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Metaloid - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Metaloid" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Metaloid" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Metaloid" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Metaloid" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definisi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definisi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Definisi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Berdasarkan_penilaian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berdasarkan_penilaian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Berdasarkan penilaian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berdasarkan_penilaian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berdasarkan_kriteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berdasarkan_kriteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Berdasarkan kriteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berdasarkan_kriteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wilayah_tabel_periodik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilayah_tabel_periodik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Wilayah tabel periodik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wilayah_tabel_periodik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Wilayah tabel periodik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wilayah_tabel_periodik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lokasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lokasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lokasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lokasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perlakuan_alternatif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perlakuan_alternatif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Perlakuan alternatif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perlakuan_alternatif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sifat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sifat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sifat</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sifat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dibandingkan_dengan_logam_dan_nonlogam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dibandingkan_dengan_logam_dan_nonlogam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dibandingkan dengan logam dan nonlogam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dibandingkan_dengan_logam_dan_nonlogam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikasi_umum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi_umum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aplikasi umum</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aplikasi_umum-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Aplikasi umum</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi_umum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logam_paduan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logam_paduan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Logam paduan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logam_paduan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agen_biologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agen_biologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Agen biologis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agen_biologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katalis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katalis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Katalis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katalis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penghambat_nyala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penghambat_nyala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Penghambat nyala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penghambat_nyala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembentukan_kaca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembentukan_kaca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Pembentukan kaca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembentukan_kaca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyimpanan_optis_dan_optoelektronika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyimpanan_optis_dan_optoelektronika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Penyimpanan optis dan optoelektronika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyimpanan_optis_dan_optoelektronika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piroteknika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piroteknika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Piroteknika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piroteknika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semikonduktor_dan_elektronika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semikonduktor_dan_elektronika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Semikonduktor dan elektronika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semikonduktor_dan_elektronika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenklatur_dan_sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenklatur_dan_sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nomenklatur dan sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nomenklatur_dan_sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Nomenklatur dan sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nomenklatur_dan_sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derivasi_dan_nama_lainnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivasi_dan_nama_lainnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Derivasi dan nama lainnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivasi_dan_nama_lainnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asal_dan_penggunaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asal_dan_penggunaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Asal dan penggunaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asal_dan_penggunaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsur_yang_umum_dikenal_sebagai_metaloid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsur_yang_umum_dikenal_sebagai_metaloid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Unsur yang umum dikenal sebagai metaloid</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unsur_yang_umum_dikenal_sebagai_metaloid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Unsur yang umum dikenal sebagai metaloid</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unsur_yang_umum_dikenal_sebagai_metaloid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Boron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silikon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silikon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Silikon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silikon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Germanium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arsen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Arsen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antimon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antimon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Antimon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antimon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telurium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telurium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Telurium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telurium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsur_yang_kurang_dikenal_sebagai_metaloid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsur_yang_kurang_dikenal_sebagai_metaloid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Unsur yang kurang dikenal sebagai metaloid</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unsur_yang_kurang_dikenal_sebagai_metaloid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Unsur yang kurang dikenal sebagai metaloid</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unsur_yang_kurang_dikenal_sebagai_metaloid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Karbon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karbon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Karbon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karbon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aluminium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aluminium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Aluminium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aluminium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selenium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selenium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Selenium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selenium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polonium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polonium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Polonium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polonium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astatin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astatin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Astatin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astatin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konsep_terkait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsep_terkait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Konsep terkait</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Konsep_terkait-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Konsep terkait</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Konsep_terkait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dekat_metaloid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dekat_metaloid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Dekat metaloid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dekat_metaloid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alotrop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alotrop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Alotrop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alotrop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kelimpahan,_ekstraksi,_dan_biaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kelimpahan,_ekstraksi,_dan_biaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Kelimpahan, ekstraksi, dan biaya</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kelimpahan,_ekstraksi,_dan_biaya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Kelimpahan, ekstraksi, dan biaya</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kelimpahan,_ekstraksi,_dan_biaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kelimpahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kelimpahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Kelimpahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kelimpahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekstraksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekstraksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Ekstraksi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekstraksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Biaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Referensi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sumber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sumber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bacaan lebih lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Metaloid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 91 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallo%C3%AFed" title="Metalloïed – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Metalloïed" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloide" title="Metaloide – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Metaloide" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2" title="شبه فلز – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شبه فلز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloide" title="Metaloide – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metaloide" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloidl%C9%99r" title="Metalloidlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metalloidlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Паўметалы – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўметалы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Паўмэталы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўмэталы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Металоид – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Металоид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA" title="ধাতুকল্প – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধাতুকল্প" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polumetali" title="Polumetali – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Polumetali" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semimetall" title="Semimetall – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Semimetall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4i-g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k" title="Lôi-gĭng-sṳ̆k – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lôi-gĭng-sṳ̆k" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polokovy" title="Polokovy – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polokovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Металлоид – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Металлоид" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Metaloid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halvmetal" title="Halvmetal – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Halvmetal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halbmetalle" title="Halbmetalle – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Halbmetalle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE" title="Μεταλλοειδή – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταλλοειδή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Metalloid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloido" title="Metaloido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metaloido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semimetal" title="Semimetal – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Semimetal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolmetallid" title="Poolmetallid – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poolmetallid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloide" title="Metaloide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metaloide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2" title="شبهفلز – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبهفلز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolimetalli" title="Puolimetalli – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puolimetalli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tallo%C3%AFde" title="Métalloïde – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métalloïde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hualewmetal" title="Hualewmetal – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hualewmetal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotal%C3%B3ideach" title="Miotalóideach – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Miotalóideach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloide" title="Metaloide – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metaloide" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepoti_nunga" title="Kuarepoti nunga – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepoti nunga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81" title="અર્ધધાતુ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અર્ધધાતુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui-k%C3%AEm-su%CC%8Dk" title="Lui-kîm-su̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lui-kîm-su̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%94" title="מתכת למחצה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתכת למחצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="उपधातु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपधातु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Metalloid" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polumetali" title="Polumetali – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polumetali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lf%C3%A9mek" title="Félfémek – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Félfémek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloide" title="Metalloide – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Metalloide" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloido" title="Metaloido – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Metaloido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lmungur" title="Málmungur – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málmungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloide" title="Metalloide – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metalloide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="半金属 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="半金属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Metaloid" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azunsin" title="Azunsin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azunsin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AD" title="ಲೋಹಾಭ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೋಹಾಭ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%80%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="준금속 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="준금속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Металлоиддер – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Металлоиддер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloides" title="Metalloides – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Metalloides" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloied" title="Metalloied – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Metalloied" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-metai" title="Semi-metai – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Semi-metai" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusmetaliai" title="Pusmetaliai – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pusmetaliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusmet%C4%81li" title="Pusmetāli – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pusmetāli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Металоид – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Металоид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ഉപലോഹങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉപലോഹങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Metaloid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF" title="တပိုင်းသတ္တု – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တပိုင်းသတ္တု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfmetall" title="Halfmetall – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Halfmetall" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallo%C3%AFde" title="Metalloïde – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metalloïde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halvmetall" title="Halvmetall – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Halvmetall" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halvmetall" title="Halvmetall – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Halvmetall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallo%C3%AFd" title="Metalloïd – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Metalloïd" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gariin_sibiila" title="Gariin sibiila – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gariin sibiila" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%80%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%8A%C3%A6%D1%80%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Æрдæгзгъæртæ – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æрдæгзгъæртæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਧਾਤਨੁਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਾਤਨੁਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%82metale" title="Półmetale – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Półmetale" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semimetal" title="Semimetal – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Semimetal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqa_q%27illay" title="Yaqa q'illay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yaqa q'illay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metaloid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Полуметаллы – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полуметаллы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Металлоид – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Металлоид" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Metalloid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metaloid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polokov" title="Polokov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Polokov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polkovina" title="Polkovina – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Polkovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_la_Mood" title="Bir la Mood – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bir la Mood" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Metaloid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halvmetall" title="Halvmetall – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Halvmetall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="உலோகப்போலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலோகப்போலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8A" title="ಲೋಹಾಬೊ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲೋಹಾಬೊ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0" title="ธาตุกึ่งโลหะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธาตุกึ่งโลหะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yar%C4%B1_metal" title="Yarı metal – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yarı metal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Напівметали – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Напівметали" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81_kim" title="Á kim – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Á kim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloyd" title="Metaloyd – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Metaloyd" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="类金属 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="类金属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="האלבמעטאלן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האלבמעטאלן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%B9%CC%81t%C3%A1l%E1%BB%8D%CC%81%C3%ACd%C3%AC" title="Mẹ́tálọ́ìdì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mẹ́tálọ́ìdì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="类金属 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="类金属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="類金屬 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="類金屬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%ABi-kim-sio%CC%8Dk" title="Lūi-kim-sio̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lūi-kim-sio̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="類金屬 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="類金屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19596#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. 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<th colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8"><div style="text-align:center; position:relative; white-space:nowrap;">Unsur yang dikenal sebagai metaloid<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="position:absolute; right:0; top:0; margin:0 5px;"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_(metaloid)" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (metaloid)"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_(metaloid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik (metaloid) (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(metaloid)&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="line-height:1.2em; width:1.2em; min-width:15px;">  </th> <th style="min-width:60px;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </th> <th style="min-width:60px;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </th> <th style="min-width:60px;"><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </th> <th style="min-width:60px;"><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </th> <th style="min-width:60px;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="line-height:2.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> </th> <td style="background:#baffba; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:4px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big>B</big><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a></small> </td> <td style="background:#ffffba; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>C</big><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a></small> </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>N</big><br /><small>Nitrogen</small> </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>O</big><br /><small>Oksigen</small> </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>F</big><br /><small>Fluorin</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="line-height:2.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> </th> <td style="background:#ffffba; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey;"><big>Al</big><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></small> </td> <td style="background:#baffba; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big>Si</big><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Silikon</a></small> </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>P</big><br /><small>Fosforus</small> </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>S</big><br /><small>Belerang</small> </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>Cl</big><br /><small>Klorin</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="line-height:2.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </th> <td style="background:white; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>Ga</big><br /><small>Galium</small> </td> <td style="background:#baffba; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey;"><big>Ge</big><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a></small> </td> <td style="background:#baffba; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big>As</big><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a></small> </td> <td style="background:#ffbadc; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>Se</big><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></small> </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>Br</big><br /><small>Bromin</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="line-height:2.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </th> <td style="background:white; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>In</big><br /><small>Indium</small> </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>Sn</big><br /><small>Timah</small> </td> <td style="background:#baffba; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey;"><big>Sb</big><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Antimon</a></small> </td> <td style="background:#baffba; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big>Te</big><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Telurium</a></small> </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>I</big><br /><small>Iodin</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="line-height:2.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </th> <td style="background:white; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>Tl</big><br /><small>Talium</small> </td> <td style="background:white; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>Pb</big><br /><small>Timbal</small> </td> <td style="background:white; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>Bi</big><br /><small>Bismut</small> </td> <td style="background:#badcff; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey;"><big>Po</big><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a></small> </td> <td style="background:#badcff; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey;"><big>At</big><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">Astatin</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="line-height:50%;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.5em; font-size:90%; background:#f8f8f8;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19202607">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#baffba; color:;"> </span> Biasa dikenal (93%): B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#badcff; color:;"> </span> Tidak diakui secara teratur (44%): Po, At</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffbadc; color:;"> </span> Kurang dikenal (24%): Se</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffba; color:;"> </span> Jarang dikenal (9%): C, Al</div> <div class="legend"><span style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:0px; border-left:4px solid grey; border-bottom:4px solid grey; background-color:#e8e8e8;"> </span> <span style="">Garis pemisah logam-nonlogam: antara <span class="nowrap">Be dan B</span>, <span class="nowrap">Al dan Si</span>, <span class="nowrap">Ge dan As</span>, <span class="nowrap">Sb dan Te</span>, <span class="nowrap">Po dan At</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:2px; font-size:90%;" colspan="7"> <p>Status pengenalan, sebagai metaloid, dari beberapa unsur di blok p tabel periodik. Persentase adalah frekuensi tampilan median dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_metaloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar metaloid (halaman belum tersedia)">daftar metaloid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garis berbentuk tangga adalah contoh khas dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_pemisah_antara_logam_dan_nonlogam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis pemisah antara logam dan nonlogam (halaman belum tersedia)">garis pemisah logam–nonlogam</a> yang ditemukan pada beberapa tabel periodik. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Metaloid</b> adalah jenis <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> yang memiliki lebih banyak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_sifat_bahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar sifat bahan (halaman belum tersedia)">sifat</a> di antara, atau yang merupakan campuran, <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">nonlogam</a>. Tidak ada definisi standar mengenai metaloid dan tidak ada kesepakatan lengkap tentang unsur-unsur mana yang merupakan metaloid. Meskipun kurangnya kekhususan, istilah ini tetap digunakan dalam literatur <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a>. </p><p>Enam metaloid yang umum dikenal adalah <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">arsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">antimon</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">telurium</a>. Lima unsur lebih jarang diklasifikasikan: <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">astatin</a>. Pada tabel periodik standar, kesebelas unsur tersebut berada di daerah diagonal <a href="/wiki/Blok_tabel_periodik#Blok-p" title="Blok tabel periodik">blok-p</a> yang memanjang dari boron di kiri atas hingga astatin di kanan bawah. Beberapa tabel periodik memasukkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_pemisah_antara_logam_dan_nonlogam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis pemisah antara logam dan nonlogam (halaman belum tersedia)">garis pemisah antara logam dan nonlogam</a>, dan metaloid dapat ditemukan dekat dengan garis ini. </p><p>Metaloid khas memiliki penampilan logam, tetapi rapuh dan hanya <a href="/wiki/Penghantar_listrik" title="Penghantar listrik">konduktor listrik</a> yang wajar. Secara kimia, mereka sebagian besar berperilaku sebagai nonlogam. Mereka dapat membentuk <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">paduan</a> dengan logam. Sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Sifat_fisik" title="Sifat fisik">sifat fisik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sifat_kimia" title="Sifat kimia">kimianya</a> yang lain bersifat antara. Metaloid biasanya terlalu rapuh untuk memiliki kegunaan struktural. Mereka dan senyawanya digunakan dalam paduan, agen biologis, <a href="/wiki/Katalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalis">katalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penghambat_nyala" title="Penghambat nyala">penghambat nyala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaca" title="Kaca">kaca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyimpanan_optik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyimpanan optik (halaman belum tersedia)">penyimpanan optik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Optoelektronika" title="Optoelektronika">optoelektronika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piroteknika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piroteknika (halaman belum tersedia)">piroteknika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semikonduktor" title="Semikonduktor">semikonduktor</a>, serta elektronika. </p><p>Sifat listrik silikon dan germanium memungkinkan pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Industri_semikonduktor" title="Industri semikonduktor">industri semikonduktor</a> pada 1950-an dan pengembangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika_padat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronika padat (halaman belum tersedia)">elektronika padat</a> dari awal 1960-an.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Istilah <i>metaloid</i> awalnya mengacu pada nonlogam. Maknanya yang lebih baru, sebagai kategori unsur dengan sifat menengah atau hibrida, menyebar luas pada tahun 1940–1960. Metaloid kadang-kadang disebut semilogam, sebuah praktik yang tidak dianjurkan,<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins2010p20_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins2010p20-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> karena istilah <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semilogam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semilogam (halaman belum tersedia)">semilogam</a></i> memiliki arti yang berbeda dalam <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a> daripada kimia. Dalam fisika, istilah ini mengacu pada jenis tertentu dari <a href="/wiki/Struktur_pita_elektronik" title="Struktur pita elektronik">struktur pita elektronik</a> suatu zat. Dalam konteks ini, hanya arsen dan antimon yang merupakan semilogam, dan umumnya dikenal sebagai metaloid. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definisi">Definisi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Definisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Definisi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_metaloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar metaloid (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar metaloid</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berdasarkan_penilaian">Berdasarkan penilaian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Berdasarkan penilaian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Berdasarkan penilaian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metaloid adalah unsur yang memiliki lebih banyak sifat di antara, atau yang merupakan campuran, dari logam dan nonlogam, dan oleh karena itu sulit untuk diklasifikasikan sebagai logam atau nonlogam. Ini adalah definisi umum yang mengacu pada atribut metaloid yang secara konsisten dikutip dalam literatur.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kesulitan kategorisasi adalah atribut kunci. Sebagian besar unsur memiliki campuran sifat logam dan nonlogam,<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan dapat diklasifikasikan menurut himpunan sifat mana yang lebih menonjol.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanya unsur pada atau di dekat margin, tidak memiliki kelebihan yang cukup jelas dari baik sifat logam atau nonlogam, diklasifikasikan sebagai metaloid.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">arsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">antimon</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">telurium</a> umumnya dikenal sebagai metaloid.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tergantung pada penulisnya, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">astatin</a> terkadang ditambahkan ke dalam daftar.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boron terkadang dikecualikan, dengan sendirinya, atau dengan silikon.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terkadang telurium tidak dianggap sebagai metaloid.<sup id="cite_ref-Swift1962,100_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swift1962,100-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dimasukkannya antimon, polonium, dan astatin sebagai metaloid telah dipertanyakan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unsur-unsur lain kadang-kadang diklasifikasikan sebagai metaloid. Unsur-unsur ini termasuk<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">berilium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rausch_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rausch-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">fosforus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">belerang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">galium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">iodin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">bismut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Swift1962,100_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swift1962,100-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Istilah metaloid juga telah digunakan untuk unsur-unsur yang menunjukkan kilau logam dan <a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Konduktivitas listrik">konduktivitas listrik</a>, dan yang bersifat <a href="/wiki/Amfoterisme" title="Amfoterisme">amfoter</a>, seperti aluminium, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">kromium</a>, arsen, <a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">molibdenum</a>, timah, antimon, <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolfram</a>, dan timbal.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin#Logam_blok-p" title="Logam miskin">Logam blok-p</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan nonlogam (seperti karbon atau nitrogen) yang dapat membentuk <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">paduan</a> dengan logam<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau memodifikasi sifatnya<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> juga kadang-kadang dianggap sebagai metaloid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berdasarkan_kriteria">Berdasarkan kriteria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Berdasarkan kriteria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Berdasarkan kriteria"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 75px;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Unsur </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">IE</a><br />(kkal/mol) </th> <th>IE<br />(kJ/mol) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">EN</a> </th> <th nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Struktur_pita_elektronik" title="Struktur pita elektronik">Struktur pita</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Boron </td> <td style="text-align:center;">191 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">801 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">2,04 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Semikonduktor" title="Semikonduktor">semikonduktor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silikon </td> <td style="text-align:center;">188 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">787 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">1,90 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">semikonduktor </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germanium </td> <td style="text-align:center;">182 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">762 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">2,01 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">semikonduktor </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arsen </td> <td style="text-align:center;">226 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">944 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">2,18 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semilogam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semilogam (halaman belum tersedia)">semilogam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antimon </td> <td style="text-align:center;">199 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">831 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">2,05 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">semilogam </td></tr> <tr> <td>Telurium </td> <td style="text-align:center;">208 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">869 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">2,10 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">semikonduktor </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right"><i>rata-rata</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">199 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">832 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">2,05 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%">Unsur-unsur ini umumnya dikenal sebagai metaloid, dan <a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">energi ionisasi</a> (IE);<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elektronegativitas (EN, revisi skala Pauling); dan struktur pita elektronik<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (bentuk yang paling stabil secara termodinamika dalam kondisi sekitar) mereka. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tidak ada definisi metaloid yang diterima secara luas, juga tidak ada pembagian tabel periodik menjadi logam, metaloid, dan nonlogam;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawkes<sup id="cite_ref-H1687_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H1687-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mempertanyakan kelayakan penetapan definisi spesifik, mencatat bahwa anomali dapat ditemukan dalam beberapa konstruksi percobaan. Mengklasifikasikan suatu unsur sebagai metaloid telah dijelaskan oleh Sharp<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp1981_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp1981-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sebagai "sewenang-wenang". </p><p>Jumlah dan identitas metaloid tergantung pada kriteria klasifikasi yang digunakan. Emsley<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mengenali empat metaloid (germanium, arsen, antimon, dan telurium); James dkk.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mendaftarkan dua belas (daftar Emsley ditambah boron, karbon, silikon, selenium, bismut, polonium, <a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium">moskovium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">livermorium</a>). Rata-rata, tujuh unsur termasuk dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_metaloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar metaloid (halaman belum tersedia)">daftar tersebut</a>; pengaturan klasifikasi individual cenderung memiliki kesamaan dan bervariasi dalam batas yang tidak jelas.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kriteria kuantitatif tunggal seperti <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">elektronegativitas</a> umumnya digunakan,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> metaloid yang memiliki nilai elektronegativitas dari 1,8 atau 1,9 hingga 2,2.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contoh lebih lanjut termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faktor_pengepakan_atom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faktor pengepakan atom (halaman belum tersedia)">efisiensi pengepakan</a> (fraksi volume dalam <a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">struktur kristal</a> yang ditempati oleh atom) dan rasio kriteria Goldhammer-Herzfeld.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metaloid yang umum dikenal memiliki efisiensi pengepakan antara 34% dan 41%.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rasio Goldhammer-Herzfeld, kira-kira sama dengan pangkat tiga <a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_atom" title="Jari-jari atom">jari-jari atom</a> dibagi dengan <a href="/wiki/Volume_molar" title="Volume molar">volume molar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adalah sebuah ukuran sederhana seberapa logam suatu unsur, metaloid yang dikenal memiliki rasio dari sekitar 0,85 hingga 1,1 dan rata-rata 1,0.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penulis lain mengandalkan, misalnya, konduktansi atom<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_koordinasi#Penggunaan_dalam_quasikristal,_cairan_dan_sistem_tidak_teratur_lainnya" title="Bilangan koordinasi">bilangan koordinasi massal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jones, yang menulis mengenai peran klasifikasi dalam sains, mengamati bahwa "[kelas] biasanya ditentukan oleh lebih dari dua atribut".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masterton dan Slowinski<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> menggunakan tiga kriteria untuk menggambarkan enam unsur yang umumnya dikenal sebagai metaloid: metaloid memiliki <a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">energi ionisasi</a> sekitar 200 kkal/mol (837 kJ/mol) dan nilai keelektronegatifan mendekati 2,0. Mereka juga mengatakan bahwa metaloid biasanya semikonduktor, meskipun antimon dan arsen (semilogam dari perspektif fisika) memiliki konduktivitas listrik yang mendekati logam. Selenium dan polonium diduga tidak termasuk dalam skema ini, sementara status astatin tidaklah pasti.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam konteks ini, Vernon mengusulkan bahwa metaloid adalah unsur kimia yang, dalam keadaan standarnya, memiliki (a) struktur pita elektronik semikonduktor atau semilogam; dan (b) potensial ionisasi pertama antara "(katakanlah 750−1.000 kJ/mol)"; dan (c) elektronegativitas menengah (1,9–2,2).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wilayah_tabel_periodik">Wilayah tabel periodik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Wilayah tabel periodik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Wilayah tabel periodik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" style="float:right; text-align:center; border:1px solid grey; margin-left:1.2em; margin-bottom:1.2em; width:23.5em; ;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8"><div style="text-align:center; position:relative; white-space:nowrap;">Distribusi dan status pengenalan<br />unsur-unsur metaloid<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="position:absolute; right:0; top:0; margin:0 5px;"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_(batas_metaloid)" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (batas metaloid)"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_(batas_metaloid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik (batas metaloid) (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(batas_metaloid)&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali"><small>1</small></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah"><small>2</small></a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12"><small>12</small></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron"><small>13</small></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon"><small>14</small></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen"><small>15</small></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen"><small>16</small></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen"><small>17</small></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia"><small>18</small></a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="width:2.5em; background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a></big> </td> <td style="width:2.5em; border-bottom:2px solid grey"> </td> <td style="width:1em;">  </td> <td style="width:2.5em"> </td> <td style="width:2.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="width:2.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="width:2.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="width:2.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="width:2.5em; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black">  </td> <td style="width:2.5em; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>He</big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-top:2px solid grey; border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Li</big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a></big> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid grey"> </td> <td style="border-right:2px solid grey"> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#f0f8ff; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a></big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>O</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>F</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Ne</big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Na</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Mg</big> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">P</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a></big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Cl</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Ar</big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>K</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Ca</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f8ff; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a></big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Br</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Kr</big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Rb</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Sr</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Cd</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>In</big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">I</a></big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Xe</big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Cs</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Ba</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Hg</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Tl</big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Pb</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#f0f8ff; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a></big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Fr</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Ra</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Cn</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Nh</big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium">Mc</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin">Ts</a></big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Og</big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" style="text-align:center; font-size:20%">  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-size:90%"> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" style="padding-left:0.5em; background:#f8f8f8;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dcdcdc ; color:black;"> </span> Jamak (93%) hingga jarang (9%) dikenal sebagai<br />metaloid: B, C, Al, Si, Ge, As, Se, Sb, Te, Po, At</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#faebd7 ; color:black;"> </span> Sangat jarang (1–5%): H, Be, P, S, Ga, Sn, I, Pb, Bi, Fl, Mc, Lv, Ts</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f0f8ff ; color:black;"> </span> Sporadis: N, Zn, Rn</div> <div class="legend"><span style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:0px; border-top:4px solid grey; border-right:4px solid grey; background-color:#e8e8e8;"> </span> Garis pembatas logam–nonlogam: antara <span class="nowrap">H dan Li</span>, <span class="nowrap">Be dan B</span>, <span class="nowrap">Al dan Si</span>, <span class="nowrap">Ge dan As</span>, <span class="nowrap">Sb dan Te</span>, <span class="nowrap">Po dan At</span>, dan <span class="nowrap">Ts dan Og</span></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:2px; font-size:90%"> <td colspan="11" style="padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:2px"> <p>Potongan tabel periodik menunjukkan golongan 1–2 dan 12–18, dan garis pembatas antara logam dan nonlogam. Persentase adalah median kemunculan frekuensi dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_metaloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar metaloid (halaman belum tersedia)">daftar metaloid</a>. Unsur yang diakui secara sporadis menunjukkan luasnya kriteria suatu unsur dianggap sebagai metaloid, meskipun mereka tidak muncul dalam daftar metaloid. </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lokasi">Lokasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Lokasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lokasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metaloid terletak di kedua sisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_pemisah_antara_logam_dan_nonlogam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis pemisah antara logam dan nonlogam (halaman belum tersedia)">garis pemisah antara logam dan nonlogam</a>. Ini dapat ditemukan, dalam berbagai konfigurasi, pada beberapa <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a>. Unsur di kiri bawah garis umumnya menunjukkan peningkatan perilaku logam; unsur ke kanan atas menampilkan peningkatan perilaku nonlogam.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamm_1969,_hlm.653_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamm_1969,_hlm.653-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ketika disajikan sebagai anak tangga biasa, unsur dengan <a href="/wiki/Titik_kritis_(termodinamika)" title="Titik kritis (termodinamika)">suhu kritis</a> tertinggi untuk golongan mereka (Li, Be, Al, Ge, Sb, Po) terletak tepat di bawah garis.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Posisi diagonal metaloid merupakan pengecualian untuk pengamatan bahwa unsur-unsur dengan sifat yang sama cenderung terjadi dalam <a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">golongan</a> vertikal.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray91_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray91-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efek terkait dapat dilihat pada <a href="/wiki/Hubungan_diagonal" title="Hubungan diagonal">kesamaan diagonal</a> lainnya antara beberapa unsur dan tetangga kanan bawah mereka, khususnya litium-magnesium, berilium-aluminium, dan boron-silikon. Rayner-Canham<sup id="cite_ref-Rayner2011_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayner2011-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> berpendapat bahwa kesamaan ini meluas ke karbon-fosforus, nitrogen-belerang, dan ke tiga deret <a href="/wiki/Blok_tabel_periodik#Blok-d" title="Blok tabel periodik">blok-d</a>. </p><p>Pengecualian ini muncul karena persaingan tren horizontal dan vertikal dalam <a href="/wiki/Muatan_inti_efektif#Perbedaan_dengan_muatan_inti" title="Muatan inti efektif">muatan inti</a>. Sepanjang sebuah <a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">periode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muatan_inti_efektif" title="Muatan inti efektif">muatan inti</a> meningkat dengan <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a> seperti halnya jumlah elektron. Tarikan tambahan pada elektron terluar saat muatan inti meningkat umumnya melebihi efek penyaringan karena memiliki lebih banyak elektron. Dengan beberapa ketidakteraturan, atom karenanya menjadi lebih kecil, energi ionisasi meningkat, dan ada perubahan karakter bertahap, sepanjang periode, dari unsur logam kuat, ke logam lemah, ke nonlogam lemah, ke nonlogam kuat.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turun ke <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_utama" title="Unsur golongan utama">golongan utama</a>, efek peningkatan muatan inti umumnya lebih besar daripada efek elektron tambahan yang lebih jauh dari nukleus. Atom umumnya menjadi lebih besar, energi ionisasi turun, dan karakter logam meningkat.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efek bersihnya adalah bahwa lokasi zona transisi logam–nonlogam bergeser ke kanan dan turun satu golongan,<sup id="cite_ref-Gray91_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray91-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan kesamaan diagonal analog terlihat di tempat lain dalam tabel periodik, seperti yang dicatat.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perlakuan_alternatif">Perlakuan alternatif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Perlakuan alternatif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perlakuan alternatif"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unsur yang berbatasan dengan garis pemisah logam–nonlogam tidak selalu diklasifikasikan sebagai metaloid, mengingat klasifikasi biner dapat memfasilitasi penetapan aturan untuk menentukan jenis ikatan antara logam dan nonlogam.<sup id="cite_ref-roher_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roher-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam kasus seperti ini, penulis yang bersangkutan fokus pada satu atau lebih atribut yang menarik untuk membuat keputusan klasifikasi mereka, daripada khawatir tentang sifat marjinal dari elemen yang bersangkutan. Pertimbangan mereka mungkin atau tidak dibuat eksplisit dan mungkin, kadang-kadang, tampak sewenang-wenang.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp1981_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp1981-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metaloid dapat dikelompokkan dengan logam;<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau dianggap sebagai nonlogam;<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau diperlakukan sebagai subkategori dari nonlogam.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penulis lain telah menyarankan untuk mengklasifikasikan beberapa elemen sebagai metaloid "menekankan bahwa sifat unsur berubah secara bertahap dan tidak tiba-tiba sepanjang tabel periodik".<sup id="cite_ref-brown_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> menuruni tabel periodik". Beberapa tabel periodik membedakan unsur-unsur yang merupakan metaloid dan tidak menunjukkan garis pemisah formal antara logam dan nonlogam. Metaloid malah ditampilkan sebagai terjadi di pita diagonal<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau daerah penyebaran.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pertimbangan utama adalah untuk menjelaskan konteks taksonomi yang digunakan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sifat">Sifat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Sifat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sifat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metaloid biasanya terlihat seperti logam tetapi berperilaku sebagian besar seperti nonlogam. Secara fisik, mereka merupakan padatan yang mengkilap dan rapuh dengan konduktivitas listrik menengah hingga relatif baik dan struktur pita elektronik semilogam atau semikonduktor. Secara kimia, mereka sebagian besar berperilaku sebagai nonlogam (lemah), memiliki nilai energi ionisasi dan elektronegativitas menengah, serta <a href="/wiki/Oksida" title="Oksida">oksida</a> amfoter atau asam lemah. Mereka dapat membentuk paduan dengan logam. Sebagian besar sifat fisik dan kimia lain mereka <a href="/wiki/Sifat-sifat_logam,_metaloid_dan_nonlogam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sifat-sifat logam, metaloid dan nonlogam">bersifat antara</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dibandingkan_dengan_logam_dan_nonlogam">Dibandingkan dengan logam dan nonlogam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Dibandingkan dengan logam dan nonlogam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dibandingkan dengan logam dan nonlogam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Sifat-sifat_logam,_metaloid_dan_nonlogam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sifat-sifat logam, metaloid dan nonlogam">Sifat-sifat logam, metaloid dan nonlogam</a></div> <p>Sifat karakteristik logam, metaloid, dan nonlogam dirangkum dalam tabel.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sifat fisik terdaftar dalam urutan kemudahan penentuan; sifat kimia berjalan dari umum ke khusus, dan kemudian ke deskriptif. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sifat-sifat logam, metaloid dan nonlogam </caption> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th scope="col" style="width:10em;">Sifat fisik </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20em;">Logam </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20em;">Metaloid </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20em;">Nonlogam </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row">Bentuk </td> <td>padat; beberapa berbentuk cair pada atau di dekat suhu kamar (<a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Hg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">Cs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">Fr</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>padat<sup id="cite_ref-Rochow_1966,_hlm.4_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rochow_1966,_hlm.4-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>sebagian besar berbentuk gas<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row">Penampilan </td> <td>berkilau (setidaknya ketika baru saja retak) </td> <td>berkilau<sup id="cite_ref-Rochow_1966,_hlm.4_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rochow_1966,_hlm.4-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>beberapa tidak berwarna; yang lain berwarna, atau abu-abu metalik hingga hitam </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Elastisitas_(fisika)" title="Elastisitas (fisika)">Elastisitas</a> </td> <td>biasanya elastis, ulet, lunak (bila padat) </td> <td>rapuh<sup id="cite_ref-McQuarrie85_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McQuarrie85-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>rapuh, jika padat </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Resistivitas_dan_konduktivitas_listrik" title="Resistivitas dan konduktivitas listrik">Konduktivitas listrik</a> </td> <td>baik hingga tinggi<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>sedang<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hingga baik<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>buruk hingga baik<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Struktur_pita_elektronik" title="Struktur pita elektronik">Struktur pita</a> </td> <td>metalik (<a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> = semimetalik) </td> <td>semikonduktor atau, jika tidak (<a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a> = semimetalik), eksis dalam bentuk semikonduktor<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>semikonduktor atau <a href="/wiki/Insulator_listrik" title="Insulator listrik">insulator</a><sup id="cite_ref-Swalin_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swalin-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th scope="col" style="width:10em;">Sifat kimia </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20em;">Logam </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20em;">Metaloid </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20em;">Nonlogam </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Perilaku kimia umum </td> <td>metalik </td> <td>nonmetalik<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>nonmetalik </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">Energi ionisasi</a> </td> <td>relatif rendah </td> <td>energi ionisasi menengah,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> biasanya berada di antara logam dan nonlogam<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>relatif tinggi </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</a> </td> <td>biasanya rendah </td> <td>memiliki nilai keelektronegatifan mendekati 2<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (skala Pauling yang direvisi) atau dalam kisaran 1,9–2,2 (skala Allen)<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>tinggi </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row">Ketika dicampur dengan logam </td> <td>memberikan <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">paduan</a> </td> <td>dapat membentuk paduan<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>senyawa ionik atau <a href="/wiki/Cacat_interstisi" title="Cacat interstisi">interstisi</a> yang terbentuk </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Oksida" title="Oksida">Oksida</a> </td> <td>oksida rendah bersifat <a href="/wiki/Basa" title="Basa">basa</a>; oksida yang lebih tinggi semakin <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a> </td> <td>amfoter atau asam lemah<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>asam </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tabel di atas mencerminkan sifat hibrida dari metaloid. Sifat-sifat <i>bentuk, kenampakan</i>, dan <i>perilaku bila dicampur dengan logam</i> lebih mirip logam. <i>Elastisitas</i> dan <i>perilaku kimia umum</i> lebih seperti nonlogam. <i>Konduktivitas listrik, struktur pita, energi ionisasi, elektronegativitas,</i> dan <i>oksida</i> adalah perantara di antara keduanya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikasi_umum">Aplikasi umum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi umum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi umum"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Fokus bagian ini adalah pada metaloid yang dikenali. Unsur yang jarang dikenal sebagai metaloid biasanya diklasifikasikan sebagai logam atau nonlogam; beberapa di antaranya disertakan di sini untuk tujuan perbandingan.</i></dd></dl> <p>Metaloid terlalu rapuh untuk memiliki kegunaan struktural dalam bentuknya yang murni.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mereka dan senyawanya digunakan sebagai (atau dalam) komponen paduan, agen biologis (toksikologi, nutrisi, dan obat), katalis, penghambat nyala, kaca (oksida dan metalik), media penyimpanan optika dan optoelektronika, piroteknika, semikonduktor, dan elektronika.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logam_paduan">Logam paduan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Logam paduan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Logam paduan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Copper_germanium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Beberapa lusin pelet metalik berwarna coklat kemerahan. Mereka memiliki penampilan yang sangat halus, seolah-olah mereka memiliki lapisan plastik." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Copper_germanium.jpg/220px-Copper_germanium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Copper_germanium.jpg/330px-Copper_germanium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Copper_germanium.jpg/440px-Copper_germanium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Pelet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_germanium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga germanium (halaman belum tersedia)">paduan tembaga-germanium</a>, kemungkinan ~84% Cu; 16% Ge.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell2005401_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2005401-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ketika dikombinasikan dengan <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">perak</a>, hasilnya adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak_argentium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perak argentium (halaman belum tersedia)">perak murni yang tahan noda</a>. Juga ditampilkan dua pelet perak.</figcaption></figure> <p>Menulis di awal sejarah <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_antarlogam" class="mw-redirect" title="Senyawa antarlogam">senyawa antarlogam</a>, ahli metalurgi Inggris Cecil Desch mengamati bahwa "unsur nonmetalik tertentu mampu membentuk senyawa dengan karakter metalik yang jelas dengan logam, dan oleh karena itu unsur-unsur ini dapat masuk ke dalam komposisi paduan". Dia mengaitkan silikon, arsen, dan telurium, khususnya, dengan unsur pembentuk paduan.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phillips dan Williams<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> menyarankan bahwa senyawa silikon, germanium, arsen, dan antimon dengan <a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">logam B</a>, "mungkin paling baik diklasifikasikan sebagai paduan". </p><p>Di antara metaloid yang lebih ringan, paduan dengan <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a> Boron dapat membentuk paduan dan senyawa antarlogam dengan logam dengan komposisi M<sub><i>n</i></sub>B, jika <i>n</i> > 2.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feroboron (15% boron) digunakan untuk memasukkan boron ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Baja" title="Baja">baja</a>; paduan nikel-boron adalah bahan dalam paduan las dan komposisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengerasan_permukaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengerasan permukaan (halaman belum tersedia)">pengerasan permukaan</a> untuk industri teknik. Paduan silikon dengan <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> dan aluminium masing-masing banyak digunakan oleh industri baja dan otomotif. Germanium membentuk banyak paduan, yang paling penting adalah dengan <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">logam koin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metaloid yang lebih berat melanjutkan tema. Arsen dapat membentuk paduan dengan logam, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">platina</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ia juga ditambahkan ke tembaga dan paduannya untuk meningkatkan ketahanan korosi<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan tampaknya memberikan manfaat yang sama bila ditambahkan ke magnesium.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antimon dikenal sebagai pembentuk paduan, termasuk dengan logam koin. Paduannya termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piuter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piuter (halaman belum tersedia)">piuter</a> (sebuah paduan timah dengan antimon hingga 20%) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logam_huruf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logam huruf (halaman belum tersedia)">logam huruf</a> (sebuah paduan timbal dengan antimon hingga 25%).<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telurium mudah membentuk paduan dengan besi, seperti ferotelurium (50–58% telurium), dan dengan tembaga, dalam bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telurium_tembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telurium tembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">telurium tembaga</a> (40–50% telurium).<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferotelurium digunakan sebagai penstabil karbon dalam pengecoran baja.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari unsur nonmetalik yang jarang dikenali sebagai metaloid, selenium – dalam bentuk feroselenium (50–58% selenium) – digunakan untuk meningkatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesinabilitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesinabilitas (halaman belum tersedia)">mesinabilitas</a> baja nirkarat.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agen_biologis">Agen biologis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Agen biologis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Agen biologis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Arsenic_trioxide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Piring kaca bening yang di atasnya terdapat gundukan kecil bubuk kristal putih." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Arsenic_trioxide.jpg/220px-Arsenic_trioxide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Arsenic_trioxide.jpg/330px-Arsenic_trioxide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Arsenic_trioxide.jpg/440px-Arsenic_trioxide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arsen_trioksida" title="Arsen trioksida">Arsen trioksida</a> atau <i>arsen putih</i>, salah satu bentuk <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">arsen</a> yang paling beracun dan lazim. Sifat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_obat_antileukemik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar obat antileukemik (halaman belum tersedia)">antileukemik</a> arsen putih pertama kali dilaporkan pada tahun 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> Keenam unsur yang umumnya dikenal sebagai metaloid memiliki sifat toksik, diet, atau obat.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senyawa arsen dan antimon sangatlah beracun; boron, silikon, dan mungkin arsen, adalah unsur jejak yang penting. Boron, silikon, arsen, dan antimon memiliki aplikasi medis, dan germanium serta telurium dianggap memiliki potensi juga. </p><p>Boron digunakan dalam insektisida<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan herbisida.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia adalah unsur jejak yang penting.<sup id="cite_ref-SLH_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLH-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagai <a href="/wiki/Asam_borat" title="Asam borat">asam borat</a>, ia memiliki sifat antiseptik, antijamur, dan antivirus.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silikon hadir dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atran_(molekul)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atran (molekul) (halaman belum tersedia)">silatran</a>, sebuah rodentisida yang sangat beracun.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menghirup debu silika dalam jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Silikosis" title="Silikosis">silikosis</a>, sebuah penyakit paru-paru yang fatal. Silikon adalah sebuah unsur jejak yang penting.<sup id="cite_ref-SLH_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLH-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gel <a href="/wiki/Silikone" title="Silikone">silikone</a> dapat dioleskan pada pasien dengan luka bakar parah untuk mengurangi jaringan parut.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Garam_(kimia)" title="Garam (kimia)">Garam</a> germanium berbahaya bagi manusia dan hewan jika tertelan dalam waktu yang lama.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ada minat dalam tindakan farmakologis senyawa germanium tetapi belum ada obat yang berlisensi.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arsen terkenal beracun dan mungkin juga merupakan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrisi)" title="Mineral (nutrisi)">unsur penting</a> dalam jumlah ultrajejak.<sup id="cite_ref-Neilsen_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neilsen-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selama <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>, kedua belah pihak menggunakan "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Difenilklorarsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Difenilklorarsin (halaman belum tersedia)">agen</a> bersin dan muntah berbasis arsen…untuk memaksa tentara musuh melepaskan <a href="/wiki/Masker_gas#Perang_Dunia_Pertama" title="Masker gas">masker gas</a> mereka sebelum menembakkan <a href="/wiki/Gas_mustard" title="Gas mustard">mustard</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Fosgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosgen">fosgen</a> ke arah mereka dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salvo (halaman belum tersedia)">serangan</a> kedua."<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia telah digunakan sebagai agen farmasi sejak zaman dahulu, termasuk untuk pengobatan <a href="/wiki/Sifilis" title="Sifilis">sifilis</a> sebelum perkembangan <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibiotik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaouen_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaouen-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arsen juga merupakan komponen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melarsoprol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melarsoprol (halaman belum tersedia)">melarsoprol</a>, sebuah obat yang digunakan dalam pengobatan <i><a href="/wiki/Penyakit_tidur" title="Penyakit tidur">African trypanosomiasis</a></i> atau penyakit tidur. Pada tahun 2003, arsen trioksida (dengan nama dagang <a href="/wiki/Arsen_trioksida" title="Arsen trioksida">Trisenox</a>) diperkenalkan kembali untuk pengobatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia_promielositik_akut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leukemia promielositik akut (halaman belum tersedia)">leukemia promielositik akut</a>, sebuah kanker darah dan sumsum tulang.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaouen_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaouen-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arsen dalam air minum, yang menyebabkan kanker paru-paru dan kandung kemih, telah dikaitkan dengan penurunan angka kematian akibat kanker payudara.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antimon metalik relatif tidak beracun, tetapi sebagian besar senyawa antimon bersifat beracun.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dua senyawa antimon, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrium_stiboglukonat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrium stiboglukonat (halaman belum tersedia)">natrium stiboglukonat</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stibofen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stibofen (halaman belum tersedia)">stibofen</a>, digunakan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiparasitik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiparasitik (halaman belum tersedia)">obat antiparasit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telurium elemental tidak dianggap sangat beracun; dua gram natrium telurat, jika diberikan, dapat menjadi mematikan.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orang-orang yang terpapar sedikit telurium di udara mengeluarkan bau seperti bawang putih yang busuk dan menetap.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telurium dioksida telah digunakan untuk mengobati <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_seboroik" title="Dermatitis seboroik">dermatitis seboroik</a>; senyawa telurium lainnya digunakan sebagai agen <a href="/wiki/Antimikroba" title="Antimikroba">antimikroba</a> sebelum pengembangan antibiotik.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di masa depan, senyawa tersebut mungkin perlu diganti dengan antibiotik yang sudah tidak efektif karena resistensi bakteri.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dari unsur-unsur yang jarang dikenal sebagai metaloid, berilium dan timbal terkenal karena toksisitasnya; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbal_hidrogen_arsenat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbal hidrogen arsenat (halaman belum tersedia)">timbal arsenat</a> telah banyak digunakan sebagai insektisida.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belerang adalah salah satu fungisida dan pestisida tertua. Fosforus, belerang, seng, selenium, dan iodin adalah nutrisi penting, dan mungkin juga aluminium, timah, dan timbal.<sup id="cite_ref-Neilsen_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neilsen-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belerang, galium, selenium, iodin, dan bismut memiliki aplikasi obat. Belerang adalah konstituen <a href="/wiki/Sulfonamida_(obat)" title="Sulfonamida (obat)">obat sulfonamida</a>, yang masih banyak digunakan untuk kondisi seperti jerawat dan infeksi saluran kemih.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galium_nitrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galium nitrat (halaman belum tersedia)">Galium nitrat</a> digunakan untuk mengobati efek samping kanker;<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gallium sitrat, sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiofarmasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiofarmasi (halaman belum tersedia)">radiofarmasi</a>, memfasilitasi pencitraan area tubuh yang meradang.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selenium_sulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selenium sulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">Selenium sulfida</a> digunakan dalam sampo obat dan untuk mengobati infeksi kulit seperti <i><a href="/wiki/Panau" title="Panau">tinea versicolor</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iodin digunakan sebagai desinfektan dalam berbagai bentuk. Bismut adalah bahan dalam beberapa <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibakteri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Katalis">Katalis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Katalis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Katalis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Boron_trifluorida" title="Boron trifluorida">Boron trifluorida</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Boron_triklorida" title="Boron triklorida">triklorida</a> digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Katalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalis">katalis</a> dalam sintesis organik dan elektronika; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron_tribromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron tribromida (halaman belum tersedia)">boron tribromida</a> digunakan dalam pembuatan <a href="/wiki/Diborana" title="Diborana">diborana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ligan" title="Ligan">Ligan</a> boron yang tidak beracun dapat menggantikan ligan fosforus yang beracun dalam beberapa katalis logam transisi.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_sulfat_silika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam sulfat silika (halaman belum tersedia)">Asam sulfat silika</a> (SiO<sub>2</sub>OSO<sub>3</sub>H) digunakan dalam reaksi organik.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germanium dioksida kadang-kadang digunakan sebagai katalis dalam produksi plastik <a href="/wiki/Polietilena_tereftalat" title="Polietilena tereftalat">PET</a> untuk wadah;<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> senyawa antimon yang lebih murah, seperti antimon trioksida atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimon(III)_asetat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimon(III) asetat (halaman belum tersedia)">triasetat</a>, lebih umum digunakan untuk tujuan yang sama<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meskipun ada kekhawatiran mengenai kontaminasi antimon pada makanan dan minuman.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arsen trioksida telah digunakan dalam produksi <a href="/wiki/Gas_alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas alam">gas alam</a>, untuk meningkatkan penghilangan <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a>, seperti halnya <a href="/wiki/Asam_selenit" title="Asam selenit">asam selenit</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_telurit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam telurit (halaman belum tersedia)">telurit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selenium bertindak sebagai katalis pada beberapa <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganisme" title="Mikroorganisme">mikroorganisme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telurium, dioksidanya, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telurium_tetraklorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telurium tetraklorida (halaman belum tersedia)">tetrakloridanya</a> adalah katalis kuat untuk oksidasi udara karbon di atas suhu 500 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafit_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grafit oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Grafit oksida</a> dapat digunakan sebagai katalis dalam sintesis <a href="/wiki/Imina" title="Imina">imina</a> dan turunannya.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karbon_aktif" title="Karbon aktif">Karbon aktif</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oksida" title="Aluminium oksida">alumina</a> telah digunakan sebagai katalis untuk menghilangkan kontaminan belerang dari gas alam.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aluminium yang didoping <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> telah diidentifikasi sebagai pengganti katalis <a href="/wiki/Logam_mulia" title="Logam mulia">logam mulia</a> mahal yang digunakan dalam produksi bahan kimia industri.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penghambat_nyala">Penghambat nyala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Penghambat nyala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penghambat nyala"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senyawa boron, silikon, arsenik, dan antimon telah digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Penghambat_nyala" title="Penghambat nyala">penghambat nyala</a>. Boron, dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Boraks" title="Boraks">boraks</a>, telah digunakan sebagai bahan tahan api tekstil setidaknya sejak abad ke-18.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silikon mempunyai beberapa senyawa, seperti silikone, <a href="/wiki/Silana" title="Silana">silana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silsesquioksana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silsesquioksana (halaman belum tersedia)">silsesquioksana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silika" class="mw-redirect" title="Silika">silika</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Silikat" title="Silikat">silikat</a>, beberapa di antaranya dikembangkan sebagai alternatif untuk produk <a href="/wiki/Halogenasi" title="Halogenasi">terhalogenasi</a> yang lebih beracun, dapat sangat meningkatkan ketahanan api bahan plastik.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senyawa arsen seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrium_arsenit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrium arsenit (halaman belum tersedia)">natrium arsenit</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrium_arsenat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrium arsenat (halaman belum tersedia)">natrium arsenat</a> adalah penghambat nyala yang efektif untuk kayu tetapi lebih jarang digunakan karena toksisitasnya.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antimon trioksida adalah sebuah penghambat nyala.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hidroksida" title="Aluminium hidroksida">Aluminium hidroksida</a> telah digunakan sebagai penghambat nyala serat kayu, karet, plastik, dan tekstil sejak tahun 1890-an.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selain aluminium hidroksida, penggunaan penghambat nyala berbasis fosforus – dalam bentuk, misalnya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organofosfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organofosfat (halaman belum tersedia)">organofosfat</a> – sekarang melebihi jenis penghambat utama lainnya. Penghambat ini menggunakan boron, antimon, atau senyawa <a href="/wiki/Haloalkana" title="Haloalkana">hidrokarbon yang terhalogenasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembentukan_kaca">Pembentukan kaca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Pembentukan kaca" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembentukan kaca"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Fibreoptic4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sekelompok untaian tipis kuning pucat semi-transparan, dengan titik cahaya terang berwarna putih di ujungnya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fibreoptic4.jpg/220px-Fibreoptic4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fibreoptic4.jpg/330px-Fibreoptic4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fibreoptic4.jpg/440px-Fibreoptic4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Serat_optik" title="Serat optik">Serat optik</a>, biasanya terbuat dari kaca <a href="/wiki/Silikon_dioksida" title="Silikon dioksida">silikon dioksida</a> murni, dengan aditif seperti <a href="/wiki/Boron_trioksida" title="Boron trioksida">boron trioksida</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium_dioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanium dioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">germanium dioksida</a> untuk meningkatkan sensitivitas</figcaption></figure> <p>Oksida <a href="/wiki/Boron_trioksida" title="Boron trioksida">B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Silikon_dioksida" title="Silikon dioksida">SiO<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium_dioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanium dioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">GeO<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsen_trioksida" title="Arsen trioksida">As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Antimon_trioksida" title="Antimon trioksida">Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a> mudah membentuk <a href="/wiki/Kaca" title="Kaca">kaca</a>. <a href="/wiki/Telurium_dioksida" title="Telurium dioksida">TeO<sub>2</sub></a> membentuk kaca tetapi ini membutuhkan "laju pendinginan heroik"<sup id="cite_ref-K2002_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K2002-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau penambahan pengotor; jika tidak, bentuk kristal yang akan menjadi hasil.<sup id="cite_ref-K2002_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K2002-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senyawa ini digunakan dalam peralatan gelas kimia, domestik, dan industri<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serta optika.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boron trioksida digunakan sebagai aditif <a href="/wiki/Serat_kaca" title="Serat kaca">serat kaca</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan juga merupakan komponen <a href="/wiki/Kaca_borosilikat" title="Kaca borosilikat">kaca borosilikat</a>, banyak digunakan untuk peralatan gelas laboratorium dan peralatan oven domestik karena ekspansi termalnya yang rendah.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebanyakan barang pecah belah biasa terbuat dari silikon dioksida.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germanium dioksida digunakan sebagai aditif serat kaca, serta dalam sistem optik inframerah.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arsen trioksida digunakan dalam industri kaca sebagai zat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pewarnaan_kaca_dan_penandaan_warna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pewarnaan kaca dan penandaan warna (halaman belum tersedia)">penghilang warna</a> dan penghalus (untuk menghilangkan gelembung),<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seperti halnya antimon trioksida.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telurium dioksida memiliki aplikasi dalam laser dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika_nonlinier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optika nonlinier (halaman belum tersedia)">optika nonlinier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logam_amorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logam amorf (halaman belum tersedia)">Kaca metalik</a> <a href="/wiki/Amorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorf">amorf</a> umumnya paling mudah dibuat jika salah satu komponennya adalah metaloid atau "dekat metaloid" seperti boron, karbon, silikon, fosforus, atau germanium.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selain lapisan tipis yang disimpan pada suhu yang sangat rendah, kaca metalik pertama yang diketahui adalah paduan komposisi Au<sub>75</sub>Si<sub>25</sub> yang dilaporkan pada tahun 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaca metalik yang memiliki kekuatan dan ketangguhan yang belum pernah terlihat sebelumnya, dengan komposisi Pd<sub>82,5</sub>P<sub>6</sub>Si<sub>9,5</sub>Ge<sub>2</sub>, dilaporkan pada tahun 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fosforus, selenium, dan timbal, yang jarang dikenal sebagai metaloid, juga digunakan dalam kaca. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca_fosfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaca fosfat (halaman belum tersedia)">Kaca fosfat</a> memiliki substrat fosforus pentoksida (P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>), dan bukan silika (SiO<sub>2</sub>) dari kaca silikat konvensional. Ia digunakan, misalnya, untuk membuat <a href="/wiki/Lampu_uap_natrium" title="Lampu uap natrium">lampu natrium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senyawa selenium dapat digunakan baik sebagai zat penghilang warna dan untuk menambahkan warna merah pada kaca.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barang pecah belah dekoratif yang terbuat dari <a href="/wiki/Kaca_timbal" title="Kaca timbal">kaca timbal</a> tradisional mengandung setidaknya 30% <a href="/wiki/Timbal(II)_oksida" title="Timbal(II) oksida">timbal(II) oksida</a> (PbO); kaca timbal yang digunakan untuk pelindung radiasi mungkin memiliki hingga 65% PbO.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaca berbasis timbal juga telah banyak digunakan dalam komponen elektronik, bahan enamel, dan sel surya. Kaca oksida berbasis bismut telah muncul sebagai pengganti timbal yang kurang beracun di banyak aplikasi ini.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penyimpanan_optis_dan_optoelektronika">Penyimpanan optis dan optoelektronika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Penyimpanan optis dan optoelektronika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penyimpanan optis dan optoelektronika"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Variasi komposisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=GeSbTe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GeSbTe (halaman belum tersedia)">GeSbTe</a> ("paduan GST") dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=AgInSbTe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AgInSbTe (halaman belum tersedia)">Sb<sub>2</sub>Te yang didoping Ag dan In</a> ("paduan AIST"), sebagai contoh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahan_perubahan_fase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahan perubahan fase (halaman belum tersedia)">bahan perubahan fase</a>, banyak digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Cakram_optis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cakram optis">cakram optis</a> yang dapat ditulis ulang dan perangkat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memori_perubahan_fase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memori perubahan fase (halaman belum tersedia)">memori perubahan fase</a>. Dengan menerapkan panas, mereka dapat beralih ke keadaan amorf (seperti kaca) atau <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristal</a>. Perubahan sifat optis dan listrik dapat digunakan untuk tujuan penyimpanan informasi.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aplikasi masa depan untuk GeSbTe dapat mencakup, "tampilan ultracepat, sepenuhnya berbentuk padat dengan piksel skala nanometer, kacamata 'pintar' semitransparan, lensa kontak 'pintar', dan perangkat retina buatan."<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piroteknika">Piroteknika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Piroteknika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Piroteknika"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Blue_Light.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seorang pria berdiri dalam kegelapan. Dia mengulurkan tongkat pendek setinggi dada. Ujung tongkat menyala dengan sangat terang dan mengeluarkan asap." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Blue_Light.JPG/170px-Blue_Light.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Blue_Light.JPG/255px-Blue_Light.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Blue_Light.JPG/340px-Blue_Light.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cahaya_biru_(sinyal_piroteknika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cahaya biru (sinyal piroteknika) (halaman belum tersedia)">Sinyal cahaya biru</a> kuno, didorong oleh campuran <a href="/wiki/Natrium_nitrat" title="Natrium nitrat">natrium nitrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">belerang</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsen_trisulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsen trisulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">arsen trisulfida</a> (merah)<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Metaloid yang dikenal memiliki aplikasi piroteknika atau sifat terkait. Boron dan silikon biasanya ditemui;<sup id="cite_ref-Kos_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kos-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mereka bertindak seperti bahan bakar logam.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boron digunakan dalam komposisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inisiator_piroteknika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inisiator piroteknika (halaman belum tersedia)">inisiator piroteknika</a> (untuk menyalakan komposisi lain yang sulit dinyalakan), dan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komposisi_penundaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komposisi penundaan (halaman belum tersedia)">komposisi penundaan</a> yang terbakar pada laju konstan.<sup id="cite_ref-Conkling82_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conkling82-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron_karbida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron karbida (halaman belum tersedia)">Boron karbida</a> telah diidentifikasi sebagai pengganti yang mungkin untuk campuran <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heksakloroetana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heksakloroetana (halaman belum tersedia)">heksakloroetana</a> yang lebih beracun dalam amunisi asap, suar sinyal, dan kembang api.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silikon, seperti boron, adalah komponen campuran inisiator dan penundaan.<sup id="cite_ref-Conkling82_206-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conkling82-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germanium yang didoping dapat bertindak sebagai bahan bakar <a href="/wiki/Termit" title="Termit">termit</a> berkecepatan variabel.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsen_trisulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsen trisulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">Arsen trisulfida</a> (As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>) digunakan pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cahaya_biru_(sinyal_piroteknika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cahaya biru (sinyal piroteknika) (halaman belum tersedia)">lampu sinyal angkatan laut</a> tua; dalam kembang api untuk membuat bintang putih;<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dalam campuran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Layar_asap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Layar asap (halaman belum tersedia)">layar asap</a> kuning; dan dalam komposisi inisiator.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stibnit" title="Stibnit">Antimon trisulfida</a> (Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>) ditemukan dalam kembang api cahaya putih dan dalam campuran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bubuk_kilat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bubuk kilat (halaman belum tersedia)">kilat dan suara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telurium telah digunakan dalam campuran tunda dan dalam komposisi inisiator <a href="/wiki/Detonator" title="Detonator">tutup peledakan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellern_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellern-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karbon, aluminium, fosforus, dan selenium melanjutkan tema. Karbon, dalam <a href="/wiki/Bubuk_mesiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubuk mesiu">bubuk hitam</a>, adalah konstituen dari propelan roket kembang api, bahan peledak, dan campuran efek, serta sekring dan penyala militer.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aluminium adalah bahan piroteknika umum,<sup id="cite_ref-Kos_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kos-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan digunakan secara luas karena kapasitasnya untuk menghasilkan cahaya dan panas,<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> termasuk dalam campuran termit.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fosforus dapat ditemukan dalam pembakar asap dan amunisi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Campuran_Armstrong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campuran Armstrong (halaman belum tersedia)">tutup kertas</a> yang digunakan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutup_senjata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tutup senjata (halaman belum tersedia)">senjata mainan</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peletup_pesta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peletup pesta (halaman belum tersedia)">peletup pesta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selenium telah digunakan dengan cara yang sama seperti telurium.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellern_213-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellern-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semikonduktor_dan_elektronika">Semikonduktor dan elektronika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Semikonduktor dan elektronika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Semikonduktor dan elektronika"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Semiconductor-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sepotong plastik persegi kecil dengan tiga tonjolan kawat paralel di satu sisi; cip plastik persegi panjang yang lebih besar dengan beberapa kaki seperti pin plastik dan logam; dan bola lampu merah kecil dengan dua kabel panjang keluar dari alasnya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Semiconductor-1.jpg/220px-Semiconductor-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Semiconductor-1.jpg/330px-Semiconductor-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Semiconductor-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Komponen elektronik berbasis <a href="/wiki/Semikonduktor" title="Semikonduktor">semikonduktor</a>. Dari kiri ke kanan: <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirkuit_terpadu" title="Sirkuit terpadu">sirkuit terpadu</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Dioda_pemancar_cahaya" title="Dioda pemancar cahaya">LED</a>. Unsur-unsur yang umumnya dikenal sebagai metaloid memiliki penggunaan luas dalam perangkat tersebut, sebagai konstituen elemental atau <a href="/wiki/Daftar_bahan_semikonduktor" title="Daftar bahan semikonduktor">senyawa semikonduktor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Galium_arsenida" title="Galium arsenida">GaAs</a>, misalnya) atau sebagai <a href="/wiki/Doping_(semikonduktor)" title="Doping (semikonduktor)">agen doping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a>, misalnya).</figcaption></figure> <p>Semua elemen yang umumnya dikenal sebagai metaloid (atau senyawanya) telah digunakan dalam industri semikonduktor atau elektroniknya berbentuk padat.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa sifat boron telah membatasi penggunaannya sebagai semikonduktor. Ia memiliki titik lebur yang tinggi, <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristal</a> tunggalnya relatif sulit diperoleh, dan sulit untuk memasukkan dan mempertahankan pengotor terkontrol.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silikon adalah semikonduktor komersial terkemuka; ia membentuk dasar elektronika (termasuk sel surya standar)<sup id="cite_ref-Bom_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bom-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan teknologi informasi serta komunikasi modern.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini terlepas dari studi mengenai semikonduktor, pada awal abad ke-20, yang dianggap sebagai "fisika kotoran" dan tidak layak mendapat perhatian.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germanium sebagian besar telah digantikan oleh silikon dalam perangkat semikonduktor, karena lebih murah, lebih tahan pada suhu operasi yang lebih tinggi, dan lebih mudah untuk bekerja selama proses fabrikasi mikroelektronika.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell2005401_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2005401-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germanium masih merupakan konstituen "paduan" semikonduktor <a href="/wiki/Silikon%E2%80%93germanium" title="Silikon–germanium">silikon–germanium</a> dan paduan ini telah berkembang dalam penggunaan, terutama untuk perangkat komunikasi nirkabel; paduan tersebut mengeksploitasi mobilitas pembawa yang lebih tinggi dari germanium.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell2005401_126-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2005401-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sintesis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanana (halaman belum tersedia)">germanana</a> semikonduktor dalam jumlah skala gram dilaporkan pada tahun 2013. Ini terdiri dari lembaran setebal satu atom dari atom germanium yang diakhiri dengan hidrogen, analog dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grafana (halaman belum tersedia)">grafana</a>. Ia menghantarkan elektron lebih dari sepuluh kali lebih cepat daripada silikon dan lima kali lebih cepat dari germanium, dan diperkirakan memiliki potensi untuk aplikasi optoelektronika dan penginderaan.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengembangan anoda berbasis kawat germanium yang lebih dari dua kali lipat kapasitas <a href="/wiki/Baterai_ion_litium" title="Baterai ion litium">baterai ion litium</a> dilaporkan pada tahun 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun yang sama, Lee dkk. melaporkan bahwa kristal <a href="/wiki/Grafena" title="Grafena">grafena</a> yang cukup besar untuk digunakan secara elektronika dapat ditanam dan dikeluarkan dari substrat germanium.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arsen dan antimon bukanlah semikonduktor dalam <a href="/wiki/Keadaan_standar#Cairan_dan_padatan" title="Keadaan standar">keadaan standarnya</a>. Keduanya membentuk <a href="/wiki/Daftar_bahan_semikonduktor" title="Daftar bahan semikonduktor">semikonduktor tipe III-V</a> (seperti GaAs, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_antimonida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium antimonida (halaman belum tersedia)">AlSb</a>, atau GaInAsSb) di mana jumlah rata-rata elektron valensi per atom sama dengan jumlah elektron valensi <a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">unsur golongan 14</a>. Senyawa ini lebih disukai untuk beberapa aplikasi khusus.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kristal nano antimon dapat memungkinkan <a href="/wiki/Baterai_ion_litium" title="Baterai ion litium">baterai ion litium</a> diganti dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baterai_ion_natrium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baterai ion natrium (halaman belum tersedia)">baterai ion natrium</a> yang lebih kuat.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telurium, yang merupakan semikonduktor dalam keadaan standarnya, digunakan terutama sebagai komponen dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalkogenida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalkogenida (halaman belum tersedia)">kalkogenida</a> <a href="/wiki/Daftar_bahan_semikonduktor" title="Daftar bahan semikonduktor">semikonduktor tipe II/VI</a>; mereka memiliki aplikasi dalam elektro-optika dan elektronika.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadmium_telurida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadmium telurida (halaman belum tersedia)">Kadmium telurida</a> (CdTe) digunakan dalam modul surya untuk efisiensi konversi yang tinggi, biaya produksi yang rendah, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sela_pita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sela pita (halaman belum tersedia)">sela pita</a> yang besar sebesar 1,44 eV, membiarkannya menyerap berbagai panjang gelombang.<sup id="cite_ref-Bom_222-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bom-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismut_telurida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismut telurida (halaman belum tersedia)">Bismut telurida</a> (Bi<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub>), berpadu dengan selenium dan antimon, adalah komponen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahan_termoelektrik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahan termoelektrik (halaman belum tersedia)">perangkat termoelektrik</a> yang digunakan untuk refrigerasi atau pembangkit listrik portabel.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lima metaloid – boron, silikon, germanium, arsen, dan antimon – dapat ditemukan di telepon seluler (bersama dengan setidaknya 39 logam dan nonlogam lainnya).<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telurium diperkirakan memiliki kegunaan seperti itu.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari metaloid yang kurang dikenal, fosforus, galium (khususnya), dan selenium memiliki aplikasi semikonduktor. Fosforus digunakan dalam jumlah kecil sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dopan (halaman belum tersedia)">dopan</a> untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semikonduktor_ekstrinsik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semikonduktor ekstrinsik (halaman belum tersedia)">semikonduktor tipe n</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penggunaan komersial senyawa galium didominasi oleh aplikasi semikonduktor – dalam sirkuit terpadu, telepon seluler, <a href="/wiki/Dioda_laser" title="Dioda laser">dioda laser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dioda_pemancar_cahaya" title="Dioda pemancar cahaya">dioda pemancar cahaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensor_cahaya" title="Sensor cahaya">sensor cahaya</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Panel_surya" title="Panel surya">panel surya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selenium digunakan dalam produksi sel surya<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelindung_lonjakan_arus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelindung lonjakan arus (halaman belum tersedia)">pelindung lonjakan arus</a> berenergi tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boron, silikon, germanium, antimon, dan telurium,<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serta logam yang lebih berat dan metaloid seperti Sm, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, dan Se,<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dapat ditemukan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulator_topologis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insulator topologis (halaman belum tersedia)">insulator topologis</a>. Mereka adalah paduan<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau senyawa yang, pada suhu ultradingin atau suhu kamar (tergantung pada komposisinya), merupakan konduktor logam pada permukaannya tetapi insulator melalui interiornya.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadmium_arsenida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadmium arsenida (halaman belum tersedia)">Kadmium arsenida</a> Cd<sub>3</sub>As<sub>2</sub>, pada suhu sekitar 1 K, adalah semilogam Dirac – analog elektronik massal dari grafena – di mana elektron bergerak secara efektif sebagai partikel tak bermassa.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kedua kelas material ini dianggap memiliki aplikasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komputer_kuantum_topologis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komputer kuantum topologis (halaman belum tersedia)">komputasi kuantum</a> yang potensial.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenklatur_dan_sejarah">Nomenklatur dan sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Nomenklatur dan sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Nomenklatur dan sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivasi_dan_nama_lainnya">Derivasi dan nama lainnya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Derivasi dan nama lainnya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Derivasi dan nama lainnya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kata metaloid berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a> <i>metallum</i> ("logam") dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">Yunani</a> <i>oeides</i> ("menyerupai bentuk atau penampilan").<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa nama kadang-kadang digunakan secara sinonim meskipun beberapa di antaranya memiliki arti lain yang tidak selalu dapat dipertukarkan: <i>unsur amfoter,</i><sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>unsur batas,</i><sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>setengah logam,</i><sup id="cite_ref-Klemm_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemm-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>unsur setengah jalan,</i><sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>dekat logam,</i><sup id="cite_ref-tyler_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyler-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>meta-logam,</i><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>semikonduktor,</i><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>semilogam,</i><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <i>sublogam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Unsur amfoter" kadang-kadang digunakan secara lebih luas untuk memasukkan logam transisi yang mampu membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksianion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksianion (halaman belum tersedia)">oksianion</a>, seperti kromium dan <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Setengah_logam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Setengah logam (halaman belum tersedia)">Setengah logam</a>" digunakan dalam fisika untuk merujuk pada senyawa (seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromium(IV)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromium(IV) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">kromium dioksida</a>) atau paduan yang dapat bertindak sebagai konduktor dan <a href="/wiki/Insulator_listrik" title="Insulator listrik">insulator</a>. "Meta-logam" kadang-kadang digunakan untuk merujuk pada logam tertentu (<a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Hg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Tl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timah#Sifat_fisik" title="Timah">Sn-β</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Pb</a>) yang terletak tepat di sebelah kiri metaloid pada tabel periodik standar.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemm_247-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemm-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Logam-logam ini sebagian besar bersifat <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetik">diamagnetik</a><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan cenderung memiliki struktur kristal yang terdistorsi, nilai konduktivitas listrik di ujung bawah logam, dan oksida amfoter (basa lemah).<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Semilogam" kadang-kadang mengacu, secara longgar atau eksplisit, pada logam dengan karakter logam yang tidak lengkap dalam struktur kristal, konduktivitas listrik, atau struktur elektronik. Contohnya termasuk galium,<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">iterbium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bismut,<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nama <i>unsur amfoter</i> dan <i>semikonduktor</i> bermasalah karena beberapa elemen yang disebut sebagai metaloid tidak menunjukkan perilaku amfoter (bismut, misalnya)<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau semikonduktivitas (polonium) yang nyata<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_FA_1999,_hlm.502_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton_FA_1999,_hlm.502-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dalam bentuknya yang paling stabil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asal_dan_penggunaan">Asal dan penggunaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Asal dan penggunaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Asal dan penggunaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asal usul dan penggunaan istilah <i>metaloid</i> berbelit-belit. Asal-usulnya terletak pada upaya, yang berasal dari zaman kuno, untuk menggambarkan logam dan untuk membedakan antara bentuk yang khas dan yang kurang khas. Istilah ini pertama kali diterapkan pada awal abad ke-19 untuk logam yang mengapung di atas air (natrium dan kalium), dan kemudian lebih populer untuk nonlogam. Penggunaan sebelumnya dalam <a href="/wiki/Mineralogi" title="Mineralogi">mineralogi</a>, untuk menggambarkan mineral yang memiliki penampilan logam, dapat bersumber pada awal 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejak pertengahan abad ke-20 istilah ini telah digunakan untuk merujuk pada unsur kimia antara atau batas.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Kimia_Murni_dan_Terapan_Internasional" title="Persatuan Kimia Murni dan Terapan Internasional">Persatuan Kimia Murni dan Terapan Internasional</a> (IUPAC) sebelumnya merekomendasikan untuk mengabaikan istilah metaloid, dan menyarankan penggunaan istilah <i>semilogam</i> sebagai gantinya.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penggunaan istilah semilogam baru-baru ini tidak disarankan oleh Atkins dkk.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins2010p20_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins2010p20-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> karena memiliki arti yang berbeda dalam fisika – yang lebih khusus mengacu pada <a href="/wiki/Struktur_pita_elektronik" title="Struktur pita elektronik">struktur pita elektronik</a> suatu zat daripada klasifikasi keseluruhan suatu unsur. Publikasi IUPAC terbaru mengenai nomenklatur dan terminologi tidak menyertakan rekomendasi apa pun tentang penggunaan istilah metaloid atau semilogam.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unsur_yang_umum_dikenal_sebagai_metaloid">Unsur yang umum dikenal sebagai metaloid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Unsur yang umum dikenal sebagai metaloid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Unsur yang umum dikenal sebagai metaloid"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Sifat-sifat yang dicatat dalam bagian ini mengacu pada unsur-unsur dalam bentuknya yang paling stabil secara termodinamika di bawah kondisi sekitar.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boron">Boron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Boron" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Boron"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Boron_R105.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Beberapa lusin bentuk seperti batu bersudut kecil, abu-abu dengan bintik dan sorotan perak yang tersebar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boron_R105.jpg/220px-Boron_R105.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boron_R105.jpg/330px-Boron_R105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boron_R105.jpg/440px-Boron_R105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Boron, ditunjukkan di sini dalam bentuk fase <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rombohedron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rombohedron (halaman belum tersedia)">rombohedral</a>-β-nya (<a href="/wiki/Alotropi" title="Alotropi">alotropnya</a> yang paling stabil secara termodinamika)<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> Boron murni adalah padatan kristal mengkilap berwarna abu-abu perak.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia kurang padat dari aluminium (2,34 vs. 2,70 g/cm<sup>3</sup>), dan keras serta rapuh. Ia hampir tidak reaktif dalam kondisi normal, kecuali untuk serangan <a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">fluorin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan memiliki titik lebur 2076 °C (sebagai perbandingan, baja memiliki titik lebur ~1370 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boron adalah sebuah semikonduktor;<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> konduktivitas listriknya pada suhu kamar adalah 1,5 × 10<sup>−6</sup> <a href="/wiki/Siemens_(satuan)" title="Siemens (satuan)">S</a>•cm<sup>−1</sup><sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sekitar 200 kali lebih kecil dari air keran)<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan memiliki sela pita sekitar 1,56 eV.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mendeleev berkomentar bahwa, "Boron muncul dalam keadaan bebas dalam beberapa bentuk yang merupakan perantara antara logam dan nonlogam."<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Struktur kimia boron didominasi oleh ukuran atomnya yang kecil, dan energi ionisasinya yang relatif tinggi. Dengan hanya tiga elektron valensi per atom boron, ikatan kovalen sederhana tidak dapat memenuhi kaidah oktet.<sup id="cite_ref-Rayner-Canham_2006,_hlm._291_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayner-Canham_2006,_hlm._291-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ikatan logam adalah hasil yang biasa terjadi di antara kongener boron yang lebih berat tetapi ini umumnya membutuhkan energi ionisasi yang rendah.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebaliknya, karena ukurannya yang kecil dan energi ionisasinya yang tinggi, unit struktural dasar boron (dan hampir semua alotropnya)<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adalah gugus B<sub>12</sub> ikosahedral. Dari 36 elektron yang berasosiasi dengan 12 atom boron, 26 berada di 13 orbital molekul yang terdelokalisasi; 10 elektron lainnya digunakan untuk membentuk ikatan kovalen dua dan tiga pusat antara ikosahedra.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motif yang sama dapat dilihat, seperti varian atau fragmen <a href="/wiki/Deltahedron" title="Deltahedron">deltahedral</a>, pada borida logam dan turunan hidrida, serta pada beberapa halida.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ikatan dalam boron telah digambarkan sebagai karakteristik perilaku antara logam dan padatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_kovalen_jaringan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan kovalen jaringan (halaman belum tersedia)">jaringan kovalen</a> nonlogam (seperti <a href="/wiki/Intan" title="Intan">intan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energi yang dibutuhkan untuk mengubah B, C, N, Si, dan P dari keadaan nonlogam menjadi logam telah diperkirakan masing-masing sebesar 30, 100, 240, 33, dan 50 kJ/mol. Hal ini menunjukkan kedekatan boron dengan batas logam-nonlogam.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehlner1990_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehlner1990-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagian besar kimia boron bersifat nonlogam.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehlner1990_287-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehlner1990-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tidak seperti kongenernya yang lebih berat, ia tidak diketahui membentuk kation B<sup>3+</sup> sederhana atau kation [B(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> terhidrasi.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukuran kecil atom boron memungkinkan pembuatan banyak borida tipe paduan <a href="/wiki/Cacat_interstisi" title="Cacat interstisi">interstisial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood145_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood145-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analogi antara boron dan logam transisi telah dicatat dalam pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Kompleks_koordinasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompleks koordinasi">kompleks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Aduk_(kimia)" title="Aduk (kimia)">aduk</a> (misalnya, BH<sub>3</sub> + <a href="/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">CO</a> →BH<sub>3</sub>CO dan, sama halnya, Fe(CO)<sub>4</sub> + CO →Fe(CO)<sub>5</sub>),<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serta dalam struktur geometris dan elektronik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gugus_atom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gugus atom (halaman belum tersedia)">spesies gugus</a> seperti [B<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2−</sup> dan [Ru<sub>6</sub>(CO)<sub>18</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimia berair boron dicirikan oleh pembentukan banyak <a href="/wiki/Borat#Ion_polimer" title="Borat">anion poliborat</a> yang berbeda.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mengingat rasio muatan terhadap ukurannya yang tinggi, boron berikatan secara kovalen di hampir semua senyawanya;<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pengecualiannya adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borida (halaman belum tersedia)">borida</a> karena ini termasuk, tergantung pada komposisinya, komponen ikatan kovalen, ionik, dan logamnya.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senyawa biner sederhana, seperti <a href="/wiki/Boron_triklorida" title="Boron triklorida">boron triklorida</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Asam_dan_basa_Lewis#Asam_Lewis" title="Asam dan basa Lewis">asam Lewis</a> karena pembentukan tiga ikatan kovalen meninggalkan lubang di <a href="/wiki/Kaidah_oktet" title="Kaidah oktet">oktet</a> yang dapat diisi oleh pasangan elektron yang disumbangkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Asam_dan_basa_Lewis#Basa_Lewis" title="Asam dan basa Lewis">basa Lewis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rayner-Canham_2006,_hlm._291_280-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayner-Canham_2006,_hlm._291-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boron memiliki afinitas yang kuat untuk <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> dan kimia <a href="/wiki/Borat" title="Borat">borat</a> yang ekstensif.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood145_289-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood145-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oksida B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> adalah <a href="/wiki/Polimer" title="Polimer">polimerik</a> dalam struktur,<sup id="cite_ref-Pudd59_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pudd59-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asam lemah,<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan pembentuk kaca.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao22_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao22-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kimia_organologam" title="Kimia organologam">Senyawa organologam</a> boron<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> telah dikenal sejak abad ke-19 (lihat <a href="/wiki/Kimia_organoboron" title="Kimia organoboron">kimia organoboron</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silikon">Silikon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Silikon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Silikon"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Silikon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:SiliconCroda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Benjolan berbentuk kentang abu-abu biru berkilau dengan permukaan bergelombang tidak beraturan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SiliconCroda.jpg/220px-SiliconCroda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SiliconCroda.jpg/330px-SiliconCroda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SiliconCroda.jpg/440px-SiliconCroda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Silikon</a> memiliki <a href="/wiki/Kilau_(mineralogi)" title="Kilau (mineralogi)">kilau</a> logam biru-abu-abu.</figcaption></figure> <p>Silikon adalah padatan kristal dengan kilau logam biru-abu-abu.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood331_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood331-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seperti boron, ia kurang padat (pada 2,33 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) dibandingkan aluminium, dan keras serta rapuh.<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia adalah unsur yang relatif tidak reaktif.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood331_314-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood331-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut Rochow,<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bentuk kristal masif (terutama jika murni) adalah "sangat lengai terhadap semua asam, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Asam_fluorida" title="Asam fluorida">hidrofluorida</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silikon yang kurang murni, dan bentuk bubuknya, sangat rentan terhadap serangan asam kuat atau asam yang dipanaskan, serta oleh uap dan fluorin.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silikon larut dalam <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> berair panas dengan evolusi <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>, seperti halnya logam<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seperti berilium, aluminium, seng, galium, atau indium.<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia melebur pada suhu 1414 °C. Silikon adalah semikonduktor dengan konduktivitas listrik 10<sup>−4</sup> S•cm<sup>−1</sup><sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan celah pita sekitar 1,11 eV.<sup id="cite_ref-R393_317-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R393-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ketika meleleh, silikon menjadi logam yang masuk akal<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dengan konduktivitas listrik 1,0–1,3 × 10<sup>4</sup> S•cm<sup>−1</sup>, mirip dengan raksa cair.<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sifat kimia silikon umumnya nonmetalik (kovalen).<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia tidak diketahui membentuk kation.<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silikon dapat membentuk paduan dengan logam seperti besi dan tembaga.<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia menunjukkan kecenderungan yang lebih sedikit untuk perilaku anionik daripada nonlogam biasa.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_331-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimia larutannya ditandai dengan pembentukan oksianion.<sup id="cite_ref-Hiller225_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiller225-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kekuatan tinggi dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_silikon%E2%80%93oksigen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan silikon–oksigen (halaman belum tersedia)">ikatan silikon–oksigen</a> mendominasi perilaku kimia silikon.<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silikat polimer, dibangun oleh unit SiO<sub>4</sub> tetrahedral yang berbagi atom oksigennya, adalah senyawa silikon yang paling melimpah dan penting.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailar513_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailar513-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borat polimer, yang terdiri dari unit BO<sub>3</sub> atau BO<sub>4</sub> trigonal dan tetrahedral yang terhubung, dibuat berdasarkan prinsip struktur yang serupa.<sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oksida SiO<sub>2</sub> adalah polimer dalam struktur,<sup id="cite_ref-Pudd59_302-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pudd59-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asam lemah,<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan pembentuk kaca.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao22_310-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao22-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimia organologam tradisional mencakup senyawa karbon silikon (lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senyawa_organosilikon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senyawa organosilikon (halaman belum tersedia)">organosilikon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanium">Germanium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Germanium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Germanium"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Blok berkilau keabu-abuan dengan permukaan belahan yang tidak rata." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg/220px-Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg/330px-Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg/440px-Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> kadang-kadang digambarkan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Germanium adalah padatan putih abu-abu mengkilap.<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia memiliki massa jenis 5,323 g/cm<sup>3</sup> dan keras serta rapuh.<sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia sebagian besar tidak reaktif pada suhu kamar<sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi secara perlahan diserang oleh <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">nitrat</a> pekat panas.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood373_346-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood373-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germanium juga bereaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Natrium_hidroksida" title="Natrium hidroksida">soda kaustik</a> cair untuk menghasilkan natrium germanat (Na<sub>2</sub>GeO<sub>3</sub>) dan gas hidrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia melebur pada suhu 938 °C. Germanium adalah semikonduktor dengan konduktivitas listrik sekitar 2 × 10<sup>−2</sup> S•cm<sup>−1</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood373_346-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood373-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan sela pita 0,67 eV.<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germanium cair adalah konduktor logam, dengan konduktivitas listrik yang mirip dengan raksa cair.<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagian besar sifat kimia germanium adalah karakteristik nonlogam.<sup id="cite_ref-350" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tidak jelas apakah germanium membentuk kation atau tidak, selain dari laporan keberadaan ion Ge<sup>2+</sup> dalam beberapa senyawa esoterik.<sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia dapat membentuk paduan dengan logam seperti aluminium dan <a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">emas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-364" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia menunjukkan kecenderungan yang lebih sedikit untuk perilaku anionik daripada nonlogam biasa.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_331-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimia larutannya ditandai dengan pembentukan oksianion.<sup id="cite_ref-Hiller225_332-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiller225-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germanium umumnya membentuk senyawa tetravalen (IV), dan juga dapat membentuk senyawa divalen (II) yang kurang stabil, di mana ia berperilaku lebih seperti logam.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_365-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-365"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analog germanium dari semua jenis utama silikat telah disiapkan.<sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karakter logam germanium juga ditunjukkan oleh pembentukan berbagai garam <a href="/wiki/Asam_okso" title="Asam okso">asam okso</a>. Sebuah fosfat [(HPO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Ge·H<sub>2</sub>O] dan trifluoroasetat Ge(OCOCF<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> yang sangat stabil telah dijelaskan, seperti halnya Ge<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, Ge(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub> dan GeH<sub>2</sub>(C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oksida GeO<sub>2</sub> adalah polimer,<sup id="cite_ref-Pudd59_302-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pudd59-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amfoter,<sup id="cite_ref-368" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-368"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan pembentuk kaca.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao22_310-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao22-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germanium dioksida larut dalam larutan asam (germanium monoksida (GeO), bahkan lebih), dan ini kadang-kadang digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan germanium sebagai logam.<sup id="cite_ref-369" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-369"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sampai tahun 1930-an germanium dianggap sebagai logam konduktor yang buruk;<sup id="cite_ref-370" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ia kadang-kadang diklasifikasikan sebagai logam oleh beberapa selanjutnya.<sup id="cite_ref-371" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-371"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seperti semua unsur yang umumnya dikenal sebagai metaloid, germanium memiliki kimia organologam yang mapan (lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senyawa_organogermanium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senyawa organogermanium (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia organogermanium</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsen">Arsen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Arsen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Arsen"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Arsen_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dua kelompok pecahan kristal perak kusam." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/220px-Arsen_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/330px-Arsen_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/440px-Arsen_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a>, disegel dalam wadah untuk mencegah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noda_(kimia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noda (kimia) (halaman belum tersedia)">penodaan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Arsen adalah padatan berwarna abu-abu yang tampak seperti logam. Ia memiliki massa jenis 5,727 g/cm<sup>3</sup> dan rapuh, serta cukup keras (lebih dari aluminium; kurang dari <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-GWM2011_373-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GWM2011-373"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia stabil di udara kering tetapi mengembangkan patina perunggu emas di udara lembab, yang menghitam pada paparan lebih lanjut. Arsen dapat diserang oleh asam nitrat dan asam sulfat pekat. Ia bereaksi dengan soda kaustik yang menyatu menghasilkan arsenat Na<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>3</sub> dan gas hidrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_2002,_p._552_374-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_2002,_p._552-374"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arsen <a href="/wiki/Sublimasi_(perubahan_wujud_zat)" title="Sublimasi (perubahan wujud zat)">menyublim</a> pada suhu 615 °C. Uapnya berwarna kuning lemon dan berbau seperti bawang putih.<sup id="cite_ref-375" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-375"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arsen hanya melebur di bawah tekanan 38,6 <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer_(satuan)" title="Atmosfer (satuan)">atm</a>, pada suhu 817 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia adalah sebuah semilogam dengan konduktivitas listrik sekitar 3,9 × 10<sup>4</sup> S•cm<sup>−1</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carapella1968p30_377-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carapella1968p30-377"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan tumpang-tindih pita 0,5 eV.<sup id="cite_ref-Barfuß_1981,_p._967_378-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barfuß_1981,_p._967-378"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-380" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-380"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arsen cair adalah sebuah semikonduktor dengan sela pita 0,15 eV.<sup id="cite_ref-381" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-381"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kimia arsen sebagian besar nonmetalik.<sup id="cite_ref-382" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-382"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apakah arsen dapat membentuk kation atau tidak masihlah belum jelas.<sup id="cite_ref-390" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-390"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak dari logam paduannya rapuh.<sup id="cite_ref-391" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-391"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia menunjukkan kecenderungan yang lebih sedikit untuk perilaku anionik daripada nonlogam biasa.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_331-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimia larutannya ditandai dengan pembentukan oksianion.<sup id="cite_ref-Hiller225_332-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiller225-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arsen umumnya membentuk senyawa yang memiliki bilangan oksidasi +3 atau +5.<sup id="cite_ref-Massey267_392-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massey267-392"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halida, dan oksida dan turunannya adalah contoh ilustrasif.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailar513_334-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailar513-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam keadaan trivalen, arsen menunjukkan beberapa sifat logam yang baru jadi.<sup id="cite_ref-393" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-393"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halidanya <a href="/wiki/Hidrolisis" title="Hidrolisis">terhidrolisis</a> oleh air tetapi reaksi ini, terutama reaksi klorida, dapat dibalik dengan penambahan <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_halida" title="Hidrogen halida">asam halida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-394" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-394"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oksidanya bersifat asam tetapi, seperti disebutkan di bawah, bersifat amfoter (lemah). Keadaan pentavalen yang lebih tinggi, kurang stabil, memiliki sifat (nonmetalik) asam kuat.<sup id="cite_ref-395" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-395"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dibandingkan dengan fosforus, sifat logam arsen yang lebih kuat ditunjukkan dengan terbentuknya garam asam okso seperti AsPO<sub>4</sub>, As<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub><sup id="cite_ref-398" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-398"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan arsen asetat As(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>3</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-399" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-399"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oksida As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> adalah polimer,<sup id="cite_ref-Pudd59_302-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pudd59-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amfoter,<sup id="cite_ref-400" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-403" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-403"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan pembentuk kaca.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao22_310-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao22-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arsen memiliki kimia organologam yang luas (lihat <a href="/wiki/Kimia_organoarsen" title="Kimia organoarsen">Kimia organoarsen</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-404" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-404"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>365<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antimon">Antimon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Antimon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Antimon"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Antimon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Antimony-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sebuah potongan seperti batu perak berkilau, dengan warna biru, dan alur yang kira-kira sejajar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg/220px-Antimony-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg/330px-Antimony-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg/440px-Antimony-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Antimon</a>, menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Kilau_(mineralogi)" title="Kilau (mineralogi)">kilau</a> cemerlangnya</figcaption></figure> <p>Antimon adalah padatan perak-putih dengan warna biru dan kilau yang cemerlang.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_2002,_p._552_374-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_2002,_p._552-374"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia memiliki massa jenis 6,697 g/cm<sup>3</sup> dan rapuh, serta agak keras (lebih dari arsen; kurang dari besi; hampir sama dengan tembaga).<sup id="cite_ref-GWM2011_373-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GWM2011-373"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia stabil di udara dan kelembapan pada suhu kamar. Ia dapat diserang oleh asam nitrat pekat, menghasilkan pentoksida terhidrasi Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>. <a href="/wiki/Air_raja" title="Air raja">Air raja</a> menghasilkan pentaklorida SbCl<sub>5</sub> dan asam sulfat pekat panas menghasilkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimon(III)_sulfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimon(III) sulfat (halaman belum tersedia)">sulfat</a> Sb<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_2002,_p._553_405-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_2002,_p._553-405"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>366<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia tidak terpengaruh oleh alkali cair.<sup id="cite_ref-406" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-406"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antimon mampu menggantikan hidrogen dari air, ketika dipanaskan: 2 Sb + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O → Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-407" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-407"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia melebur pada suhu 631 °C. Antimon adalah semilogam dengan konduktivitas listrik sekitar 3,1 × 10<sup>4</sup> S•cm<sup>−1</sup><sup id="cite_ref-408" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-408"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan tumpang-tindih pita 0,16 eV.<sup id="cite_ref-Barfuß_1981,_p._967_378-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barfuß_1981,_p._967-378"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-410" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-410"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antimon cair adalah konduktor logam dengan konduktivitas listrik sekitar 5,3 × 10<sup>4</sup> S•cm<sup>−1</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-411" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-411"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>371<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagian besar kimia antimon adalah karakteristik nonlogam.<sup id="cite_ref-412" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-412"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>372<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antimon memiliki beberapa kimia kationik yang pasti,<sup id="cite_ref-413" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-413"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>373<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SbO<sup>+</sup> dan Sb(OH)<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> terdapat dalam larutan berair asam;<sup id="cite_ref-414" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-414"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-416" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-416"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> senyawa Sb<sub>8</sub>(GaCl<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, yang mengandung homopolikation, Sb<sub>8</sub><sup>2+</sup>, dibuat pada tahun 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-417" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-417"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia dapat membentuk paduan dengan satu atau lebih logam seperti aluminium,<sup id="cite_ref-418" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-418"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>377<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> besi, <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a>, tembaga, seng, timah, timbal, dan bismut.<sup id="cite_ref-419" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-419"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>378<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antimon memiliki kecenderungan perilaku anionik yang lebih sedikit daripada nonlogam biasa.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_331-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimia larutannya ditandai dengan pembentukan oksianion.<sup id="cite_ref-Hiller225_332-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiller225-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seperti arsen, antimon umumnya membentuk senyawa yang memiliki bilangan oksidasi +3 atau +5.<sup id="cite_ref-Massey267_392-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massey267-392"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halida, dan oksida dan turunannya adalah contoh ilustrasif.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailar513_334-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailar513-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keadaan +5 kurang stabil dibandingkan dengan +3, tetapi relatif lebih mudah dicapai dibandingkan dengan arsen. Ini dijelaskan oleh perisai yang buruk yang diberikan inti arsen oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jumlah_elektron_d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jumlah elektron d (halaman belum tersedia)">elektron 3d<sup>10</sup></a>-nya. Sebagai perbandingan, kecenderungan antimon (menjadi atom yang lebih berat) untuk <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">teroksidasi</a> lebih mudah sebagian mengimbangi efek kulit 4d<sup>10</sup>-nya.<sup id="cite_ref-420" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-420"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>379<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antimon tripositif bersifat amfoter; antimon <a href="/wiki/Awalan_bilangan#Penta-" title="Awalan bilangan">pentapositif</a> (sebagian besar) bersifat asam.<sup id="cite_ref-421" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-421"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>380<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Konsisten dengan peningkatan sifat logam <a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">golongan 15</a> ke arah bawah, antimon membentuk garam atau senyawa mirip garam termasuk <a href="/wiki/Nitrat" title="Nitrat">nitrat</a> Sb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Fosfat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosfat">fosfat</a> SbPO<sub>4</sub>, sulfat Sb<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> dan <a href="/wiki/Perklorat" title="Perklorat">perklorat</a> Sb(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-422" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-422"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pentoksida asam Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> menunjukkan beberapa sifat (metalik) basa yang dapat dilarutkan dalam larutan yang sangat asam, dengan pembentukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksikation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksikation (halaman belum tersedia)">oksikation</a> SbO<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">+</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">2</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-423" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-423"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>382<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oksida Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> adalah polimer,<sup id="cite_ref-Pudd59_302-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pudd59-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amfoter,<sup id="cite_ref-Wiberg2001p764_424-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiberg2001p764-424"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>383<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan pembentuk kaca.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao22_310-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao22-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antimon memiliki kimia organologam yang luas (lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_organoantimon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia organoantimon (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia organoantimon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-425" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-425"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>384<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telurium">Telurium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Telurium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Telurium"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Telurium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tellurium2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sebuah medali perak-putih mengkilap dengan permukaan lurik, tidak beraturan di luar, dengan pola seperti spiral persegi di tengah." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tellurium2.jpg/220px-Tellurium2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tellurium2.jpg/330px-Tellurium2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tellurium2.jpg/440px-Tellurium2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Telurium</a>, dijelaskan oleh <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> sebagai pembentuk transisi antara <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">nonlogam</a><sup id="cite_ref-426" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-426"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>385<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Telurium adalah padatan mengkilap berwarna putih keperakan.<sup id="cite_ref-427" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-427"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>386<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia memiliki massa jenis 6,24 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, rapuh, dan merupakan metaloid paling lunak yang dikenal secara umum, sedikit lebih keras daripada belerang.<sup id="cite_ref-GWM2011_373-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GWM2011-373"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potongan besar telurium stabil di udara. Bentuk bubuk halus dioksidasi oleh udara dengan adanya uap air. Telurium bereaksi dengan air mendidih, atau ketika baru diendapkan bahkan pada suhu 50 °C, menghasilkan telurium dioksida dan hidrogen: Te + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O → TeO<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kudryavtsev78_428-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kudryavtsev78-428"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>387<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia bereaksi (dalam derajat yang bervariasi) dengan asam nitrat, sulfat, dan klorida untuk menghasilkan senyawa seperti telurium <a href="/wiki/Sulfoksida" title="Sulfoksida">sulfoksida</a> TeSO<sub>3</sub> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_telurit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam telurit (halaman belum tersedia)">asam telurit</a> H<sub>2</sub>TeO<sub>3</sub>,<sup id="cite_ref-429" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-429"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>388<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> telurium nitrat basa (Te<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>H)<sup>+</sup>(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>−</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-430" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-430"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>389<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau telurium oksida sulfat Te<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-431" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-431"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>390<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia larut dalam alkali mendidih, untuk memberikan <a href="/wiki/Telurit" title="Telurit">telurit</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telurida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telurida (halaman belum tersedia)">telurida</a>: 3 Te + 6 KOH = K<sub>2</sub>TeO<sub>3</sub> + 2 K<sub>2</sub>Te + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O, sebuah reaksi yang berlangsung atau reversibel dengan kenaikan atau penurunan suhu.<sup id="cite_ref-432" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-432"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada suhu yang lebih tinggi, telurium cukup plastis untuk diekstrusi.<sup id="cite_ref-433" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-433"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>392<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia melebur pada suhu 449,51 °C. Telurium kristal memiliki struktur yang terdiri dari rantai spiral tak terbatas paralel. Ikatan antara atom-atom yang berdekatan dalam sebuah rantai adalah kovalen, tetapi ada bukti interaksi logam yang lemah antara atom-atom tetangga dari rantai yang berbeda.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuke1074p178_434-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuke1074p178-434"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>393<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telurium adalah semikonduktor dengan konduktivitas listrik sekitar 1,0 S•cm<sup>−1</sup><sup id="cite_ref-435" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-435"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>394<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan sela pita 0,32 hingga 0,38 eV.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger90_436-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger90-436"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>395<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telurium cair adalah semikonduktor, dengan konduktivitas listrik, saat melebur, sekitar 1,9 × 10<sup>3</sup> S•cm<sup>−1</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger90_436-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger90-436"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>395<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telurium cair <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemanas_super&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemanas super (halaman belum tersedia)">super panas</a> adalah konduktor logam.<sup id="cite_ref-437" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-437"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>396<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagian besar sifat kimia telurium adalah karakteristik nonlogam.<sup id="cite_ref-438" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-438"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>397<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia menunjukkan beberapa perilaku kationik. Telurium dioksida larut dalam asam untuk menghasilkan ion trihidroksotelurium(IV) Te(OH)<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>;<sup id="cite_ref-439" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-439"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>398<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-442" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-442"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ion merah Te<sub>4</sub><sup>2+</sup> dan kuning-oranye Te<sub>6</sub><sup>2+</sup> terbentuk ketika telurium dioksidasi dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_fluorosulfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam fluorosulfat (halaman belum tersedia)">asam fluorosulfat</a> (HSO<sub>3</sub>F), atau <a href="/wiki/Belerang_dioksida" title="Belerang dioksida">belerang dioksida</a> (SO<sub>2</sub>) cair, masing-masing.<sup id="cite_ref-443" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-443"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>401<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia dapat membentuk paduan dengan <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, perak, dan timah.<sup id="cite_ref-444" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-444"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>402<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telurium menunjukkan kecenderungan yang lebih sedikit terhadap perilaku anionik daripada nonlogam biasa.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_331-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimia larutannya ditandai dengan pembentukan oksianion.<sup id="cite_ref-Hiller225_332-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiller225-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telurium umumnya membentuk senyawa yang memiliki bilangan oksidasi −2, +4 atau +6. Keadaan +4 adalah yang paling stabil.<sup id="cite_ref-Kudryavtsev78_428-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kudryavtsev78-428"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>387<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telurida dari komposisi X<sub><i>x</i></sub>Te<sub><i>y</i></sub> mudah dibentuk dengan sebagian besar unsur lain dan mewakili mineral telurium yang paling umum. <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_non-stoikiometri" title="Senyawa non-stoikiometri">Nonstoikiometri</a> tersebar luas, terutama dengan logam transisi. Banyak telurida dapat dianggap sebagai paduan logam.<sup id="cite_ref-445" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-445"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>403<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peningkatan karakter logam yang terlihat pada telurium, dibandingkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">kalkogen</a> yang lebih ringan, lebih jauh tercermin dalam laporan pembentukan berbagai garam asam okso lainnya, seperti selenat <a href="/wiki/Garam_alkali" title="Garam alkali">basa</a> 2TeO<sub>2</sub>·SeO<sub>3</sub> serta perklorat dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periodat (halaman belum tersedia)">periodat</a> analog 2TeO<sub>2</sub>·HXO<sub>4</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-446" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-446"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>404<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telurium membentuk polimer,<sup id="cite_ref-Pudd59_302-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pudd59-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amfoter,<sup id="cite_ref-Wiberg2001p764_424-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiberg2001p764-424"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>383<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oksida pembentuk kaca<sup id="cite_ref-Rao22_310-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao22-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TeO<sub>2</sub>. Ia adalah oksida pembentuk kaca "bersyarat" – ia membentuk kaca dengan sedikit aditif.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao22_310-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao22-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telurium memiliki kimia organologam yang luas (lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_organotelurium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia organotelurium (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia organotelurium</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-447" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-447"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>405<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unsur_yang_kurang_dikenal_sebagai_metaloid">Unsur yang kurang dikenal sebagai metaloid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Unsur yang kurang dikenal sebagai metaloid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Unsur yang kurang dikenal sebagai metaloid"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karbon">Karbon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Karbon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Karbon"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Graphite2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nuget berbentuk kubus abu-abu-hitam mengkilap dengan permukaan kasar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Graphite2.jpg/220px-Graphite2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Graphite2.jpg/330px-Graphite2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Graphite2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a> (sebagai <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron_terdelokalisasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektron terdelokalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Elektron valensi terdelokalisasi</a> dalam lapisan grafit memberikannya penampilan logam.<sup id="cite_ref-448" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-448"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>406<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Karbon biasanya diklasifikasikan sebagai nonlogam<sup id="cite_ref-449" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-449"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>407<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi memiliki beberapa sifat logam dan kadang-kadang diklasifikasikan sebagai metaloid.<sup id="cite_ref-450" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-450"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>408<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">Karbon grafit heksagonal</a> (grafit) adalah <a href="/wiki/Alotropi" title="Alotropi">alotrop</a> karbon yang paling stabil secara termodinamika dalam kondisi sekitar.<sup id="cite_ref-451" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-451"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>409<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia memiliki penampilan berkilau<sup id="cite_ref-452" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-452"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>410<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan merupakan konduktor listrik yang cukup baik.<sup id="cite_ref-453" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-453"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>411<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grafit memiliki struktur berlapis. Setiap lapisan terdiri dari atom karbon yang terikat pada tiga atom karbon lainnya dalam susunan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisi_heksagonal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisi heksagonal (halaman belum tersedia)">kisi heksagonal</a>. Lapisan-lapisan tersebut ditumpuk bersama dan ditahan secara longgar oleh <a href="/wiki/Gaya_van_der_Waals" title="Gaya van der Waals">gaya van der Waals</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron_terdelokalisasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektron terdelokalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">elektron valensi terdelokalisasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-454" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-454"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>412<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seperti logam, konduktivitas grafit dalam arah bidangnya menurun saat suhu dinaikkan;<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins320_455-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins320-455"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>413<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-459" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-459"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ia memiliki struktur pita elektronik semilogam.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins320_455-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins320-455"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>413<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alotrop_karbon" title="Alotrop karbon">Alotrop karbon</a>, termasuk grafit, dapat menerima atom atau senyawa asing ke dalam strukturnya melalui substitusi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkalasi_(kimia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkalasi (kimia) (halaman belum tersedia)">interkalasi</a>, atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dopan (halaman belum tersedia)">doping</a>. Bahan yang dihasilkan disebut sebagai "paduan karbon".<sup id="cite_ref-460" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-460"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>417<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karbon dapat membentuk garam ionik, termasuk hidrogen sulfat, perklorat, dan nitrat (C<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">+</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">24</span></span>X<sup>−</sup>.2HX, di mana X = HSO<sub>4</sub>, ClO<sub>4</sub>; dan C<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">+</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">24</span></span>NO<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">–</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">3</span></span>.3HNO<sub>3</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-461" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-461"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>418<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-462" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-462"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Kimia_organik" title="Kimia organik">kimia organik</a>, karbon dapat membentuk kation kompleks – disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Karbokation" title="Karbokation">karbokation</a></i> – di mana muatan positif ada pada atom karbon; contohnya adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_karbenium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion karbenium (halaman belum tersedia)"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">+</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">3</span></span></span></a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_karbonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion karbonium (halaman belum tersedia)"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">+</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">5</span></span></span></a>, serta turunannya.<sup id="cite_ref-463" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-463"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>419<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karbon rapuh,<sup id="cite_ref-464" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-464"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>420<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan berperilaku sebagai semikonduktor dalam arah tegak lurus terhadap bidangnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins320_455-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins320-455"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>413<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar kimianya adalah nonmetalik;<sup id="cite_ref-465" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-465"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>421<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ia memiliki energi ionisasi yang relatif tinggi<sup id="cite_ref-466" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-466"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>422<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan, dibandingkan dengan kebanyakan logam, elektronegativitasnya relatif tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-467" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-467"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>423<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karbon dapat membentuk anion seperti C<sup>4−</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Karbida#Metanida" title="Karbida">metanida</a>), C<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">2–</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">2</span></span> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asetilida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asetilida (halaman belum tersedia)">asetilida</a>), dan C<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">3–</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">4</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Karbida#Sesquikarbida" title="Karbida">sesquikarbida atau alilenida</a>), dalam senyawa dengan logam dari golongan utama 1–3, serta dengan <a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">lantanida</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">aktinida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-468" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-468"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>424<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oksida <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">CO<sub>2</sub></a> membentuk <a href="/wiki/Asam_karbonat" title="Asam karbonat">asam karbonat</a> H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-469" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-469"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-471" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-471"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aluminium">Aluminium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Sunting bagian: Aluminium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=30" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aluminium"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aluminium-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Benjolan berbentuk setrika uap berwarna putih keperakan dengan guratan setengah lingkaran di sepanjang permukaan atasnya dan alur kasar di bagian tengah tepi kirinya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/220px-Aluminium-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/330px-Aluminium-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/440px-Aluminium-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> yang memiliki kemurnian tinggi jauh lebih lembut daripada <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_paduan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium paduan">paduannya</a>. yang sudah dikenal. Orang yang pertama kali memegangnya sering bertanya apakah ia benda asli.<sup id="cite_ref-472" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-472"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>427<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Aluminium biasanya diklasifikasikan sebagai logam.<sup id="cite_ref-473" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-473"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia berkilau, mudah dibentuk dan ulet, serta memiliki konduktivitas listrik dan termal yang tinggi. Seperti kebanyakan logam, ia memiliki struktur kristal <a href="/wiki/Tetal-rapat_sferis_sama" title="Tetal-rapat sferis sama">tetal-rapat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-474" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-474"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>429<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan membentuk kation dalam larutan berair.<sup id="cite_ref-475" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-475"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>430<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ia memiliki beberapa sifat yang tidak biasa untuk logam; diambil bersama-sama,<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalfe_dkk._1974,_hlm.539_476-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalfe_dkk._1974,_hlm.539-476"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>431<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sifat-sifat tersebut kadang-kadang digunakan sebagai dasar untuk mengklasifikasikan aluminium sebagai metaloid.<sup id="cite_ref-477" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-477"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>432<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Struktur kristalnya menunjukkan beberapa bukti <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_dalam_padatan#Sifat" title="Ikatan dalam padatan">ikatan terarah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-478" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-478"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>433<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aluminium mengikat secara kovalen di sebagian besar senyawa.<sup id="cite_ref-479" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-479"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>434<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oksida <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oksida" title="Aluminium oksida">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a> bersifat amfoter<sup id="cite_ref-480" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-480"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>435<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan pembentuk kaca bersyarat.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao22_310-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao22-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aluminium dapat membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminat (halaman belum tersedia)">aluminat</a> anionik,<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalfe_dkk._1974,_hlm.539_476-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalfe_dkk._1974,_hlm.539-476"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>431<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perilaku seperti ini dianggap bersifat nonlogam.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamm_1969,_hlm.653_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamm_1969,_hlm.653-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mengklasifikasikan aluminium sebagai metaloid telah diperdebatkan<sup id="cite_ref-481" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-481"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>436<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> karena banyak sifat logamnya. Oleh karena itu, bisa dibilang, pengecualian untuk mnemonik bahwa unsur-unsur yang berdekatan dengan garis pemisah logam–nonlogam adalah metaloid.<sup id="cite_ref-482" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-482"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>437<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-484" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-484"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stott<sup id="cite_ref-485" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-485"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>439<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> melabeli aluminium sebagai logam lemah. Ia memiliki sifat fisik logam tetapi beberapa sifat kimia nonlogam. Steele<sup id="cite_ref-486" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-486"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>440<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mencatat perilaku kimia paradoks aluminium: "Ia menyerupai logam lemah dalam oksida amfoternya dan dalam karakter kovalen dari banyak senyawanya ... Namun ia merupakan logam yang sangat <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas#Elektropositivitas" title="Elektronegativitas">elektropositif</a> ... [dengan] <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potensial_elektroda_standar_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potensial elektroda standar (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">potensi elektroda</a> negatif yang tinggi". Moody<sup id="cite_ref-487" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-487"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>441<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mengatakan bahwa, "aluminium berada di 'batas diagonal' antara logam dan nonlogam dalam pengertian kimia." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selenium">Selenium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Sunting bagian: Selenium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=31" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Selenium"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Selenium_black_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sebuah toples kaca kecil berisi kancing cekung abu-abu kusam. Potongan selenium terlihat seperti jamur kecil tanpa batangnya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> abu-abu, sebagai <a href="/wiki/Fotokonduktivitas" title="Fotokonduktivitas">fotokonduktor</a>, ia menghantarkan listrik sekitar 1.000 kali lebih baik ketika cahaya jatuh di atasnya, sifat yang digunakan sejak pertengahan 1870-an dalam berbagai aplikasi penginderaan cahaya<sup id="cite_ref-488" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-488"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>442<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Selenium menunjukkan perilaku metaloid atau nonlogam.<sup id="cite_ref-489" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-489"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>443<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-492" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-492"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bentuknya yang paling stabil, alotrop <a href="/wiki/Keluarga_kristal_heksagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Keluarga kristal heksagon">trigonal</a> abu-abu, kadang-kadang disebut selenium "logam" karena konduktivitas listriknya beberapa kali lipat lebih besar daripada bentuk <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_monoklinik" title="Sistem kristal monoklinik">monoklinik</a> merah.<sup id="cite_ref-493" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-493"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>446<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karakter logam selenium lebih lanjut ditunjukkan oleh kilaunya,<sup id="cite_ref-Glinka_1965,_hlm.356_494-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glinka_1965,_hlm.356-494"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>447<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan struktur kristalnya, yang diperkirakan mencakup ikatan antarrantai "logam" yang lemah.<sup id="cite_ref-495" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-495"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>448<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selenium dapat ditarik menjadi benang tipis saat cair dan kental.<sup id="cite_ref-496" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-496"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>449<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia menunjukkan keengganan untuk memperoleh "karakteristik bilangan oksidasi positif tinggi dari nonlogam".<sup id="cite_ref-497" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-497"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>450<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia dapat membentuk polikation siklik (seperti Se<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">2+</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">8</span></span>) ketika dilarutkan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oleum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oleum (halaman belum tersedia)">oleum</a><sup id="cite_ref-498" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-498"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>451<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (suatu sifat yang dimiliki bersama dengan belerang dan telurium), dan garam kationik terhidrolisis dalam bentuk trihidroksoselenium(IV) perklorat <span style="white-space: nowrap">[Se(OH)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>+</sup>·ClO<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">–</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">4</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-499" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-499"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>452<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </p><p>Sifat nonlogam selenium ditunjukkan oleh kerapuhannya<sup id="cite_ref-Glinka_1965,_hlm.356_494-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glinka_1965,_hlm.356-494"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>447<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan konduktivitas listriknya yang rendah (~10<sup>−9</sup> hingga 10<sup>−12</sup> S•cm<sup>−1</sup>) dari bentuknya yang sangat murni.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozyrev_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozyrev-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ini sebanding dengan atau kurang dari <a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">bromin</a> (7,95<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>–12</sup> S•cm<sup>−1</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-500" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-500"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>453<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sebuah nonlogam. Selenium memiliki struktur pita elektronik <a href="/wiki/Semikonduktor" title="Semikonduktor">semikonduktor</a><sup id="cite_ref-Berger_1997,_hlm.86–7_501-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger_1997,_hlm.86–7-501"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>454<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan mempertahankan sifat semikonduktornya dalam bentuk cair.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger_1997,_hlm.86–7_501-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger_1997,_hlm.86–7-501"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>454<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia memiliki elektronegativitas yang relatif tinggi<sup id="cite_ref-502" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-502"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>455<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (skala Pauling revisi 2,55). Kimia reaksinya terutama dari bentuk anionik nonlogamnya Se<sup>2−</sup>, SeO<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">2−</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">3</span></span>, dan SeO<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">2−</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">4</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-503" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-503"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>456<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selenium umumnya digambarkan sebagai metaloid dalam literatur <a href="/wiki/Kimia_lingkungan" title="Kimia lingkungan">kimia lingkungan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-504" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-504"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>457<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia bergerak melalui lingkungan akuatik mirip dengan arsen dan antimon;<sup id="cite_ref-505" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-505"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>458<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> garamnya yang larut dalam air, dalam konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi, memiliki <a href="/wiki/Toksikologi" title="Toksikologi">profil toksikologi</a> yang mirip dengan arsenik.<sup id="cite_ref-506" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-506"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>459<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polonium">Polonium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Sunting bagian: Polonium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=32" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Polonium"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a></div> <p>Polonium jelas "bersifat metalik" dalam beberapa hal.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_FA_1999,_hlm.502_262-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton_FA_1999,_hlm.502-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kedua bentuk alotropisnya adalah konduktor logam.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_FA_1999,_hlm.502_262-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton_FA_1999,_hlm.502-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia larut dalam asam, membentuk kation Po<sup>2+</sup> berwarna mawar dan menggantikan hidrogen: Po + 2 H<sup>+</sup> → Po<sup>2+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-507" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-507"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>460<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak garam polonium telah diketahui.<sup id="cite_ref-508" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-508"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>461<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oksida <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_dioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium dioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoO<sub>2</sub></a> sebagian besar bersifat basa.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagnall1966p41_509-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagnall1966p41-509"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>462<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polonium adalah agen pengoksidasi yang enggan, tidak seperti kongenernya yang paling ringan, oksigen: <a href="/wiki/Reduktor" title="Reduktor">kondisi pereduksi</a> yang tinggi diperlukan untuk pembentukan anion Po<sup>2−</sup> dalam larutan berair.<sup id="cite_ref-510" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-510"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>463<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apakah polonium itu ulet atau rapuh tidaklah jelas. Ia diprediksi menjadi ulet berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Modulus_Young#Hubungan_antara_konstanta_elastis" title="Modulus Young">konstanta elastisnya</a> yang telah dihitung.<sup id="cite_ref-511" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-511"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>464<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia memiliki <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubik" title="Sistem kristal kubik">struktur kristal kubik</a> sederhana. Struktur seperti ini memiliki sedikit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slip_(ilmu_material)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slip (ilmu material) (halaman belum tersedia)">sistem slip</a> dan "mengarah pada keuletan yang sangat rendah dan ketahanan patahnya yang rendah".<sup id="cite_ref-512" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-512"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>465<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polonium menunjukkan karakter nonlogam dalam halidanya, dan dengan adanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonida (halaman belum tersedia)">polonida</a>. Halidanya memiliki sifat yang umumnya merupakan karakteristik dari halida nonlogam (mudah menguap, mudah terhidrolisis, dan larut dalam <a href="/wiki/Pelarut" title="Pelarut">pelarut organik</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-513" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-513"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>466<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak polonida logam, yang diperoleh dengan memanaskan polonium bersama-sama pada suhu 500–1,000 °C, dan yang mengandung anion Po<sup>2−</sup>, juga telah diketahui.<sup id="cite_ref-514" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-514"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>467<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astatin">Astatin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Sunting bagian: Astatin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=33" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Astatin"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">Astatin</a></div> <p>Sebagai sebuah <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a>, astatin cenderung diklasifikasikan sebagai nonlogam.<sup id="cite_ref-515" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-515"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>468<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia memiliki beberapa sifat logam yang ditandai<sup id="cite_ref-516" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-516"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>469<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan kadang-kadang malah diklasifikasikan sebagai metaloid<sup id="cite_ref-517" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-517"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>470<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau (lebih jarang) sebagai logam.<sup id="cite_ref-519" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-519"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Segera setelah produksinya pada tahun 1940, peneliti awal menganggapnya sebagai logam.<sup id="cite_ref-520" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-520"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>472<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1949, logam ini disebut sebagai nonlogam yang paling mulia (sulit untuk <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">direduksi</a>) dan juga sebagai logam yang relatif mulia (sulit untuk dioksidasi).<sup id="cite_ref-521" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-521"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>473<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1950, astatin dideskripsikan sebagai halogen dan (oleh karena itu) nonlogam <a href="/wiki/Reaktivitas_(kimia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaktivitas (kimia)">reaktif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-522" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-522"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>474<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2013, berdasarkan pemodelan <a href="/wiki/Kimia_kuantum_relativistik" title="Kimia kuantum relativistik">relativistik</a>, astatin diprediksi menjadi logam monoatomik, dengan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubik" title="Sistem kristal kubik">struktur kristal kubik berpusat pada muka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-523" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-523"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>475<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa penulis telah mengomentari sifat logam dari beberapa sifat astatin. Karena iodin adalah semikonduktor dalam arah bidangnya, dan karena halogen menjadi lebih logam dengan meningkatnya nomor atom, telah dianggap bahwa astatin akan menjadi logam jika dapat membentuk fase padat.<sup id="cite_ref-524" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-524"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>476<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-526" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-526"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astatin mungkin bersifat metalik dalam keadaan cair atas dasar bahwa unsur-unsur dengan <a href="/wiki/Entalpi_penguapan" title="Entalpi penguapan">entalpi penguapan</a> (∆H<sub>vap</sub>) lebih besar dari ~42 kJ/mol adalah logam ketika cair.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao_&_Ganguly_1986_527-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao_&_Ganguly_1986-527"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>478<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsur-unsur tersebut termasuk boron,<sup id="cite_ref-531" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-531"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> silikon, germanium, antimon, selenium, dan telurium. Nilai perkiraan untuk ∆H<sub>vap</sub> astatin <a href="/wiki/Molekul_diatomik" title="Molekul diatomik">diatomik</a> adalah 50 kJ/mol atau lebih tinggi;<sup id="cite_ref-532" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-532"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>482<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iodin diatomik, dengan ∆H<sub>vap</sub> 41,71,<sup id="cite_ref-533" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-533"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>483<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kurang dari angka ambang batas. </p><p>"Seperti logam biasa, ia [astatin] diendapkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_sulfida" title="Hidrogen sulfida">hidrogen sulfida</a> bahkan dari larutan asam kuat dan dipindahkan dalam bentuk bebas dari larutan sulfat; ia disimpan di <a href="/wiki/Katode" title="Katode">katode</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Elektrolisis" title="Elektrolisis">elektrolisis</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-534" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-534"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>484<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-536" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-536"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indikasi lebih lanjut dari kecenderungan astatin untuk berperilaku seperti <a href="/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat">logam (berat)</a> adalah: "... pembentukan senyawa <a href="/wiki/Pseudohalogen" title="Pseudohalogen">pseudohalida</a> ... kompleks kation astatin ... anion kompleks astatin trivalen ... serta kompleks dengan berbagai senyawa pelarut organik".<sup id="cite_ref-537" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-537"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>486<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juga telah dikemukakan bahwa astatin menunjukkan perilaku kationik, melalui bentuk At<sup>+</sup> dan AtO<sup>+</sup> yang stabil, dalam larutan berair yang sangat asam.<sup id="cite_ref-538" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-538"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>487<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa sifat astatin yang dilaporkan adalah nonlogam. Ia telah diekstrapolasi untuk memiliki kisaran cairan sempit yang biasanya terkait dengan nonlogam (<a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">tl</a> 302 °C; <a href="/wiki/Titik_didih" title="Titik didih">td</a> 337 °C),<sup id="cite_ref-539" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-539"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>488<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meskipun indikasi eksperimental menunjukkan titik didih yang lebih rendah, sekitar 230±3 °C. Batsanov memberikan nilai energi sela pita yang dihitung untuk astatin sebesar 0,7 eV;<sup id="cite_ref-540" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-540"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>489<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nilai ini konsisten dengan nonlogam (dalam fisika) yang memiliki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pita_valensi_dan_konduksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pita valensi dan konduksi (halaman belum tersedia)">pita valensi</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pita_valensi_dan_konduksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pita valensi dan konduksi (halaman belum tersedia)">konduksi</a> yang terpisah dan dengan demikian menjadi semikonduktor atau insulator.<sup id="cite_ref-541" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-541"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>490<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimia astatin dalam larutan berair terutama ditandai dengan pembentukan berbagai spesies anionik.<sup id="cite_ref-542" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-542"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>491<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar senyawanya yang diketahui mirip dengan iodin,<sup id="cite_ref-543" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-543"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>492<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang merupakan halogen dan nonlogam.<sup id="cite_ref-544" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-544"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>493<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senyawa tersebut termasuk astatida (XAt), astatat (XAtO<sub>3</sub>), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarhalogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antarhalogen (halaman belum tersedia)">senyawa antarhalogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Valensi#Monovalen" title="Valensi">monovalen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-545" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-545"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>494<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Restrepo dkk.<sup id="cite_ref-546" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-546"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>495<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> melaporkan bahwa astatin tampak lebih mirip polonium daripada seperti halogen. Mereka melakukannya berdasarkan studi komparatif terperinci tentang sifat-sifat 72 unsur yang diketahui dan telah diinterpolasi. <span id="SCC"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konsep_terkait">Konsep terkait</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Sunting bagian: Konsep terkait" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=34" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Konsep terkait"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dekat_metaloid">Dekat metaloid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Sunting bagian: Dekat metaloid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=35" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dekat metaloid"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Iodinecrystals.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pecahan kristal berwarna ungu-hitam mengkilap." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iodinecrystals.JPG/220px-Iodinecrystals.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iodinecrystals.JPG/330px-Iodinecrystals.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iodinecrystals.JPG/440px-Iodinecrystals.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Kristal <a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">iodin</a>, menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Kilau_(mineralogi)" title="Kilau (mineralogi)">kilau</a> logam. Iodin adalah <a href="/wiki/Semikonduktor" title="Semikonduktor">semikonduktor</a> pada arah bidangnya, dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sela_pita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sela pita (halaman belum tersedia)">sela pita</a> ~1,3 eV. Ia memiliki <a href="/wiki/Resistivitas_dan_konduktivitas_listrik" title="Resistivitas dan konduktivitas listrik">konduktivitas listrik</a> 1,7 × 10<sup>−8</sup> S•cm<sup>−1</sup> pada <a href="/wiki/Suhu_kamar" title="Suhu kamar">suhu kamar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-547" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-547"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>496<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nilai ini lebih tinggi dari selenium tetapi lebih rendah dari boron, yang paling sedikit menghantarkan listrik dari metaloid yang dikenal.<sup id="cite_ref-550" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-550"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Dalam tabel periodik, beberapa unsur yang berdekatan dengan metaloid yang umum dikenal, meskipun biasanya diklasifikasikan sebagai logam atau nonlogam, kadang-kadang disebut sebagai <i>dekat metaloid</i><sup id="cite_ref-551" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-551"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>499<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau dikenal karena karakter metaloid mereka. Di sebelah kiri garis pemisah logam–nonlogam, unsur-unsur tersebut termasuk galium,<sup id="cite_ref-552" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-552"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>500<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> timah,<sup id="cite_ref-553" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-553"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>501<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan bismut.<sup id="cite_ref-Vernon_554-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vernon-554"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>502<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mereka menunjukkan struktur pengepakan yang tidak biasa,<sup id="cite_ref-555" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-555"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>503<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kimia kovalen yang ditandai (molekul atau polimer),<sup id="cite_ref-556" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-556"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>504<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan amfoterisme.<sup id="cite_ref-557" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-557"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>505<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di sebelah kanan garis pemisah adalah karbon,<sup id="cite_ref-558" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-558"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>506<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fosforus,<sup id="cite_ref-559" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-559"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>507<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> selenium,<sup id="cite_ref-560" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-560"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>508<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan iodin.<sup id="cite_ref-561" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-561"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>509<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mereka menunjukkan kilau logam, sifat semikonduktor<sup id="cite_ref-564" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-564"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan pita ikatan atau valensi dengan karakter terdelokalisasi. Ini berlaku untuk bentuk mereka yang paling stabil secara termodinamika di bawah kondisi sekitar: karbon sebagai grafit; fosforus sebagai fosforus hitam;<sup id="cite_ref-568" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-568"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan selenium sebagai selenium abu-abu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alotrop">Alotrop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Sunting bagian: Alotrop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=36" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Alotrop"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Banyak bola kecil, mengkilap, berwarna perak di sebelah kiri; banyak dari bola berukuran sama di sebelah kanan lebih kusam dan lebih gelap daripada yang kiri dan memiliki kilau metalik yang lembut." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg/220px-Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg/330px-Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg/440px-Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Timah_putih" class="mw-redirect" title="Timah putih">Timah putih</a> (kiri) dan <a href="/wiki/Timah_putih" class="mw-redirect" title="Timah putih">timah abu-abu</a> (kanan). Kedua bentuk tersebut memiliki penampilan metalik.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bentuk kristal yang berbeda dari suatu unsur disebut <a href="/wiki/Alotropi" title="Alotropi">alotrop</a>. Beberapa alotrop, terutama unsur-unsur yang terletak (dalam tabel periodik) di samping atau di dekat garis pemisah antara logam dan nonlogam, menunjukkan perilaku logam, metaloid atau nonlogam yang lebih menonjol daripada yang lain.<sup id="cite_ref-569" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-569"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>515<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keberadaan alotrop semacam ini dapat memperumit klasifikasi unsur-unsur yang terlibat.<sup id="cite_ref-570" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-570"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>516<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Timah, misalnya, memiliki dua alotrop: timah-β "putih" <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_kristal_tetragon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem kristal tetragon (halaman belum tersedia)">tetragonal</a> dan timah-α "abu-abu" kubik. Timah putih adalah logam yang sangat mengkilap, ulet dan mudah dibentuk. Ia adalah bentuk stabil pada atau di atas suhu kamar dan memiliki konduktivitas listrik 9,17 × 10<sup>4</sup> S·cm<sup>−1</sup> (~1/6 dari tembaga).<sup id="cite_ref-571" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-571"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>517<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timah abu-abu biasanya memiliki penampilan bubuk mikro-kristal abu-abu, dan juga dapat dibuat dalam bentuk kristal atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristalit (halaman belum tersedia)">polikristalin</a> semi-berkilau rapuh. Ini adalah bentuk stabil di bawah suhu 13,2 °C dan memiliki konduktivitas listrik antara (2–5) × 10<sup>2</sup> S·cm<sup>−1</sup> (~1/250 dari timah putih).<sup id="cite_ref-572" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-572"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>518<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timah abu-abu memiliki struktur kristal yang sama dengan intan. Ia berperilaku sebagai semikonduktor (karena memiliki sela pita 0,08 eV), tetapi memiliki struktur pita elektronik semilogam.<sup id="cite_ref-573" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-573"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>519<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia telah disebut sebagai logam yang sangat miskin,<sup id="cite_ref-574" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-574"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>520<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> metaloid,<sup id="cite_ref-575" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-575"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>521<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nonlogam,<sup id="cite_ref-576" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-576"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>522<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau dekat metaloid.<sup id="cite_ref-Vernon_554-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vernon-554"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>502<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intan, sebuah alotrop karbon, jelas nonlogam, tembus cahaya, dan memiliki konduktivitas listrik yang rendah, sebesar 10<sup>−14</sup> hingga 10<sup>−16</sup> S·cm<sup>−1</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-577" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-577"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>523<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grafit memiliki konduktivitas listrik 3 × 10<sup>4</sup> S·cm<sup>−1</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-578" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-578"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>524<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suatu angka yang lebih khas dari logam. Fosforus, belerang, arsen, selenium, antimon, dan bismut juga memiliki alotrop yang kurang stabil yang menunjukkan perilaku yang berbeda.<sup id="cite_ref-579" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-579"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>525<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kelimpahan,_ekstraksi,_dan_biaya"><span id="Kelimpahan.2C_ekstraksi.2C_dan_biaya"></span>Kelimpahan, ekstraksi, dan biaya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Sunting bagian: Kelimpahan, ekstraksi, dan biaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=37" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kelimpahan, ekstraksi, dan biaya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right"> <tbody><tr> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">Z</a></i></th> <th>Unsur</th> <th>Gram/ton </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">8</td> <td>Oksigen</td> <td align="right">461.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">14</td> <td><b>Silikon</b></td> <td align="right">282.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">13</td> <td><i>Aluminium</i></td> <td align="right">82.300 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">26</td> <td>Besi</td> <td align="right">56.300 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">6</td> <td><i>Karbon</i></td> <td align="right">200 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">29</td> <td>Tembaga</td> <td align="right">60 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5</td> <td><b>Boron</b></td> <td align="right">10 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">33</td> <td><b>Arsen</b></td> <td align="right">1,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">32</td> <td><b>Germanium</b></td> <td align="right">1,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">47</td> <td>Perak</td> <td align="right">0,075 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">34</td> <td><i>Selenium</i></td> <td align="right">0,05 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">51</td> <td><b>Antimon</b></td> <td align="right">0,02 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">79</td> <td>Emas</td> <td align="right">0,004 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">52</td> <td><b>Telurium</b></td> <td align="right">0,001 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">75</td> <td>Renium</td> <td align="right"><span style="display:none;">0,0000000007</span>7×10<sup>−10</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">54</td> <td>Xenon</td> <td align="right"><span style="display:none;">0,00000000003</span>3×10<sup>−11</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">84</td> <td><i>Polonium</i></td> <td align="right"><span style="display:none;">0,0000000000000002</span>2×10<sup>−16</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">85</td> <td><i>Astatin</i></td> <td align="right"><span style="display:none;">0,000000000000000003</span>3×10<sup>−20</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kelimpahan">Kelimpahan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Sunting bagian: Kelimpahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=38" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kelimpahan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tabel tersebut memberikan <a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_unsur_di_kerak_Bumi" title="Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi">kelimpahan kerak</a> dari unsur-unsur yang umumnya jarang dikenali sebagai metaloid.<sup id="cite_ref-580" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-580"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>526<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa unsur lain disertakan untuk perbandingan: oksigen dan xenon (unsur yang memiliki isotop stabil paling melimpah dan paling tidak melimpah); besi dan logam koin (tembaga, perak, dan emas); serta renium, logam stabil yang paling tidak melimpah (aluminium biasanya merupakan logam yang paling melimpah). Berbagai perkiraan kelimpahan telah diterbitkan; beberapa diantaranya sering tidak setuju sampai batas tertentu.<sup id="cite_ref-581" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-581"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>527<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekstraksi">Ekstraksi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Sunting bagian: Ekstraksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=39" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekstraksi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metaloid yang dikenal dapat diperoleh dengan <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">reduksi kimia</a> baik oksida atau sulfidanya. Metode ekstraksi yang lebih sederhana atau lebih kompleks dapat digunakan tergantung pada bentuk awal dan faktor ekonomi.<sup id="cite_ref-582" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-582"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>528<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boron secara rutin diperoleh dengan mereduksi trioksidanya dengan magnesium: B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3 Mg → 2 B + 3MgO; setelah pemrosesan sekunder, bubuk coklat yang dihasilkan memiliki kemurnian hingga 97%.<sup id="cite_ref-583" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-583"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>529<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boron dengan kemurnian lebih tinggi (> 99%) dibuat dengan memanaskan senyawa boron yang mudah menguap, seperti BCl<sub>3</sub> atau BBr<sub>3</sub>, baik dalam atmosfer hidrogen (2 BX<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub> → 2 B + 6 HX) ataupun hingga titik <a href="/wiki/Dekomposisi_termal" title="Dekomposisi termal">dekomposisi termal</a>. Silikon dan germanium diperoleh dari oksida mereka dengan memanaskan oksidanya dengan karbon atau hidrogen: SiO<sub>2</sub> + C → Si + CO<sub>2</sub>; GeO<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub> → Ge + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O. Arsen diisolasi dari piritnya (FeAsS) atau pirit arsen (FeAs<sub>2</sub>) dengan pemanasan; sebagai alternatif, ia dapat diperoleh dari oksidanya melalui reduksi dengan karbon: 2 As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3 C → 2 As + 3 CO<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-584" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-584"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>530<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antimon diturunkan dari sulfidanya melalui reduksi dengan besi: Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> → 2 Sb + 3 FeS. Telurium dibuat dari oksidanya dengan melarutkannya dalam NaOH berair, menghasilkan telurit, kemudian dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sel_elektrolitik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sel elektrolitik (halaman belum tersedia)">reduksi elektrolitik</a>: TeO<sub>2</sub> + 2 NaOH → Na<sub>2</sub>TeO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O;<sup id="cite_ref-585" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-585"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>531<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Na<sub>2</sub>TeO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → Te + 2 NaOH + O<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-586" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-586"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>532<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pilihan lain adalah reduksi oksidanya dengan memanggangnya dengan karbon: TeO<sub>2</sub> + C → Te + CO<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-587" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-587"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>533<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metode produksi untuk unsur-unsur yang lebih jarang dikenal sebagai metaloid melibatkan pemrosesan alami, reduksi elektrolitik atau kimia, atau penyinaran. Karbon (sebagai grafit) terjadi secara alami dan diekstraksi dengan menghancurkan batuan induk dan mengapungkan grafit yang lebih ringan ke permukaan. Aluminium diekstraksi dengan melarutkan oksidanya Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> dalam <a href="/wiki/Kriolit" title="Kriolit">kriolit</a> cair Na<sub>3</sub>AlF<sub>6</sub> dan kemudian dengan reduksi elektrolitik suhu tinggi. Selenium diproduksi dengan memanggang selenida logam koin X<sub>2</sub>Se (X = Cu, Ag, Au) dengan <a href="/wiki/Natrium_karbonat" title="Natrium karbonat">abu soda</a> untuk menghasilkan selenit: X<sub>2</sub>Se + O<sub>2</sub> + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → Na<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub> + 2 X + CO<sub>2</sub>; selenida tersebut dinetralkan oleh asam sulfat H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> untuk menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Asam_selenit" title="Asam selenit">asam selenit</a> H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub>; ini direduksi melalui penggelembungan dengan <a href="/wiki/Belerang_dioksida" title="Belerang dioksida">SO<sub>2</sub></a> untuk menghasilkan selenium elemental. Polonium dan astatin diproduksi dalam jumlah kecil dengan menyinari bismut.<sup id="cite_ref-588" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-588"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>534<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biaya">Biaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Sunting bagian: Biaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=40" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Biaya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metaloid yang dikenal dan tetangga mereka yang lebih dekat sebagian besar memiliki harga yang lebih murah daripada perak; hanya polonium dan astatin yang lebih mahal daripada emas, karena radioaktivitasnya yang signifikan. Mulai 5 April 2014, harga untuk sampel kecil (hingga 100 g) silikon, antimon dan telurium, serta grafit, aluminium, dan selenium, rata-rata sekitar sepertiga dari harga perak (AS$1,5 per gram atau sekitar AS$45 per ons). Sampel boron, germanium, dan arsen dihargai rata-rata sekitar tiga setengah kali harga perak.<sup id="cite_ref-589" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-589"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polonium tersedia dengan harga sekitar AS$100 per <a href="/wiki/Mikrogram" title="Mikrogram">mikrogram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-590" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-590"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>535<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zalutsky dan Pruszynski<sup id="cite_ref-591" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-591"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>536<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> memperkirakan biaya yang sama untuk memproduksi astatin. Harga untuk unsur-unsur yang berlaku yang diperdagangkan sebagai komoditas cenderung berkisar dari dua hingga tiga kali lebih murah daripada harga sampel (Ge), hingga hampir tiga ribu kali lebih murah (As).<sup id="cite_ref-592" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-592"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=41" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=41" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Untuk catatan terkait, lihat pula: Vernon RE 2013, 'Which Elements Are Metalloids?', <i>Journal of Chemical Education,</i> vol. 90, no. 12, hlm. 1703–1707, <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed3008457">10.1021/ed3008457</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Definisi dan kutipan oleh penulis yang berbeda, yang menggambarkan aspek definisi generik, berikut: <ul><li>"Dalam kimia, metaloid adalah unsur dengan sifat peralihan antara logam dan nonlogam."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Antara logam dan nonlogam dalam tabel periodik kita menemukan unsur-unsur ... [yang] berbagi beberapa sifat karakteristik baik logam dan nonlogam, sehingga sulit untuk menempatkan mereka di salah satu dari dua kategori utama tersebut"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Kimiawan terkadang menggunakan nama metaloid ... untuk unsur-unsur ini yang sulit untuk diklasifikasikan dengan satu atau lain cara."<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_2000,_p._41_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_2000,_p._41-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Karena sifat-sifat yang membedakan logam dan nonlogam bersifat kualitatif, beberapa unsur tidak termasuk dalam dua kategori tersebut secara jelas. Unsur-unsur ini ... disebut metaloid ..."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> Secara lebih luas, metaloid telah disebut sebagai: <ul><li>"unsur yang ... merupakan persilangan antara logam dan nonlogam";<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau</li> <li>"unsur di antara yang aneh".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Emas</a>, misalnya, memiliki sifat campuran tetapi masih diakui sebagai "raja logam". Selain perilaku logam (seperti konduktivitas listrik yang tinggi, dan pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Ion#Kation" title="Ion">kation</a>), emas menunjukkan perilaku nonlogam: <ul><li>Ia memiliki <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/redoxeqia/introduction.html">potensial elektrode</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potensial_elektrode_standar_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potensial elektrode standar (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">tertinggi</a></li> <li>Ia memiliki <a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">energi ionisasi</a> tertinggi ketiga di antara logam (setelah <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a>)</li> <li>Ia memiliki <a href="/wiki/Afinitas_elektron" title="Afinitas elektron">afinitas elektron</a> tertinggi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">Keelektronegatifannya</a> sebesar 2,54 adalah yang tertinggi di antara logam dan melebihi beberapa nonlogam (<a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> 2,2; <a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">fosforus</a> 2,19; dan <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> 2,2)</li> <li>Ia membentuk <a href="/wiki/Ion#Anion" title="Ion">anion</a> aurida (Au<sup>−</sup>), bertindak dengan cara ini seperti <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a></li> <li>Ia kadang-kadang memiliki kecenderungan, yang dikenal sebagai "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurofilisitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurofilisitas (halaman belum tersedia)">aurofilisitas</a>", untuk mengikat dirinya sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> Mengenai karakter halogen, lihat pula Belpassi dkk.,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menyimpulkan bahwa dalam aurida MAu (M = <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Li–Cs</a>) emas "berperilaku sebagai halogen, perantara antara <a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Br</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">I</a>"; mengenai aurofilisitas, lihat pula Schmidbaur dan and Schier.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann dkk.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> menyebut unsur-unsur ini sebagai "metaloid yang diakui".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> menulis: "Meskipun klasifikasi adalah fitur penting di semua cabang ilmu pengetahuan, selalu ada kasus sulit pada batas. Memang, batas kelas jarang tajam."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurangnya pembagian standar unsur-unsur menjadi logam, metaloid, dan nonlogam tidak selalu menjadi masalah. Ada lebih atau kurang, perkembangan terus menerus dari logam ke nonlogam. Subset tertentu dari kontinum ini dapat melayani tujuan khususnya serta yang lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Efisiensi pengepakan boron adalah 38%; silikon dan germanium 34; arsen 38,5; antimon 41; dan telurium 36,4.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nilai-nilai ini lebih rendah daripada kebanyakan logam (80% di antaranya memiliki efisiensi pengepakan minimal 68%),<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi lebih tinggi daripada unsur yang biasanya diklasifikasikan sebagai nonlogam. (Galium tidaklah biasa, untuk logam, ia memiliki efisiensi pengepakan hanya 39%.)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nilai penting lainnya untuk logam adalah 42,9 untuk bismut<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan 58,5 untuk raksa cair.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Efisiensi pengepakan untuk nonlogam adalah: grafit 17%,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> belerang 19,2,<sup id="cite_ref-Neuburger_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neuburger-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iodin 23,9,<sup id="cite_ref-Neuburger_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neuburger-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> selenium 24,2,<sup id="cite_ref-Neuburger_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neuburger-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan fosforus hitam 28,5.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lebih khusus lagi, <span id="Gold"></span><i>kriteria Goldhammer-Herzfeld</i> adalah rasio gaya yang menahan <a href="/wiki/Elektron_valensi" title="Elektron valensi">elektron valensi</a> atom individual pada tempatnya dengan gaya pada elektron yang sama dari interaksi <i>antara</i> atom-atom dalam unsur padat atau cair. Ketika gaya antar atom lebih besar dari, atau sama dengan, gaya atom, perjalanan elektron valensi ditunjukkan dan perilaku logam diprediksi.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jika tidak, perilaku nonlogam diantisipasi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karena rasio didasarkan pada argumen klasik<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rasio ini tidak mengakomodasi temuan bahwa polonium, yang memiliki nilai ~0,95, mengadopsi <a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">struktur kristal</a> logam (bukan <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">kovalen</a>), dengan alasan <a href="/wiki/Kimia_kuantum_relativistik" title="Kimia kuantum relativistik">relativistik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meski begitu ia menawarkan rasionalisasi orde pertama untuk terjadinya karakter logam di antara unsur-unsur.<sup id="cite_ref-edwards695_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards695-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konduktansi atom adalah konduktivitas listrik satu mol zat. Itu sama dengan konduktivitas listrik dibagi dengan volume molar.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_2000,_p._41_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_2000,_p._41-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selenium memiliki energi ionisasi (IE) sebesar 225 kkal/mol (941 kJ/mol) dan kadang-kadang digambarkan sebagai semikonduktor. Ia memiliki elektronegativitas (EN) 2,55 yang relatif tinggi. Polonium memiliki IE 194 kkal/mol (812 kJ/mol) dan 2,0 EN, tetapi memiliki struktur pita logam.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astatin memiliki IE 215 kJ/mol (899 kJ/mol) dan EN 2,2.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Struktur pita elektroniknya tidak diketahui dengan pasti.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (2010, hlm. 169–71): "Meskipun klasifikasi adalah fitur penting dari semua cabang ilmu pengetahuan, selalu ada kasus-kasus sulit di batas-batasnya. Batas kelas jarang tajam…Ilmuwan tidak boleh kehilangan tidur atas kasus keras. Selama sistem klasifikasi bermanfaat bagi ekonomi deskripsi, untuk menyusun pengetahuan dan pemahaman kita, dan kasus sulit merupakan minoritas kecil, maka pertahankan. Jika sistem menjadi kurang bermanfaat, maka hapus dan ganti dengan sistem berdasarkan karakteristik bersama yang berbeda."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oderberg<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> berpendapat atas dasar <a href="/wiki/Ontologi" title="Ontologi">ontologis</a> bahwa segala sesuatu yang bukan logam adalah nonlogam, dan bahwa ini termasuk semi-logam (yaitu metaloid).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium">Kopernisium</a> dilaporkan menjadi satu-satunya logam yang dianggap berbentuk gas pada suhu kamar.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Logam memiliki nilai konduktivitas listrik mulai dari 6,9 × 10<sup>3</sup> S•cm<sup>−1</sup> untuk <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a> hingga 6,3 × 10<sup>5</sup> untuk <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">perak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metaloid memiliki nilai konduktivitas listrik mulai dari 1,5 × 10<sup>−6</sup> S•cm<sup>−1</sup> untuk boron hingga 3,9 × 10<sup>4</sup> untuk arsen.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jika selenium dimasukkan sebagai metaloid, kisaran konduktivitas yang berlaku akan mulai dari ~10<sup>−9</sup> hingga 10<sup>−12</sup> S•cm<sup>−1</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozyrev_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozyrev-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nonlogam memiliki nilai konduktivitas listrik mulai dari ~10<sup>−18</sup> S•cm<sup>−1</sup> untuk gas elemental hingga 3 × 10<sup>4</sup> dalam grafit.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chedd<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mendefinisikan metaloid sebagai memiliki nilai elektronegativitas 1,8 hingga 2,2 (<a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas#Elektronegativitas_Allred–Rochow" title="Elektronegativitas">skala Allred–Rochow</a>). Dia memasukkan boron, silikon, germanium, arsen, antimon, telurium, polonium, dan <a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">astatin</a> dalam kategori ini. Dalam meninjau karya Chedd, Adler<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> menggambarkan pilihan ini sebagai arbitrer, karena unsur lain yang elektronegativitasnya berada dalam kisaran ini, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>, perak, fosforus, raksa, dan bismut. Dia melanjutkan dengan menyarankan mendefinisikan metaloid sebagai "semikonduktor atau semilogam" dan untuk memasukkan bismut dan selenium dalam kategori ini.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olmsted dan Williams<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> berkomentar bahwa, "Sampai baru-baru ini, minat kimia dalam metaloid terutama terdiri dari keingintahuan yang terisolasi, seperti sifat beracun arsen dan nilai terapeutik ringan boraks. Dengan perkembangan semikonduktor metaloid, bagaimanapun, unsur-unsur ini telah menjadi di antara yang paling intens dipelajari".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penelitian yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2012 menunjukkan bahwa kaca logam-metalloid dapat dicirikan oleh skema pengepakan atom yang saling berhubungan di mana struktur ikatan logam dan <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">kovalen</a> hidup berdampingan.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reaksi yang terlibat adalah Ge + 2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibdenum_trioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molibdenum trioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">MoO<sub>3</sub></a> → GeO<sub>2</sub> + 2 <a href="/wiki/Molibdenum_dioksida" title="Molibdenum dioksida">MoO<sub>2</sub></a>. Menambahkan arsen atau antimon (donor elektron <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semikonduktor_ekstrinsik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semikonduktor ekstrinsik (halaman belum tersedia)">tipe n</a>) akan meningkatkan laju reaksi; menambahkan galium atau indium akseptor elektron (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semikonduktor_intrinsik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semikonduktor intrinsik (halaman belum tersedia)">tipe p</a>) akan menurunkannya.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellern, menulis dalam <i>Military and Civilian Pyrotechnics</i> (1968), berkomentar bahwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitam_karbon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitam karbon (halaman belum tersedia)">hitam karbon</a> "telah ditentukan untuk dan digunakan dalam simulator ledakan udara nuklir."<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Untuk contoh pasca 1960 dari penggunaan istilah metaloid untuk merujuk pada nonlogam, lihat Zhdanov,<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang membagi unsur-unsur menjadi logam; unsur antara (H, B, C, Si, Ge, Se, Te); and metalloids (dan metaloid (yang paling khas diberikan sebagai O, F, dan Cl).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boron, pada 1,56 eV, memiliki sela pita terbesar di antara metaloid (semikonduktor) yang umum dikenal. Dari unsur-unsur terdekat dalam tabel periodik, selenium memiliki sela pita tertinggi berikutnya (mendekati 1,8 eV) diikuti oleh fosforus putih (sekitar 2,1 eV).<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penyintesisan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borosferena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borosferena (halaman belum tersedia)">borosferena</a> (B<sub>40</sub>), sebuah "fulerena terdistorsi dengan lubang heksagonal di bagian atas dan bawah serta empat lubang heptagonal di sekitar pinggang" diumumkan pada tahun 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spesies BH<sub>3</sub> dan Fe(CO<sub>4</sub>) dalam reaksi ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_intermediat" title="Senyawa intermediat">zat antara reaksi</a> yang berumur pendek.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mengenai analogi antara boron dan logam, Greenwood<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> berkomentar bahwa: "Sejauh mana unsur logam meniru boron (memiliki elektron lebih sedikit daripada orbital yang tersedia untuk ikatan) telah menjadi konsep koheren yang bermanfaat dalam pengembangan kimia metaloborana ... Memang, logam telah disebut sebagai "atom boron kehormatan" atau bahkan sebagai "atom fleksiboron". Kebalikan dari hubungan ini jelas juga berlaku ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ikatan dalam <a href="/wiki/Boron_trifluorida" title="Boron trifluorida">boron trifluorida</a>, sebuah gas, telah disebut sebagai ionik yang dominan<sup id="cite_ref-Gillespie1998_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillespie1998-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deskripsi yang kemudian digambarkan sebagai menyesatkan.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaland_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaland-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boron trioksida (B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) kadang-kadang digambarkan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Amfoterisme" title="Amfoterisme">amfoter</a> (lemah).<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia bereaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> menghasilkan berbagai borat.<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Minum#Hidrasi_dan_dehidrasi" title="Minum">terhidrasinya</a> (sebagai H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Asam_borat" title="Asam borat">asam borat</a>) ia bereaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Belerang_trioksida" title="Belerang trioksida">belerang trioksida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhidrida_asam" title="Anhidrida asam">anhidrida</a> <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a>, untuk membentuk <a href="/wiki/Sulfat#Hidrogensulfat_(bisulfat)" title="Sulfat">bisulfat</a> B(HSO<sub>3</sub>) <sub>4</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam bentuknya yang murni (anhidrat), ia bereaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Asam_fosfat" title="Asam fosfat">asam fosfat</a> untuk membentuk "<a href="/wiki/Fosfat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosfat">fosfat</a>" BPO<sub>4</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senyawa terakhir dapat dianggap sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksida_campuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksida campuran (halaman belum tersedia)">oksida campuran</a> B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> dan <a href="/wiki/Fosforus_pentoksida" title="Fosforus pentoksida">P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turunan organik dari metaloid secara tradisional dihitung sebagai senyawa organologam.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Di udara, silikon membentuk lapisan tipis silikon dioksida amorf, setebal 2 hingga 3 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-R393_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R393-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lapisan ini dilarutkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_fluorida" title="Hidrogen fluorida">hidrogen fluorida</a> pada kecepatan yang sangat rendah – pada urutan dua hingga tiga jam per nanometer.<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silikon dioksida, dan kaca silikat (di mana silikon dioksida merupakan komponen utama), sebaliknya mudah diserang oleh asam fluorida.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ikatan dalam <a href="/wiki/Silikon_tetrafluorida" title="Silikon tetrafluorida">silikon tetrafluorida</a>, gas, telah disebut sebagai deskripsi yang didominasi ionik<sup id="cite_ref-Gillespie1998_299-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillespie1998-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang kemudian digambarkan sebagai menyesatkan.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaland_300-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaland-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meskipun SiO<sub>2</sub> diklasifikasikan sebagai oksida asam, dan karenanya bereaksi dengan alkali untuk menghasilkan silikat, ia bereaksi dengan asam fosfat untuk menghasilkan silikon oksida ortofosfat Si<sub>5</sub>O(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>,<sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan dengan asam fluorida menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Asam_heksafluorosilikat" title="Asam heksafluorosilikat">asam heksafluorosilikat</a> (H<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaksi terakhir "kadang-kadang dikutip sebagai bukti dasar [yaitu, sifat logam]".<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suhu di atas 400 °C diperlukan untuk membentuk lapisan oksida permukaan yang nyata.<sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sumber yang menyebutkan kation germanium meliputi: Powell & Brewer<sup id="cite_ref-351" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menyatakan bahwa struktur <a href="/wiki/Kadmium_iodida" title="Kadmium iodida">kadmium iodida</a> (CdI<sub>2</sub>) dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium_iodida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanium iodida (halaman belum tersedia)">germano iodida</a> (GeI<sub>2</sub>) menetapkan keberadaan ion Ge<sup>++</sup> (struktur CdI<sub>2</sub> ditemukan, menurut Ladd,<sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dalam "banyak halida, hidroksida, dan kalsida logam"); Everest<sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang berkomentar bahwa, "tampaknya ion Ge<sup>++</sup> juga dapat terjadi pada garam germanium kristal lainnya seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germano_fosfit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germano fosfit (halaman belum tersedia)">fosfit</a>, yang mirip dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stano_fosfit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stano fosfit (halaman belum tersedia)">stano fosfit</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germano_fosfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germano fosfat (halaman belum tersedia)">germano fosfat</a>, yang tidak hanya mirip dengan stano fosfat, tetapi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangano_fosfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangano fosfat (halaman belum tersedia)">mangano fosfat</a> juga"; Pan, Fu & Huang<sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menganggap pembentukan ion Ge<sup>++</sup> sederhana ketika Ge(OH)<sub>2</sub> dilarutkan dalam larutan <a href="/wiki/Asam_perklorat" title="Asam perklorat">asam perklorat</a>, atas dasar bahwa "ClO4<sup>−</sup> memiliki sedikit kecenderungan untuk memasuki pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Kompleks_koordinasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompleks koordinasi">kompleks</a> dengan kation"; Monconduit dkk.<sup id="cite_ref-355" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menyiapkan senyawa lapisan atau fase Nb<sub>3</sub>Ge<sub>x</sub>Te<sub>6</sub> (x ≃ 0,9), dan melaporkan bahwa ini mengandung kation Ge<sup>II</sup>; Richens<sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang mencatat bahwa, "Ge<sup>2+</sup> (aq) atau mungkin Ge(OH)<sup>+</sup>(aq) dikatakan ada dalam suspensi encer bebas udara dari hidrat monoksida kuning…namun keduanya tidak stabil sehubungan dengan pembentukan siap pakai dari GeO<sub>2</sub>.<i>n</i>H<sub>2</sub>O"; Rupar dkk.<sup id="cite_ref-357" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-357"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang mensintesis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriptan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriptan (halaman belum tersedia)">kriptan</a> dan senyawa yang mengandung kation Ge<sup>2+</sup>; serta Schwietzer dan Pesterfield<sup id="cite_ref-358" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menulis bahwa, "monoksida <a href="/wiki/Germanium_monoksida" title="Germanium monoksida">GeO</a> dilarutkan dalam asam encer menghasilkan Ge<sup>+2</sup> dan dalam basa encer menghasilkan GeO<sub>2</sub><sup>−2</sup>, ketiga entitas tersebut tidak stabil dalam air". Sumber-sumber yang menolak kation germanium atau mengualifikasi lebih lanjut dugaan keberadaannya meliputi: Jolly dan Latimer<sup id="cite_ref-359" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-359"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menyatakan bahwa, "ion germanium tidak dapat dipelajari secara langsung karena tidak ada spesies germanium (II) dalam konsentrasi yang cukup besar dalam larutan berair yang tidak kompleks"; Lidin<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang mengatakan bahwa, "[germanium] tidak membentuk aquakation"; Ladd<sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang mencatat bahwa struktur CdI<sub>2</sub> adalah "tipe antara antara senyawa ionik dan molekuler"; dan Wiberg<sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menyatakan bahwa, "tidak ada kation germanium yang diketahui".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arsen juga eksis sebagai alotrop alami (tapi langka) <i>(arsenolamprit),</i> sebuah semikonduktor kristal dengan sela pita sekitar 0,3 eV atau 0,4 eV. Ia juga dapat disiapkan dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Amorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorf">amorf</a> semikonduktor, dengan sela pita sekitar 1,2–1,4 eV.<sup id="cite_ref-379" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-379"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sumber yang menyebutkan arsen kationik meliputi: Gillespie & Robinson<sup id="cite_ref-383" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-383"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menemukan bahwa, "dalam larutan yang sangat encer dalam asam sulfat, arsen (III) oksida membentuk arsonil (III) hidrogen sulfat, AsO.HO<sub>4</sub>, yang sebagian terionisasi untuk menghasilkan kation AsO<sup>+</sup>. Kedua spesies ini mungkin eksis terutama dalam bentuk terlarut, misalnya, As(OH)(SO<sub>4</sub>H)<sub>2</sub>, dan As(OH)(SO<sub>4</sub>H)<sup>+</sup> masing-masing"; Paul dkk.<sup id="cite_ref-384" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-384"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang melaporkan bukti spektroskopi untuk keberadaan kation As<sub>4</sub><sup>2+</sup> dan As<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup> ketika arsen dioksidasi dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroksidisulfuril_difluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peroksidisulfuril difluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">peroksidisulfuril difluorida</a> S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>F<sub>2</sub> dalam media yang sangat asam (Gillespie dan Passmore<sup id="cite_ref-385" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-385"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mencatat spektrum spesies ini sangat mirip dengan S<sub>4</sub><sup>2+</sup> dan S<sub>8</sub><sup>2+</sup> dan menyimpulkan bahwa, "saat ini" tidak ada bukti yang dapat diandalkan untuk setiap homopolikasi arsen); Van Muylder dan Pourbaix,<sup id="cite_ref-386" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-386"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menulis bahwa, "As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> adalah oksida amfoter yang larut dalam air dan dalam larutan pH antara 1 dan 8 dengan pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Asam_arsenit" title="Asam arsenit">asam arsenit</a> tak terdisosiasi HAsO<sub>2</sub>; kelarutannya…meningkat pada pH di bawah 1 dengan pembentukan ion 'arsenil' AsO<sup>+</sup>…"; Kolthoff dan Elving<sup id="cite_ref-387" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-387"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menulis bahwa, "kation As<sup>3+</sup> eksis sampai batas tertentu hanya dalam larutan asam kuat; dalam kondisi kurang asam kecenderungannya adalah <a href="/wiki/Hidrolisis" title="Hidrolisis">hidrolisis</a>, sehingga bentuk anionik mendominasi"; Moody<sup id="cite_ref-388" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-388"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang mengamati bahwa, "arsen trioksida, As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub>, dan asam arsenit, H<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>3</sub>, tampaknya bersifat amfoter tetapi tidak ada kation, As<sup>3+</sup>, As(OH)<sup>2+</sup>, atau As(OH)<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> yang diketahui"; dan Cotton dkk.<sup id="cite_ref-389" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-389"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menulis bahwa (dalam larutan berair) kation arsen sederhana As<sup>3+</sup> "dapat terjadi sampai batas tertentu [bersama dengan kation AsO<sup>+</sup>]" dan bahwa, "spektrum Raman menunjukkan bahwa dalam larutan asam As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub> satu-satunya spesies yang dapat dideteksi adalah As(OH)<sub>3</sub>" piramidal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rumus AsPO<sub>4</sub> dan As<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> memperkirakan formulasi ionik langsung, dengan As<sup>3+</sup> tetapi tidak demikian halnya. AsPO<sub>4</sub>, "yang sebenarnya merupakan oksida kovalen", telah disebut sebagai oksida ganda, dalam bentuk As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>·P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>. Ia terdiri dari piramida AsO<sub>3</sub> dan tetrahedra PO<sub>4</sub>, bergabung bersama oleh semua atom sudutnya untuk membentuk jaringan polimer berkelanjutan.<sup id="cite_ref-396" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-396"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>359<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> memiliki struktur di mana setiap tetrahedron SO<sub>4</sub> dijembatani oleh dua piramida trigonal AsO<sub>3</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-397" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-397"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> biasanya dianggap sebagai amfoter tetapi beberapa sumber mengatakan ia bersifat asam (lemah)<sup id="cite_ref-401" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-401"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>363<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mereka menggambarkan sifat "basa"-nya (reaksinya dengan <a href="/wiki/Asam_klorida" title="Asam klorida">asam klorida</a> pekat untuk membentuk arsenik triklorida) sebagai alkohol, dalam analogi dengan pembentukan alkil klorida kovalen oleh alkohol kovalen (misalnya, R-OH + HCl <big>→</big> RCl + H<sub>2</sub>O)<sup id="cite_ref-402" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-402"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>364<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antimon juga dapat dibuat dalam bentuk hitam semikonduktor <a href="/wiki/Amorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorf">amorf</a>, dengan perkiraan sela pita (tergantung suhu) 0,06–0,18 eV.<sup id="cite_ref-409" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-409"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>370<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lidin<sup id="cite_ref-415" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-415"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>375<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> menegaskan bahwa SbO<sup>+</sup> tidaklah eksis dan bahwa bentuk stabil dari Sb(III) dalam larutan air adalah hidrokompleks yang tidak sempurna [Sb(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cotton dkk.<sup id="cite_ref-440" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-440"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>399<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mencatat bahwa TeO<sub>2</sub> tampaknya memiliki kisi ionik; Wells<sup id="cite_ref-441" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-441"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>400<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> menunjukkan bahwa ikatan Te–O memiliki "karakter kovalen yang cukup besar".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karbon cair mungkin<sup id="cite_ref-456" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-456"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>414<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau mungkin bukan<sup id="cite_ref-457" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-457"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>415<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> konduktor logam, tergantung pada tekanan dan suhu; lihat pula.<sup id="cite_ref-458" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-458"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>416<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Untuk sulfat, metode pembuatannya adalah oksidasi langsung grafit (secara hati-hati) dalam asam sulfat pekat oleh <a href="/wiki/Oksidator" title="Oksidator">zat pengoksidasi</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">asam nitrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kromium_trioksida" title="Kromium trioksida">kromium trioksida</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amonium_persulfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amonium persulfat (halaman belum tersedia)">amonium persulfat</a>; dalam hal ini asam sulfat pekat bertindak sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelarut_nonair_anorganik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelarut nonair anorganik (halaman belum tersedia)">pelarut non-air anorganik</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanya sebagian kecil dari CO<sub>2</sub> terlarut yang ada dalam air sebagai asam karbonat sehingga, meskipun H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> adalah asam sedang-kuat, larutan asam karbonat hanya bersifat asam lemah.<sup id="cite_ref-470" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-470"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>426<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebuah mnemonik yang menangkap unsur-unsur yang umumnya dikenal sebagai metaloid berbunyi: <i>Up, up-down, up-down, up ... are the metalloids! (Atas, atas-bawah, atas-bawah, atas ... adalah metaloid!)</i><sup id="cite_ref-483" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-483"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>438<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-492"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-492">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_G._Rochow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene G. Rochow (halaman belum tersedia)">Rochow</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-490" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-490"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>444<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang kemudian menulis monografi tahun 1966-nya <i>The metalloids</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-491" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-491"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>445<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> berkomentar bahwa, "Dalam beberapa hal selenium bertindak seperti metaloid dan begitu pula telurium".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-519"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-519">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pilihan selanjutnya adalah memasukkan astatin baik sebagai nonlogam maupun sebagai metaloid.<sup id="cite_ref-518" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-518"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>471<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-526"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-526">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sepotong astatin yang terlihat akan segera dan sepenuhnya menguap karena panas yang dihasilkan oleh radioaktivitasnya yang intens.<sup id="cite_ref-525" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-525"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>477<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-531"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-531">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Literatur berikut saling bertentangan mengenai apakah boron menunjukkan konduktivitas logam dalam bentuk cair. Krishnan dkk.<sup id="cite_ref-528" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-528"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>479<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> menemukan bahwa boron cair berperilaku seperti logam. Glorieux dkk.<sup id="cite_ref-529" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-529"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>480<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mengkarakterisasi boron cair sebagai semikonduktor, berdasarkan konduktivitas listriknya yang rendah. Millot dkk.<sup id="cite_ref-530" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-530"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>481<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> melaporkan bahwa emisivitas boron cair tidak konsisten dengan logam cair.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-536"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-536">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korenman<sup id="cite_ref-535" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-535"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>485<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> juga mencatat bahwa "kemampuan untuk mengendap dengan hidrogen sulfida membedakan astatin dari halogen lain dan membawanya lebih dekat ke bismut dan <a href="/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat">logam berat</a> lainnya".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-550"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-550">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pemisahan antara molekul dalam lapisan iodin (350 pm) jauh lebih sedikit daripada pemisahan antara lapisan iodin (427 pm; dua kali jari-jari van der Waals, 430 pm).<sup id="cite_ref-548" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-548"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>497<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini diduga disebabkan oleh interaksi elektronik antara molekul di setiap lapisan iodin, yang pada gilirannya menimbulkan sifat semikonduktor dan penampilan mengkilap.<sup id="cite_ref-549" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-549"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>498<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-564"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-564">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Misalnya: konduktivitas listrik menengah;<sup id="cite_ref-Lutz_2011,_p._17_562-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lutz_2011,_p._17-562"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>510<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sela pita yang relatif sempit;<sup id="cite_ref-563" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-563"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>511<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sensitivitas cahaya.<sup id="cite_ref-Lutz_2011,_p._17_562-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lutz_2011,_p._17-562"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>510<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-568"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-568">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fosforus putih adalah bentuk yang paling tidak stabil dan paling reaktif.<sup id="cite_ref-565" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-565"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>512<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia juga merupakan alotrop yang paling umum, penting secara industri,<sup id="cite_ref-566" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-566"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>513<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan mudah direproduksi, dan karena tiga alasan ini, ia dianggap sebagai keadaan standar fosforus.<sup id="cite_ref-567" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-567"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>514<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-589"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-589">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harga sampel emas, sebagai perbandingan, mulai sekitar tiga puluh lima kali lipat dari perak. Berdasarkan harga sampel untuk B, C, Al, Si, Ge, As, Se, Ag, Sb, Te, dan Au tersedia secara daring dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alfa.com/en/pure-elements/">Alfa Aesa</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodfellow.com/catalogue/GFCatL.php?ewd_token=d9JJMyYK0a7QlDSc171OUVMREOSDVO&n=FkZgkaaF0WMB5EJhaP0zaLTZIN5ixG&ewd_urlNo=GFCatalogue2&next=Period">Goodfellow</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elementsales.com/pl_element.htm">Metallium</a>; dan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=16_17_69">United Nuclear Scientific</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-592"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-592">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berdasarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontrak_spot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontrak spot (halaman belum tersedia)">harga spot</a> untuk Al, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Se, dan Te tersedia secara daring dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastmarkets.com/minor-metals">FastMarkets: Minor Metals</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastmarkets.com/base-metals">Fast Markets: Base Metals</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pv.energytrend.com/">EnergyTrend: PV Market Status, Polysilicon</a>; dan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metal-pages.com/metals/arsenic/metal-prices-news-information/">Metal-Pages: Arsenic metal prices, news, and information</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=42" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=42" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chedd1969">Chedd 1969, hlm. 58, 78</a>; <a href="#NRC1984">National Research Council 1984, hlm. 43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkins2010p20-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins2010p20_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins2010p20_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Atkins2010">Atkins dkk. 2010, hlm. 20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cusack1987">Cusack 1987, hlm. 360</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kelter2009">Kelter, Mosher & Scott 2009, hlm. 268</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill_2000,_p._41-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_2000,_p._41_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_2000,_p._41_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hill2000">Hill & Holman 2000, hlm. 41</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#King1979">King 1979, hlm. 13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Moore2011">Moore 2011, hlm. 81</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gray2010">Gray 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkins-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hopkins1956">Hopkins & Bailar 1956, hlm. 458</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Glinka1965">Glinka 1965, hlm. 77</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 1279</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Belpassi2006">Belpassi dkk. 2006, hlm. 4543–44</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Schmidbaur2008">Schmidbaur & Schier 2008, hlm. 1931–51</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#TM1987">Tyler Miller 1987, hlm. 59</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Goldsmith1982">Goldsmith 1982, hlm. 526</a>; <a href="#Kotz2009">Kotz, Treichel & Weaver 2009, hlm. 62</a>; <a href="#Bettelheim">Bettelheim dkk. 2010, hlm. 46</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mann_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mann2000">Mann dkk. 2000, hlm. 2783</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hawkes2001">Hawkes 2001, hlm. 1686</a>; <a href="#Segal1989">Segal 1989, hlm. 965</a>; <a href="#McMurray2009">McMurray & Fay 2009, hlm. 767</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bucat1983">Bucat 1983, hlm. 26</a>; <a href="#Brown2007">Brown c. 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swift1962,100-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swift1962,100_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swift1962,100_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Swift1962">Swift & Schaefer 1962, hlm. 100</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hawkes2001">Hawkes 2001, hlm. 1686</a>; <a href="#Hawkes2010">Hawkes 2010</a>; <a href="#Holt2007">Holt, Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dunstan1968">Dunstan 1968, hlm. 310, 409</a>. Dunstan mendaftarkan Be, Al, Ge (mungkin), As, Se (mungkin), Sn, Sb, Te, Pb, Bi, dan Po sebagai metaloid (hlm. 310, 323, 409, 419).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tilden1876">Tilden 1876, hlm. 172, 198–201</a>; <a href="#Smith1994">Smith 1994, hlm. 252</a>; <a href="#Bodner1993">Bodner & Pardue 1993, hlm. 354</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bassett1966">Bassett dkk. 1966, hlm. 127</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rausch-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rausch_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rausch1960">Rausch 1960</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Thayer1977">Thayer 1977, hlm. 604</a>; <a href="#Warren1981">Warren & Geballe 1981</a>; <a href="#M&E">Masters & Ela 2008, hlm. 190</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren1981">Warren & Geballe 1981</a>; <a href="#Chalmers1959">Chalmers 1959, hlm. 72</a>; <a href="#United1965">US Bureau of Naval Personnel 1965, hlm. 26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Siebring1967">Siebring 1967, hlm. 513</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 282</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rausch1960">Rausch 1960</a>; <a href="#Friend1953">Friend 1953, hlm. 68</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Murray1928">Murray 1928, hlm. 1295</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hampel&H1966">Hampel & Hawley 1966, hlm. 950</a>; <a href="#Stein1985">Stein 1985</a>; <a href="#Stein1987">Stein 1987, hlm. 240, 247–48</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hatcher1949">Hatcher 1949, hlm. 223</a>; <a href="#Secrist">Secrist & Powers 1966, hlm. 459</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Taylor1960">Taylor 1960, hlm. 614</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Considine1984">Considine & Considine 1984, hlm. 568</a>; <a href="#Cegielski1998">Cegielski 1998, hlm. 147</a>; <a href="#TheAmerican2005"><i>The American heritage science dictionary 2005</i>, hlm. 397</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Woodward1948">Woodward 1948, hlm. 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#NIST2010">NIST 2010</a>. Nilai yang ditunjukkan pada tabel di atas telah dikonversi dari nilai NIST, yang diberikan dalam satuan eV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Berger1997">Berger 1997</a>; <a href="#Lovett1977">Lovett 1977, hlm. 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Goldsmith1982">Goldsmith 1982, hlm. 526</a>; <a href="#Hawkes2001">Hawkes 2001, hlm. 1686</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H1687-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H1687_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hawkes2001">Hawkes 2001, hlm. 1687</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharp1981-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharp1981_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharp1981_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sharp1981">Sharp 1981, hlm. 299</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emsley1971">Emsley 1971, hlm. 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#James2000">James dkk. 2000, hlm. 480</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chatt1951">Chatt 1951, hlm. 417</a> "Batas antara logam dan metaloid tidaklah terdefinisi ..."; <a href="#Burrows2009">Burrows dkk. 2009, hlm. 1192</a>: "Meskipun unsur-unsur mudah digambarkan sebagai logam, metaloid, dan nonlogam, transisinya tidak eksak ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones2010">Jones 2010, hlm. 170</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kneen1972">Kneen, Rogers & Simpson 1972, hlm. 218–20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rochow1966">Rochow 1966, hlm. 1, 4–7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rochow1977">Rochow 1977, hlm. 76</a>; <a href="#Mann2000">Mann dkk. 2000, hlm. 2783</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Askeland">Askeland, Phulé & Wright 2011, hlm. 69</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#VanSetten2007">Van Setten dkk. 2007, hlm. 2460–61</a>; <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 7</a> (Si, Ge); <a href="#Pearson1972">Pearson 1972, hlm. 264</a> (As, Sb, Te; juga P hitam)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 6–7, 387</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pearson1972">Pearson 1972, hlm. 264</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Okajima1972">Okajima & Shomoji 1972, hlm. 258</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kitaĭgorodskiĭ1961">Kitaĭgorodskiĭ 1961, hlm. 108</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neuburger-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neuburger_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neuburger_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neuburger_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Neuburger1936">Neuburger 1936</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Edwards1983">Edwards & Sienko 1983, hlm. 693</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Herzfeld">Herzfeld 1927</a>; <a href="#Edwards2000">Edwards 2000, hlm. 100–03</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Edwards1983">Edwards & Sienko 1983, hlm. 695</a>; <a href="#Edwards2010">Edwards dkk. 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Edwards1999">Edwards 1999, hlm. 416</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Steurer2007">Steurer 2007, hlm. 142</a>; <a href="#Pyykkö">Pyykkö 2012, hlm. 56</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwards695-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edwards695_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Edwards1983">Edwards & Sienko 1983, hlm. 695</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hill2000">Hill & Holman 2000, hlm. 160</a>. Mereka mencirikan metaloid (sebagian) atas dasar bahwa mereka adalah "konduktor listrik yang buruk dengan konduktansi atom biasanya kurang dari 10<sup>−3</sup> tetapi lebih besar dari 10<sup>−5</sup> ohm<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−4</sup>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bond2005">Bond 2005, hlm. 3</a>: "Salah satu kriteria untuk membedakan semi-logam dari logam sejati dalam kondisi normal adalah bahwa <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_koordinasi#Penggunaan_dalam_quasikristal,_cairan_dan_sistem_tidak_teratur_lainnya" title="Bilangan koordinasi">bilangan koordinasi massal</a> dari yang pertama tidak pernah lebih besar dari delapan, sedangkan untuk logam biasanya dua belas (atau lebih, jika untuk struktur kubik berpusat badan dihitung tetangga terdekatnya juga)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones2010">Jones 2010, hlm. 169</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Masterton1977">Masterton & Slowinski 1977, hlm. 160</a> mencantumkan B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, dan Te sebagai metaloid, dan berkomentar bahwa Po dan At biasanya diklasifikasikan sebagai metaloid tetapi menambahkan bahwa ini sewenang-wenang karena sangat sedikit yang diketahui mengenai Po dan At.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kraig2004">Kraig, Roundy & Cohen 2004, hlm. 412</a>; <a href="#Alloul2010">Alloul 2010, hlm. 83</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Vernon">Vernon 2013, hlm. 1704</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Vernon">Vernon 2013, hlm. 1703</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamm_1969,_hlm.653-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamm_1969,_hlm.653_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamm_1969,_hlm.653_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hamm1969">Hamm 1969, hlm. 653</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Horvath1973">Horvath 1973, hlm. 336</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray91-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray91_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray91_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gray2009">Gray 2009, hlm. 9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rayner2011-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rayner2011_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rayner2011">Rayner-Canham 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Booth1972">Booth & Bloom 1972, hlm. 426</a>; <a href="#Cox2004">Cox 2004, hlm. 17, 18, 27–28</a>; <a href="#Silberberg2006">Silberberg 2006, hlm. 305–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cox2004">Cox 2004, hlm. 17–18, 27–28</a>; <a href="#Silberberg2006">Silberberg 2006, hlm. 305–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rodgers">Rodgers 2011, hlm. 232–33; 240–41</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roher-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roher_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Roher2001">Roher 2001, hlm. 4–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tyler1948">Tyler 1948, hlm. 105</a>; <a href="#Reilly2002">Reilly 2002, hlm. 5–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hampel1976">Hampel & Hawley 1976, hlm. 174</a>;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Goodrich1844">Goodrich 1844, hlm. 264</a>; <a href="#TheChemical1897"><i>The Chemical News</i> 1897, hlm. 189</a>; <a href="#Hampel1976">Hampel & Hawley 1976, hlm. 191</a>; <a href="#Lewis1993">Lewis 1993, hlm. 835</a>; <a href="#Hérold2006">Hérold 2006, hlm. 149–50</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Oderberg2007">Oderberg 2007, hlm. 97</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brown_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brown2006">Brown & Holme 2006, hlm. 57</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 282</a>; <a href="#Simple2005">Simple Memory Art c. 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chedd1969">Chedd 1969, hlm. 12–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kneen1972">Kneen, Rogers & Simpson, 1972, hlm. 263</a>. Kolom 2 dan 4 bersumber dari referensi ini kecuali dinyatakan lain.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stoker2010">Stoker 2010, hlm 62</a>; <a href="#Chang2002">Chang 2002, hlm. 304</a>. Chang berspekulasi bahwa titik lebur fransium adalah sekitar 23 °C.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#NS1975">New Scientist 1975</a>; <a href="#Soverna2004">Soverna 2004</a>; <a href="#Eichler2007">Eichler dkk. 2007</a>; <a href="#Austen2012">Austen 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rochow_1966,_hlm.4-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rochow_1966,_hlm.4_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rochow_1966,_hlm.4_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rochow1966">Rochow 1966, hlm. 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hunt2000">Hunt 2000, hlm. 256</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McQuarrie85-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McQuarrie85_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#McQuarrie1987">McQuarrie & Rock 1987, hlm 85</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Desai1984">Desai, James & Ho 1984, hlm. 1160</a>; <a href="#Matula1979">Matula 1979, hlm. 1260</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Choppin1972">Choppin & Johnsen 1972, hlm. 351</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Schaefer1968">Schaefer 1968, hlm. 76</a>; <a href="#Carapella1968">Carapella 1968, hlm. 30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kozyrev-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kozyrev_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kozyrev_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kozyrev1959">Kozyrev 1959, hlm. 104</a>; <a href="#Chizhikov1968">Chizhikov & Shchastlivyi 1968, hlm. 25</a>; <a href="#Glazov1969">Glazov, Chizhevskaya & Glagoleva 1969, hlm. 86</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bogoroditskii1967">Bogoroditskii & Pasynkov 1967, hlm. 77</a>; <a href="#Jenkins1976">Jenkins & Kawamura 1976, hlm. 88</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hampel1976">Hampel & Hawley 1976, hlm. 191</a>; <a href="#Wulfsberg2000">Wulfsberg 2000, hlm. 620</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swalin-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swalin_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Swalin1962">Swalin 1962, hlm. 216</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bailar1989">Bailar dkk. 1989, hlm. 742</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Metcalfe1974">Metcalfe, Williams & Castka 1974, hlm. 86</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chang2002">Chang 2002, hlm. 306</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pauling1988">Pauling 1988, hlm. 183</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chedd1969">Chedd 1969, hlm. 24–25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Adler1969">Adler 1969, hlm. 18–19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hultgren1966">Hultgren 1966, hlm. 648</a>; <a href="#Young2000">Young & Sessine 2000, hlm. 849</a>; <a href="#Bassett1966">Bassett dkk. 1966, hlm. 602</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rochow1966">Rochow 1966, hlm. 4</a>; <a href="#Atkins2006">Atkins dkk. 2006, hlm. 8, 122–23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 421, 423</a>; <a href="#Gray2009">Gray 2009, hlm. 23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Olmsted1997">Olmsted & Williams 1997, hlm. 975</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell2005401-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russell2005401_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell2005401_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell2005401_126-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 401</a>; <a href="#Büchel2003">Büchel, Moretto & Woditsch 2003, hlm. 278</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Desch1914">Desch 1914, hlm. 86</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Phillips1965">Phillips & Williams 1965, hlm. 620</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Vanderput1998">Van der Put 1998, hlm. 123</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Klug1958">Klug & Brasted 1958, hlm. 199</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Good1813">Good dkk. 1813</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sequeira">Sequeira 2011, hlm. 776</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gary">Gary 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 405–06; 423–34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Davidson1973">Davidson & Lakin 1973, hlm. 627</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 589</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 749</a>; <a href="#Schwartz2002">Schwartz 2002, hlm. 679</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Antman">Antman 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Řezanka">Řezanka & Sigler 2008</a>; <a href="#Sekhon">Sekhon 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emsley2001">Emsley 2001, hlm. 67</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Zhang2008">Zhang dkk. 2008, hlm. 360</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLH-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SLH_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLH_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SLH">Science Learning Hub 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Skinner">Skinner dkk. 1979</a>; <a href="#Tom">Tom, Elden & Marsh 2004, hlm. 135</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Büchel">Büchel 1983, hlm. 226</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emsley2001">Emsley 2001, hlm. 391</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Schauss1991">Schauss 1991</a>; <a href="#Tao1997">Tao & Bolger 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Eagleson1994">Eagleson 1994, hlm. 450</a>; <a href="#EVM">EVM 2003, hlm. 197‒202</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neilsen-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neilsen_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neilsen_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nielsen">Nielsen 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#MacKenzie">MacKenzie 2015, hlm. 36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaouen-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaouen_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaouen_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jaouen">Jaouen & Gibaud 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithAH">Smith dkk. 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stevens1990">Stevens & Klarner, hlm. 205</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sneader">Sneader 2005, hlm. 57–59</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Keall1946">Keall, Martin dan Tunbridge 1946</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emsley2001">Emsley 2001, hlm. 426</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Oldfield1974">Oldfield dkk. 1974, hlm. 65</a>; <a href="#Turner2011">Turner 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ba">Ba dkk. 2010</a>; <a href="#Daniel-Hoffmann">Daniel-Hoffmann, Sredni & Nitzan 2012</a>; <a href="#Molina-Quiroz">Molina-Quiroz dkk. 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Peryea">Peryea 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hager">Hager 2006, hlm. 299</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Apseloff">Apseloff 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Trivedi">Trivedi, Yung & Katz 2013, hlm. 209</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emsley2001">Emsley 2001, hlm. 382</a>; <a href="#Burkhart">Burkhart, Burkhart & Morrell 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Thomas">Thomas, Bialek & Hensel 2013, hlm. 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Perry">Perry 2011, hlm. 74</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#UCR">UCR Today 2011</a>; <a href="#Wang">Wang & Robinson 2011</a>; <a href="#Kinjo">Kinjo dkk. 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kauthale">Kauthale dkk. 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gunn">Gunn 2014, hlm. 188, 191</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gupta">Gupta, Mukherjee & Cameotra 1997, hlm. 280</a>; <a href="#Thomas2012">Thomas & Visakh 2012, hlm. 99</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Muncke">Muncke 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mokhatab">Mokhatab & Poe 2012, hlm. 271</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Craig">Craig, Eng & Jenkins 2003, hlm. 25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#McKee">McKee 1984</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hai">Hai dkk. 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kohl">Kohl & Nielsen 1997, hlm. 699–700</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chopra">Chopra dkk. 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#LeBras">Le Bras, Wilkie & Bourbigot 2005, hlm. v</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wilkie">Wilkie & Morgan 2009, hlm. 187</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Locke1956">Locke dkk. 1956, hlm. 88</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Carlin">Carlin 2011, hlm. 6.2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Evans">Evans 1993, hlm. 257–28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Corbridge">Corbridge 2013, hlm. 1149</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-K2002-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-K2002_182-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-K2002_182-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kaminow2002">Kaminow & Li 2002, hlm. 118</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Deming1925">Deming 1925</a>, hlm. 330 (As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), 418 (B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>; SiO<sub>2</sub>; Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>); <a href="#Witt1968">Witt & Gatos 1968, hlm. 242</a> (GeO<sub>2</sub>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Eagleson1994">Eagleson 1994, hlm. 421</a> (GeO<sub>2</sub>); <a href="#Rothenberg1976">Rothenberg 1976, 56, 118–19</a> (TeO<sub>2</sub>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Geckeler1987">Geckeler 1987, hlm. 20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kreith2005">Kreith & Goswami 2005, hlm. 12–109</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 397</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Butterman2005">Butterman & Jorgenson 2005, hlm. 9–10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shelby">Shelby 2005, hlm. 43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Butterman2004">Butterman & Carlin 2004, hlm. 22</a>; <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 422</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Träger2007">Träger 2007, hlm. 438, 958</a>; <a href="#Eranna2011">Eranna 2011, hlm. 98</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rao2002">Rao 2002, hlm. 552</a>; <a href="#Loffler">Löffler, Kündig & Dalla Torre 2007, hlm. 17–11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Guan">Guan dkk. 2012</a>; <a href="#World">WPI-AIM 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Klement">Klement, Willens & Duwez 1960</a>; <a href="#Wanga">Wanga, Dongb & Shek 2004, hlm. 45</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Demetriou">Demetriou dkk. 2011</a>; <a href="#Oliwenstein">Oliwenstein 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Karabulut">Karabulut dkk. 2001, hlm. 15</a>; <a href="#Haynes">Haynes 2012, hlm. 4–26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Schwartz2002">Schwartz 2002, hlm. 679–80</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Carter">Carter & Norton 2013, hlm. 403</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Maeder">Maeder 2013, hlm. 3, 9–11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tominaga2006">Tominaga 2006, hlm. 327–28</a>; <a href="#Chung2010">Chung 2010, hlm. 285–86</a>; <a href="#Kolobov_2012">Kolobov & Tominaga 2012, hlm. 149</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#NS2014">New Scientist 2014</a>; <a href="#Hosseini">Hosseini, Wright & Bhaskaran 2014</a>; <a href="#Farandos">Farandos dkk. 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#OO">Ordnance Office 1863, hlm. 293</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kos-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kos_204-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kos_204-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kosanke">Kosanke 2002, hlm. 110</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ellern">Ellern 1968, hlm. 246, 326–27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conkling82-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conkling82_206-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conkling82_206-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Conkling">Conkling & Mocella 2010, hlm. 82</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crow">Crow 2011</a>; <a href="#Daily">Mainiero 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Schwab">Schwab & Gerlach 1967</a>; <a href="#Yetter">Yetter 2012, hlm. 81</a>; <a href="#Lipscomb">Lipscomb 1972, hlm. 2–3, 5–6, 15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ellern">Ellern 1968, hlm. 135</a>; <a href="#Weingart">Weingart 1947, hlm. 9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Conkling">Conkling & Mocella 2010, hlm. 83</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Conkling">Conkling & Mocella 2010, hlm. 181, 213</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellern-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellern_213-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellern_213-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ellern">Ellern 1968, hlm. 209–10, 322</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#RussellF">Russell 2009, hlm. 15, 17, 41, 79–80</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ellern">Ellern 1968, hlm. 324</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ellern">Ellern 1968, hlm. 328</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Conkling">Conkling & Mocella 2010, hlm. 171</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Conkling">Conkling & Mocella 2011, hlm. 83–84</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Berger1997">Berger 1997, hlm. 91</a>; <a href="#Hampel1968">Hampel 1968, passim</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rochow1966">Rochow 1966, hlm. 41</a>; <a href="#Berger1997">Berger 1997, hlm. 42–43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bom-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bom_222-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bom_222-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bomgardner">Bomgardner 2013, hlm. 20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 395</a>; <a href="#Brown2009">Brown dkk. 2009, hlm. 489</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Haller_2006">Haller 2006, hlm. 4</a>: "Studi dan pemahaman fisika semikonduktor berkembang lambat pada abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20 ... Kotoran dan cacat ... tidak dapat dikontrol sampai tingkat yang diperlukan untuk mendapatkan hasil yang dapat direproduksi. Hal ini menyebabkan fisikawan berpengaruh, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">W. Pauli</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">I. Rabi</a>, berkomentar menghina tentang 'Fisika Kotoran'."; <a href="#Hoddeson2007">Hoddeson 2007, hlm. 25–34 (29)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bianco2013">Bianco dkk. 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Limerick">University of Limerick 2014</a>; <a href="#Kennedy">Kennedy dkk. 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lee">Lee dkk. 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, dkk. 421–22, 424</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#He">He dkk. 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Berger1997">Berger 1997, hlm. 91</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ScienceDaily">ScienceDaily 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Reardon2005">Reardon 2005</a>; <a href="#Meskers">Meskers, Hagelüken & Van Damme 2009, hlm. 1131</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#The_Economist">The Economist 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Whitten2007">Whitten 2007, hlm. 488</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jaskula">Jaskula 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GES">German Energy Society 2008, hlm. 43–44</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Patel">Patel 2012, hlm. 248</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Moore2014">Moore 2104</a>; <a href="#Utah">Universitas Utah 2014</a>; <a href="#Xu">Xu dkk. 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Yang">Yang dkk. 2012, hlm. 614</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Moore2010">Moore 2010, hlm. 195</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Moore2011">Moore 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Liu">Liu 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bradley">Bradley 2014</a>; <a href="#Utah">Universitas Utah 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#OED1989"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> 1989, 'metalloid'</a>; <a href="#GGH2003">Gordh, Gordh & Headrick 2003, hlm. 753</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Foster1936">Foster 1936, hlm. 212–13</a>; <a href="#Brownlee1936">Brownlee dkk. 1943, hlm. 293</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Calderazzo">Calderazzo, Ercoli & Natta 1968, hlm. 257</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klemm-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klemm_247-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klemm_247-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Klemm1950">Klemm 1950, hlm. 133–42</a>; <a href="#Reilly2004">Reilly 2004, hlm. 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Walters1982">Walters 1982, hlm. 32–33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tyler-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tyler_249-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tyler1948">Tyler 1948, hlm. 105</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Foster1958">Foster & Wrigley 1958, hlm. 218</a>: "Unsur-unsur dapat dikelompokkan menjadi dua kelas: mereka yang <i>logam</i> dan mereka yang bukan <i>nonlogam</i>. Ada juga kelompok perantara yang dikenal sebagai <i>metaloid,</i> <i>meta-logam,</i> <i>semikonduktor,</i> atau <i>semilogam</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Slade2006">Slade 2006, hlm. 16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Corwin2005">Corwin 2005, hlm. 80</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Barsanov1974">Barsanov & Ginzburg 1974, hlm. 330</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bradbury1957">Bradbury dkk. 1957, hlm. 157, 659</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Miller2002">Miller, Lee & Choe 2002, hlm. 21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#King2004">King 2004, hlm. 196–98</a>; <a href="#Ferro2008">Ferro & Saccone 2008, hlm. 233</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pashaey1973">Pashaey & Seleznev 1973, hlm. 565</a>; <a href="#Gladyshev1998">Gladyshev & Kovaleva 1998, hlm. 1445</a>; <a href="#Eason2007">Eason 2007, hlm. 294</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Johansen1970">Johansen & Mackintosh 1970, hlm. 121–24</a>; <a href="#Divakar1984">Divakar, Mohan & Singh 1984, hlm. 2337</a>; <a href="#Dávila2002">Dávila dkk. 2002, hlm. 035411-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jezequel1997">Jezequel & Thomas 1997, hlm. 6620–26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hindman1968">Hindman 1968, hlm. 434</a>: "Nilai tinggi yang diperoleh untuk resistivitas [listrik] menunjukkan bahwa sifat logam neptunium lebih dekat ke semilogam daripada logam sebenarnya. Hal ini juga berlaku untuk logam lain dalam deret aktinida."; <a href="#Dunlap1970">Dunlap dkk. 1970, hlm. 44, 46</a>: "... Np-α adalah semilogam, di mana efek kovalensi diyakini juga penting ... Untuk semilogam yang memiliki ikatan kovalen kuat, seperti Np-α ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lister">Lister 1965, hlm. 54</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cotton_FA_1999,_hlm.502-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_FA_1999,_hlm.502_262-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_FA_1999,_hlm.502_262-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_FA_1999,_hlm.502_262-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cotton1999">Cotton dkk. 1999, hlm. 502</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pinkerton1800">Pinkerton 1800, hlm. 81</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_264-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Goldsmith1982">Goldsmith 1982, hlm. 526</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Zhdanov">Zhdanov 1965, hlm. 74–75</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Friend1953">Friend 1953, hlm. 68</a>; <a href="#IUPAC1959">IUPAC 1959, hlm. 10</a>; <a href="#IUPAC1971">IUPAC 1971, hlm. 11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#IUPAC2005">IUPAC 2005</a>; <a href="#IUPAC2006">IUPAC 2006–</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#VanSetten2007">Van Setten dkk. 2007, hlm. 2460–61</a>; <a href="#Oganov2009">Oganov dkk. 2009, hlm. 863–64</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Housecroft2008">Housecroft & Sharpe 2008, hlm. 331</a>; <a href="#Oganov2010">Oganov 2010, hlm. 212</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Housecroft2008">Housecroft & Sharpe 2008, hlm. 333</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kross">Kross 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Berger1997">Berger 1997, hlm. 37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 144</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kopp">Kopp, Lipták & Eren 2003, hlm. 221</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Prudenziati1977">Prudenziati 1977, hlm. 242</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Berger1997">Berger 1997, hlm. 84, 87</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mendeléeff1897a">Mendeléeff 1897, hlm. 57</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rayner-Canham_2006,_hlm._291-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rayner-Canham_2006,_hlm._291_280-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rayner-Canham_2006,_hlm._291_280-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rayner2006">Rayner-Canham & Overton 2006, hlm. 291</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Siekierski2002">Siekierski & Burgess 2002, hlm. 63</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wogan">Wogan 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Siekierski2002">Siekierski & Burgess 2002, hlm. 86</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 141</a>; <a href="#Henderson2000">Henderson 2000, hlm. 58</a>; <a href="#Housecroft2008">Housecroft & Sharpe 2008, hlm. 360–72</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Parry1970">Parry dkk. 1970, hlm. 438, 448–51</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fehlner1990-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fehlner1990_287-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehlner1990_287-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fehlner1990">Fehlner 1990, hlm. 202</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Owen">Owen & Brooker 1991, hlm. 59</a>; <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 936</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood145-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood145_289-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood145_289-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 145</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Houghton1979">Houghton 1979, hlm. 59</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fehlner1990">Fehlner 1990, hlm. 205</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fehlner1990">Fehlner 1990, hlm. 204–05, 207</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2001">Greenwood 2001, hlm. 2057</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Salentine1987">Salentine 1987, hlm. 128–32</a>; <a href="#MacKay2002">MacKay, MacKay & Henderson 2002, hlm. 439–40</a>; <a href="#Kneen1972">Kneen, Rogers & Simpson 1972, hlm. 394</a>; <a href="#Hiller1960">Hiller & Herber 1960, inside front cover; hlm. 225</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sharp1983">Sharp 1983, hlm. 56</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fokwa">Fokwa 2014, hlm. 10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillespie1998-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillespie1998_299-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillespie1998_299-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gillespie1998">Gillespie 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaland-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haaland_300-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaland_300-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Haaland">Haaland dkk. 2000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pudd59-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pudd59_302-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pudd59_302-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pudd59_302-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pudd59_302-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pudd59_302-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pudd59_302-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Puddephatt1989">Puddephatt & Monaghan 1989, hlm. 59</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mahan1965">Mahan 1965, hlm. 485</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Danaith">Danaith 2008, hlm. 81</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lidin">Lidin 1996, hlm. 28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kondratev">Kondrat'ev & Mel'nikova 1978</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Holderness">Holderness & Berry 1979, hlm. 111</a>; <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 980</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Toy">Toy 1975, hlm. 506</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao22-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rao22_310-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao22_310-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao22_310-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao22_310-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao22_310-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao22_310-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao22_310-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao22_310-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rao2002">Rao 2002, hlm. 22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fehlner">Fehlner 1992, p. 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Haiduc1985">Haiduc & Zuckerman 1985, hlm. 82</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood331-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood331_314-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood331_314-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 331</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 824</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rochow1973">Rochow 1973, hlm. 1337‒38</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R393-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R393_317-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R393_317-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 393</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Zhang">Zhang 2002, hlm. 70</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sacks">Sacks 1998, hlm. 287</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rochow1973">Rochow 1973, hlm. 1337, 1340</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Allen1968">Allen & Ordway 1968, hlm. 152</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Eagleson1994">Eagleson 1994, hlm. 48, 127, 438, 1194</a>; <a href="#Massey2000">Massey 2000, hlm. 191</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Orton2004">Orton 2004, hlm. 7</a> Ini adalah nilai khas untuk silikon dengan kemurnian tinggi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Coles1976">Coles & Caplin 1976, hlm. 106</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Glazov1969">Glazov, Chizhevskaya & Glagoleva 1969, hlm. 59–63</a>; <a href="#Allen1987">Allen & Broughton 1987, hlm. 4967</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cotton1995">Cotton, Wilkinson & Gaus 1995, hlm. 393</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 834</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Partington1944">Partington 1944, hlm. 723</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_331-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_331-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_331-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_331-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_331-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cox2004">Cox 2004, hlm. 27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hiller225-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hiller225_332-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiller225_332-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiller225_332-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiller225_332-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiller225_332-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hiller1960">Hiller & Herber 1960, sampul depan bagian dalam; hlm. 225</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kneen1972">Kneen, Rogers dan Simpson 1972, hlm. 384</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailar513-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailar513_334-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailar513_334-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailar513_334-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bailar1965">Bailar, Moeller & Kleinberg 1965, hlm. 513</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cotton1995">Cotton, Wilkinson & Gaus 1995, hlm. 319, 321</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Smith1990">Smith 1990, hlm. 175</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Poojary1993">Poojary, Borade & Clearfield 1993</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 851, 858</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Barnett">Barmett & Wilson 1959, hlm. 332</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Powell1988">Powell 1988, hlm. 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 371</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cusack1967">Cusack 1967, hlm. 193</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 399–400</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood373-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood373_346-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood373_346-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 373</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Moody1991">Moody 1991, hlm. 273</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 399</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Berger1997">Berger 1997, hlm. 71–72</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jolly1966">Jolly 1966, hlm. 125–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Powell">Powell & Brewer 1938</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ladd">Ladd 1999, hlm. 55</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Everest">Everest 1953, hlm. 4120</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pan">Pan, Fu dan Huang 1964, hlm. 182</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Monconduit">Monconduit dkk. 1992</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Richens">Richens 1997, hlm. 152</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rupar">Rupar dkk. 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Schwietzer2010">Schwietzer & Pesterfield 2010, hlm. 190</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jolly">Jolly & Latimer 1951, hlm. 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lidin">Lidin 1996, hlm. 140</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ladd">Ladd 1999, hlm. 56</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 896</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Schwartz2002">Schwartz 2002, hlm. 269</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-365"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_365-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Eggins1972">Eggins 1972, hlm. 66</a>; <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 895</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 383</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Glockling1969">Glockling 1969, hlm. 38</a>; <a href="#Wells1984">Wells 1984, hlm. 1175</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cooper1968">Cooper 1968, hlm. 28–29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Steele1966">Steele 1966, hlm. 178, 188–89</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Haller_2006">Haller 2006, hlm. 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Walker">Lihat, untuk contoh, Walker & Tarn 1990, hlm. 590</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 742</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GWM2011-373"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GWM2011_373-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GWM2011_373-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GWM2011_373-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gray2011">Gray, Whitby & Mann 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_2002,_p._552-374"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_2002,_p._552_374-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_2002,_p._552_374-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 552</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Parkes1943">Parkes & Mellor 1943, hlm. 740</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 420</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carapella1968p30-377"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carapella1968p30_377-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Carapella1968">Carapella 1968, hlm. 30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barfuß_1981,_p._967-378"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barfuß_1981,_p._967_378-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barfuß_1981,_p._967_378-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Barfuß1981">Barfuß dkk. 1981, hlm. 967</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greaves1974">Greaves, Knights & Davis 1974, hlm. 369</a>; <a href="#Madelung2004">Madelung 2004, hlm. 405, 410</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bailar1973">Bailar & Trotman-Dickenson 1973, hlm. 558</a>; <a href="#Li1990">Li 1990</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bailar1965">Bailar, Moeller & Kleinberg 1965, hlm. 477</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gillespie">Gillespie & Robinson 1963, hlm. 450</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pauletal">Paul dkk. 1971</a>; lihat pula <a href="#Ahmeda">Ahmeda & Rucka 2011, hlm. 2893–94</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GillespieP">Gillespie & Passmore 1972, hlm. 478</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Van_Muylder">Van Muylder & Pourbaix 1974, hlm. 521</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kolthoff">Kolthoff & Elving 1978, hlm. 210</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Moody">Moody 1991, hlm. 248–49</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cotton1999">Cotton & Wilkinson 1999, hlm. 396, 419</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Eagleson1994">Eagleson 1994, hlm. 91</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Massey267-392"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Massey267_392-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Massey267_392-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Massey2000">Massey 2000, hlm. 267</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Timm1944">Timm 1944, hlm. 454</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Partington1944">Partington 1944, hlm. 641</a>; <a href="#Kleinberg1960">Kleinberg, Argersinger & Griswold 1960, hlm. 419</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Morgan1906">Morgan 1906, hlm. 163</a>; <a href="#Moeller1954">Moeller 1954, hlm. 559</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Corbridge">Corbridge 2013, hlm. 122, 215</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Douglade">Douglade 1982</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Zingaro1994">Zingaro 1994, hlm. 197</a>; <a href="#Emeléus1959">Emeléus & Sharpe 1959, hlm. 418</a>; <a href="#Addison1972">Addison & Sowerby 1972, hlm. 209</a>; <a href="#Mellor1964">Mellor 1964, hlm. 337</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pourbaix1974">Pourbaix 1974, hlm. 521</a>; <a href="#Eagleson1994">Eagleson 1994, hlm. 92</a>; <a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 572</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 750, 975</a>; <a href="#Silberberg2006">Silberberg 2006, hlm. 314</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sidgwick1950">Sidgwick 1950, hln. 784</a>; <a href="#Moody1991">Moody 1991, hlm. 248–9, 319</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Krannich2006">Krannich & Watkins 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_2002,_p._553-405"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_2002,_p._553_405-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 553</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dunstan1968">Dunstan 1968, hlm. 433</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Parise1996">Parise 1996, hlm. 112</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Carapella1968a">Carapella 1968a, hlm. 23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Moss1952">Moss 1952, hlm. 174, 179</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dupree1982">Dupree, Kirby & Freyland 1982, hlm. 604</a>; <a href="#Mhiaoui2003">Mhiaoui, Sar, & Gasser 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kotz2009">Kotz, Treichel & Weaver 2009, hlm. 62</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cotton1999">Cotton dkk. 1999, hlm. 396</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#King1994">King 1994, hlm. 174</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lidin">Lidin 1996, hlm. 372</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lindsjö">Lindsjö, Fischer & Kloo 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Friend1953">Friend 1953, hlm. 87</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fesquet1872">Fesquet 1872, hlm. 109–14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 553</a>; <a href="#Massey2000">Massey 2000, hlm. 269</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#King1994">King 1994, hlm. 171</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Turova2011">Turova 2011, hlm. 46</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pourbaix1974">Pourbaix 1974, hlm. 530</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiberg2001p764-424"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiberg2001p764_424-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiberg2001p764_424-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 764</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#House2008">House 2008, hlm. 497</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mendeléeff1897a">Mendeléeff 1897, hlm. 274</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emsley2001">Emsley 2001, hlm. 428</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kudryavtsev78-428"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kudryavtsev78_428-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kudryavtsev78_428-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kudryavtsev1974">Kudryavtsev 1974, hlm. 78</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bagnall1966">Bagnall 1966, hlm. 32–33, 59, 137</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Swink1966">Swink dkk. 1966</a>; <a href="#Anderson1980">Anderson dkk. 1980</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ahmed2000">Ahmed, Fjellvåg & Kjekshus 2000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chizhikov1970">Chizhikov & Shchastlivyi 1970, hlm. 28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kudryavtsev1974">Kudryavtsev 1974, hlm. 77</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuke1074p178-434"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stuke1074p178_434-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stuke1974">Stuke 1974, hlm. 178</a>; <a href="#Donohue1982">Donohue 1982, hlm. 386–87</a>; <a href="#Cotton1999">Cotton dkk. 1999, hlm. 501</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Becker1971">Becker, Johnson & Nussbaum 1971, hlm. 56</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berger90-436"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berger90_436-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berger90_436-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Berger1997">Berger 1997, hlm. 90</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chizhikov1970">Chizhikov & Shchastlivyi 1970, hlm. 16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jolly1966">Jolly 1966, hlm. 66–67</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Schwietzer2010">Schwietzer & Pesterfield 2010, hlm. 239</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cotton1999">Cotton dkk. 1999, hlm. 498</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wells1984">Wells 1984, hlm. 715</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 588</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mellor1964a">Mellor 1964a, hlm.  30</a>; <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 589</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 765–66</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bagnall1966">Bagnall 1966, hlm. 134–51</a>; <a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 786</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Detty1994">Detty & O'Regan 1994, hlm. 1–2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hill2000">Hill & Holman 2000, hlm. 124</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chang2002">Chang 2002, hlm. 314</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kent1950">Kent 1950, hlm. 1–2</a>; <a href="#Clark1960">Clark 1960, hlm. 588</a>; <a href="#Warren1981">Warren & Geballe 1981</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Housecroft2008">Housecroft & Sharpe 2008, hlm. 384</a>; <a href="#IUPAC2006">IUPAC 2006–, entri grafit rombohedral</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mingos1998">Mingos 1998, hlm. 171</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 781</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Charlier">Charlier, Gonze & Michenaud 1994</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkins320-455"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins320_455-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins320_455-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins320_455-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Atkins2006">Atkins dkk. 2006, hlm. 320–21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Savvatimskiy2005">Savvatimskiy 2005, hlm. 1138</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Togaya2000">Togaya 2000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Savvatimskiy2009">Savvatimskiy 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Inagaki2000">Inagaki 2000, hlm. 216</a>; <a href="#Yasuda2003">Yasuda dkk. 2003, hlm. 3–11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#O'Hare">O'Hare 1997, hlm. 230</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Traynham1989">Traynham 1989, hlm. 930–31</a>; <a href="#Prakash1997">Prakash & Schleyer 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Olmsted1997">Olmsted & Williams 1997, hlm. 436</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bailar1989">Bailar dkk. 1989, hlm. 743</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Moore1985">Moore dkk. 1985</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#House2010">House & House 2010, hlm. 526</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 798</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Eagleson1994">Eagleson 1994, hlm. 175</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Atkins2006">Atkins dkk. 2006, hlm. 121</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 358–59</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Keevil">Keevil 1989, hlm. 103</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 358–60 et seq</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-475"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-475">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Harding">Harding, Janes & Johnson 2002, hlm. 118</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metcalfe_dkk._1974,_hlm.539-476"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Metcalfe_dkk._1974,_hlm.539_476-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metcalfe_dkk._1974,_hlm.539_476-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Metcalfe1974">Metcalfe, Williams & Castka 1974, hlm. 539</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-477"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-477">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cobb2005">Cobb & Fetterolf 2005, hlm. 64</a>; <a href="#Metcalfe1974">Metcalfe, Williams & Castka 1974, hlm. 539</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-478"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-478">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ogata2002">Ogata, Li & Yip 2002</a>; <a href="#Boyer2004">Boyer dkk. 2004, hlm. 1023</a>; <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 359</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-479"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-479">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cooper1968">Cooper 1968, hlm. 25</a>; <a href="#Henderson2000">Henderson 2000, hlm. 5</a>; <a href="#Silberberg2006">Silberberg 2006, hlm. 314</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 1014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Daub1996">Daub & Seese 1996, hlm. 70, 109</a>: "Aluminium bukanlah metaloid tetapi logam karena memiliki sebagian besar sifat logam."; <a href="#Denniston2004">Denniston, Topping & Caret 2004, hlm. 57</a>: "Mencatat bahwa aluminium (Al) diklasifikasikan sebagai logam, bukan metaloid."; <a href="#Hasan2009">Hasan 2009, hlm. 16</a>: "Aluminium tidak memiliki karakteristik metaloid, melainkan karakteristik logam."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Holt2007">Holt, Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tuthill2011">Tuthill 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stott1956">Stott 1956, hlm. 100</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-486"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-486">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Steele1966">Steele 1966, hlm. 60</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-487"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-487">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Moody">Moody 1991, hlm. 303</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-488"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-488">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emsley2001">Emsley 2001, hlm. 382</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-489"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-489">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Young2010">Young dkk. 2010, hlm. 9</a>; <a href="#Craig2003">Craig & Maher 2003, hlm. 391</a>. Selenium adalah "dekat metaloidal".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-490"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-490">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rochow1957">Rochow 1957</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-491"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-491">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rochow1966">Rochow 1966, hlm. 224</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-493"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-493">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Moss1952">Moss 1952, hlm. 192</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glinka_1965,_hlm.356-494"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glinka_1965,_hlm.356_494-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glinka_1965,_hlm.356_494-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Glinka1965">Glinka 1965, hlm. 356</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Evans1966">Evans 1966, hlm. 124–25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-496"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-496">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Regnault1853">Regnault 1853, hlm. 208</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-497"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-497">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Scott1962">Scott & Kanda 1962, hlm. 311</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-498"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-498">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cotton1999">Cotton dkk. 1999, hlm. 496, 503–04</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-499"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-499">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Arlman1939">Arlman 1939</a>; <a href="#Bagnall1966">Bagnall 1966, hlm. 135, 142–43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-500"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-500">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chao1964">Chao & Stenger 1964</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berger_1997,_hlm.86–7-501"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berger_1997,_hlm.86–7_501-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berger_1997,_hlm.86–7_501-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Berger1997">Berger 1997, hlm. 86–87</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-502"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-502">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Snyder1966">Snyder 1966, hlm. 242</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-503"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-503">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fritz2008">Fritz & Gjerde 2008, hlm. 235</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-504"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-504">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Meyer2005">Meyer dkk. 2005, hlm. 284</a>; <a href="#Manahan">Manahan 2001, hlm. 911</a>; <a href="#Szpunar">Szpunar dkk. 2004, hlm. 17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-505"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-505">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#USEPA1988">US Environmental Protection Agency 1988, hlm. 1</a>; <a href="#Uden">Uden 2005, hlm. 347‒48</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-506"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-506">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#DeZuane">De Zuane 1997, hlm. 93</a>; <a href="#Dev">Dev 2008, hlm. 2‒3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-507"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 594</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-508"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-508">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 786</a>; <a href="#Schwietzer2010">Schwietzer & Pesterfield 2010, hlm. 242–43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagnall1966p41-509"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bagnall1966p41_509-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bagnall1966">Bagnall 1966, hlm. 41</a>; <a href="#Nickless1968">Nickless 1968, hlm. 79</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-510"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-510">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bagnall1990">Bagnall 1990, hlm. 313–14</a>; <a href="#Lehto2011">Lehto & Hou 2011, hlm. 220</a>; <a href="#Siekierski2002">Siekierski & Burgess 2002, hlm. 117</a>: "Semakin ke bawah, kecenderungan unsur golongan 16 untuk membentuk anion X<sup>2−</sup> akan semakin menurun ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-511"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-511">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Legit">Legit, Friák & Šob 2010, hlm. 214118–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-512"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-512">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Halford">Manson & Halford 2006, hlm. 378, 410</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-513"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-513">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bagnall1957">Bagnall 1957, hlm. 62</a>; <a href="#Fernelius1982">Fernelius 1982, hlm. 741</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-514"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-514">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bagnall1966">Bagnall 1966, hlm. 41</a>; <a href="#Barrett2003">Barrett 2003, hlm. 119</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-515"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-515">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hawkes2010">Hawkes 2010</a>; <a href="#Holt2007">Holt, Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007</a>; <a href="#Hawkes1999">Hawkes 1999, hlm. 14</a>; <a href="#Roza2009">Roza 2009, hlm. 12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-516"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-516">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Keller1985">Keller 1985</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-517"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-517">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Harding2002">Harding, Johnson & Janes 2002, hlm. 61</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-518"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-518">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Long1986">Long & Hentz 1986, hlm. 58</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-520"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-520">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Vasáros1985">Vasáros & Berei 1985, hlm. 109</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-521"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-521">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Haissinsky1949">Haissinsky & Coche 1949, hlm. 400</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-522"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-522">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brownlee1950">Brownlee dkk. 1950, hlm. 173</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-523"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-523">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hermann">Hermann, Hoffmann & Ashcroft 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-524"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-524">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Siekierski2002">Siekierski & Burgess 2002, hlm. 65, 122</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-525"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-525">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emsley2001">Emsley 2001, hlm. 48</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao_&_Ganguly_1986-527"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rao_&_Ganguly_1986_527-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rao1986">Rao & Ganguly 1986</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-528"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-528">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Krishnan1998">Krishnan dkk. 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-529"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-529">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Glorieux2001">Glorieux, Saboungi & Enderby 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-530"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-530">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Millot2002">Millot dkk. 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-532"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-532">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Vasáros1985">Vasáros & Berei 1985, hlm. 117</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-533"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-533">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kaye1973">Kaye & Laby 1973, hlm. 228</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-534"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-534">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Samsonov1968">Samsonov 1968, hlm. 590</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-535"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-535">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Korenman1959">Korenman 1959, hlm. 1368</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-537"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-537">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rossler1985">Rossler 1985, hlm. 143–44</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-538"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-538">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Champion2010">Champion dkk. 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-539"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-539">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Borst1982">Borst 1982, hlm. 465, 473</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-540"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-540">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Batsanov1971">Batsanov 1971, hlm. 811</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Swalin1962">Swalin 1962, hlm. 216</a>; <a href="#Feng2005">Feng & Lin 2005, hlm. 157</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-542"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-542">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Schwietzer2010">Schwietzer & Pesterfield 2010, hlm. 258–60</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-543"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hawkes1999">Hawkes 1999, hlm. 14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-544"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-544">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Olmsted1997">Olmsted & Williams 1997, hlm. 328</a>; <a href="#Daintith2004">Daintith 2004, hlm. 277</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-545"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-545">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Eberle1985">Eberle1985, hlm. 213–16, 222–27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-546"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-546">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Restrepo2004">Restrepo dkk. 2004, hlm. 69</a>; <a href="#Restrepo2006">Restrepo dkk. 2006, hlm. 411</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-547"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-547">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 804</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-548"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-548">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 803</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-549"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-549">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 416</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-551"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-551">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Craig2003">Craig & Maher 2003, hlm. 391</a>; <a href="#Schroers2013">Schroers 2013, hlm. 32</a>; <a href="#Vernon">Vernon 2013, hlm. 1704–05</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-552"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-552">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cotton1999">Cotton dkk. 1999, hk. 42</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-553"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-553">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Marezio">Marezio & Licci 2000, hlm. 11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vernon-554"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vernon_554-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vernon_554-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Vernon">Vernon 2013, hlm. 1705</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-555"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-555">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-556"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-556">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Parish1977">Parish 1977, hlm. 178, 192–93</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-557"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-557">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Eggins1972">Eggins 1972, hlm. 66</a>; <a href="#Rayner2006">Rayner-Canham & Overton 2006, hlm. 29–30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-558"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-558">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Atkins2006">Atkins dkk. 2006, hlm. 320–21</a>; <a href="#Bailar1989">Bailar hlm. 1989, hlm. 742–43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-559"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-559">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rochow1966">Rochow 1966, hlm. 7</a>; <a href="#Taniguchi1984">Taniguchi dkk. 1984, hlm. 867</a>: "... fosforus hitam ... dicirikan oleh pita valensi lebar dengan sifat yang agak terdelokalisasi."; <a href="#Morita1986">Morita 1986, hlm. 230</a>; <a href="#Carmalt">Carmalt & Norman 1998, hlm. 7</a>: "Fosforus ... diperkirakan memiliki beberapa sifat metaloid."; <a href="#Du2010">Du dkk. 2010</a>. Interaksi antarlapisan dalam fosforus hitam, yang dikaitkan dengan gaya van der Waals-Keesom, dianggap berkontribusi pada sela pita yang lebih kecil dari bahan curah (terhitung 0,19 eV; teramati 0,3 eV) sebagai lawan dari sela pita yang lebih besar dari sebuah lapisan tunggal (terhitung ~0,75 eV).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-560"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-560">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stuke1974">Stuke 1974, hlm. 178</a>; <a href="#Cotton1999">Cotton dkk. 1999, hlm. 501</a>; <a href="#Craig2003">Craig & Maher 2003, hlm. 391</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-561"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-561">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Steudel1977">Steudel 1977, hlm. 240</a>: "... tumpang-tindih orbital yang cukup besar harus ada, untuk membentuk ikatan antarmolekul, banyak pusat ... ikatan [sigma], menyebar melalui lapisan dan diisi dengan elektron terdelokalisasi, tercermin dalam sifat iodin (kilau, warna, konduktivitas listrik moderat)."; <a href="#Segal1989">Segal 1989, hlm. 481</a>: "Iodin menunjukkan beberapa sifat logam ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lutz_2011,_p._17-562"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lutz_2011,_p._17_562-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lutz_2011,_p._17_562-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lutz2011">Lutz dkk. 2011, hlm. 17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-563"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-563">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Yacobi1990">Yacobi & Holt 1990, hlm. 10</a>; <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 160</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-565"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-565">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 479, 482</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-566"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-566">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Eagleson1994">Eagleson 1994, hlm. 820</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-567"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-567">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Oxtoby2008">Oxtoby, Gillis & Campion 2008, hlm. 508</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-569"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-569">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brescia1980">Brescia dkk. 1980, hlm. 166–71</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-570"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-570">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fine">Fine & Beall 1990, hlm. 578</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-571"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-571">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 901</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-572"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-572">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Berger1997">Berger 1997, hlm. 80</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-573"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-573">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lovett1977">Lovett 1977, hlm. 101</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-574"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-574">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cohen">Cohen & Chelikowsky 1988, hlm. 99</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-575"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-575">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Taguena">Taguena-Martinez, Barrio & Chambouleyron 1991, hlm. 141</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-576"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-576">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ebbing">Ebbing & Gammon 2010, hlm. 891</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-577"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-577">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Asmussen">Asmussen & Reinhard 2002, hlm. 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-578"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-578">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Deprez1988">Deprez & McLachan 1988</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-579"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-579">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Addison1964">Addison 1964 (P, Se, Sn)</a>; <a href="#Marko1998">Marković, Christiansen & Goldman 1998 (Bi)</a>; <a href="#Nagao2004">Nagao dkk. 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-580"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-580">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lide">Lide 2005</a>; <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 423: At</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-581"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-581">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cox">Cox 1997, hlm. 182‒86</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-582"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-582">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#MacKay2002">MacKay, MacKay & Henderson 2002, hlm. 204</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-583"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-583">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Baudis">Baudis 2012, hlm. 207–08</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-584"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-584">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 741</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-585"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-585">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chizhikov1968">Chizhikov & Shchastlivyi 1968, hlm. 96</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-586"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-586">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 140–41, 330, 369, 548–59, 749: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-587"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-587">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kudryavtsev1974">Kudryavtsev 1974, hlm. 158</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-588"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-588">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 271, 219, 748–49, 886: C, Al, Se, Po, At</a>; <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, hlm. 573: Se</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-590"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-590">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#United">United Nuclear 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-591"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-591">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Zalutsky">Zalutsky & Pruszynski 2011, hlm. 181</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumber">Sumber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=43" title="Sunting bagian: Sumber" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=43" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sumber"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18261910">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width:20em;"> <ul><li><span id="Addison1964"></span>Addison WE 1964, <i>The Allotropy of the Elements,</i> Oldbourne Press, London</li> <li><span id="Addison1972"></span>Addison CC & Sowerby DB 1972, <i>Main Group Elements: Groups V and VI,</i> Butterworths, London, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8391-1005-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8391-1005-7">0-8391-1005-7</a></li> <li><span id="Adler1969"></span>Adler D 1969, 'Half-way Elements: The Technology of Metalloids', book review, <i>Technology Review,</i> vol. 72, no. 1, Oct/Nov, pp. 18–19, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0040-1692">0040-1692</a></li> <li><span id="Ahmed2000"></span>Ahmed MAK, Fjellvåg H & Kjekshus A 2000, 'Synthesis, Structure and Thermal Stability of Tellurium Oxides and Oxide Sulfate Formed from Reactions in Refluxing Sulfuric Acid', <i>Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions,</i> no. 24, pp. 4542–49, <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B005688J">10.1039/B005688J</a></li> <li><span id="Ahmeda"></span>Ahmeda E & Rucka M 2011, 'Homo- and heteroatomic polycations of groups 15 and 16. 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title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00899243">10.1007/BF00899243</a></li> <li><span id="Antman"></span>Antman KH 2001, 'Introduction: The History of Arsenic Trioxide in Cancer Therapy', <i>The Oncologist,</i> vol. 6, suppl. 2, pp. 1–2, <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.6-suppl_2-1">10.1634/theoncologist.6-suppl_2-1</a></li> <li><span id="Apseloff"></span>Apseloff G 1999, 'Therapeutic Uses of Gallium Nitrate: Past, Present, and Future', <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Therapeutics (halaman belum tersedia)">American Journal of Therapeutics</a>,</i> vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 327–39, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial 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id="Bailar1989"></span>Bailar JC, Moeller T, Kleinberg J, Guss CO, Castellion ME & Metz C 1989, <i>Chemistry,</i> 3rd ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-15-506456-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-15-506456-8">0-15-506456-8</a></li> <li><span id="Barfuß1981"></span>Barfuß H, Böhnlein G, Freunek P, Hofmann R, Hohenstein H, Kreische W, Niedrig H and Reimer A 1981, 'The Electric Quadrupole Interaction of <sup>111</sup>Cd in Arsenic Metal and in the System Sb<sub>1–x</sub>In<sub>x</sub> and Sb<sub>1–x</sub>Cd<sub>x</sub>', <i>Hyperfine Interactions,</i> vol. 10, nos 1–4, pp. 967–72, <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01022038">10.1007/BF01022038</a></li> <li><span id="Barnett"></span>Barnett EdB & Wilson CL 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href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-495-39112-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-495-39112-3">0-495-39112-3</a></li> <li><span id="Bianco2013"></span>Bianco E, Butler S, Jiang S, Restrepo OD, Windl W & Goldberger JE 2013, 'Stability and Exfoliation of Germanane: A Germanium Graphane Analogue,' <i>ACS Nano,</i> March 19 (web), <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn4009406">10.1021/nn4009406</a></li> <li><span id="Bodner1993"></span>Bodner GM & Pardue HL 1993, <i>Chemistry, An Experimental Science,</i> John Wiley & Sons, New York, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-471-59386-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-471-59386-9">0-471-59386-9</a></li> <li><span id="Bogoroditskii1967"></span>Bogoroditskii NP & Pasynkov VV 1967, <i>Radio and Electronic 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<i>Physical Science: A Study of Matter and Energy,</i> Macmillan, New York</li> <li><span id="Borst1982"></span>Borst KE 1982, 'Characteristic Properties of Metallic Crystals', <i>Journal of Educational Modules for Materials Science and Engineering,</i> vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 457–92, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0197-3940">0197-3940</a></li> <li><span id="Boyer2004"></span>Boyer RD, Li J, Ogata S & Yip S 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://li.mit.edu/Archive/Papers/04/Boyer04.pdf">'Analysis of Shear Deformations in Al and Cu: Empirical Potentials Versus Density Functional Theory'</a>, <i>Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering,</i> vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 1017–29, <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" 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title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-85847-113-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-85847-113-2">0-85847-113-2</a></li> <li><span id="Büchel"></span>Büchel KH (ed.) 1983, <i>Chemistry of Pesticides</i>, John Wiley & Sons, New York, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-471-05682-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-471-05682-0">0-471-05682-0</a></li> <li><span id="Büchel2003"></span>Büchel KH, Moretto H-H, Woditsch P 2003, <i>Industrial Inorganic Chemistry,</i> 2nd ed., Wiley-VCH, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/3-527-29849-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/3-527-29849-5">3-527-29849-5</a></li> <li><span id="Burkhart"></span>Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG & Morrell DS 2011, 'Treatment of Tinea 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id="Carlin"></span>Carlin JF 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/antimony/myb1-2011-antim.pdf"><i>Minerals Year Book: Antimony</i></a>, United States Geological Survey</li> <li><span id="Carmalt"></span>Carmalt CJ & Norman NC 1998, 'Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth: Some General Properties and Aspects of Periodicity', in NC Norman (ed.), <i>Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth</i>, Blackie Academic & Professional, London, pp. 1–38, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7514-0389-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7514-0389-X">0-7514-0389-X</a></li> <li><span id="Carter"></span>Carter CB & Norton MG 2013, <i>Ceramic Materials: Science and Engineering,</i> 2nd ed., Springer Science+Business Media, New York, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International 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2005, <i>The Joy of Chemistry,</i> Prometheus Books, New York, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-59102-231-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-59102-231-2">1-59102-231-2</a></li> <li><span id="Cohen"></span>Cohen ML & Chelikowsky JR 1988, <i>Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Semiconductors</i>, Springer Verlag, Berlin, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/3-540-18818-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/3-540-18818-5">3-540-18818-5</a></li> <li><span id="Coles1976"></span>Coles BR & Caplin AD 1976, <i>The Electronic Structures of Solids,</i> Edward Arnold, London, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8448-0874-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8448-0874-1">0-8448-0874-1</a></li> <li><span id="Conkling"></span>Conkling JA & Mocella C 2011, <i>Chemistry of Pyrotechnics: Basic Principles and Theory,</i> 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-57444-740-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-57444-740-8">978-1-57444-740-8</a></li> <li><span id="Considine1984"></span>Considine DM & Considine GD (eds) 1984, 'Metalloid', in <i>Van Nostrand Reinhold Encyclopedia of Chemistry,</i> 4th ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-442-22572-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-442-22572-5">0-442-22572-5</a></li> <li><span id="Cooper1968"></span>Cooper DG 1968, <i>The Periodic Table,</i> 4th ed., 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buku/0-19-855298-X">0-19-855298-X</a></li> <li><span id="Cox2004"></span>Cox PA 2004, <i>Inorganic Chemistry,</i> 2nd ed., Instant Notes series, Bios Scientific, London, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-85996-289-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-85996-289-0">1-85996-289-0</a></li> <li><span id="Craig"></span>Craig PJ, Eng G & Jenkins RO 2003, 'Occurrence and Pathways of Organometallic Compounds in the Environment – General Considerations' in PJ Craig (ed.), <i>Organometallic Compounds in the Environment,</i> 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, West Sussex, pp. 1–56, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0471899933" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0471899933">0471899933</a></li> <li><span id="Craig2003"></span>Craig PJ & Maher WA 2003, 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Matter: An Introduction,</i> A Hilger in association with the University of Sussex Press, Bristol, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-85274-591-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-85274-591-5">0-85274-591-5</a></li> <li><span id="Daintith2004"></span>Daintith J (ed.) 2004, <i>Oxford Dictionary of Chemistry,</i> 5th ed., Oxford University, Oxford, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-920463-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-920463-2">0-19-920463-2</a></li> <li><span id="Danaith"></span>Danaith J (ed.) 2008, <i>Oxford Dictionary of Chemistry,</i> Oxford University Press, Oxford, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a 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href="https://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/922705-bthJo6/922705.PDF">'Germanium: From its Discovery to SiGe Devices'</a>, <i>Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing</i>, vol. 9, nos 4–5, <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2006.08.063">10.1016/j.mssp.2006.08.063</a>, viewed 8 February 2013</li> <li><span id="Hamm1969"></span>Hamm DI 1969, <i>Fundamental Concepts of Chemistry,</i> Meredith Corporation, New York, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-390-40651-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-390-40651-1">0-390-40651-1</a></li> <li><span id="Hampel&H1966"></span>Hampel CA & Hawley GG 1966, <i>The Encyclopedia of Chemistry,</i> 3rd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York</li> <li><span id="Hampel1968"></span>Hampel CA (ed.) 1968, <i>The 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title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-85404-582-1">0-85404-582-1</a></li> <li><span id="Lee"></span>Lee J, Lee EK, Joo W, Jang Y, Kim B, Lim JY, Choi S, Ahn SJ, Ahn JR, Park M, Yang C, Choi BL, Hwang S & Whang D 2014, 'Wafer-Scale Growth of Single-Crystal Monolayer Graphene on Reusable Hydrogen-Terminated Germanium', <i>Science,</i> vol. 344, no. 6181, pp. 286–89, <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1252268">10.1126/science.1252268</a></li> <li><span id="Legit"></span>Legit D, Friák M & Šob M 2010, 'Phase Stability, Elasticity, and Theoretical Strength of Polonium from First Principles,' <i>Physical Review B,</i> vol. 81, pp. 214118–1–19, <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.81.214118">10.1103/PhysRevB.81.214118</a></li> <li><span id="Lehto2011"></span>Lehto Y & Hou X 2011, <i>Chemistry and Analysis of Radionuclides: Laboratory Techniques and Methodology,</i> Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-527-32658-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-527-32658-7">978-3-527-32658-7</a></li> <li><span id="Lewis1993"></span>Lewis RJ 1993, <i>Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary,</i> 12th ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-442-01131-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-442-01131-8">0-442-01131-8</a></li> <li><span id="Li1990"></span>Li XP 1990, 'Properties of Liquid Arsenic: A Theoretical Study', <i>Physical Review B,</i> vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 8392–406, <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek 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title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8493-3216-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8493-3216-8">0-8493-3216-8</a></li> <li><span id="Long1986"></span>Long GG & Hentz FC 1986, <i>Problem Exercises for General Chemistry,</i> 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-471-82840-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-471-82840-8">0-471-82840-8</a></li> <li><span id="Lovett1977"></span>Lovett DR 1977, <i>Semimetals & Narrow-Bandgap Semi-conductors,</i> Pion, London, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-85086-060-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-85086-060-1">0-85086-060-1</a></li> <li><span id="Lutz2011"></span>Lutz J, Schlangenotto H, Scheuermann U, De Doncker R 2011, <a 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sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brady JE, Humiston GE & Heikkinen H (1980), "Chemistry of the Representative Elements: Part II, The Metalloids and Nonmetals", in <i>General Chemistry: Principles and Structure,</i> ed. ke-2, SI version, John Wiley & Sons, New York, hlm. 537–91, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-471-06315-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-471-06315-0">0-471-06315-0</a></li> <li>Chedd G (1969), <i>Half-way Elements: The Technology of Metalloids,</i> Doubleday, New York<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Beri ISBN untuk buku ini." style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mengutip_sumber" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Mengutip sumber">tanpa ISBN</a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li>Choppin GR & Johnsen RH (1972), "Group IV and the Metalloids", in <i>Introductory Chemistry</i>, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, hlm. 341–57</li> <li>Dunstan S (1968), "The Metalloids", in <i>Principles of Chemistry,</i> D. Van Nostrand Company, London, hlm. 407–39</li> <li>Goldsmith RH (1982), "Metalloids", <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>, vol. 59, no. 6, hlm. 526527, <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed059p526">10.1021/ed059p526</a></li> <li>Hawkes SJ (2001), "Semimetallicity", <i>Journal of Chemical Education,</i> vol. 78, no. 12, hlm. 1686–87, <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed078p1686">10.1021/ed078p1686</a></li> <li>Metcalfe HC, Williams JE & Castka JF (1974), "Aluminum and the Metalloids", in <i>Modern Chemistry,</i> Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, hlm. 538–57, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-03-089450-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-03-089450-6">0-03-089450-6</a></li> <li>Miller JS (2019), "Viewpoint: Metalloids – An Electronic Band Structure Perspective", <i>Chemistry – A European Perspective,</i> preprint version, <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201903167">10.1002/chem.201903167</a></li> <li>Moeller T, Bailar JC, Kleinberg J, Guss CO, Castellion ME & Metz C (1989), "Carbon and the Semiconducting Elements", in <i>Chemistry, with Inorganic Qualitative Analysis,</i> ed. ke-3, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, pp. 742–75, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-15-506492-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-15-506492-4">0-15-506492-4</a></li> <li>Parveen N dkk. (2020), "Metalloids in plants: A systematic discussion beyond description", <i>Annals of Applied Biology,</i> <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aab.12666of">10.1111/aab.12666of</a></li> <li>Rieske M (1998), "Metalloids", in <i>Encyclopedia of Earth and Physical Sciences,</i> Marshall Cavendish, New York, vol. 6, hlm. 758–59, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7614-0551-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7614-0551-8">0-7614-0551-8</a> (set)</li> <li>Rochow EG (1966), <i>The Metalloids,</i> DC Heath and Company, Boston<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Beri ISBN untuk buku ini." style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mengutip_sumber" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Mengutip sumber">tanpa ISBN</a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li>Vernon RE (2013), "Which Elements are Metalloids?", <i>Journal of Chemical Education,</i> vol. 90, no. 12, hlm. 1703–07, <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed3008457">10.1021/ed3008457</a></li> <li>—— (2020,) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10698-020-09356-6">"Organising the Metals and Nonmetals"</a>, <i>Foundations of Chemistry,</i> (akses terbuka)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tabel_periodik" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Navbox_tabel_periodik" title="Templat:Navbox tabel periodik"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Navbox_tabel_periodik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Navbox tabel periodik (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Navbox_tabel_periodik&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tabel_periodik" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bentuk<br />tabel<br />periodik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik#Ikhtisar" title="Tabel periodik">18-kolom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)#Tata_letak_18-kolom" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)">18-kolom, sel besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)#Tata_letak_32-kolom" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)">32-kolom, sel besar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatif</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_alternatif" title="Tabel periodik alternatif">Alternatif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_antariksa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia antariksa (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia antariksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_alternatif#Tabel_periodik_kidal_(Janet,_1928)" title="Tabel periodik alternatif">Tabel kidal Janet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perluasan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Perluasan setelah periode ke-7</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_Fricke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model Fricke (halaman belum tersedia)">Model Fricke</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabel_periodik_perluasan_(versi_besar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabel periodik perluasan (versi besar) (halaman belum tersedia)">sel besar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Model Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nama_untuk_kelompok_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nama untuk kelompok unsur kimia">Kelompok<br />unsur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Berdasarkan<br />struktur<br />tabel<br />periodik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1 (Logam alkali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2 (Logam alkali tanah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15 (Pniktogen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16 (Kalkogen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18 (Gas mulia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Extended_periodic_table_(by_Aufbau,_50_columns,_period_8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Extended periodic table (by Aufbau, 50 columns, period 8) (halaman belum tersedia)">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Extended_periodic_table_(by_Fricke,_52_columns,_periods_8%E2%80%939)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Extended periodic table (by Fricke, 52 columns, periods 8–9) (halaman belum tersedia)">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Extended_periodic_table_(by_Pyykk%C3%B6,_50_columns,_periods_8%E2%80%939)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Extended periodic table (by Pyykkö, 50 columns, periods 8–9) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blok_tabel_periodik" title="Blok tabel periodik">Blok</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blok-s" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-s">Blok-s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-p">Blok-p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">Blok-d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok-f" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-f">Blok-f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok-g" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-g">Blok-g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinsip_Aufbau" title="Prinsip Aufbau">Prinsip Aufbau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Berdasarkan<br /><a href="/wiki/Sifat-sifat_logam,_metaloid_dan_nonlogam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sifat-sifat logam, metaloid dan nonlogam">kelogaman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">Logam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lantanida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan#Superaktinida" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Superaktinida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan#Unsur_di_atas_172" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Eka-superaktinida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_pasca_transisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Logam pasca transisi">Logam pasca transisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metaloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_metaloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar metaloid (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar metaloid berdasarkan sumbernya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batas_antara_logam_dan_nonlogam" title="Batas antara logam dan nonlogam">Garis batas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">Nonlogam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kelompok<br />lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_(unsur_nutrisi)" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (unsur nutrisi)">Unsur nutrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_platina" title="Golongan platina">Logam golongan platina</a> (<i>Platinum Group Metals</i>, PGM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_tanah_jarang" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur tanah jarang">Unsur tanah jarang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logam_refraktori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logam refraktori (halaman belum tersedia)">Logam refraktori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_berharga" title="Logam berharga">Logam berharga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_koin" title="Logam koin">Logam koin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_mulia" title="Logam mulia">Logam mulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat">Logam berat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Logam alami">Logam alami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_transuranium" title="Unsur transuranium">Unsur transuranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_transaktinida" title="Unsur transaktinida">Unsur transaktinida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktinida_mayor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktinida mayor (halaman belum tersedia)">Aktinida mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktinida_minor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktinida minor (halaman belum tersedia)">Aktinida minor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">Unsur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Daftar unsur kimia">Senarai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Berdasarkan: <a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan unsur kimia">Kelimpahan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Komposisi_tubuh_manusia" title="Komposisi tubuh manusia">dalam tubuh manusia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_unsur_berdasarkan_sifat_atom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar unsur berdasarkan sifat atom (halaman belum tersedia)">Sifat atom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_unsur_berdasarkan_stabilitas_isotop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar unsur berdasarkan stabilitas isotop (halaman belum tersedia)">Stabilitas inti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_produksi_unsur_kimia_dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar produksi unsur kimia dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">Produksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbol_(kimia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbol (kimia)">Simbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia#Sifat" title="Unsur kimia">Sifat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(berat_atom)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (berat atom) (halaman belum tersedia)">Berat atom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabel_periodik_(struktur_kristal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabel periodik (struktur kristal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Struktur kristal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(afinitas_elektron)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (afinitas elektron) (halaman belum tersedia)">Afinitas elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(konfigurasi_elektron)" title="Tabel periodik (konfigurasi elektron)">Konfigurasi elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(elektronegativitas_berdasarkan_skala_Allen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (elektronegativitas berdasarkan skala Allen) (halaman belum tersedia)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(elektronegativitas_berdasarkan_skala_Pauling)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (elektronegativitas berdasarkan skala Pauling) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pauling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_Goldschmidt" title="Klasifikasi Goldschmidt">Klasifikasi Goldschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(valensi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (valensi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Valensi maksimum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halaman<br />data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelimpahan_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelimpahan unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kelimpahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jari-jari_atom_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jari-jari atom unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Jari-jari atom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_didih_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titik didih unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Titik didih</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_kritis_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titik kritis unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Titik kritis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massa_jenis_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massa jenis unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Massa jenis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sifat_elastis_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sifat elastis unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Elastisitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistivitas_listrik_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resistivitas listrik unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Resistivitas listrik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afinitas_elektron_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afinitas elektron (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Afinitas elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konfigurasi elektron unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Konfigurasi elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronegativitas_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronegativitas unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Elektronegativitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekerasan_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekerasan unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kekerasan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapasitas_panas_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapasitas panas unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kapasitas panas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panas_fusi_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panas fusi unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Panas fusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panas_penguapan_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panas penguapan unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Panas penguapan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energi_ionisasi_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energi ionisasi unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Energi ionisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_lebur_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titik lebur unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Titik lebur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_tingkat_oksidasi_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar tingkat oksidasi unsur kimia">Tingkat oksidasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laju_suara_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laju suara unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Laju suara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konduktivitas_termal_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konduktivitas termal unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Konduktivitas termal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koefisien_ekspansi_termal_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koefisien ekspansi termal unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Koefisien ekspansi termal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekanan_uap_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekanan uap unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Tekanan uap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_tabel_periodik" title="Sejarah tabel periodik">Sejarah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan unsur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unsur-unsur_prediksi_Mendeleev" title="Unsur-unsur prediksi Mendeleev">Prediksi Mendeleev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penamaan_unsur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penamaan unsur (halaman belum tersedia)">Penamaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_etimologi_nama_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar etimologi nama unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Etimologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_kontroversi_penamaan_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar kontroversi penamaan unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kontroversi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_tempat_yang_digunakan_dalam_nama_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar tempat yang digunakan dalam nama unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">tempat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_ilmuwan_yang_namanya_digunakan_dalam_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar ilmuwan yang namanya digunakan dalam unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">ilmuwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia_dalam_bahasa_di_Asia_Timur" title="Unsur kimia dalam bahasa di Asia Timur">di Asia Timur</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lihat juga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tata_nama_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tata nama kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">nomenklatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_unsur_sistematik" title="Nama unsur sistematik">Nama unsur sistematik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_trivial" title="Nama trivial">Nama trivial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_book_class2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia book"><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Buku:Tabel_periodik" title="Buku:Tabel periodik">Buku</a></b></li> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tabel_periodik" title="Kategori:Tabel periodik">Kategori</a></b></li> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Kimia" title="Portal:Kimia">Portal kimia</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="navbox collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="padding:0 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)"><small>(besar)</small></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a> </td> <td title="Hidrogen, 1 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="display:block">H</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="Helium, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block">He</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> </td> <td title="Litium, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a> </td> <td title="Berilium, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Boron, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block">B</span></a> </td> <td title="Karbon, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="display:block">C</span></a> </td> <td title="Nitrogen, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block">N</span></a> </td> <td title="Oksigen, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="display:block">O</span></a> </td> <td title="Fluorin, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin"><span style="display:block">F</span></a> </td> <td title="Neon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> </td> <td title="Natrium, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a> </td> <td title="Magnesium, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Aluminium, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a> </td> <td title="Silikon, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a> </td> <td title="Fosforus, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus"><span style="display:block">P</span></a> </td> <td title="Belerang, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang"><span style="display:block">S</span></a> </td> <td title="Klorin, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a> </td> <td title="Argon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </td> <td title="Kalium, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium"><span style="display:block">K</span></a> </td> <td title="Kalsium, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Skandium, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a> </td> <td title="Titanium, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a> </td> <td title="Vanadium, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block">V</span></a> </td> <td title="Kromium, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a> </td> <td title="Mangan, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a> </td> <td title="Besi, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a> </td> <td title="Kobalt, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a> </td> <td title="Nikel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a> </td> <td title="Tembaga, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a> </td> <td title="Seng, 30 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a> </td> <td title="Galium, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a> </td> <td title="Germanium, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a> </td> <td title="Arsen, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="display:block">As</span></a> </td> <td title="Selenium, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a> </td> <td title="Bromin, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a> </td> <td title="Kripton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </td> <td title="Rubidium, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a> </td> <td title="Stronsium, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Itrium, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a> </td> <td title="Zirkonium, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a> </td> <td title="Niobium, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a> </td> <td title="Molibdenum, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a> </td> <td title="Teknesium, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a> </td> <td title="Rutenium, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a> </td> <td title="Rodium, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a> </td> <td title="Paladium, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a> </td> <td title="Perak, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a> </td> <td title="Kadmium, 48 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a> </td> <td title="Indium, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block">In</span></a> </td> <td title="Timah, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a> </td> <td title="Antimon, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a> </td> <td title="Telurium, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a> </td> <td title="Iodin, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin"><span style="display:block">I</span></a> </td> <td title="Xenon, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </td> <td title="Sesium, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a> </td> <td title="Barium, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a> </td> <td title="Lantanum, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum"><span style="display:block">La</span></a> </td> <td title="Serium, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a> </td> <td title="Praseodimium, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a> </td> <td title="Neodimium, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a> </td> <td title="Prometium, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a> </td> <td title="Samarium, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a> </td> <td title="Europium, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a> </td> <td title="Gadolinium, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a> </td> <td title="Terbium, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a> </td> <td title="Disprosium, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a> </td> <td title="Holmium, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a> </td> <td title="Erbium, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a> </td> <td title="Tulium, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a> </td> <td title="Iterbium, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a> </td> <td title="Lutesium, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a> </td> <td title="Hafnium, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a> </td> <td title="Tantalum, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a> </td> <td title="Wolfram, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram"><span style="display:block">W</span></a> </td> <td title="Renium, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a> </td> <td title="Osmium, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a> </td> <td title="Iridium, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a> </td> <td title="Platina, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a> </td> <td title="Emas, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a> </td> <td title="Raksa, 80 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a> </td> <td title="Talium, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a> </td> <td title="Timbal, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a> </td> <td title="Bismut, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a> </td> <td title="Polonium, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a> </td> <td title="Astatin, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin"><span style="display:block">At</span></a> </td> <td title="Radon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </td> <td title="Fransium, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a> </td> <td title="Radium, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a> </td> <td title="Aktinium, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a> </td> <td title="Torium, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a> </td> <td title="Protaktinium, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a> </td> <td title="Uranium, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block">U</span></a> </td> <td title="Neptunium, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a> </td> <td title="Plutonium, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a> </td> <td title="Amerisium, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a> </td> <td title="Kurium, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a> </td> <td title="Berkelium, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a> </td> <td title="Kalifornium, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a> </td> <td title="Einsteinium, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a> </td> <td title="Fermium, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a> </td> <td title="Mendelevium, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a> </td> <td title="Nobelium, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block">No</span></a> </td> <td title="Lawrensium, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a> </td> <td title="Ruterfordium, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a> </td> <td title="Dubnium, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a> </td> <td title="Seaborgium, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a> </td> <td title="Bohrium, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a> </td> <td title="Hasium, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a> </td> <td title="Meitnerium, 109 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtium, 110 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a> </td> <td title="Roentgenium, 111 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a> </td> <td title="Kopernisium, 112 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a> </td> <td title="Nihonium, 113 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a> </td> <td title="Flerovium, 114 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a> </td> <td title="Moskovium, 115 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a> </td> <td title="Livermorium, 116 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a> </td> <td title="Tenesin, 117 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a> </td> <td title="Oganeson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lan­tanida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">Logam miskin</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metaloid</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Sifat kimia<br />belum diketahui </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13179368t">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13179368t">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85119926">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575225">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph932516&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/77288539">Microsoft Academic</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐74dc4d995d‐p4lk2 Cached time: 20241104011601 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.749 seconds Real time usage: 1.955 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 49815/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 274309/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 67263/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 289047/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.320/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2941207/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report 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