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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名稱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名稱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>名稱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名稱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-概論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>概論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-康居国与康国、粟特城邦之别" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#康居国与康国、粟特城邦之别"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>康居国与康国、粟特城邦之别</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-康居国与康国、粟特城邦之别-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-与其他部落的关系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#与其他部落的关系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>与其他部落的关系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-与其他部落的关系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-后裔" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#后裔"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>后裔</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-后裔-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-关連項目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#关連項目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>关連項目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-关連項目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">康居</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。22种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8E" title="Кандзю – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кандзю" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kangju" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kangju" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kangju" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF_(%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86)" title="کنگ (سرزمین) – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنگ (سرزمین)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kangju" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangcs%C3%BC" title="Kangcsü – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kangcsü" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kangju" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kangju" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85" title="康居 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="康居" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қаңлылар – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қаңлылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EA%B1%B0" title="강거 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="강거" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Кангүй – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кангүй" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangd%C5%BEu" title="Kangdžu – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kangdžu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kangju" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8E%D0%B9" title="Кангюй – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кангюй" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kangju" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8E%D0%B9" title="Кангюй – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кангюй" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangyuy" title="Kangyuy – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kangyuy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85" title="康居 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="康居" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khong-ku" title="Khong-ku – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khong-ku" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85" title="康居 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="康居" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q915517#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="关于此页面的讨论（页面不存在）[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZhangQianTravel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/ZhangQianTravel.jpg/350px-ZhangQianTravel.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/ZhangQianTravel.jpg/525px-ZhangQianTravel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/ZhangQianTravel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>此為張騫西行報告中所描述之西域各國。被藍色標示的國家為張騫西行時所遊歷過的國家。上图将康居通称为索格底亚那。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>康居</b>，或<b>康居国</b>，东汉以后亦简称<b>康国</b>，又譯<b>颯秣建國</b>，位于今<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="乌兹别克">乌兹别克</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="撒马尔罕">撒马尔罕</a>。是古代生活在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚">中亚</a>地区的半<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E7%89%A7%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="游牧民族">游牧民族</a>的国家或部落联盟，活动范围主要在今<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="哈萨克">哈萨克</a>东部及<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%B3" title="锡尔河">锡尔河</a>中下游。唐代記載中，為<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E6%AD%A6%E4%B9%9D%E5%A7%93" title="昭武九姓">昭武九姓</a>宗主国之一，為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a>的一支。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名稱"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A8.B1"></span>名稱</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名稱"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在現在主流學者中，康居這個名稱，通常被認為源自<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a>的變形。 </p><p>學者<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%AC" title="蒲立本">蒲立本</a>，認為<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="吐火罗语">吐火羅語</a>的kāṅka-，被漢譯為康居，其字義為石頭。他認為康居由<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA" title="吐火罗人">吐火羅人</a>的一支建立。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概論"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.AB.96"></span>概論</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：概論"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">汉朝</a>时期，居住于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9B" title="大宛">大宛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%AD%99" class="mw-redirect" title="乌孙">乌孙</a>之西北，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="大月氏">大月氏</a>之北，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%84%E8%94%A1" title="奄蔡">奄蔡</a>之东，<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E6%8F%AD" title="呼揭">呼揭</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E6%B9%96" title="贝加尔湖">贝加尔湖</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%9B%B6" title="丁零">丁零</a>以西等地带。公元前2世纪，控弦者八九万人；公元前1世纪末年，人口达六十万，拥有军队十二万，以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%91%E9%98%97%E5%9F%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卑阗城（页面不存在）">卑阗城</a>作为国都和中心（今中亚<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%BD%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E5%B0%9A%E6%B2%B3" title="泽拉夫尚河">泽拉夫尚河</a>附近或锡尔河北岸<sup id="cite_ref-简论敦煌悬泉汉简_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-简论敦煌悬泉汉简-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）；据《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%B9%A6" title="汉书">汉书</a>·西域传》所载，康居国的錫爾河中下游有五个小王，即苏筹王（治苏筹城）、附墨王（治附墨城）、窳匿王（治窳匿城），罽王（治罽城）和奥鞬王（治奥鞬城），这五个王以及其五座城池在康居王统治之下，一说这五座城即<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a>商人城池的前身，后世中国史籍上称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E6%AD%A6%E4%B9%9D%E5%A7%93" title="昭武九姓">昭武九姓</a>，通称<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E6%A0%BC%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="索格底亞那">索格底亚那</a>，关于这五座城的居民与以卑阗城为统治中心的康居王族是否属于同一族存在不同意见<sup id="cite_ref-敦煌悬泉汉简反映的丝绸之路再认识_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-敦煌悬泉汉简反映的丝绸之路再认识-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。和所有游牧民族一样，康居人随季节的变化而迁徙。冬季他们南下于锡尔河一带，夏季北上至“蕃内”，两地相距数千里之遥。他們可能是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D" title="伊朗人种">伊朗人種</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E9%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="张骞">张骞</a>从<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F" title="西域">西域</a>返回汉都后，带来了很多关于康居国的信息。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="汉武帝">汉武帝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%88%9D_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89)" title="太初 (西汉)">太初</a>二年（前103年）<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BB%A3%E5%88%A9" title="李廣利">李廣利</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%94%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9B%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="汉攻大宛之战">第二次伐大宛</a>时，康居王曾答应援助大宛，但见围困贵山城的汉兵处于优势未进攻。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AE%A3%E5%B8%9D" title="汉宣帝">汉宣帝</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%88%B5" title="神爵">神爵</a>四年（前58年），<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a>发生内乱，五单于纷争。直至<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%87%A4_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89)" title="五凤 (西汉)">五凤</a>二年（前56年），匈奴<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%B1%A0%E5%90%BE%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="呼屠吾斯">呼屠吾斯</a>自立为<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%85%E6%94%AF%E5%8D%95%E4%BA%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="郅支单于">郅支单于</a>，与其弟<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E9%9F%A9%E9%82%AA%E5%8D%95%E4%BA%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="呼韩邪单于">呼韩邪单于</a>对敌。呼韩邪部降汉南迁。郅支部则向西北迁徙，于初元五年（前44年）以3000残兵移至康居领土，据记载郅支单于“杀康居王女及贵人、人民数百，或支解投都赖水中”，并以武力强迫康居人在都赖水（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%B3" title="塔拉斯河">怛逻斯河</a>）河畔兴建了郅支城（今<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="塔拉斯">塔拉斯</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-简论敦煌悬泉汉简_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-简论敦煌悬泉汉简-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-敦煌悬泉汉简反映的丝绸之路再认识_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-敦煌悬泉汉简反映的丝绸之路再认识-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%85%83%E5%B8%9D" title="汉元帝">汉元帝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%98%AD" title="建昭">建昭</a>三年（前36年），西域都护<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E5%BB%B6%E5%A3%BD" title="甘延壽">甘延寿</a>、副校尉<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E6%B1%A4" title="陈汤">陈汤</a>以40,000部队穿越<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="帕米爾高原">帕米尔</a>围困以土木兴建的郅支城，破城杀郅支单于（<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%85%E6%94%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="郅支之战">郅支之战</a>），近3000匈奴人被杀和被俘虏，但西域的康居王对汉仍报有敌对态度。公元前后，康居国开始强盛，曾一度威胁其邻大月氏。1世纪中叶，随着<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E9%9C%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="贵霜">贵霜</a>统一大月氏，其国势转盛，康居国则逐渐衰败。至3世纪时似依旧游牧于锡尔河中游，但势力远不如两汉时期。 </p><p>据唐代《通典·康国传》记载<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="晋武帝">晋武帝</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%A7%8B_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B)" title="泰始 (西晋)">泰始</a>年间康居王那鼻遣使朝贡；<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%E5%A4%AA%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="北魏太武帝">北魏太武帝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%BB%B6" title="太延">太延</a>中，国名为者舌，遣使朝贡；<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝">隋朝</a>时国名康国，隋炀帝大业中期迁使朝贡<sup id="cite_ref-通典_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-通典-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。后被突厥打击，被<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E5%8C%96" title="突厥化">突厥化</a>为康里。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="康居国与康国、粟特城邦之别"><span id=".E5.BA.B7.E5.B1.85.E5.9B.BD.E4.B8.8E.E5.BA.B7.E5.9B.BD.E3.80.81.E7.B2.9F.E7.89.B9.E5.9F.8E.E9.82.A6.E4.B9.8B.E5.88.AB"></span>康居国与康国、粟特城邦之别</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：康居国与康国、粟特城邦之别"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>康居国出现于汉代以前，与匈奴一样属于游牧民族，据《史记·大宛传》记载康居“行国也，随畜移徙，与匈奴同俗”，《汉书·西域传》记载“大月氏本行国也，随畜移徙，与匈奴同俗……康居国……与大月氏同俗”。康国是粟特城邦，属于定居式的经商民族，主要活动时间在曹魏至隋唐时期，粟特人有自己的文字，迄今最早的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="粟特字母">粟特文字</a>来自<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" title="东汉">东汉</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F" title="曹魏">曹魏</a>时期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦">哈萨克斯坦</a>库勒塔佩遗址<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，最早的粟特文书为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>考古学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="斯坦因">斯坦因</a>1907年在<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="敦煌">敦煌</a>发现的西晋末年粟特文信札8<sup id="cite_ref-coulmas_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coulmas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gharib_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gharib-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。据《新唐书·西域传》记载，康居的苏薤城位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%9B%BD" title="史国">史国</a>，其余城池分别位于何国（附墨城）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%9B%BD" title="石国">石国</a>（窳匿城）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%B8%82" title="安国市">安国</a>（罽城）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%89%8C%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1" title="花剌子模">火寻</a>（奥鞬城）<sup id="cite_ref-简论敦煌悬泉汉简_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-简论敦煌悬泉汉简-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。据《晋书·康居传》记载“康居国……其王居苏薤城“，据唐代《通典·康国传》记载康居“王理乐越匿地卑阗城，亦居苏薤城”，有学者认为康居国内或部落聯盟内五个小王中苏薤王统领的“苏薤城”，即南北朝至唐代的康国国都飒秣建，《魏书·西域传》称之为悉万斤，即今天<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="撒马尔罕">撒马尔罕</a><sup id="cite_ref-敦煌悬泉汉简反映的丝绸之路再认识_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-敦煌悬泉汉简反映的丝绸之路再认识-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>据北魏时期《魏书·西域传》记载“者舌国，故康居国”，“故康居國”指明和康居国有一定关系，从唐代《通典·石国传》记载“石国，隋时通焉。居于药杀水，都柘折城”，“者舌”或“柘折”即Chach，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%9B%BD" title="石国">石国</a>国都，指今<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E4%BB%80%E5%B9%B2" title="塔什干">塔什干</a>；另据《隋书·西域传》“康国者，康居之后也”，“米国，都那密水西，旧康居之地也”，“史国，都独莫水南十里，旧康居之地也”，“曹国，都那密水南数里，旧是康居之地也”，“何国，都那密水南数里，旧是康居之地也”诸记载中的“康居之后”和“舊康居之地”，这些定居式粟特城邦和汉代的康居部落联盟都有一定关系，又或者这些粟特城池在汉代属康居王统治之下，有学者认为粟特城邦的前身即康居五个小王的城池。<sup id="cite_ref-敦煌悬泉汉简反映的丝绸之路再认识_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-敦煌悬泉汉简反映的丝绸之路再认识-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>据唐代《通典·康国传》记载，位于乌兹别克斯坦撒马尔罕的康國人深目高鼻多鬚髯，善於經商，男童五歲入學，隨後學商。康國人擅長<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="音樂">音樂</a>，樂器有大小鼓、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%B5%E7%90%B6" title="琵琶">琵琶</a>、五弦箜篌、笛等。出產馬、驢、騾、犎牛、黃金、松香、葡萄酒等。<sup id="cite_ref-通典_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-通典-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="与其他部落的关系"><span id=".E4.B8.8E.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E9.83.A8.E8.90.BD.E7.9A.84.E5.85.B3.E7.B3.BB"></span>与其他部落的关系</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：与其他部落的关系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>學者童超認為，南匈奴19種中的羌渠種来自康居部落联盟。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="后裔"><span id=".E5.90.8E.E8.A3.94"></span>后裔</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：后裔"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>康居與钦察联盟时期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E9%87%8C" title="康里">康里</a>人有關，也成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="哈薩克汗國">哈薩克汗國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%8E%89%E8%8C%B2" title="大玉茲">大玉茲</a>的主體。與烏孫構成聯盟，是哈薩克人的重要族源，属<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="吐火罗">吐火罗</a>语支。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="关連項目"><span id=".E5.85.B3.E9.80.A3.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE"></span>关連項目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：关連項目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%AD%AB" title="烏孫">烏孫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90" class="mw-redirect" title="于闐">于闐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A6%E8%88%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="悦般">悦般</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆">焉耆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹">龟兹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%91%E5%A2%A8" title="姑墨">姑墨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="莎車">莎車</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8A%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="車師">車師</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E6%AD%A6%E4%B9%9D%E5%A7%93" title="昭武九姓">昭武九姓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F" title="西域">西域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E5%8B%92%E5%9B%BD" title="疏勒国">疏勒国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9B" title="大宛">大宛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%8F_(%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD)" title="大夏 (中亚古国)">大夏 (中亚古国)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="大月氏">大月氏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%BC%E5%85%B0" title="楼兰">楼兰</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Category:哈薩克斯坦歷史">系列</a>条目</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle vcard" style="background:#ccf; padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="哈萨克斯坦历史">哈萨克斯坦历史</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazachst%C3%A1n-pah%C3%BDl-obr%C3%A1zek.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kazachst%C3%A1n-pah%C3%BDl-obr%C3%A1zek.svg/200px-Kazachst%C3%A1n-pah%C3%BDl-obr%C3%A1zek.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kazachst%C3%A1n-pah%C3%BDl-obr%C3%A1zek.svg/300px-Kazachst%C3%A1n-pah%C3%BDl-obr%C3%A1zek.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kazachst%C3%A1n-pah%C3%BDl-obr%C3%A1zek.svg/400px-Kazachst%C3%A1n-pah%C3%BDl-obr%C3%A1zek.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="332" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee;"> 游牧时期</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%B3%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="斯基泰人">斯基泰</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;"><div style="float: right;">前10世纪–前3世纪</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;font-weight: normal;;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">康居</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;"><div style="float: right;">前10世纪–前1世纪</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%AD%AB" title="烏孫">烏孫</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;"><div style="float: right;">前3世纪–3世纪</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">91年–380年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E7%84%B6" title="柔然">柔然</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">330年–555年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="突厥汗国">突厥汗国</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">552年–745年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E9%80%BB%E7%A6%84" title="葛逻禄">葛逻禄</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">665年–744年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B" title="基馬克汗國">基馬克汗國</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">743年–1220年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E8%91%89%E8%AD%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="烏古斯葉護國">烏古斯葉護國</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">750年–1055年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国">喀喇汗国</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">840年–1212年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%BE%BD" title="西辽">西辽</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">1124年–1218年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古帝国">蒙古帝国</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">1206年–1368年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B8%B3%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="金帳汗國">金帳汗國</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">1368年–1446年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="哈萨克汗国">哈萨克汗国</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">1456年–1847年</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee;"> 后游牧时代</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em; font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%8D%80" title="突厥斯坦總督區">突厥斯坦總督區</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%98%87%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%83%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="突厥斯坦蘇維埃社會主義自治共和國">突厥斯坦蘇維埃社會主義自治共和國</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">1867年–1918年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em; font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%8D%80" title="草原總督區">草原總督區</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">1882年–1918年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em; font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%80%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉什自治国">阿拉什自治国</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">1918年–1925年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em; font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%98%87%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="哈薩克自治社會主義蘇維埃共和國">哈薩克自治社會主義蘇維埃共和國</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">1925年–1936年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em; font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国">哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">1936年–1991年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em; font-weight: normal;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="哈萨克斯坦共和国">哈萨克斯坦共和国</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;;">1991年<small>至今</small></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee;"> 主题</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" class="extiw" title="en:Culture of Kazakhstan">文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="哈萨克斯坦地理">地理</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6;border-top:1px solid #ccc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:哈萨克斯坦历史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template talk:哈萨克斯坦历史"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:哈萨克斯坦历史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-简论敦煌悬泉汉简-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-简论敦煌悬泉汉简_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-简论敦煌悬泉汉简_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-简论敦煌悬泉汉简_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">郝树声，简论敦煌悬泉汉简《康居王使者册》及西汉与康居的关系，敦煌研究2009年第1期。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-敦煌悬泉汉简反映的丝绸之路再认识-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-敦煌悬泉汉简反映的丝绸之路再认识_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-敦煌悬泉汉简反映的丝绸之路再认识_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-敦煌悬泉汉简反映的丝绸之路再认识_2-2"><sup><b>2.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-敦煌悬泉汉简反映的丝绸之路再认识_2-3"><sup><b>2.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">葛承雍，敦煌悬泉汉简反映的丝绸之路再认识，西域研究2017年第2期。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-通典-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-通典_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-通典_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">（唐）杜佑《通典》卷193 《康居》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Sims-Williams and Franz Grenet, <i>The Sogdian Inscriptions of Kultobe,</i> <b>Shygys</b> (Almaty), 2006, pp. 95-111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientstudies.fas.nyu.edu/page/pastevents.html">New Evidence from Dunhuang, China and Central Asia for the Kangju</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095903/http://ancientstudies.fas.nyu.edu/page/pastevents.html">存檔</a>，存档日期2014-04-07. nyu.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coulmas-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coulmas_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCoulmas1996" class="citation">Coulmas, Florian, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers: 471–474, 512, 1996, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-631-19446-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-631-19446-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-631-19446-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft.aulast=Coulmas&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Writing+Systems&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-631-19446-0&rft.pages=471-474%2C+512&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gharib-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gharib_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGharib1995" class="citation">Gharib, B., Sogdian Dictionary: Sogdian-Persian-English, Tehran, Iran: Farhangan Publications, xiii–xxxvi, 1995, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/964-5558-06-9" title="Special:网络书源/964-5558-06-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 964-5558-06-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.aulast=Gharib&rft.btitle=Sogdian+Dictionary%3A+Sogdian-Persian-English&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=964-5558-06-9&rft.pages=xiii-xxxvi&rft.place=Tehran%2C+Iran&rft.pub=Farhangan+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks" style="float: right;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915517" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q915517"><span class="nomobile">在维基数据</span>编<span class="nomobile">辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </p> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90/%E6%96%B9%E8%BC%BF%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E9%82%8A%E8%A3%94%E5%85%B8/%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%83%A8#康居" class="extiw" title="s:欽定古今圖書集成/方輿彙編/邊裔典/康居部">欽定古今圖書集成·方輿彙編·邊裔典·康居部</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E6%A2%A6%E9%9B%B7" title="陈梦雷">陈梦雷</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90" title="古今图书集成">古今圖書集成</a>》</dd> <dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7123#康居" class="extiw" title="s:史記/卷123">史記/卷123</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%B7" title="司馬遷">司馬遷</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0" title="史记">史記</a>》</dd> <dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7097#康居" class="extiw" title="s:晉書/卷097">晉書·卷097</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%BF%E7%8E%84%E9%BE%84" title="房玄龄">房玄齡</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E4%B9%A6" title="晋书">晉書</a>》</dd> <dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7198#康居" class="extiw" title="s:舊唐書/卷198">舊唐書·卷198</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E6%98%AB" title="刘昫">刘昫</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E5%94%90%E4%B9%A6" title="旧唐书">舊唐書</a>》</dd> <dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7221%E4%B8%8B#康居" class="extiw" title="s:新唐書/卷221下">新唐書·卷221下</a>》，出自《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E4%B9%A6" title="新唐书">新唐書</a>》</dd></dl> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%88%87%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:古代中北亞民族與國家（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%88%87%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:古代中北亞民族與國家"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="古代中北亞民族與國家" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">古代中北亞民族與國家</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E8%83%A1" title="东胡">东胡</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="北匈奴">北匈奴</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="南匈奴">南匈奴</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A6%E5%B8%88" title="车师">车师</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%88%E5%99%A0" title="嚈噠">嚈噠</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA" title="匈人">匈人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%B3%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="斯基泰人">斯基泰人</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA" title="吐火罗人">吐火罗人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%A6%AC%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="薩馬提亞人">萨尔马提亚人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%AD%AB" title="烏孫">烏孫</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">康居</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%8F_(%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD)" title="大夏 (中亚古国)">大夏</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A-%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="希腊-巴克特里亚王国">希腊-巴克特里亚王国</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9B" title="大宛">大宛</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏">月氏</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="大月氏">大月氏</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="貴霜帝國">貴霜帝國</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E6%8F%AD" title="呼揭">呼揭</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%AF" title="羯">羯</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%84%E8%94%A1" title="奄蔡">奄蔡</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%98%AD%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="阿蘭王國">阿蘭王國</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%B0%BC%E5%A1%9E%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="叶尼塞吉尔吉斯人">堅昆</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%9B%B6" title="丁零">丁零</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="奚">奚</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%95%E5%8B%92" title="敕勒">敕勒</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%8B%92" title="铁勒">铁勒</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A6%E5%B8%88" title="车师">车师</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%91" title="鲜卑">鲜卑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E7%84%B6" title="柔然">柔然</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%85%E8%88%AC" title="悅般">悅般</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%99%80%E9%83%A8" title="沙陀部">沙陀</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E9%A0%85" title="党項">党項</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F" title="西夏">西夏</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="阿瓦尔人">阿瓦尔人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AF%9F" title="欽察">欽察</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="库曼人">庫曼</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E9%87%8C" title="康里">康里</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E9%B9%98" title="回鹘">回鹘</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="突厥語民族">突厥</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5" title="古突厥">古突厥</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="突厥汗国">突厥汗国</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5" title="東突厥">東突厥汗國</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5" title="西突厥">西突厥汗國</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="后突厥汗国">后突厥汗国</a>）</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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