</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2013d">Anon 2013d</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kunstverein-aalen.de">"Kunstverein Aalen"</a>. <i>kunstverein-aalen.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kunstverein-aalen.de&rft.atitle=Kunstverein+Aalen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kunstverein-aalen.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kunstvereine.de/en/about-adkv">"About ADKV"</a>. <i>kunstvereine.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kunstvereine.de&rft.atitle=About+ADKV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkunstvereine.de%2Fen%2Fabout-adkv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoiberg2010">Hoiberg 2010</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2004">City of Aalen 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Citybummel-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Citybummel_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Citybummel_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Citybummel_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Citybummel_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013r">City of Aalen 2013r</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeier2013">Meier 2013</a>, p. 368</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfeifle2004">Pfeifle 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-windpark_waldhausen-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-windpark_waldhausen_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWindpark_Waldhausen2013">Windpark Waldhausen 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFState_Institute_for_Environment,_Measurements,_and_Nature_Conservation_Baden-Württemberg2013a">State Institute for Environment, Measurements, and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg 2013a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFState_Institute_for_Environment,_Measurements,_and_Nature_Conservation_Baden-Württemberg2013b">State Institute for Environment, Measurements, and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg 2013b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFState_Institute_for_Environment,_Measurements,_and_Nature_Conservation_Baden-Württemberg2013c">State Institute for Environment, Measurements, and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg 2013c</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013s">City of Aalen 2013s</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2007">Anon 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2008">City of Aalen 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013t">City of Aalen 2013t</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013u">City of Aalen 2013u</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unternehmen_und_Betriebe-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unternehmen_und_Betriebe_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unternehmen_und_Betriebe_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013v">City of Aalen 2013v</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2002">City of Aalen 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOVA_Bus_Transport_Aalen2012">OVA Bus Transport Aalen 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2008a">City of Aalen 2008a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schubart, Christian Friedrich Daniel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Schubart,_Christian_Friedrich_Daniel">"Schubart, Christian Friedrich Daniel" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 379.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schubart%2C+Christian+Friedrich+Daniel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=379&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hefele, Karl Josef von"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hefele,_Karl_Josef_von">"Hefele, Karl Josef von" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hefele%2C+Karl+Josef+von&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=200&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirsch1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Kirsch" title="Johann Peter Kirsch">Kirsch, Johann Peter</a> (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Stephan Jakob Neher"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Stephan_Jakob_Neher">"Stephan Jakob Neher" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stephan+Jakob+Neher&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Johann+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dualla"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dualla">"Dualla" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 614.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dualla&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=614&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, F.R. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cameroon"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cameroon">"Cameroon" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">110–</span>113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cameroon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=F.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2013e">Anon 2013e</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBauer2012" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Hermann (2012) [1854]. "7". <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Beschreibung_des_Oberamts_Aalen/Kapitel_A_7"><i>Beschreibung des Oberamts Aalen</i></a> [<i>Description of Oberamts Aalen</i>]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1236340245" title="Special:BookSources/978-1236340245"><bdi>978-1236340245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=Beschreibung+des+Oberamts+Aalen&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1236340245&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FBeschreibung_des_Oberamts_Aalen%2FKapitel_A_7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAalen_Historical_Society2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aalen Historical Society (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111074712/http://www.gav-aalen.de/index.php?id=6">"Im Rückspiegel"</a> [In the Rear-view Mirror] (in German). Geschichts- und Altertumsverein Aalen [Aalen Historical and Antiquities Club]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gav-aalen.de/index.php?id=6">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Im+R%C3%BCckspiegel&rft.pub=Geschichts-+und+Altertumsverein+Aalen+%5BAalen+Historical+and+Antiquities+Club%5D&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Aalen+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gav-aalen.de%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718195757/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/media.php/93/statistisches_jahrbuch_2007-2008.pdf">"Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Aalen 2007/2008"</a> [Statistical Yearbook of Aalen 2007/2008] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). City of Aalen: Department II: Stadtmessungsamt, Municipal Statistical Office. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/media.php/93/statistisches_jahrbuch_2007-2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistisches+Jahrbuch+der+Stadt+Aalen+2007%2F2008&rft.pub=City+of+Aalen%3A+Department+II%3A+Stadtmessungsamt%2C+Municipal+Statistical+Office&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fmedia.php%2F93%2Fstatistisches_jahrbuch_2007-2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holidaycheck.de/klima-wetter_Aalen-ebene_oid-id_9059.html">"Klimainformationen für Aalen"</a> [Weather for Aalen]. <i>holidaycheck.de</i> (in German). Hubert Burda Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=holidaycheck.de&rft.atitle=Klimainformationen+f%C3%BCr+Aalen&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holidaycheck.de%2Fklima-wetter_Aalen-ebene_oid-id_9059.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2013a" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anon (2013a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa-history.de/AA-30J_Krieg_Text.html">"Aalen im dreißigjährigen Krieg"</a> [Aalen in the Thirty Years War]. <i>aa-history.de</i> (in German). aa-history<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aa-history.de&rft.atitle=Aalen+im+drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hrigen+Krieg&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faa-history.de%2FAA-30J_Krieg_Text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2013b" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anon (2013b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111075539/http://www.moscheesuche.de/moschee/Aalen/DITIB_Moschee_Aalen_Merkez_Camii/13311">"Deutschland, Baden-Württemberg, Aalen: D.I.T.I.B. Moschee Aalen (Merkez Camii) – Aalen"</a> [Baden-Wurttemberg: Germany: Aalen DİTİB Aalen Mosque (Merkez Camii) – Aalen]. <i>moscheesuche.de</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moscheesuche.de/moschee/Aalen/DITIB_Moschee_Aalen_Merkez_Camii/13311">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=moscheesuche.de&rft.atitle=Deutschland%2C+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C+Aalen%3A+D.I.T.I.B.+Moschee+Aalen+%28Merkez+Camii%29+%E2%80%93+Aalen&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moscheesuche.de%2Fmoschee%2FAalen%2FDITIB_Moschee_Aalen_Merkez_Camii%2F13311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2013c" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anon (2013c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111075425/http://www.moscheesuche.de/moschee/Aalen/Fatih_Moschee/13695">"Deutschland, Baden-Württemberg, Aalen: Fatih Moschee – Aalen"</a> [Germany, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Aalen: Fatih Mosque – Aalen]. <i>moscheesuche.de</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moscheesuche.de/moschee/Aalen/Fatih_Moschee/13695">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=moscheesuche.de&rft.atitle=Deutschland%2C+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C+Aalen%3A+Fatih+Moschee+%E2%80%93+Aalen&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moscheesuche.de%2Fmoschee%2FAalen%2FFatih_Moschee%2F13695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2013d" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anon (2013d). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://feuerwehr-aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=21534&_bereich=1598">"Herzlich Willkommen beim Spielmannszug Aalen"</a> [Welcome to the marching band Aalen]. <i>feuerwehr-aalen.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=feuerwehr-aalen.de&rft.atitle=Herzlich+Willkommen+beim+Spielmannszug+Aalen&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffeuerwehr-aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D21534%26_bereich%3D1598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2013e" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anon (2013e). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111074653/http://www.eisenbarth-koeln.de/Eisenbarth-Presse.html">"Treff der Eisenbarths"</a> [Meeting of the Eisenbarths]. <i>Ellwanger Zeitung</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eisenbarth-koeln.de/Eisenbarth-Presse.html">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ellwanger+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Treff+der+Eisenbarths&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eisenbarth-koeln.de%2FEisenbarth-Presse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anon (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111075320/http://www.schwaebische.de/archiv-artikel_artikel%2C-Aalen-feiert-_arid%2C2098520.html">"Aalen feiert"</a> [Aalen Celebrates]. <i>Schwäbische Zeitung</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schwaebische.de/archiv-artikel_artikel,-Aalen-feiert-_arid,2098520.html">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Schw%C3%A4bische+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Aalen+feiert&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schwaebische.de%2Farchiv-artikel_artikel%2C-Aalen-feiert-_arid%2C2098520.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon1934" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anon (1934). <i>Braune Messe – Deutsche Woche, Aalen, Württemberg</i> [<i>Brown Fair – German Week, Aalen, Württemberg</i>] (in German). Stierlen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Braune+Messe+%E2%80%93+Deutsche+Woche%2C+Aalen%2C+W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft.pub=Stierlen&rft.date=1934&rft.au=Anon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply either |first= / |last=, an organizational author with |author=, or use |author= for intentional omission.">author missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBauer1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bauer, Karlheinz (1983). <i>Aalen: Geschichte und Kultur zwischen Welland und Härtsfeld</i> [<i>Aalen history and culture between Welland and Härtsfeld</i>] (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Theiss. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3806203219" title="Special:BookSources/978-3806203219"><bdi>978-3806203219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aalen%3A+Geschichte+und+Kultur+zwischen+Welland+und+H%C3%A4rtsfeld&rft.place=Stuttgart%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Theiss&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-3806203219&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Karlheinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBauer1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bauer, Karlheinz (1984). "Die Machtergreifung der NSDAP in Aalen und Umgebung [The Nazi seizure of power in and around Aalen]". In Geschichts- und Altertumsverein Aalen e.V. (ed.). <i>Aalener Jahrbuch 1984</i> [<i>Aalen Yearbook 1984</i>] (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Theiss. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3806204063" title="Special:BookSources/978-3806204063"><bdi>978-3806204063</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Machtergreifung+der+NSDAP+in+Aalen+und+Umgebung+%5BThe+Nazi+seizure+of+power+in+and+around+Aalen%5D&rft.btitle=Aalener+Jahrbuch+1984&rft.place=Stuttgart%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Theiss&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-3806204063&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Karlheinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aalen"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Aalen">"Aalen" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aalen&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCanby1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Canby, Courtlandt (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhi0000canb">"Aalen"</a>. In Carruth, Gorton (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Historic Places</i>. Vol. I: A-L. New York, NY: Fact on File Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87196-126-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87196-126-1"><bdi>0-87196-126-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aalen&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Historic+Places&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Fact+on+File+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-87196-126-1&rft.aulast=Canby&rft.aufirst=Courtlandt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofhi0000canb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121223071655/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/media.php/90/Jahresbericht2002_2.pdf">"2002 Annual Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). City of Aalen. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/media.php/90/Jahresbericht2002_2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2002+Annual+Report&rft.pub=City+of+Aalen&rft.date=2002&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fmedia.php%2F90%2FJahresbericht2002_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111090047/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=13580&_bereich=6">"Bürgerfreundliches Verhalten"</a> [Citizen-friendly behavior] (in German). aalen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=13580&_bereich=6">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%C3%BCrgerfreundliches+Verhalten&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2004&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D13580%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=71087&_bereich=1599">"Bilder der IX. Internationalen Römertage 2008"</a> [Pictures of IX. Romans International Conference] (in German). aalen.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bilder+der+IX.+Internationalen+R%C3%B6mertage+2008&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2008&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D71087%26_bereich%3D1599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2008a" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2008a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=67980&_bereich=6">"ICE auf den Namen Aalen getauft"</a> [ICE Aalen Baptized in the Name of Aalen] (in German). aalen.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICE+auf+den+Namen+Aalen+getauft&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2008&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D67980%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=975&_bereich=6">"Religion"</a> [Religion] (in German). aalen.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2010&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D975%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013a" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100917161955/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=26094&_bereich=6">"Teilorte von Aalen"</a> [Places part of Aalen]. <i>www.aalen.de</i> (in German). aalen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=26094&_bereich=6">the original</a> on 17 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aalen.de&rft.atitle=Teilorte+von+Aalen&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D26094%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013b" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718060726/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1176&_bereich=6">"Einwohnerentwicklung Kernstadt"</a> [Developing urban core population] (in German). aalen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1176&_bereich=6">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einwohnerentwicklung+Kernstadt&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D1176%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013c" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111124907/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1177&_bereich=6">"Einwohnerentwicklung Unterrombach/Hofherrnweiler"</a> [Population development Unterrombach / Hofherrnweiler] (in German). aalen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1177&_bereich=6">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einwohnerentwicklung+Unterrombach%2FHofherrnweiler&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D1177%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013d" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013d). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718060824/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1171&_bereich=6">"Einwohnerentwicklung Dewangen"</a> [Population development Dewangen] (in German). aalen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1171&_bereich=6">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einwohnerentwicklung+Dewangen&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D1171%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013e" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013e). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111090036/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1178&_bereich=6">"Einwohnerentwicklung Ebnat"</a> [Population development Ebnat] (in German). aalen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1178&_bereich=6">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einwohnerentwicklung+Ebnat&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D1178%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013f" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013f). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718061005/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1172&_bereich=6">"Einwohnerentwicklung Fachsenfeld"</a> [Population development Facsenfeld] (in German). aalen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1172&_bereich=6">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einwohnerentwicklung+Fachsenfeld&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D1172%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013g" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013g). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718061221/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1174&_bereich=6">"Einwohnerentwicklung Hofen"</a> [Population development Hofen] (in German). aalen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1174&_bereich=6">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einwohnerentwicklung+Hofen&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D1174%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013h" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013h). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718061246/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1179&_bereich=6">"Einwohnerentwicklung Unterkochen"</a> [Population development Unterkochen] (in German). aalen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1179&_bereich=6">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einwohnerentwicklung+Unterkochen&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D1179%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013i" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013i). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718061551/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1180&_bereich=6">"Einwohnerentwicklung Waldhausen"</a> [Population development Waldhausen] (in German). aalen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1180&_bereich=6">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einwohnerentwicklung+Waldhausen&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D1180%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013j" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013j). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718061802/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1175&_bereich=6">"Einwohnerentwicklung Wasseralfingen"</a> [Population development Wasseralfingen] (in German). aalen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1175&_bereich=6">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einwohnerentwicklung+Wasseralfingen&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D1175%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013k" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013k). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111080217/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=44429&_bereich=6">"Das Aalener Stadtgebiet in der Antike"</a> [The Aalen City in Ancient Times] (in German). aalen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=44429&_bereich=6">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+Aalener+Stadtgebiet+in+der+Antike&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D44429%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013l" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013l). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=24630&_bereich=6">"Stadt gedenkt der Opfer der Luftangriffe"</a> [City commemorates the victims of the air raids] (in German). aalen.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stadt+gedenkt+der+Opfer+der+Luftangriffe&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D24630%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013m" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013m). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=2098&_bereich=6">"Städtepartnerschaftsverein Aalen e. V."</a> [Twinning association Aalen eV] (in German). aalen.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St%C3%A4dtepartnerschaftsverein+Aalen+e.+V.&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D2098%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013n" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013n). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=5491&_bereich=6">"Theater der Stadt Aalen"</a> [Theatre of Aalen] (in German). aalen.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theater+der+Stadt+Aalen&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D5491%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013o" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013o). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=6870&_bereich=6">"Schubart-Literaturpreis und Schubart-Literaturförderpreis der Stadt Aalen"</a> [Schubart Literature Prize and Schubart Literature Prize of the city of Aalen] (in German). aalen.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schubart-Literaturpreis+und+Schubart-Literaturf%C3%B6rderpreis+der+Stadt+Aalen&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D6870%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013p" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013p). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1189&_bereich=6">"Musikschule der Stadt Aalen"</a> [Music School of Aalen] (in German). aalen.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Musikschule+der+Stadt+Aalen&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D1189%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013q" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013q). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?_bereich=6&id=1970">"Aalener Sinfonieorchester e. V."</a> [Symphony Aalen eV] (in German). aalen.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aalener+Sinfonieorchester+e.+V.&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3F_bereich%3D6%26id%3D1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013r" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013r). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111124841/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/media.php/93/Sehenswert.pdf">"Aalen – Citybummel"</a> [Aalen – City Stroll] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). aalen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/media.php/93/Sehenswert.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aalen+%E2%80%93+Citybummel&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fmedia.php%2F93%2FSehenswert.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013s" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013s). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111084501/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=9436&_bereich=6">"Ostalb-Skilifte Aalen"</a> [Ostalb Lifts Aalen] (in German). aalen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=9436&_bereich=6">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ostalb-Skilifte+Aalen&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D9436%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013t" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013t). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=2796&_bereich=6">"Beschäftigte"</a> [Employee] (in German). aalen.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Besch%C3%A4ftigte&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D2796%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013u" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013u). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111090154/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=2865&_bereich=6">"Berufspendler"</a> [Commuters] (in German). aalen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=2865&_bereich=6">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berufspendler&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D2865%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013v" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013v). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=5892&_bereich=6">"Unternehmen und Betriebe"</a> [Companies and Businesses] (in German). aalen.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unternehmen+und+Betriebe&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D5892%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Aalen2013w" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">City of Aalen (2013w). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222162951/http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/media.php/93/1991-2011.pdf">"Meteorologische Größen in Aalen 1991 – 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Town of Aalen. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/media.php/93/1991-2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meteorologische+Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fen+in+Aalen+1991+%E2%80%93+2011&rft.pub=Town+of+Aalen&rft.date=2013&rft.au=City+of+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fmedia.php%2F93%2F1991-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2013)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cohen, Saul B., ed. (1998). "Aalen". <i>The Columbia Gazetteer of the World</i>. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11040-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11040-5"><bdi>0-231-11040-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aalen&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Gazetteer+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-231-11040-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHafner1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hafner, Eugen (1989). <i>Aalen, Der Stadtführer</i> [<i>Aalen, the City Guide</i>] (in German). Konrad Theiss Verlag GmbH & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3806205848" title="Special:BookSources/978-3806205848"><bdi>978-3806205848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aalen%2C+Der+Stadtf%C3%BChrer&rft.pub=Konrad+Theiss+Verlag+GmbH+%26+Co.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-3806205848&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeschichtsverein_Aalen_(Historical_Society_of_Aalen)2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Geschichtsverein Aalen (Historical Society of Aalen) (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111074709/http://www.gav-aalen.de/index.php?id=14">"Preisträger"</a> [Winners] (in German). Geschichts- und Altertumsverein Aalen. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gav-aalen.de/index.php?id=14">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preistr%C3%A4ger&rft.pub=Geschichts-+und+Altertumsverein+Aalen&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Geschichtsverein+Aalen+%28Historical+Society+of+Aalen%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gav-aalen.de%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency">"Aalen"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8"><bdi>978-1-59339-837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aalen&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-837-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia2009ency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLUBW_State_Institute_for_Environment,_Measurements,_and_Nature_Conservation_Baden-Württemberg2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/documents/10184/388195/naturraeume_baden_wuerttembergs.pdf/1f56a5c3-14b7-406f-9351-fdb0caa614af">"Naturräume Baden-Württembergs"</a> [Natural areas in Baden-Württemberg] (in German). LUBW State Institute for Environment, Measurements, and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naturr%C3%A4ume+Baden-W%C3%BCrttembergs&rft.pub=LUBW+State+Institute+for+Environment%2C+Measurements%2C+and+Nature+Conservation+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de%2Fdocuments%2F10184%2F388195%2Fnaturraeume_baden_wuerttembergs.pdf%2F1f56a5c3-14b7-406f-9351-fdb0caa614af&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeier2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meier, Ernst (2013) [1852]. <i>Deutsche Volksmärchen aus Schwaben: Aus dem Munde des Volks Gesammelt und Herausgegeben</i> [<i>German folk tales from Swabia: Collected from the Mouths of the People and Issued</i>] (in German). North Charleston, SC: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1482646412" title="Special:BookSources/978-1482646412"><bdi>978-1482646412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Volksm%C3%A4rchen+aus+Schwaben%3A+Aus+dem+Munde+des+Volks+Gesammelt+und+Herausgegeben&rft.place=North+Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1482646412&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunro1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Munro, David, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00munr">"Aalen"</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the World</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866184-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-866184-3"><bdi>0-19-866184-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aalen&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+World&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-866184-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00munr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNußbaumer2008" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nußbaumer, Wolfgang (December 2008). "Licht in ein dunkles Kapitel: 'Aalen in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus 1934-1939' - Schwerpunkt des 'Aalener Jahrbuchs 2006-2008'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>ostalb/einhorn</i> (in German). Vol. 35, no. 140. pp. <span class="nowrap">297–</span>298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ostalb%2Feinhorn&rft.atitle=Licht+in+ein+dunkles+Kapitel%3A+%27Aalen+in+der+Zeit+des+Nationalsozialismus+1934-1939%27+-+Schwerpunkt+des+%27Aalener+Jahrbuchs+2006-2008%27&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=140&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E298&rft.date=2008-12&rft.aulast=Nu%C3%9Fbaumer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOVA_Bus_Transport_Aalen2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">OVA Bus Transport Aalen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ova.de/80jahre/historie.html">"Historie"</a> [History]. <i>OVA-Omnibus-Verkehr Aalen</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OVA-Omnibus-Verkehr+Aalen&rft.atitle=Historie&rft.date=2012&rft.au=OVA+Bus+Transport+Aalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ova.de%2F80jahre%2Fhistorie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPfeifle2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pfeifle, Ulrich (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=21434&_bereich=6">"Letter from the Mayor"</a> (in German). aalen.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+from+the+Mayor&rft.pub=aalen.de&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Pfeifle&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D21434%26_bereich%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPress_and_Information_Office_of_the_Federal_Government2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605085827/http://www.bundesregierung.de/nn_914476/Content/DE/Artikel/IB/Artikel/Geschichte/2009-05-19-demirtas.html">"Wir sind einfach in den Zug gestiegen"</a> [We just boarded the train] (in German). Press and Information Office of the Federal Government. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesregierung.de/nn_914476/Content/DE/Artikel/IB/Artikel/Geschichte/2009-05-19-demirtas.html">the original</a> on 5 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wir+sind+einfach+in+den+Zug+gestiegen&rft.pub=Press+and+Information+Office+of+the+Federal+Government&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesregierung.de%2Fnn_914476%2FContent%2FDE%2FArtikel%2FIB%2FArtikel%2FGeschichte%2F2009-05-19-demirtas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPuvogelStankowskiGraf1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Puvogel, Ulrike; Stankowski, Martin; Graf, Ursula (1995). <i>Gedenkstätten für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus: Eine Dokumentation</i> [<i>Memorials to the victims of National Socialism: A Documentary</i>] (in German). Vol. 1. Bonn, Germany: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung [Federal Agency for Civic Education]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3893312085" title="Special:BookSources/978-3893312085"><bdi>978-3893312085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gedenkst%C3%A4tten+f%C3%BCr+die+Opfer+des+Nationalsozialismus%3A+Eine+Dokumentation&rft.place=Bonn%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Bundeszentrale+f%C3%BCr+politische+Bildung+%5BFederal+Agency+for+Civic+Education%5D&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3893312085&rft.aulast=Puvogel&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rft.au=Stankowski%2C+Martin&rft.au=Graf%2C+Ursula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSauerborn2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sauerborn, Ulrich (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111074624/http://www.urweltmuseum-aalen.de/aalenium.html">"Das Aalenium"</a> [The Aalenian] (in German). Urweltmuseum Aalen. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urweltmuseum-aalen.de/aalenium.html">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+Aalenium&rft.pub=Urweltmuseum+Aalen&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sauerborn&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urweltmuseum-aalen.de%2Faalenium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchätzle1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schätzle, Julius (1980). <i>Stationen zur Hölle. Konzentrationslager in Baden und Württemberg 1933–1945</i> (in German) (2nd ed.). Frankfurt: Röderberg-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3876820354" title="Special:BookSources/978-3876820354"><bdi>978-3876820354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stationen+zur+H%C3%B6lle.+Konzentrationslager+in+Baden+und+W%C3%BCrttemberg+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=R%C3%B6derberg-Verlag&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-3876820354&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4tzle&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimla2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Simla, Stefan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111075352/http://www.kirchengemeinde-hofen.de/oldpage.php?menuID=4&page=Kirchengeb&auml%3Bude%20-%20Hofen">"Katholische Kirchengemeinde St. Georg Hofen: Kirchengebäude – Hofen"</a> [Catholic church St. Georg Mayrhofen: Church buildings – Mayrhofen] (in German). Parish of St. Georg Mayrhofen. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirchengemeinde-hofen.de/oldpage.php?menuID=4&page=Kirchengeb%26auml%3Bude%20-%20Hofen">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katholische+Kirchengemeinde+St.+Georg+Hofen%3A+Kirchengeb%C3%A4ude+%E2%80%93+Hofen&rft.pub=Parish+of+St.+Georg+Mayrhofen&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Simla&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirchengemeinde-hofen.de%2Foldpage.php%3FmenuID%3D4%26page%3DKirchengeb%2526auml%253Bude%2520-%2520Hofen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimla2005a" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Simla, Stefan (2005a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111075450/http://www.kirchengemeinde-hofen.de/oldpage.php?page=Ottilienkapelle">"Katholische Kirchengemeinde St. Georg Hofen: Ottilienkapelle"</a> [Catholic church St. Georg Mayrhofen: Ottilie Chapel] (in German). Parish of St. Georg Mayrhofen. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirchengemeinde-hofen.de/oldpage.php?page=Ottilienkapelle">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katholische+Kirchengemeinde+St.+Georg+Hofen%3A+Ottilienkapelle&rft.pub=Parish+of+St.+Georg+Mayrhofen&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Simla&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirchengemeinde-hofen.de%2Foldpage.php%3Fpage%3DOttilienkapelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111075441/http://www2.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/public/abt5/klimaatlas_bw/klima/karten/nied/niederschlag_jahr.html">"Precipitation map of Baden-Württemberg"</a> (in German). Landesamt für Umwelt, Messungen und Naturschutz: Baden-Württemberg [State Institute for Environment, Measurements, and Nature Conservation]. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/public/abt5/klimaatlas_bw/klima/karten/nied/niederschlag_jahr.html">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Precipitation+map+of+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft.pub=Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Umwelt%2C+Messungen+und+Naturschutz%3A+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg+%5BState+Institute+for+Environment%2C+Measurements%2C+and+Nature+Conservation%5D&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de%2Fpublic%2Fabt5%2Fklimaatlas_bw%2Fklima%2Fkarten%2Fnied%2Fniederschlag_jahr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFState_Institute_for_Environment,_Measurements,_and_Nature_Conservation_Baden-Württemberg2013a" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729064524/http://www4.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/servlet/is/11424/">"Schutzgebietsverzeichnis -Steckbriefauswahl"</a> [Reserve List – Profile Section] (in German). State Institute for Environment, Measurements, and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg. 2013a. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/servlet/is/11424/">the original</a> on 29 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schutzgebietsverzeichnis+-Steckbriefauswahl&rft.pub=State+Institute+for+Environment%2C+Measurements%2C+and+Nature+Conservation+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de%2Fservlet%2Fis%2F11424%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFState_Institute_for_Environment,_Measurements,_and_Nature_Conservation_Baden-Württemberg2013b" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rips-dienste.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/rips/ripsservices/apps/naturschutz/schutzgebiete/steckbrief.aspx?id=929001000184">"1.023 Dellenhäule"</a> (in German). State Institute for Environment, Measurements, and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg. 2013b<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1.023+Dellenh%C3%A4ule&rft.pub=State+Institute+for+Environment%2C+Measurements%2C+and+Nature+Conservation+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frips-dienste.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de%2Frips%2Fripsservices%2Fapps%2Fnaturschutz%2Fschutzgebiete%2Fsteckbrief.aspx%3Fid%3D929001000184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFState_Institute_for_Environment,_Measurements,_and_Nature_Conservation_Baden-Württemberg2013c" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rips-dienste.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/rips/ripsservices/apps/naturschutz/schutzgebiete/steckbrief.aspx?id=929001000029">"1.245 Goldshöfer Sande"</a> (in German). State Institute for Environment, Measurements, and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg. 2013c<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1.245+Goldsh%C3%B6fer+Sande&rft.pub=State+Institute+for+Environment%2C+Measurements%2C+and+Nature+Conservation+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frips-dienste.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de%2Frips%2Fripsservices%2Fapps%2Fnaturschutz%2Fschutzgebiete%2Fsteckbrief.aspx%3Fid%3D929001000029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaxpayers_Association_of_Germany2007" class="citation web cs1">Taxpayers Association of Germany (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020045946/http://www.steuerzahler.de/Home/1692b637/index.html">"Bund der Steuerzahler"</a> [Confederation of the taxpayers]. Der Steuerzahler. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steuerzahler.de/Home/1692b637/index.html">the original</a> on 20 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bund+der+Steuerzahler&rft.pub=Der+Steuerzahler&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Taxpayers+Association+of+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.steuerzahler.de%2FHome%2F1692b637%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWindpark_Waldhausen2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Windpark Waldhausen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windparkwaldhausen.de/content-75-technische_daten.html">"Technische Daten der Windkraftanlagen in Waldhausen"</a> [Technical Data of Wind Turbines in Waldhausen] (in German). Windpark Waldhausen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219182017/http://www.windparkwaldhausen.de/content-75-technische_daten.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technische+Daten+der+Windkraftanlagen+in+Waldhausen&rft.pub=Windpark+Waldhausen&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Windpark+Waldhausen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windparkwaldhausen.de%2Fcontent-75-technische_daten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinter1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Winter, Diethelm, ed. (1992) [1978]. <i>Der Ostalbkreis</i> [<i>The Ostalb</i>] (in German) (2nd ed.). Stuttgart, Germany: K. Theiss. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3806208917" title="Special:BookSources/978-3806208917"><bdi>978-3806208917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Ostalbkreis&rft.place=Stuttgart%2C+Germany&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=K.+Theiss&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3806208917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHafner2001" class="citation cs2">Hafner, Eugen (2001), <i>Aalen. Der Stadtführer</i>, Ulm: Süddeutsche Verlagsgesellschaft, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88294-310-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-88294-310-6"><bdi>3-88294-310-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aalen.+Der+Stadtf%C3%BChrer&rft.place=Ulm&rft.pub=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Verlagsgesellschaft&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-88294-310-6&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">Bauer, Karlheinz (1983), <i>Aalen</i>, Stuttgart: Theiss, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8062-0321-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-8062-0321-0"><bdi>3-8062-0321-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aalen&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Theiss&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=3-8062-0321-0&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Karlheinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAalen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aalen&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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War</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Swabian_League.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of the Swabian League"><img alt="Arms of the Swabian League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Swabian_League.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Swabian_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Swabian_League.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Swabian_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Swabian_League.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Swabian_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden" title="Margraviate of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bayreuth" title="Principality of Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biberach_an_der_Ri%C3%9F" title="Biberach an der Riß">Biberach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopfingen" title="Bopfingen">Bopfingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ansbach" title="Principality of Ansbach">Brandenburg-Ansbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinkelsb%C3%BChl" title="Dinkelsbühl">Dinkelsbühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donauw%C3%B6rth" title="Donauwörth">Donauwörth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esslingen_am_Neckar" title="Esslingen am Neckar">Esslingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giengen" title="Giengen">Giengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse" title="Landgraviate of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isny_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Isny im Allgäu">Isny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufbeuren" title="Kaufbeuren">Kaufbeuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Kempten" title="Free Imperial City of Kempten">Kempten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leutkirch_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Leutkirch im Allgäu">Leutkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz" title="Electorate of Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memmingen" title="Memmingen">Memmingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of the Palatinate">Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfullendorf" title="Pfullendorf">Pfullendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Gm%C3%BCnd" title="Schwäbisch Gmünd">Schwäbisch Gmünd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall" title="Schwäbisch Hall">Schwäbisch Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier" title="Electorate of Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberlingen" title="Überlingen">Überlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Ulm" title="Free Imperial City of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangen_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Wangen im Allgäu">Wangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weil_der_Stadt" title="Weil der Stadt">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen" title="Bad Wimpfen">Wimpfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="County of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Swabian_Circle" title="Template:Swabian Circle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Swabian_Circle" title="Template talk:Swabian Circle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Swabian_Circle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Swabian Circle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Swabian_Circle_(1500–1806)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire963" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/40px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/60px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swabian_Circle" title="Swabian Circle">Swabian Circle</a> (1500–1806) of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Bishop">Ecclesiastical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Augsburg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Constance" title="Prince-Bishopric of Constance">Constance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellwangen_Abbey" title="Ellwangen Abbey">Ellwangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_Abbey_of_Kempten" title="Princely Abbey of Kempten">Kempten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau_Abbey" title="Lindau Abbey">Lindau</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Swabian_Circle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating the Swabian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Map indicating the Swabian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Locator_Swabian_Circle.svg/250px-Locator_Swabian_Circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Locator_Swabian_Circle.svg/330px-Locator_Swabian_Circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BCrst" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsfürst">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden" title="Margraviate of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiligenberg" title="Heiligenberg">Heiligenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hohenzollern-Hechingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klettgau" title="Klettgau">Klettgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Vaduz" title="County of Vaduz">Vaduz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldburg" title="Waldburg">Waldburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waldburg-Scheer" title="Waldburg-Scheer">Scheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldburg-Trauchburg" title="Waldburg-Trauchburg">Trauchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldburg-Waldsee" title="Waldburg-Waldsee">Waldsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldburg-Wolfegg" title="Waldburg-Wolfegg">Wolfegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldburg-Wurzach" title="Waldburg-Wurzach">Wurzach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldburg-Zeil" title="Waldburg-Zeil">Zeil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duchy of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prince-abbot" title="Prince-abbot">Prelates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baindt_Abbey" title="Baindt Abbey">Baindt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchau_Abbey" title="Buchau Abbey">Buchau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elchingen_Abbey" title="Elchingen Abbey">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengenbach_Abbey" title="Gengenbach Abbey">Gengenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutenzell_Abbey" title="Gutenzell Abbey">Gutenzell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heggbach_Abbey" title="Heggbach Abbey">Heggbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irsee_Abbey" title="Irsee Abbey">Irsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaisheim_Abbey" title="Kaisheim Abbey">Kaisheim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commandry_of_Mainau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commandry of Mainau (page does not exist)">Mainau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchtal_Abbey" title="Marchtal Abbey">Marchtal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neresheim_Abbey" title="Neresheim Abbey">Neresheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochsenhausen_Abbey" title="Ochsenhausen Abbey">Ochsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petershausen_Abbey" title="Petershausen Abbey">Petershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roggenburg_Abbey" title="Roggenburg Abbey">Roggenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rot_an_der_Rot_Abbey" title="Rot an der Rot Abbey">Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottenm%C3%BCnster_Abbey" title="Rottenmünster Abbey">Rottenmünster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_Abbey" title="Salem Abbey">Salmanweiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Abbey,_Isny" title="St. George's Abbey, Isny">St. George's in Isny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schussenried_Abbey" title="Schussenried Abbey">Schussenried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6flingen_Abbey" title="Söflingen Abbey">Söflingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursberg_Abbey" title="Ursberg Abbey">Ursberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weingarten_Abbey" title="Weingarten Abbey">Weingarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weissenau_Abbey" title="Weissenau Abbey">Weißenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wettenhausen_Abbey" title="Wettenhausen Abbey">Wettenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwiefalten_Abbey" title="Zwiefalten Abbey">Zwiefalten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Counts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herr_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herr (title)">Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altshausen" title="Altshausen">Altshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baar,_Swabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baar, Swabia">Baar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondorf" title="Bondorf">Bondorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Eberstein" title="County of Eberstein">Eberstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenstein_(Reutlingen)" title="Hohenstein (Reutlingen)">Eglingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Eglofs" title="Lordship of Eglofs">Eglofs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugger_family" title="Fugger family">Fugger</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugger_(Line_of_Jakob)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fugger (Line of Jakob) (page does not exist)">Jakob</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugger_(Line_of_Johann)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fugger (Line of Johann) (page does not exist)">Johann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugger_(Line_of_Markus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fugger (Line of Markus) (page does not exist)">Markus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundelfingen" title="Gundelfingen">Gundelfingen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmarinen-Gutenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigmarinen-Gutenstein (page does not exist)">Gutenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lordship_of_Hausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lordship of Hausen (page does not exist)">Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiligenberg" title="Heiligenberg">Heiligenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Helfenstein" title="House of Helfenstein">Helfenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenems" title="Hohenems">Hohenems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohengeroldseck" title="Hohengeroldseck">Hohengeroldseck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schelklingen" title="Schelklingen">Justingen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinzigerthal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinzigerthal (page does not exist)">Kinzigerthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsegg-Aulendorf" title="Königsegg-Aulendorf">Königsegg and Aulendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustenau" title="Lustenau">Lustenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%9Fkirch" title="Meßkirch">Meßkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindelheim" title="Mindelheim">Mindelheim</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schwabegg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schwabegg (page does not exist)">Schwabegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberdischingen" title="Oberdischingen">Oberdischingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oettingen_in_Bayern" title="Oettingen in Bayern">Öttingen</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96ttingen-Baldern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Öttingen-Baldern (page does not exist)">Baldern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Oettingen-Oettingen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Oettingen-Oettingen">Öttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Oettingen-Wallerstein" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Oettingen-Wallerstein">Wallerstein</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechberg_and_Rothenl%C3%B6wen" title="Rechberg and Rothenlöwen">Rechberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsegg-Rothenfels" title="Königsegg-Rothenfels">Rothenfels and Stauffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%BChlingen" title="Stühlingen">Stühlingen and Hohenhöwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tettnang" title="Tettnang">Tettnang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Langenargen" title="Langenargen">Langenargen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thannhausen" title="Thannhausen">Thannhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesensteig" title="Wiesensteig">Wiesensteig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biberach_an_der_Ri%C3%9F" title="Biberach an der Riß">Biberach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopfingen" title="Bopfingen">Bopfingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Buchau" title="Bad Buchau">Buchau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchhorn">Buchhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinkelsb%C3%BChl" title="Dinkelsbühl">Dinkelsbühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esslingen_am_Neckar" title="Esslingen am Neckar">Eßlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengenbach" title="Gengenbach">Gengenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giengen" title="Giengen">Giengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isny_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Isny im Allgäu">Isny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufbeuren" title="Kaufbeuren">Kaufbeuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Kempten" title="Free Imperial City of Kempten">Kempten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leutkirch_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Leutkirch im Allgäu">Leutkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memmingen" title="Memmingen">Memmingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenburg" title="Offenburg">Offenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfullendorf" title="Pfullendorf">Pfullendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottweil" title="Rottweil">Rottweil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Gm%C3%BCnd" title="Schwäbisch Gmünd">Schwäbisch Gmünd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall" title="Schwäbisch Hall">Schwäbisch Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberlingen" title="Überlingen">Überlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Ulm" title="Free Imperial City of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangen_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Wangen im Allgäu">Wangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weil_der_Stadt" title="Weil der Stadt">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen" title="Bad Wimpfen">Wimpfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zell_am_Harmersbach" title="Zell am Harmersbach">Zell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Circles est. 1500: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Circle" title="Bavarian Circle">Bavarian</a>, <b>Swabian</b>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Circle" title="Franconian Circle">Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Lower Saxon Circle">(Lower) Saxon</a><br />Circles est. 1512: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Circle" title="Austrian Circle">Austrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Burgundian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Upper Saxon Circle">Upper Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Rhenish_Circle" title="Electoral Rhenish Circle">Electoral Rhenish</a> <span class="nowrap">   </span> · <span class="nowrap">   </span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_outside_the_Imperial_Circles" title="Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles">Unencircled territories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_imperial_cities_of_the_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Holy_Roman_Empire459" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Free_imperial_cities" title="Template:Free imperial cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free_imperial_cities" title="Template talk:Free imperial cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_imperial_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free imperial cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_imperial_cities_of_the_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Holy_Roman_Empire459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial cities</a> of the <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/40px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/60px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_1792459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By 1792</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Aachen" title="Free Imperial City of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biberach_an_der_Ri%C3%9F" title="Biberach an der Riß">Biberach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopfingen" title="Bopfingen">Bopfingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Buchau" title="Bad Buchau">Buchau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen" title="Friedrichshafen">Buchhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinkelsb%C3%BChl" title="Dinkelsbühl">Dinkelsbühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esslingen_am_Neckar" title="Esslingen am Neckar">Eßlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedberg,_Hesse" title="Friedberg, Hesse">Friedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengenbach" title="Gengenbach">Gengenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giengen" title="Giengen">Giengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isny_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Isny im Allgäu">Isny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufbeuren" title="Kaufbeuren">Kaufbeuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Kempten" title="Free Imperial City of Kempten">Kempten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kessenich" title="Kessenich">Kessenich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leutkirch_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Leutkirch im Allgäu">Leutkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memmingen" title="Memmingen">Memmingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mülhausen</a><sup><small>D, S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Nuremberg" title="Free Imperial City of Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenburg" title="Offenburg">Offenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfullendorf" title="Pfullendorf">Pfullendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottweil" title="Rottweil">Rottweil</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Gm%C3%BCnd" title="Schwäbisch Gmünd">Schwäbisch Gmünd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall" title="Schwäbisch Hall">Schwäbisch Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberlingen" title="Überlingen">Überlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Ulm" title="Free Imperial City of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangen_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Wangen im Allgäu">Wangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weil_der_Stadt" title="Weil der Stadt">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenburg_in_Bayern" title="Weißenburg in Bayern">Weißenburg in Bayern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen" title="Bad Wimpfen">Wimpfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Windsheim" title="Bad Windsheim">Windsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zell_am_Harmersbach" title="Zell am Harmersbach">Zell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png/150px-Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png/225px-Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png/300px-Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span><br /><small>Free Imperial Cities by 1792</small></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lost_imperial_immediacy_or_no_longer_part_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_by_1792459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lost <a href="/wiki/Imperial_immediacy" title="Imperial immediacy">imperial immediacy</a> or no longer part of the Holy Roman Empire by 1792</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bern" title="History of Bern">Bern</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Free Imperial City of Besançon">Besançon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakel,_Germany" title="Brakel, Germany">Brakel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diessenhofen" title="Diessenhofen">Diessenhofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donauw%C3%B6rth" title="Donauwörth">Donauwörth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCren" title="Düren">Düren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelnhausen" title="Gelnhausen">Gelnhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haguenau" title="Haguenau">Hagenau</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysersberg" title="Kaysersberg">Kaysersberg</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Kolmar</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau" title="Landau">Landau</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemgo" title="Lemgo">Lemgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munster,_Haut-Rhin" title="Munster, Haut-Rhin">Munster</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obernai" title="Obernai">Obernai</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfeddersheim" title="Pfeddersheim">Pfeddersheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheinfelden_(Aargau)" title="Rheinfelden (Aargau)">Rheinfelden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosheim" title="Rosheim">Rosheim</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarrebourg" title="Sarrebourg">Sarrebourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkalden" title="Schmalkalden">Schmalkalden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lestat" title="Sélestat">Schlettstadt</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seltz" title="Seltz">Seltz</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Straßburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toul" title="Toul">Toul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turckheim" title="Turckheim">Turckheim</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verden_an_der_Aller" class="mw-redirect" title="Verden an der Aller">Verden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warburg" title="Warburg">Warburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wissembourg" title="Wissembourg">Weißenburg in Elsaß</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Zürich">Zürich</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>D</small></sup> Member of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9capole" title="Décapole">Décapole</a></li> <li><sup><small>H</small></sup> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></li> <li><sup><small>S</small></sup> Member or associate of the <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Towns_and_municipalities_in_Ostalb_(district)61" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_and_towns_in_Ostalbkreis_(district)" title="Template:Cities and towns in Ostalbkreis (district)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_and_towns_in_Ostalbkreis_(district)" title="Template talk:Cities and towns in Ostalbkreis (district)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_and_towns_in_Ostalbkreis_(district)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities and towns in Ostalbkreis (district)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Towns_and_municipalities_in_Ostalb_(district)61" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Towns and municipalities in <a href="/wiki/Ostalbkreis" title="Ostalbkreis">Ostalb (district)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtsgm%C3%BCnd" title="Abtsgmünd">Abtsgmünd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelmannsfelden" title="Adelmannsfelden">Adelmannsfelden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4" title="Bartholomä">Bartholomä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6bingen_an_der_Rems" title="Böbingen an der Rems">Böbingen (Rems)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopfingen" title="Bopfingen">Bopfingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durlangen" title="Durlangen">Durlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellenberg,_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Ellenberg, Baden-Württemberg">Ellenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellwangen" title="Ellwangen">Ellwangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschach,_Germany" title="Eschach, Germany">Eschach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essingen_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Essingen (Württemberg)">Essingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ggingen" title="Göggingen">Göggingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gschwend,_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Gschwend, Baden-Württemberg">Gschwend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heubach" title="Heubach">Heubach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuchlingen" title="Heuchlingen">Heuchlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCttlingen,_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Hüttlingen, Baden-Württemberg">Hüttlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggingen" title="Iggingen">Iggingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagstzell" title="Jagstzell">Jagstzell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchheim_am_Ries" title="Kirchheim am Ries">Kirchheim am Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauchheim" title="Lauchheim">Lauchheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leinzell" title="Leinzell">Leinzell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorch_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Lorch (Württemberg)">Lorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6gglingen" title="Mögglingen">Mögglingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutlangen" title="Mutlangen">Mutlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neresheim" title="Neresheim">Neresheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuler" title="Neuler">Neuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergr%C3%B6ningen" title="Obergröningen">Obergröningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberkochen" title="Oberkochen">Oberkochen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainau" title="Rainau">Rainau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesb%C3%BCrg" title="Riesbürg">Riesbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenberg_(Ostalb)" title="Rosenberg (Ostalb)">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruppertshofen,_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Ruppertshofen, Baden-Württemberg">Ruppertshofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schechingen" title="Schechingen">Schechingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Gm%C3%BCnd" title="Schwäbisch Gmünd">Schwäbisch Gmünd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spraitbach" title="Spraitbach">Spraitbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%B6dtlen" title="Stödtlen">Stödtlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4ferrot" title="Täferrot">Täferrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannhausen" title="Tannhausen">Tannhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterschneidheim" title="Unterschneidheim">Unterschneidheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldstetten" title="Waldstetten">Waldstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westhausen_(Ostalb)" title="Westhausen (Ostalb)">Westhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%B6rt" title="Wört">Wört</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Ostalbkreis_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms"><img alt="Coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DEU_Ostalbkreis_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Ostalbkreis_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DEU_Ostalbkreis_COA.svg/45px-DEU_Ostalbkreis_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DEU_Ostalbkreis_COA.svg/60px-DEU_Ostalbkreis_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="570" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1553" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1553" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133719470">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpyhPj6MD8p8F4jm98wG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4000015-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82156259">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12375177g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12375177g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aalen (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge431699&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007567082105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b13c800c-1c49-48b9-841e-864366203bcd">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/118537">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045195">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aalen&oldid=1278636136">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aalen&oldid=1278636136</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Category:Towns in Baden-Württemberg">Towns in Baden-Württemberg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ostalbkreis" title="Category:Ostalbkreis">Ostalbkreis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:150s_establishments_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Category:150s establishments in the Roman Empire">150s establishments in the Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:260s_disestablishments_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Category:260s disestablishments in the Roman Empire">260s disestablishments in the Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_the_7th_century" title="Category:Populated places established in the 7th century">Populated places established in the 7th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:7th-century_establishments_in_Germany" title="Category:7th-century establishments in Germany">7th-century establishments in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1360" title="Category:States and 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